Post Russian culture from 13th to 17th century. Russian culture of the XIII - XVII centuries

The Mongol-Tatar invasion and the Golden Horde yoke slowed down the pace and course of development of the ancient Russian people. Many thousands of people died in the fire of the invasion. The surviving artisans were taken into slavery. A decline in the craft was observed: the skills of making slate spindle whorls, carnelian beads, glass bracelets, amphora-korchag, polychrome (multicolor) ceramics disappeared. Stone construction stopped for half a century. The invaders destroyed many architectural structures, and above all city cathedrals, which were, as a rule, the last fortifications, where the defenders of Russian cities reflected the onslaught of enemy troops. Many literary monuments were burnt down. Chronicle writing became laconic and was interrupted in almost all Russian lands (except Novgorod).

High level Russian culture gave her the opportunity to withstand the most difficult period of her history. Despite the horrors Mongol conquest, Russian culture has retained its traditional character. A large role in the transfer of traditions and cultural and historical experience was played by territories that were not subjected to military defeat, although they were subordinate to the Horde (Pskov, Novgorod).

The Mongol invasion disrupted communications between parts of the country. A single old Russian nationality became the basis on which the Great Russian (Russian), Belarusian and Ukrainian nationalities and their cultures were formed.

RUSSIAN CULTURE XIII-XV centuries.

In Russian culture of the XIII-XV centuries. two stages can be clearly traced. The internal frontier in the development of culture of the XIII-XV centuries. the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) appeared. If the first stage was characterized by stagnation and a fall after the terrible blow of the Mongol hordes, then after 1380 its dynamic rise began, in which the beginning of the merger of local art schools into a common Moscow, common Russian culture can be traced.

Folklore. During the struggle against Mongol conquerors and the Golden Horde yoke, an appeal to the epics and legends of the Kiev cycle, in which the battles with the enemies were described in bright colors Ancient Rus and was famous feat of arms people, gave Russkhim people new strength. Ancient epics have found deep meaning, healed a second life. New legends (such as, for example, "The Legend of invisible city Kitezh "the city that went to the bottom of the lake together with its brave defenders, who did not surrender to the enemies, and became invisible to them), called the Russian people to fight for the overthrow of the hated Golden Horde yoke. historical songs... Among them is the "Song of Shchelkan Dudentievich", which tells about the uprising in Tver in 1327.

Chronicle. Due to the economic upsurge, business records are becoming increasingly necessary. From XTV to. begins to use paper instead of expensive parchment. The growth of the need for notes, the appearance of paper led to the acceleration of writing. The "charter", when letters of a square shape were written out with geometric precision and solemnity, was replaced by a semi-free and fluent writing, and from the 15th century. cursive writing appears, close to modern writing. Along with paper, in especially important cases, they continued to use parchment, different kinds rough and household records were made, as before, on birch bark.

As already noted, in Novgorod the chronicle was not interrupted even during the period of the Mongopo-Tatar invasion and the yoke. At the end of XIII early XTV century. new centers of chronicle arose. From 1325, chronicle records began to be kept in Moscow. During the formation of a single state with a center in Moscow, the role of annals increased. When Ivan Sh went on a campaign against Novgorod, it was no accident that he took clerk Stepan the Bearded with him: he could well "speak from the chroniclers of Novgorod guilt", i.e. to prove, on the basis of the chronicle, the necessity of the annexation of Novgorod to Moscow.

In 1408, an all-Russian annalistic collection was compiled, the so-called Trinity Chronicle, which perished in the Moscow fire of 1812, and the creation of the Moscow annalistic collection is attributed to 1479. They are based on the idea of ​​all-Russian unity, the historical role of Moscow in the state unification of all Russian lands, the continuity of the traditions of Kiev and Vladimir.

Interest in world history, the desire to determine their place among the peoples of the world caused the emergence of chronographs of works on world history. The first Russian chronograph was compiled in 1442 by Pachomius Logofet.

Historical stories. Common literary genre of that time there were historical stories. They talked about the activities of real historical figures, specific historical facts and events. The story was often, as it were, part of the chronicle text. Before the Kulikovo victory, the story "About the Battle of the Kadka", "The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu" (it told about the feat of the Ryazan hero Evpatiy Kolovrat), the story about Alexander Nevsky and others were widely known before the Kulikovo victory.

The cycle is dedicated to the brilliant victory of Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 historical stories(for example, "The Legend of Mamaev massacre Sofoniy Ryazanets created the famous pathetic poem "Zadonshchina", built on the model of "The Lay of Igor's Host." But if the "Lay" described the defeat of the Russians, then in "Zadonshchina" their victory.

During the period of the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow, the genre of hagiographic literature flourished. The talented writers Pakhomiy Logofet and Epiphapius the Wise compiled the biographies of the greatest church figures of Russia: Metropolitan Peter, who transferred the center of the metropolis to Moscow, Sergius of Radonezh, the founder of the Troipe-Sergiev Monastery, who supported the great Moscow prince in the fight against the Horde.

"Walking across the Three Seas" (1466-1472) by the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin is the first description of India in European literature. Afanasy Nikitin made his journey 30 years before the opening of the road to India by the Portuguese Vasco da Gama.

Architecture. Earlier than in other lands, stone construction was resumed in Novgorod and Pskov. Using the previous traditions, Novgorodians and Pskovians erected dozens of small temples. Among them are such significant monuments of architecture and painting of that time as the churches of Fyodor Stratilat on Rucheye (1361) and the Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street (1374) in Novgorod, the Church of Vasily on Gorka (1410) in Pskov. The abundance of decorative ornaments on the walls, general elegance, festivity are characteristic of these buildings. The bright and distinctive architecture of Novgorod and Pskov practically did not change over the centuries. Experts explain this stability of architectural and artistic tastes by the conservatism of the Novgorod boyars, who strove to preserve their independence from Moscow. Hence the focus is mainly on local traditions.

The first stone buildings in the Moscow principality date back to the XIV-XV centuries. The temples that have come down to us in Zvenigorod are the Assumption Cathedral (1400) and the Cathedral of the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery (1405), the Trinity Cathedral of the Troipe-Sergiev Monastery (1422), the Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow (1427) continued the traditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal white-stone architecture. The accumulated experience made it possible to successfully fulfill the most important order of the great Moscow prince to create a mighty Moscow Kremlin, full of greatness, dignity and strength.

The first white-stone walls of the Moscow Kremlin were erected during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy in 1367. However, after the invasion of Tokhtamysh in 1382, the Kremlin fortifications were badly damaged. A century later, a grandiose construction in Moscow with the participation of Italian masters who then occupied leading place in Europe, ended with the creation at the end of the XV beginning of the XVI century. the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin, which has survived to this day.

The Kremlin's territory of 27.5 hectares was protected by a red brick wall, the length of which reached 2.25 km, the thickness of the walls was 3.5-6.5 m, and their height was 5-19 m. Then, in the 15th century, there were erected 18 towers of the currently existing 20. The towers had hipped roofs. The Kremlin occupied a place on the cape at the confluence of the Neglinnaya River (now enclosed in a collector) into the Moskva River. A moat was built from the side of Red Square, connecting both rivers. Thus. The Kremlin appeared to be on an island. It was one of the largest fortresses in the world, built according to all the rules of the then fortification science. Under the shelter of powerful walls, palaces of the Grand Duke and Metropolitan were erected, buildings government agencies, monasteries.

The heart of the Kremlin is Cathedral Square, overlooking the main cathedrals; its central building is the Ivan the Great Bell Tower (it was finally completed under Boris Godunov, reaches a height of 81 m).

In the years 1475-1479. was built main cathedral Moscow Kremlin Uspensky. Pskov craftsmen began to build the temple (1471). A small "coward" (earthquake) in Moscow destroyed the walls of the building. The construction of the Assumption Cathedral was entrusted to a talented architect Italian Renaissance Aristotle Fiorovanti. The example was the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. In the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, Fiorovanti managed to organically combine the traditions and principles of Russian (primarily Vladimir-Suzdal) architecture and the advanced technical achievements of European architecture. The majestic five-domed Assumption Cathedral was the largest public building of that time. Here the tsars were crowned kingdoms, Zemsky sobor gathered, the most important state decisions were announced.

In the years 1481-1489. Pskov craftsmen erected the Annunciation Cathedral as the home church of the Moscow sovereigns. Not far from it, also on Cathedral Square, under the leadership of the Italian Aleviz Novy, the tomb of the Moscow Grand Dukes, the Archangel Cathedral (1505-1509) was built. If the building plan and its structures are made in the traditions of Old Russian architecture, then the external decoration of the cathedral resembles the wall decorations of Venetian palaces. At the same time, the Faceted Chamber was built (1487-1491). It got its name from the "edges" that adorned the outer walls. The Faceted Chamber was part of the royal palace, its throne room. The almost square hall, whose walls rest on a massive tetrahedral pillar erected in the center, covers an area of ​​about 500 square meters. m and has a height of 9 m. Here they introduced foreign ambassadors to the king, held receptions, made important decisions.

Painting. The fusion of local art schools into the all-Russian one was also observed in painting. It was a long process, traces of it were noted in both the 16th and 17th centuries.

In the XIV century. worked in Novgorod and Moscow wonderful artist Theophanes the Greek, who came from Byzantium. The fresco paintings of Theophanes the Greek that have come down to us in the Novgorod Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street are distinguished by their extraordinary expressive power, expression, asceticism, and elevation. human spirit... Theophanes the Greek was able to create emotional tension reaching tragedy with strong long strokes of his brush, sharp "gaps". Russian people came specially to observe the work of Theophanes the Greek. The audience was amazed that the great master wrote his works without using icon-painting samples.

The HIGHEST rise of Russian icon painting is associated with the work of a contemporary of Theophanes the Greek - the genius Russian artist Andrei Rublev. Unfortunately, almost no information about the life of the outstanding master has survived.

Andrei Rublev lived at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. His work was inspired by the remarkable victory at the Kulikovo field, the economic upsurge of Muscovite Rus, and the growth of self-awareness of the Russian people. Philosophical depth, inner dignity and strength, ideas of unity and peace between people, humanity are reflected in the artist's works. A harmonious, soft combination of delicate, pure colors creates the impression of integrity and completeness of his images. The famous "Trinity" (stored in Tretyakov Gallery), which has become one of the heights of world art, embodies the main features and principles of the painterly manner of Andrei Rublev. The perfect images of the "Trinity" symbolize the idea of ​​the unity of the world and mankind.

A. Rublev's brushes also belong to the fresco paintings of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, icons of the Zvenigorod rank (kept in the Tretyakov Gallery) that have come down to us. Trinity Cathedral in Sergiev Posad.

RUSSIAN CULTURE XVI century

The religious worldview continued to determine the spiritual life of society. The Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551 also played an important role in this. It regulated art by approving the models to be followed. The work of Andrei Rublev was formally proclaimed as a model in painting. But they did not mean the artistic merit of his painting, but the iconography, the arrangement of the figures, the use of a certain color, etc. in every specific plot and image. In architecture, the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin was taken as a model, in literature the works of Metropolitan Macarius and his circle.

In the XVI century. the formation of the Great Russian nationality is nearing completion. In the Russian lands, which became part of a single state, more and more common things were found in the language, way of life, customs, customs, etc. In the XVI century. more tangible than before, secular elements in culture were manifested.

Social and political thought. Events of the 16th century caused a discussion in Russian journalism of many problems of that time: about the nature and essence of state power, about the church, about the place of Russia among other countries, etc.

At the beginning of the XVI century. was created literary and journalistic and historical writing"The Legend of the Great Dukes of Vladimir". This legendary essay began with a story about the Great Flood. Then followed a list of the rulers of the world, among whom the Roman emperor Augustus stood out. He allegedly sent his brother Prus to the banks of the Vistula, who founded the family of the legendary Rurik. The latter was invited as a Russian prince. The heir to Prus and Rurik, and consequently to Augustus, the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh received from the emperor of Constantinople the symbols of royal power, a hat and precious barma-mantles. Ivan the Terrible, proceeding from his kinship with Monomakh, proudly wrote to the Swedish king: "We are being led by kinship from Augustus Caesar." Russian state, at the behest of the Terrible, continued the traditions of Rome and the Kiev state.

In the ecclesiastical environment, the thesis of Moscow as a "third Rome" was put forward. Here the historical process acted as a change of world kingdoms. The first Rome - "the eternal city" - perished because of heresies; "second Rome" - Constantinople because of the union with the Catholics; "the third Rome" - the true guardian of Christianity Moscow, which will exist forever.

Discussions about the need to create a strong autocratic power based on the nobility are contained in the works of I.S. Peresvetova. Questions regarding the role and place of the nobility in the management of the feudal state were reflected in the correspondence between Ivan IV and Prince Andrei Kurbsky.

Chronicle. In the XVI century. continued to develop Russian chronicle... The works of this genre include "The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom", which describes the first years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible and proves the need to establish tsarist power in Russia. Another major work of that time is the "Book of the Degree of the Tsar's Genealogy". Portraits and descriptions of the reigns of the great Russian princes and metropolitans in it are located in 17 degrees from Vladimir I to Ivan the Terrible. This arrangement and construction of the text symbolizes the inviolability of the union of the church and the king.

In the middle of the XVI century. Moscow chroniclers prepared a huge chronicle collection, a kind of historical encyclopedia XVI century the so-called Nikon Chronicle (in the 17th century it belonged to Patriarch Nikon). One of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle contains about 16 thousand miniatures of color illustrations, for which it was named the Litsevoy vault ("face" image).

Along with the chronicle, historical stories were further developed, which told about the events of that time. ("The Kazan Capture", "On the Coming of Stefan Batory to the City of Pskov", etc.) New chronographs were created. It testifies to the secularization of culture. a book written at that time containing a variety of useful information for guidance in both spiritual and worldly life, "Domostroy" (translated as home economics), the author of which is considered Sylvester.

The beginning of typography. The beginning of Russian book printing is considered to be 1564, when the first Russian dated book "Apostle" was published by the first printer Ivan Fedorov. However, there are seven books with no exact publication date. These are the so-called anonymous books, published before 1564. One of the most talented Russian people of the 16th century was involved in organizing the creation of the printing house. Ivan Fedorov. The printing works, which had begun in the Kremlin, were transferred to Nikolskaya Street, where a special building for the printing house was built. In addition to religious books, Ivan Fedorov and his assistant Pyotr Mstislavets in 1574 in Lvov published the first Russian primer "ABC". For the entire XVI century. in Russia, only 20 books were published by typographic method. The handwritten book occupied a leading position in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Architecture. One of the outstanding manifestations of the flourishing of Russian architecture was the construction of tent-roofed temples. Hip-roof temples do not have pillars inside, and the entire mass of the building rests on the foundation. Most famous monuments of this style are the Church of Voz134

carrying in the village of Kolomenskoye, built in honor of the birth of Ivan the Terrible, Intercession Cathedral (Basil the Blessed), built in honor of the capture of Kazan.

Another direction in the architecture of the XVI century. was the construction of large five-domed monastery churches on the model of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Similar churches were built in many Russian monasteries and as the main cathedrals in the largest Russian cities. The most famous are the Assumption Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent, the cathedrals in Tula, Suzdal, Dmitrov and other cities.

Another direction in the architecture of the XVI century. there was the construction of small stone or wooden posad temples. They were the centers of settlements inhabited by artisans of a certain specialty, and were dedicated to a certain patron saint of this craft.

In the XVI century. extensive construction of stone kremlin was carried out. In the 30s of the XVI century. the part of the posad adjacent to the east of the Moscow Kremlin was fenced off brick wall, called Kitaygorodskaya (a number of historians believe that the name came from the word "whale" - knitting of poles used in the construction of fortresses, others believe that the name came either from the Italian word city, or from the Turkic fortress). The Kitay-Gorod Wall defended the bargaining on Red Square and nearby settlements. At the very end of the XVI century. by the architect Fyodor Kon, the white-stone walls of the 9-kilometer White city(modern Boulevard Ring). Then, in Moscow, a 15-kilometer wooden fortress was erected on the rampart (the present-day Garden Ring).

Stone fortress-watchmen were erected in the Volga region ( Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan), in cities to the south (Tula, Kolomna, Zaraisk, Serpukhov) and west of Moscow (Smolensk), in the north-west of Russia (Novgorod, Pskov, Izborsk, Pechory) and even in the far North (Solovetsky Islands).

Painting. The largest Russian painter who lived at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century was Dionysius. His works include a fresco painting of the Nativity Cathedral of the Ferapontov Monastery near Vologda, an icon depicting scenes from the life of Metropolitan Alexei, etc. the human body, refinement in the decoration of every detail of an icon or fresco.

RUSSIAN CULTURE HUL v.

In the XVII century. the formation of the all-Russian market begins. With the development of crafts and trade, the growth of cities, the penetration into Russian culture and the widespread occurrence of secular elements in it are associated. This process has received in the literature the name of "secularization" of culture (from the word "secular" secular).

The secularization of Russian culture was opposed by the church, which saw in it a Western, "Latin" influence. Moscow rulers of the 17th century, trying to limit the influence of the West in the person of foreigners arriving in Moscow, forced them to settle away from Muscovites in a specially designated German settlement (now the area of ​​Bauman St.). However, new ideas and customs penetrated into the established way of life in Moscow Russia. The country needed knowledgeable educated people able to engage in diplomacy, understand the innovations of military affairs, technology, manufacturing, etc. Expanding political and cultural ties with countries Western Europe contributed to the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

Education. In the second half of the 17th century. several public schools were established. There was a school for the training of employees for central institutions, for the Printing House. Pharmaceutical order, etc. Printing press made it possible to publish in mass circulation uniform textbooks for teaching literacy and arithmetic. The Russian people's interest in reading and writing is evidenced by the sale in Moscow (1651) for one day of the Primer by V.F. Burtsev, published in a circulation of 2,400 copies. The "Grammar" by Meletius Smotrypky (1648) and the multiplication table (1682) were published.

In 1687, the first higher educational institution, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, was founded in Moscow, where they taught "from grammar, rhetoric, poetics, dialectics, philosophy ... to theology." The Academy was headed by the brothers Sophronius and Ioannikiy Likhudy, Greek scientists who graduated from the University of Padua (Italy). Here priests and officials were trained. M.V. also studied at this academy. Lomonosov.

In the 17th century, as before, there was a process of accumulation of knowledge. Great successes were achieved in the field of medicine, in solving practical problems in mathematics (many were able to measure areas, distances, loose bodies, etc. with great accuracy), in observing nature.

Significant contribution to development geographic knowledge brought in by Russian explorers. In 1648, the expedition of Semyon Dezhnev (80 years before Vitus Bering) reached the strait between Asia and North America... The most eastern point of our country now bears the name of Dezhnev.

E.P. Khabarov in 1649 made a map and studied the lands along the Amur, where Russian settlements were founded. The city of Khabarovsk and the village of Erofei Pavlovich bear his name. At the very end of the XVD century. Siberian Cossack V.V. Atlasov surveyed Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

Literature. In the XVII century. the last chronicle works were created. The "New Chronicler" (30s) recounted the events from the death of Ivan the Terrible to the end of the Time of Troubles. It proved the rights new dynasty Romanovs to the royal throne.

Central to historical literature occupied historical stories that had a journalistic character. For example, a group of such stories ("The Annals of the Clerk Ivan Timofeev", "The Legend of Abraham Palipyn", "Another Legend", etc.) was a response to the events of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century.

The penetration of secular principles into literature is associated with the appearance in the 17th century of the genre of satirical stories, where there are already fictional characters... The "Tavern Service", "The Tale of the Chicken and the Fox", "Kalyazin Petition" contained a parody of a church service, ridiculed the gluttony and drunkenness of monks, in "The Tale of Ruff Ershovich" judicial red tape and bribery. The new genres were memoirs ("The Life of Archpriest Avvakum") and love lyrics (Simeon Polotsky).

The reunification of Ukraine with Russia gave impetus to the creation of the first Russian printed essay on history. The Kiev monk Innokenty Gizel compiled the "Synopsis" (review), which contained a popular story about shared history Ukraine and Russia, which began with the formation of Kievan Rus. In the XVII first half of the XVIII century. Synopsis was used as a textbook on Russian history.

Theatre. A court theater was created in Moscow (1672), which existed for only four years. It was played by German actors. Male and female roles were played by men. The theater's repertoire included plays based on biblical and legendary historical subjects. The court theater did not leave any noticeable trace in Russian culture.

In Russian cities and villages since the time of Kievan Rus, the wandering theater, the theater of buffoons and Petrushka ( the main character folk puppet shows). The government and church authorities persecuted buffoons for their cheerful and bold humor, exposing the vices of those in power.

Architecture. Architectural structures of the 17th century are very picturesque. They are asymmetrical both within the framework of one building and in the ensemble. However, in this seeming disorder of architectural volumes there is both integrity and unity. Buildings of the 17th century multicolored, decorative. The architects were especially fond of decorating the windows of buildings with intricate, dissimilar platbands. Widespread in the 17th century. received multicolored "solar tiles" - tiles and decorations made of carved stone and bricks. Such an abundance of ornaments located on the walls of one building was called "stone ornamental", "marvelous ornamental".

These features are well traced in the Terem Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the Kremlin, in the stone chambers of the Moscow, Pskov, and Kostroma boyars of the 17th century that have come down to us, in the New Jerusalem monastery built near Moscow by Patriarch Nikon. The famous temples of Yaroslavl - the Church of Elijah the Prophet and the ensembles in Korovniki and Tolchkovo - are close to them in style. As an example of the most famous buildings of the 17th century in Moscow. one can name the Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki (near the Park Kultury metro station), the Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God in Putinki (not far from Pushkin Square), the Trinity Church in Nikitniki (near the Kitay-Gorod metro station).

The decorative principle, which signified the secularization of art, was also reflected in the construction or reconstruction of fortifications. By the middle of the century, the fortresses had lost their military significance, and the hipped roof, first on Spasskaya, and then on other towers of the Moscow Kremlin, gave way to magnificent tents, emphasizing the calm grandeur and solemn power of the heart of the capital of Russia.

In Rostov the Great, the residence of the disgraced but imperious Metropolitan Jonah was built in the form of a Kremlin. This Kremlin was not a fortress, and its walls were purely decorative. The walls of large Russian monasteries, erected after the Polish-Lithuanian-Swedish intervention (Troipe-Sergiev Monastery, Spaso-Efimiev Monastery in Suzdal, Kirnllo-Belozersky Monastery near Vologda, Moscow monasteries), following the general fashion, were also decorated with decorative details.

The development of Old Russian stone architecture ended with the emergence of a style called "Naryshkinsky" (after the name of the main customers), or Moscow, Baroque. Gateway churches, the refectory and bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent, the Church of the Intercession in Fili, churches and palaces in Sergiev Posad, Nizhny Novgorod, Zvenigorod, etc. were built in this style.

The Moscow Baroque is characterized by a combination of red and white flowers in the decoration of buildings. The number of storeys of buildings is clearly traced, the use of columns, capitals, etc. as decorative decorations. Finally, in almost all buildings of the "Naryshkin" Baroque, decorative shells can be seen in the eaves of buildings, which were first erected in the 16th century. by Italian craftsmen while decorating the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The emergence of the Moscow Baroque, which had common features with the architecture of the West, testified to the fact that Russian architecture, despite its originality, developed within the framework of a common European culture.

In the 17th century, wooden architecture flourished. The famous palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow was called "the eighth wonder of the world". This palace had 270 rooms and about 3 thousand windows and small windows. It was built by Russian craftsmen Semyon Petrov and Ivan Mikhailov and existed until mid XVIII century, when it was dismantled under Catherine II due to dilapidation.

Painting. The secularization of art manifested itself with particular force in Russian painting. The largest artist XVII century was Simon Ushakov. In his well-known icon "The Savior Not Made by Hands", new realistic features of painting are clearly visible: volume in the image of a face, elements of direct perspective.

The tendency towards a realistic depiction of a person and the secularization of icon painting, characteristic of the school of S. Ushakov, is closely related to the spread in Russia of portrait painting "parsuna" (person), depicting real characters, for example, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, M.V. Skopin-Shuisky and others. However, the artists' technique was still similar to icon painting, that is, wrote on the boards with egg paints. At the end of the 17th century. the first Parsuns appeared, painted in oil on canvas, anticipating the flourishing of Russian portrait art in the 18th century.

The purpose of the lesson: Show features ancient Russian culture

Tasks:

Educational:

Introduce students to the best works Russian culture and everyday life of the people in

XIII-XVII centuries

Ensure the assimilation of concepts (culture, material culture, spiritual culture, chronicle, epics, mosaic, fresco, icon)

Developing:

Development of a vivid emotional monologue speech;

Enrichment of the active vocabulary with the terms of the given era.

Educational:

To foster respect for history, culture, to show its significance for contemporary art.

Foster a sense of beauty.

Equipment: notebooks, textbook

Lesson type: combined

During the classes:

Org. moment

Greetings, attendance check and lesson readiness.

Motivation

The culture of a people is a part of its history. The concept of culture includes everything that is created by the mind, talent, and hands of the people, which expresses its spiritual appearance, a view of the world.

Presentation of new material

Russian culture of the 14-15th centuries.

The reason for the decline is the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.

Corollary:

Death of people;

Fall of craft, disappearance of crafting skills;

Stone construction ceased for half a century;

City cathedrals were destroyed;

Burned down literary monuments

Folklore:

New legends: "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh" (a call to fight against the invaders);

The genre of poetic historical songs, "The Song of Shchelkan Dudentievich" (tells about the uprising in Tver in 1327), was formed.

4. Chronicle.

Used paper, as well as parchment and birch bark;

Instead of “charter” (a square letter, very accurate), there appears “semi-ustav” (a freer and more fluent letter), from the 15th century. cursive writing appears;

Chronicle centers: Moscow since 1325

In 1408, an all-Russian annalistic collection was compiled (Trinity Chronicle, which perished in a Moscow fire in 1812); a set is a complex text in which chronicle records made in different political centers of Russia were combined into a single whole. The appearance of the vaults makes it possible to assert that the Russian lands began to live, to a certain extent, a common life even before their unification into a single state.

In 1479, the Moscow annalistic collection was created (the idea of ​​these two collections: general Russian unity, the historical role of Moscow in the state unification of all Russian lands);

The emergence of chronographs (works on World history): in 1442 the first chronograph was compiled by Pachomius Logofet.

Historical stories, heroic epic.

On Tue. floor. 13th century in Rostov, the oldest edition of the life of Mikhail of Chernigov was created (the Chernigov prince, killed in the Horde for refusing to bow to the statues pagan gods);

Historical stories: "About the Battle of Kalka",

"The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu" - about Evpatiy Kolovrat,

"The Life of Alexander Nevsky" (created in the Vladimir Rozhdestvensky Monastery);

the heroic deed of Dmitry Donskoy is devoted to the story: "The Legend of the Mamaev Massacre", Sofoniy Ryazanets created the poem "Zadonshchina" about the victory of the Russian squad in the Battle of Kulikovo.

The biographies of the church leaders of Russia were compiled;

- "Walking across the Three Seas" by the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin is the first description of India in European literature (Nikitin's journey was 30 years before Vasco da Gama opened the way to India).

Urban culture: strong influence of Christianity with pagan remnants. Heretics appeared. This testifies to a fairly wide range of reading heretics, which included not only the texts of Scripture, but also the decrees of church councils. Strigolniki: in 1375, the founder of the heresy, deacon Karp, was executed with two comrades by the verdict of the Novgorod veche.

Architecture:

Renewal of stone construction in Novgorod and Pskov (the Church of Fyodor Stratilat on the Brook of the 14th century, the Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street in the 14th century in Novgorod; the Church of Basil on the Gorka in Pskov of the 15th century).

Traits: an abundance of decorations on the walls, general elegance, festivity.

Construction of the Moscow Kremlin and its cathedrals: white stone under Dmitry Donskoy, red under Ivan III.

The first white-stone buildings in Moscow date back to the 14-15th centuries: the Assumption Cathedral, the Cathedral of the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery in Zvenigorod, the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow continued the traditions of Vladimir-Suzdal white-stone architecture.

Painting:

In the 14th century. the remarkable artist Theophanes the Greek (Byzantium) worked in Novgorod and Moscow: his frescoes in the Church of the Savior on Ilyin, executed in 1378 in Novgorod, have survived to this day; While working, unlike others, the artist did not look at the samples and, without stopping work, talked with those who came.

Andrei Rublev - 14-15 centuries, "Trinity" is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery, frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir (worked here with Daniil Cherny)

Russian culture of the 16th century.

1.general characteristics:

Religion was of decisive importance, 1551 Stoglavy Cathedral, which proclaimed samples of creativity. Rublev's iconography was recognized as exemplary, in architecture the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin was taken as a model, in literature - the works of Metropolitan Macarius and his circle.

In the 16th century. the formation of the Great Russian nationality is nearing completion;

In the 16th century. elements of secular culture appear.

2. Social and political thought:

The essay "The Legend of the Great Dukes of Vladimir" was created;

The thesis "Moscow is the third Rome" appears (Peresvetov, 16th century on the need for autocratic power)

3. Chronicle:

- "Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom" (the first years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible)

- "The Book of the Degree of Tsarist Genealogy" - portraits and descriptions of the reigns of the great Russian princes and metropolitans in it are located in 17 degrees from Vladimir 1 to Ivan the Terrible;

16th century Nikon Chronicle, written in Moscow, its other name is the Facial vault (contains 16 thousand miniatures-color illustrations);

Historical stories: "Kazan capture", "On the arrival of Stefan Batory to the city of Pskov", etc.

New chronographs

4. The beginning of typography:

1564 Ivan Fedorov is the first Russian book "Apostle" (a disciple of Christ), but there are seven books without an exact date of publication - anonymous, published before 1564.

In 1574 Ivan Fedorov with Peter Mstislavets in Lvov published the first Russian primer - "ABC",

For the 16th century. 20 books have been printed.

5. Architecture:

Hipped temples; no pillars. Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye (in honor of the birth of Ivan the Terrible) Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (in honor of the capture of Kazan).

Construction of five-domed monastery churches on the model of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Assumption in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent, cathedrals in Tula, Vologda, Suzdal, Dmitrov and other cities.

Construction of small stone and wooden posad temples (dedicated to one saint and located in some settlement where artisans of the same specialty lived);

Construction of stone kremlin.

a) to the east to the Moscow Kremlin, part of the posad was surrounded by a brick wall called Kitaygorodskaya ("whale" is a bunch of poles used in the construction of fortresses, others are something from the Italian word "city", or from the Turkic word "fortress"), this wall defended bargaining on Red Square and nearby settlements;

b) Fyodor Kon builds the white-stone walls of the 9-kilometer White City (the modern Boulevard Ring);

c) in Moscow erected the Zemlyanoy rampart about a 15-kilometer wooden fortress on the rampart (the modern Garden Ring);

d) stone fortress-watchmen in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan, Tula, Kolomna, Smolensk, Novgorod, Pskov, Izborsk, Pechory.

6. Painting: Dionysius - fresco painting of the Nativity Cathedral of the Ferapontov Monastery near Vologda, an icon depicting scenes from the life of the Moscow Metropolitan Alexei and others (features: brightness, festivity, sophistication).

Russian culture of the 17th century

General characteristics:

Folding of the all-Russian market;

The emergence of secular elements (the process of "secularization").

The influence of the West (the church resists, hence the separate settlements for foreigners).

2. Enlightenment:

State schools, a school for the training of employees for central institutions, for the Printing House, the Apothecary Prikaz, etc.

Mass production of printed manuals for teaching literacy and arithmetic; ("Primer" by Burtsev, "Grammar" by Smotritsky and the multiplication table).

In 1687, the first higher educational institution, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, was founded in Moscow (headed by the Likhud brothers, Greek scientists), where priests and officials were trained;

Knowledge accumulation process;

Russian explorers:

a) 1648 Dezhnev discovered the strait between Asia and North. America;

b) in 1649 Khabarov made a map and studied the lands along the Amur, where Russian settlements were founded;

c) the end of the 17th century. the Cossack Atlasov explored Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

3. Literature:

- The "New Chronicler" recounted the events from the death of Ivan the Terrible to the end of the Time of Troubles and proved the Romanovs' right to the throne;

Historical stories: "The clerk Ivan Timofeev's calendar", "The Legend of Abraham Palitsyn", "Another legend" and others (about the Time of Troubles).

Satirical story: "Service to the tavern" "The Tale of the Chicken and the Fox", etc.

Love lyrics;

- "Synopsis" (review) by the Kiev monk Innokenty Gizel about the joint history of Ukraine and Russia;

4. Theater:

At the court in Moscow in 1672, the actors were Germans and only men, plays based on biblical and legendary history. plots;

Wandering theater of buffoons and Petrushka.

5. Architecture:

Traits: great picturesqueness;

asymmetrical while maintaining integrity and unity;

multicolor and decorativeness;

platbands;

tiles and ornaments made of carved stone and bricks (stone patterns,

marvelous pattern).

Terem Palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in the Kremlin, the chambers of the Moscow, Pskov, Kostroma boyars of the 17th century; churches of Yaroslavl, the New Jerusalem Monastery, ensembles in Korovniki and Tolchkovo, the Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki (near the Park Kultury metro station), the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Putinki (not far from Pushkin Square), etc.

The walls no longer bore the character of fortifications, they were made decorative and decorated in every possible way;

Naryshkinsky style (by the name of the main customers) or Moscow Baroque: a) white and red;

b) the number of storeys of buildings is clear;

c) decorative shells in the cornices;

The heyday of wooden architecture: the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in the village of Kolomenskoye, built by Petrov and Mikhailov;

6. Painting:

Simon Ushakov - Parsuns (persons), portrait painting;

They wrote on boards with egg paints, at the end of the 17th century. the first parsuns appeared, painted in oil on canvas.

Homework: history textbook § 30.

The content and direction of its development in the XIII-XV centuries was determined by the struggle against the Golden Horde yoke and the struggle for the creation of a single state. Cultural and historical process ser. XIII - mid. XIV centuries. characterized by decline and stagnation, which were caused by the Mongol invasion. Its results: death and captivity of thousands of people; destruction of cities, architectural structures; the disappearance of many crafts; cessation of stone construction for half a century; doom literary monuments, interruption of annals.

Cultural and historical process 2nd half. XIV-XV centuries. - This is the rise of Russian culture, due to the success of economic development, the victory in the Battle of Kulikovo, the leading role of Moscow. The golden age of Old Russian culture is the rise of culture in the 15th century. The "Golden Age" of Russian icon painting - the flourishing of icon painting at the end of the 14th – 15th centuries, is associated with the works of Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, Dionysius. Andrei Rublev owns frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, icons of the Zvenigorod tier - "Savior", "Archangel Michael", "Apostle Paul". For the Trinity Cathedral in Sergiev Posad, Andrei Rublev created famous icon The Trinity That Embodies Truth Christian understanding One God in three persons.

Russian culture of the 16th century is still defined by the Christian worldview. The Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551 played an important role in this. He approved the patterns to be followed. In icon painting, this was the work of Andrei Rublev, in architecture - the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, in literature - the works of Metropolitan Macarius. The ideology “Moscow - the third Rome” is being formed. She presents the historical process as a change of world kingdoms. The first Rome - "the eternal city" perished because of heresy, the second Rome - Constantinople - because of the union with the Catholics, the third Rome - Moscow - the true guardian of Christianity. These ideas were embodied in the murals of the Smolensk Cathedral of the Moscow Novodevichy Convent (c. 1530).

In the XVI century. the formation of the Great Russian nationality is nearing completion. Secular elements in culture are more tangibly manifested. Russian culture XVII v. completes the medieval period of history, elements of the culture of the New Age are emerging, which is characterized by the process of all-round "secularization".

16. Transformations in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century: content, results, consequences.

In the 17th century, as a result of the activities of the first Romanovs, the socio-economic and political crisis of the Time of Troubles was overcome. At the end of the century, there were tendencies towards the Europeanization of the country. Russia was active foreign policy and trade in Europe and Asia, the economy began a transition from small-scale handicraft production to manufactories, western european culture actively penetrated the culture of Russia. For further effective development the country needed to provide access to the seas. The solution to this problem assumed the presence strong personality in power, the reorganization and rearmament of the army, the development of the economy for waging a prolonged war. Due to the absence of the bourgeoisie, these tasks had to be solved by the autocratic power at the expense of the forces and means of the whole society. Such a reformer became Peter I Alekseevich (1682-1725).

Peter's activity can be roughly divided into two periods: 1695-1715 and 1715-1725.

An important feature first period is the solution to the problems of internal reorganization of the country because of the Seven Years War. The reforms were carried out mainly by force and were accompanied by gross state intervention in the economy (regulation of trade, industry, taxes). The reforms did not have a clear plan and were carried out as a response to the demands of the current moment, the appropriate people were not prepared to carry out the reforms, and there was a struggle with the old administrative personnel. Therefore, many reforms were unsuccessful and incomplete.

In second period reforms have become more systematic. The results of the reforms began to affect, experienced people appeared (chicks of Petrov's nest).

On the whole, Peter's reforms were subordinated to the interests of the whole society. All of Peter's activities were based on this, although they were of a violent nature. Concerning pace of reform, then they depended on the urgency of solving a specific problem. At the same time, some reforms led to a radical breakdown. public relations and the restructuring of structures and institutions.

At the head of all the reforms was the creation of a combat-ready army of the European model, all other reforms were subordinated to this main concern of Peter. On the initiative of Peter, a regular army was created and Navy military is open educational establishments(navigation, engineering and artillery schools), adopted military legislation, created command and control bodies for the army and navy. The army was recruited on a regular basis recruitment sets and was lifelong.

In foreign trade actively pursued a policy mercantilism(encouraging the development of its own production and export, high import taxes). The industry was protected from foreign competition by high import duties ( protectionist policy).

But first of all, Peter took care of those industries that worked to supply the army. Peter allowed the owners of the manufactories to buy peasants to work in the manufactories ( possessory peasants).

Reform control systems the country was carried out according to Western, mainly Protestant models. As a result of administrative reforms, a centralized bureaucratic apparatus was formed, which generally survived until 1917. This apparatus was headed by the tsar himself, who possessed full legislative, executive and judicial power. Thus, Russia entered period of absolutism... In 1711, the finally degraded Boyar Duma was replaced The Senate, whose members are appointed by the king. The function of the Senate was the issuance of decrees, it belonged to the executive and judicial powers. Overseen the activities of the Senate since 1722 attorney general with the right of a personal report to the tsar and the prosecutor's office subordinate to him. In 1717-1718, Peter replaced the old system of orders with industry-specific collegiums... The cities are subdued magistrates, the patriarchate was abolished in the church and Synod... Thus, the church became part of the state apparatus. In 1708-1710, regional reform: The country is divided into 8 provinces, headed by governors who wielded administrative, judicial and military powers. Provinces were divided into provinces, provinces - into counties.

In 1718-1724, a population census was carried out and capitation tax(tax on men). This led to a doubling of taxes and the spread of serfdom to the previously free strata of the population. As a result of the census, the peasants were divided into public and private... The urban population is divided into regular(merchants, industrialists, traders, large artisans) and irregular(small artisans and urban poor). This division made it possible to increase the economic activity of merchants and artisans by freeing regular people from many government duties.

The privileged estates remained aristocracy and nobility... However, their land tenure was made dependent on public service... Thus, the aristocracy and the nobility were finally equalized in rights. The promotion of the social ladder was facilitated by the introduction of Table of ranks, which made it possible to expand the layer of the nobility. Career advancement was determined by the professional qualities of a person.

« For military ranks who will rise to the rank of chief officer (VIII class) not from the nobility, then when someone receives the above rank, this is the essence of a nobleman, and his children, who will be born in the chief officer, and if there are no children at that time, but before, and the father will beat with his forehead, then the nobility will be given to those, only one son, for whom the father will ask. "

The battle of Kulikovo became the internal frontier in the development of Russian culture in the 13th-15th centuries. The recovering economy predetermined the general rise of Russian culture at the end of the 14th-15th centuries. Ties were restored with Byzantium and the South Slavic states. From the second half of the 15th century, Italian masters began to work in Russia.

Oral folklore is experiencing a new upsurge. New works called for the struggle to overthrow the Golden Horde yoke ("The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh", "The Song of Shchelkan Dudentievich"). New centers of annals appeared. From 1325, chronicle records began to be kept in Moscow. In 1408, an all-Russian chronicle collection was compiled - the Trinity Chronicle. Interest in world history aroused the emergence of chronographs - a kind of world history. In 1442, the first Russian chronograph was compiled by Pachomius Logofet. Historical stories have become a widespread literary genre ("The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu", the story "About the Battle of Kalka", about Alexander Nevsky, etc.). "The Legend of the Mamayev Battle" and "Zadonshchina" are dedicated to the victory at the Kulikovo Field. The genre of hagiographic literature flourished. The first description of India in European literature was given by the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin ("Walking across the Three Seas" (1466-1472)).

Architecture

In Novgorod and Pskov, stone construction resumed faster than in other lands (the churches of Fyodor Stratilat (1361) and the Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street (1374) in Novgorod, painted inside by Theophanes the Greek, the Church of Basil on Gorka (1410) in Pskov) ... Stone buildings in the Moscow principality appeared in the XIV-XV centuries (churches in Zvenigorod, Zagorsk, the cathedral of the Andronnikov monastery in Moscow). Under Dmitry Donskoy in 1367, the white-stone walls of the Moscow Kremlin were erected. After a hundred years of participation Italian craftsmen the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin was convened, largely preserved to this day. In the years 1475-1479, the Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti was created main temple Moscow Kremlin - Assumption Cathedral. In 1484-1489, the Annunciation Cathedral was built by Pskov craftsmen. At the same time (in 1487-1491) the Faceted Chamber was built.

Painting

As in architecture, in painting there was a process of merging of local art schools into an all-Russian one (up to the 17th century). In the XIV century in Novgorod and Moscow he worked outstanding artist Theophanes the Greek, who came from Byzantium. The highest rise of Russian painting of this period is associated with the work of the genius Russian artist Andrei Rublev, who lived at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. Most famous works Rublev are "Trinity" (kept in the Tretyakov Gallery), frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, icons of the Zvenigorod rank (Tretyakov Gallery), Trinity Cathedral in Zagorsk.

Key documents of the era

"The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu", "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land", "The Battle of the Ice in 1242", "Zadonshchina", "Law Code of 1497".

To the question Russian culture of the 13-17 centuries, briefly, please, asked by the author Ibrahimovic the best answer is Russian culture 13th - 17th centuries

2.Consequence:
- death of people;


- city cathedrals were destroyed;

3.Oral folk art:


4. Chronicle.















6.Architecture:




7.Painting:

- Andrey Rublev - 14-15 centuries. , "Trinity" is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery, frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir (worked here together with Daniil Cherny)
Russian culture of the 16th century.
1.General characteristic:
- religion was of decisive importance, 1551 Stoglavy Cathedral, which proclaimed samples of creativity. Rublyov's iconography
Source: link

Answer from Alexander Rudnev[newbie]
Architecture.
Earlier than in other lands, stone construction was resumed in Novgorod and Pskov. Using the previous traditions, the residents of Novgorod and Pskov erected dozens of small temples. Among them are such significant monuments of architecture and painting of that time as the churches of Fyodor Stratilat on Rucheye (1361) and the Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street (1374) in Novgorod, the Church of Vasily on Gorka (1410) in Pskov. The abundance of decorative ornaments on the walls, general elegance, festivity are characteristic of these buildings. The striking and original architecture of Novgorod and Pskov practically did not change over the centuries. Experts explain this stability of architectural and artistic tastes by the conservatism of the Novgorod boyars, who strove to preserve their independence from Moscow. Hence the focus is mainly on local traditions.
The first stone buildings in the Moscow principality date back to the XIV-XV centuries. The temples that have come down to us in Zvenigorod - the Assumption Cathedral (1400) and the Cathedral of the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery (1405), the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (1422), the Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow (1427) continued the traditions of Vladimir-Suzdal white-stone architecture. The accumulated experience made it possible to successfully fulfill the most important order of the great Moscow prince - to create a mighty Moscow Kremlin, full of grandeur, dignity and strength.
The first white-stone walls of the Moscow Kremlin were erected during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy in 1367. However, after the invasion of Tokhtamysh in 1382, the Kremlin fortifications were badly damaged. A century later, a grandiose construction in Moscow with the participation of Italian craftsmen, who then occupied a leading place in Europe, ended with the creation in the late 15th - early 16th centuries. the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin, which has survived to this day.
The Kremlin's territory of 27.5 hectares was protected by a red brick wall, the length of which reached 2.25 km, the thickness of the walls was 3.5-6.5 m, and their height was 5-19 m. Then, in the 15th century. , 18 towers of the currently existing 20 were erected. The towers had hipped roofs. The Kremlin occupied a place on the cape at the confluence of the Neglinnaya River (now enclosed in a collector) into the Moskva River. A moat was built from the side of Red Square, connecting both rivers. Thus, the Kremlin appeared to be on an island, as it were. It was one of the largest fortresses in the world, built according to all the rules of the then fortification science. The palaces of the Grand Duke and Metropolitan, buildings of state institutions, monasteries were erected under the shelter of powerful walls.
The heart of the Kremlin is Cathedral Square, overlooking the main cathedrals; its central building is the bell tower of Ivan Veliky (it was finally completed under Boris Godunov, reaches a height of 81 m).

Answer from Victor Mikhailov[newbie]
Yekaterintal

Answer from Natalia Shishova[newbie]
Russian culture 13th - 17th centuries
1. The reason for the decline is the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.
2.Consequence:
- death of people;
- the fall of the craft, the disappearance of crafting skills;
- stone construction stopped for half a century;
- city cathedrals were destroyed;
- literary monuments burned down
3.Oral folk art:
- new legends: "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh" (a call to fight against the invaders);
- the genre of poetic historical songs, "The Song of Shchelkan Dudentievich" (tells about the uprising in Tver in 1327), was formed.
4. Chronicle.
- paper is used, as well as parchment and birch bark;
- instead of the "charter" (a square letter, very accurate) appears "semi-ustav" (a freer and fluent letter), from the 15th century. cursive writing appears;
- centers of chronicle writing: Moscow since 1325
- in 1408, an all-Russian annalistic collection was compiled (Trinity Chronicle, which died in a Moscow fire in 1812); a set is a complex text in which chronicle records made in different political centers of Russia were combined into a single whole. The appearance of the vaults makes it possible to assert that the Russian lands began to live, to a certain extent, a common life even before their unification into a single state.
- in 1479 the Moscow annalistic collection was created (the idea of ​​these two collections: general Russian unity, the historical role of Moscow in the state unification of all Russian lands);
- the emergence of chronographs (works on World History): in 1442 the first chronograph was compiled by Pachomius Logofet.
4. Historical stories, heroic epic.
- on Tue. floor. 13th century in Rostov, the most ancient edition of the life of Mikhail of Chernigov was created (the Chernigov prince, killed in the Horde for refusing to worship the statues of pagan gods);
- historical stories: "About the Battle of Kalka",
"The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu" - about Evpatiy Kolovrat,
"The Life of Alexander Nevsky" (created in the Vladimir Rozhdestvensky Monastery);
the heroic deed of Dmitry Donskoy is devoted to the story: "The Legend of the Mamaev Massacre", Sofoniy Ryazanets created the poem "Zadonshchina" about the victory of the Russian squad in the Kulikovo battle.
- the biographies of the church leaders of Russia were compiled;
- "Walking across the Three Seas" by the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin - the first description of India in European literature (Nikitin's journey was 30 years before Vasco da Gama opened the way to India).
5. Urban culture: strong influence of Christianity with pagan remnants. Heretics appeared. This testifies to a fairly wide range of reading heretics, which included not only the texts of Scripture, but also the decrees of church councils. Strigolniki: in 1375, the founder of the heresy, deacon Karp, was executed with two comrades by the verdict of the Novgorod veche.
6.Architecture:
- resumption of stone construction in Novgorod and Pskov (the Church of Fyodor Stratilat on the Rucheya of the 14th century, the Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street in the 14th century in Novgorod; the Church of Vasily on the Gorka in Pskov of the 15th century.
Traits: an abundance of decorations on the walls, general elegance, festivity.
- construction of the Moscow Kremlin and its cathedrals: white stone under Dmitry Donskoy, red under Ivan III.
- the first white-stone buildings in Moscow date back to the 14-15th centuries. : The Assumption Cathedral, the Cathedral of the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery in Zvenigorod, the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow continued the traditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal white-stone architecture.
7.Painting:
- in the 14th century. the remarkable artist Theophanes the Greek (Byzantium) worked in Novgorod and Moscow: his frescoes in the Church of the Savior on Ilyin, executed in 1378 in Novgorod, have survived to this day; While working, unlike others, the artist did not look at the samples and, without stopping work, talked with those who came.
- Andrey Rublev - 14-15 centuries. , "Trinity" is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery, frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir (works here