Artists of the Renaissance and their paintings list. Great Artists of the Renaissance
Sandro Botticelli (March 1, 1445 - May 17, 1510) - a deeply religious person, worked in all major temples of Florence and in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican, but in the history of art, it remained primarily as the author of the large-format poetic cavetles on the plots inspired by classical antiquity, - Spring and Birth of Venus. .
For a long time, Botticelli was in the shadows of the Renaissance giants who worked after him were not yet in the middle of the XIX century, they renounce British Pre-Failelites, which worshiped the fragile linearity and the spring freshness of his mature cauldron for the highest point in the development of world art.
Born in the family of a wealthy citizen of Mariano di Banny Filipei. Got a good education. He studied painting at the Monk Filippo Lippi and adopted that passion from him in the image of touching motives, which differ in the historical paintings of Lippi. Then he worked at the famous sculptor Verrocko. In 1470, organizes his own workshop.
He took the subtlety and accuracy of the lines from his second brother, who was a jeweler. Some time studied with Leonardo da Vinci in the Verrico Workshop. The original feature of his own talent of Botticelli is to the inclination to fantastic. He was one of the first to enter the art of his time an ancient myth and allegory, and with special love worked on mythological plots. Especially the effect of his Venus, who nagging over the sea in the sink, and the gods of the winds shower it with rain from roses, and chase the sink to the shore.
The best creation of Botticelli, those who began in 1474 in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican began in 1474. Completed a lot of paintings on the orders of the Medici. In particular, he painted the banner of Juliano Medici, Brother Lorenzo magnificent. In the 1470-1480s, the portrait becomes an independent genre in the work of Botticelli ("Man with a Medal", Ok. 1474; "Youth", 1480s). Botticelli became famous for its subtle aesthetic taste and works such as "Annunciation" (1489--1490), "abandoned" (1495--1500), etc. In the last years of his life, Botticelli, apparently, left painting ..
Sandro Botticelli is buried in the surname tomb in the church of Ontisanti in Florence. According to the testament, he was buried near the grave of Simonetti Vespucci, inspired the most beautiful images of the wizard.
Leonardo di Same Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452, the village of Ankiano, near the town of Vinci, near Florence - May 2, 1519, - the great Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatom, naturalist), inventor, writer, one of the world's largest art representatives Renaissance, a vivid example of a "universal person.".
Our contemporaries Leonardo is primarily known as an artist. In addition, it is possible that Da Vinci could be a sculptor: researchers from the University of Perugia - Giancarlo Gennelnie and Carlo Sisi - argue that the terracotta head found by them in 1990 is the only sculptural work of Leonardo da Vinci. However, yes Vinci himself, in different periods of his life, considered himself primarily an engineer or scientist. He gave pictorial art not a lot of time and worked quite slowly. Therefore, the artistic heritage of Leonardo is not quantitatively large, and a number of his works are lost or badly damaged. However, his contribution to the world artistic culture is extremely important even against the background of the cohort of the geniuses, which the Italian revival gave. Thanks to his work, the art of painting passed on a qualitatively new stage of its development. The preceding Leonardo artists of Renaissance strongly refused many conventions of medieval art. It was movement towards realism and much has already been achieved in the study of the prospects, anatomy, greater freedom in composite solutions. But in terms of painting, work with paint, artists were still quite conditional and apparent. The line in the picture clearly outlined the subject, and the image was the kind of painted pattern. The most conditional was a landscape that played a minor role. .
Leonardo realized and embodied new picturesque technique. He has the line has the right to blur, because so we see it. He realized the phenomena of the scattering of light in the air and the occurrence of Sphumato - hassle between the viewer and the object shown, which softens the color contrasts and lines. As a result, realism in painting moved to a qualitatively new stage. . Revival Picture Botticelli Renaissance
Rafael Santia (March 28, 1483 - April 6, 1520) - Great Italian painter, schedule and architect, representative of the Umbral School ..
The son of the painter Giovanni Santi passed the initial runch of Urbino from his father Giovanni Santi, but at a young age was in the workshop of an outstanding artist Pietro Perugino. It is the artistic language and the formation of peezhino paintings with their gravity to a symmetric balanced composition, the clarity of the spatial solution and the softness in solving the color of the flavor and the lighting, were of paramount influence on the Maneru of the Young Rafael.
It is necessary to specify that the creative handwriting of Raphael included the synthesis of techniques and finds of other masters. First, Rafael relied on the experience of Perugino, later alternately - on the finds Leonardo da Vinci, Fra Bartolomeo, Michelangelo. .
Early works ("Madonna Concatented" 1502--1503) are imbued with grace, soft lyricism. The earthly genesis of a person, harmony of spiritual and physical forces, glorified in the paintings of the Vatican rooms (1509--1517), reaching an impeccable sense of measure, rhythm, proportions, fraudulent flavor, unity of figures and majestic architectural backgrounds ..
In Florence, in touching Michelangelo and Leonardo's creations, Rafael studied with them an annetically correct image of the human body. In 25 years, the artist falls into Rome, and from this moment the period of the highest flourishing of his work begins: he performs monumental paintings in the Vatican Palace (1509--1511), among whom the unconditional masterpiece of the master - the Fresco "Athens School", writes altar compositions and Machine paintings, characterized by the harmoniousness of the plan and performance, works as an architect (for some time Raphael even leads the construction of the Cathedral of St. Peter). In the tireless search for his ideal, embodied for the artist in the form of Madonna, he creates the most perfect creative creation - "Sikstinsky Madonna" (1513), a symbol of motherhood and self-denial. The paintings and paintings of Rafael were recognized as contemporaries, and soon Santi became the central figure of Rome's deciduous life. Many noble people of Italy wanted to grow up with the artist, including a close friend of Raphael Cardinal Bibbien. The artist died at the age of thirty seven years from heart failure. Unfinished paintings of Farnesina Villa, Vatican loggias and other works were completed by Raphael students in accordance with his sketches and drawings ..
One of the largest high-revival art representatives, for paintings of which is characterized by an underlined balance and harmonicity of the whole, equilibrium composition, rhythm size and delicate use of color features. The impeccable ownership of the line and the ability to generalize and allocate the main thing, made Rafael one of the most prominent masters of the drawing of all time. The heritage of Rafael served as one of the pillars in the process of becoming European Academism. Adherents of classicism - Brothers Carragechi, Poussin, Mengs, David, Engr, Bullels and many other artists - overlooked Rafael's legacy as the most perfect phenomenon in world art ..
Titian Veverielio (1476/1477 or 1480-E - 1576) - the Italian painter of the Renaissance. The name of Titian is in one row with such artists of Renaissance, like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Rafael. Titian wrote pictures on biblical and mythological plots, he became famous and as a portraitist. He was ordered kings and Roman dads, cardinals, dukes and princes. Titian was not and thirty years old when he was recognized as the best painter Venice ..
At the place of birth (Piere-Di-Cadore in the province of Belluno), it is sometimes called yes to Kador; Also known as Titian Divine ..
Titian was born in the family of Gregorio People, the state and military leader. In the ten-year-old age, he was sent together with his brother to Venice for training at the famous Mosaicist Sebastian Dzukkato. A few years later, he entered the student in the workshop of Giovanni Bellini. He studied with Lorenzo Lotto, George Yes Castelfranco (Georgeon) and a number of other artists who later became famous.
In 1518, Titian writes the painting "Ascension of Our Lady", in 1515 - Salome with the head of John the Baptist. From 1519 to 1526, he paints a number of altars, including the altar of the Pesaro family ..
Titian lived a long life. Until recent days, he did not stop working. His last picture, "mourning Christ,", Titian wrote for his own tombstone. The artist died from the plague in Venice on August 27, 1576, infected from his son, causing him ..
Emperor Carl V called Titian to himself and surrounded by honorable and respect and said more than once: "I can create a duke, but where I will take the second Titian." When one day the artist dropped a brush, Karl V looked at it and said: "Serve Titian is honorated even the emperor." Both Spanish, and French kings invited Titian to themselves, settle at the court, but the artist, fulfilling orders, always returned to his native Venice. In the honor of Titian named Crater on Mercury. .
Renaissance (Renaissance). Italy. XV-XVI century. Early capitalism. The country rules rich bankers. They are interested in art and science.
Rich and influential gather around themselves talented and wise. Poets, philosophers, artists and sculptors lead daily conversations with their patrons. For a moment it seemed that people were ruled by the wise men, as Plato wanted.
They remembered the ancient Romans and the Greeks. Which also built a society of free citizens. Where the main value is a person (not counting slaves, of course).
Revival is not just copying the art of ancient civilizations. This mixture. Mythology and Christianity. Realistic nature and mentality of images. The beauty of physical and beauty spiritual.
It was just a flash. The period of high rebirth is about 30 years old! From the 1490s to 1527. From the beginning of the flourishing of creativity Leonardo. Before the plunder of Rome.
The mirage of the perfect world is fast dymer. Italy was too fragile. She was soon enslaved by the next dictator.
However, these 30 years have identified the main features of European painting 500 years ahead! Up to .
Realistic image. Anthropocentrism (when a person is the main character and hero). Linear perspective. Oil paints. Portrait. Scenery…
Incredible, but several ingenious masters at once came up in these 30 years. Which in other times is born one for 1000 years.
Leonardo, Michelangelo, Rafael and Titian - Titans of the Renaissance. But it is impossible not to mention the two of their predecessors. Jotto and Mazacho. Without which there would be no rebirth.
1. Jotto (1267-1337)
Paolo Stochello. Jotto Yes Bondony. Fragment of the painting "Five Masters of the Florentine Renaissance". The beginning of the XVI century. . XIV century. PRASTORESANCE. The main hero is Jotto. This is a master who has committed a revolution in art alone. 200 years before high rebirth. If it were not for him, the epoch, which mankind is so proud of, is unlikely to come.
Jotto were icons and frescoes. They were created by the Byzantine canons. Faces instead of persons. Flat figures. Non-compliance with proportions. Instead of a landscape - golden background. As, for example, on this icon.
Guido yes Siena. Worship of Magi. 1275-1280 Altenburg, Lindenau Museum, Germany. And suddenly the frescoes of Jotto appear. There are volumetric figures on them. Persons of noble people. Sad. Sorrowful. Surprised. Old and young. Different.
Jotto's frescoes in the church of the brenor in Padua (1302-1305). Left: mourning Christ. In the middle: Kiss Judah (fragment). Right: Annunciation of St. Anne (Mother Mary), a fragment.
The main creation of Jotto is the cycle of his frescoes in the burgher chapel in Padua. When this church opened for the parishioners, the crowds of people joined it. Because they never seen this.
After all, Jotto did an unprecedented. He, as it were, translated the biblical plots on a simple clear language. And they became much more affordable to ordinary people.
Jotto. Worship of Magi. 1303-1305 Fresco in bark chapel in Padua, Italy. It is this that will be characteristic of many masters of the Renaissance. Laconic images. Live emotions of characters. Realistic.
About the frescoes of the master Read more in the article.
Jotto admired. But its innovation is not further developed. Italy came fashion for international gothic.
Only after 100 years the master will appear worthy of the successor of Jotto.
2. Mazaccho (1401-1428)
Mazacho. Self-portrait (fragment of the frescoes "Saint Peter on the Department"). 1425-1427 Brankachchi Capella in the Church of Santa Maria del Carmina, Florence, Italy. The beginning of the XV century. The so-called early revival. Another innovator comes to the scene.
Mazacho was the first artist who used a linear perspective. She was developed by his friend, architect Bruneland. Now the world has become similar to the real one. Toy architecture - in the past.
Mazacho. Saint Peter heals his shadow. 1425-1427 Brankachchi Capella in the Church of Santa Maria del Carmina, Florence, Italy. He adopted the realism of Jotto. However, in contrast to the predecessor, he knew anatomy well.
Instead of bull-shaped characters, Jotto are beautifully folded people. Just like the ancient Greeks.
Mazacho. Baptism of neophytes. 1426-1427 Capella Brankachchi, Church of Santa Maria Del Carmina in Florence, Italy. 
Mazacho. Exile from Paradise. 1426-1427 Fresco in Brankachchi Chapel, Church of Santa Maria Del Carmina, Florence, Italy. Mazacho lived a short life. He died, like his father, unexpectedly. At 27 years old.
However, he had a lot of followers. The following generations wizard went to Brankachchi Chapel to learn from its frescoes.
So the innovation of Mazacho was picked up by all the great titans of high revival.
3. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Leonardo da Vinci. Self-portrait. 1512 Royal Library in Turin, Italy. Leonardo da Vinci is one of the Titans of the Renaissance. Which enormally influenced the development of painting.
It was he who raised the status of the artist himself. Thanks to him, representatives of this profession from now on not just artisans. These are creators and aristocrats of the Spirit.
Leonardo made a breakthrough primarily in portrait painting.
He believed that nothing should distract from the main image. The look should not wander from one detail to the other. So the famous portraits appeared. Laconic. Harmonious.
Leonardo da Vinci. Lady with ermine. 1489-1490 Black Museum, Krakow. The main innovation of Leonardo is that he found a way to make images ... alive.
Before him, the characters on the portraits were like mannequins. The lines were clear. All items are carefully drawn. The painted drawing could not be alive.
But here Leonardo invented the Sphumato method. He lasted the line. Made a transition from light to the shadow very soft. His heroes are covered with barely catchy haze. Characters came to life.
. 1503-1519. Louvre, Paris. Since then, Sphumato will enter the active dictionary of all the great artists of the future.
It is often found that Leonardo, of course, genius. But I could not bring anything to the end. And the paintings often did not finish. And many of his projects remained on paper (by the way, in 24 volumes). And in general, he threw it into medicine, then to music. And even the art of serving at one time was fond of.
However, think about yourself. 19 paintings. And he is the greatest artist of all times and peoples. And someone does not even close in greatness. At the same time, writing 6,000 cauldons for life. Obviously, who has the CPD higher.
About the most famous picture of the master read in the article.
4. Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Daniele da Volterra. Michelangelo (fragment). 1544 Metropolitan Museum, New York. Michelangelo considered himself a sculptor. But he was a universal master. Like his rebirth era colleagues. Therefore, his picturesque heritage is no less ambitious.
He recognizes primarily on physically developed characters. Because he portrayed a perfect person. In which physical beauty means spiritual beauty.
Therefore, all his heroes are such muscular, hardy. Even women and old men.
Michelangelo. Fragments of the fresco "Scary Court" in the Sistine Chapel, Vatican.
Often Michelangelo wrote the character naked. And then addressed the clothes from above. So that the body is as relief as much as possible.
The ceiling of the Sicastine Chapel he painted himself. Although this is a few hundred figures! He did not even bring paints to rub off anyone. Yes, he was loner. Possessing a steep and non-advisory character. But most of all he was dissatisfied with himself.
Michelangelo. Fragment of the fresco "Creation of Adam". 1511 Sycstine Chapel, Vatican. Michelangelo lived a long life. Having survived the merry of the Renaissance. For him it was a personal tragedy. Late his works are full of sadness and grief.
In general, the creative path of Michelangelo is unique. Early work is the praise of a hero man. Free and courageous. In the best traditions of ancient Greece. How his David.
In recent years of life, these are tragic images. Intentionally rudely left stone. As if the monuments of the victims of fascism of the 20th century. Look at his "Pieta".
Sculptures Michelangelo at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. Left: David. 1504 on the right: Piest Palestrina. 1555
How is this possible? One artist for one of his life was all stages of art from the Renaissance of up to 20th century. What to make subsequent generations? Well, go to your way. Realizing that the plank is raised very high.
5. Rafael (1483-1520)
. 1506 Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. Rafael was never in oblivion. His genius was always recognized. And during life. And after death.
His heroes are endowed with sensual, lyrical beauty. It is his right to be considered the most beautiful female images ever created. Their external beauty reflects the spiritual beauty of the heroine. Their meekness. Their sacrifice.
Raphael. . 1513 Gallery of old masters, Dresden, Germany. The famous words "Beauty will save the world" Fedor Dostoevsky said exactly about. It was his favorite picture.
However, sensual images are not the only strong side of Raphael. He very carefully thought over the compositions of his paintings. He was an unsurpassed architect in painting. Moreover, he always found the simplest and harmonious solution in the organization of space. It seems that otherwise can not be.
Raphael. Athenian school. 1509-1511. Fresco in the stans of the Apostolic Palace, Vatican. Rafael lived only 37 years. He died suddenly. From the picked out cold and medical error. But his heritage is difficult to overestimate. Many artists are guarded by this master. Multiple of his sensual images in thousands of her cloths ..
Titian was an unsurpassed colorist. He also experimented a lot with the composition. In general, he was a bold and bright innovator.
For such brightness of the talent, everyone loved him. Calling the "king of painters and painter kings."
Speaking of Titian, I want to put an exclamation mark after each sentence. After all, it was he who will bring in painting the dynamics. Pathos. Enthusiasm. Bright flavor. Shine of paints.
Titian. Ascension of Mary. 1515-1518. Church of Santa Maria Glorosii Dei Frari, Venice. By the end of his life, he developed an unusual letter of the letter. Swirl smears, thick. Paint caused by a brush, then with my fingers. From this - images are even more alive, breathable. And the plots are even more dynamic and dramatic.
Titian. Tarquinius and Lucretia. 1571 Museum of Fitsuillama, Cambridge, England. Don't you remind you anything? Of course, this is a technique. And technician artists of the XIX century: Barbizontev and. Titian, like Michelangelo, will be 500 years of painting for one of her life. That is he and genius.
About the famous masterpiece Masters read in the article.
Artists of the Renaissance are artists of great knowledge. To leave such a legacy, it was necessary to know a lot. In the field of history, astrology, physics, and so on.
Therefore, each of their image makes us think. What is it depicted for? What is the message encrypted here?
Therefore, they almost never mistaken. Because thoroughly thought out their future work. Using the entire luggage of their knowledge.
They were more than artists. They were philosophers. The world explains to us with painting.
That is why they will always be deeply interesting for us.
Renaissance is the time of intellectual heyday in Italy, which influenced the development of mankind. This wonderful time gave his start in the XIV century and began to tear to the sunset in the XVI century. It is impossible to find any field of human activity that Renaissance would have affected. The flourishing of human culture, creativity, art, sciences. Politics, philosophy, literature, architecture, painting - all this has acquired a new breathing and began to develop an unusually rapid pace. Most of the greatest artists who left eternal memory about themselves in the works and developed most of the principles and laws of painting, lived and worked at this time. The Renaissance has become a sip of fresh air and the beginning of a new life, a real cultural revolution for people. The principles of life of the Middle Ages collapsed and the man began to strive for high, as if realizing his real purpose on Earth - to create and develop.
Revival means nothing but a return to the values \u200b\u200bof the past. The values \u200b\u200bof the past, including such as faith and sincere love for art, creating, creation, were rethought. Awareness of a person in the universe: a man as a crown of nature, the crown of the divine creation, who is the Creator himself.
The most famous Renaissance artists are, Alberti, Michelangelo, Rafael, Albrecht Durer and many others. With their work, they expressed the overall concept of the universe, the concept of the origin of a person who religion and myths. It can be said that it was then that the desire of artists appeared to learn how to create a realistic image of a person, nature, things, as well as intangible phenomena - feelings, emotions, mood, etc. Initially, Florence was considered the center of Renaissance, but by the 16th century he captured Venice. It was in Venice that the most important benefactors or the resurgents, such as medii, Roman dads and others.
The undoubted is the fact that the era of the Renaissance influenced the development of all mankind in all senses of this word. Works of art of that time are still one of the most expensive, and their authors left their names in history forever. The pictures and sculpture of the Renaissance are considered invaluable masterpieces and are still a benefit and an example for any artist. Unique art amazes with its beauty and depth of design. Each person is obliged to know about this extraordinary time, which was in the history of our past, without a heritage of which is absolutely impossible to submit our present and future.
Leonardo da Vinci - Mona Lisa (Jocona)
Rafael Santi - Madonna
The first harbingers of the art of revival appeared in Italy in the XIV century. Artists of this time, Pietro Cavallini (1259-1344), Simone Martini (1284-1344) and (first) Jotto
(1267-1337) When creating a traditional religious topics, new artistic techniques began to use: building a bulk composition, using a landscape in the background, which allowed them to make images more realistic, lively. This sharply distinguished their creativity from the previous iconographic tradition, abundant conventions in the image.
To refer to their creativity, the term uses PRATINESSANCE (1300s - "Alpito")
.
Jotto di Bondone
(Ok. 1267-1337) - Italian artist and architect of the era of the PRATINESSAN. One of the key figures in the history of Western art. Overcoming the Byzantine iconographic tradition, became the true founder of the Italian school of painting, developed an absolutely new approach to the image of the space. Jotto's works were inspired by Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael, Michelangelo.
Early revival (1400s - "Quatrocheto").
At the beginning of the XV century Filippo Bruneland
(1377-1446), Florentine scientist and architect.
Brunelands wished to make the perception of the term and theaters reconstructed by them and theaters and tried to create geometrically promising paintings from their plans for a certain point of view. In these searches was open direct perspective.
This allowed the artists to receive perfect images of three-dimensional space on a flat pattern of paintings.
_________Another important step towards revival was the emergence of non-religious, secular art. The portrait and landscape were established as independent genres. Even religious plots acquired a different interpretation - the artists of the revival began to consider their characters as heroes with pronounced individual features and human motivation of actions.
The most famous artists of this period - Mazacho (1401-1428), Mazolino (1383-1440), Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1497), Piero della Francesco (1420-1492), Andrea Mantenya (1431-1506), Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516), Antonello da Messina (1430-1479), Domenico Girlandiao (1449-1494), Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515).
Mazacho
(1401-1428) - the famous Italian painter, the largest master of the Florentine school, the reformer of the painting of the era of Quatrocheto.
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| Fresco. Miracle with stir. |
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| Picture. Crucifixion |
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| Fresco. The story of Queen Sava. Church of San Francesco in Arezzo |
Sandro Botticelli(1445-1510) - Great Italian painter, representative of the Florentine School of Painting.
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| Spring. |
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| Birth of Venus. |
High revival ("Cinkvice").
The highest flowering of the art of revival came on the first quarter of the XVI century.
Work Sansovino (1486-1570), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Rafael Santia (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonotti. (1475-1564), Georgeon (1476-1510), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Corredjo (1489-1534) constitute a golden fund of European art.
Leonardo di Same Piero da Vinci (Florence) (1452-1519) - Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatom, naturalist), inventor, writer.
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| Self-portrait |
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| Lady with ermine. 1490. Museum of Charters, Krakow |
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| Mona Lisa (1503-1505 / 1506) |
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| Madonna Litta. 1490-1491. Hermitage. |
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| Madonna Benua (Madonna with flower). 1478-1480 |
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| Madonna with carnation. 1478 |
During his life, Leonardo da Vinci made thousands of notes and drawings dedicated to anatomy, but did not publish his work. Making an autopsy of people and animals, he definitely passed the structure of the skeleton and internal organs, including small details. According to the professor of the clinical anatomy of Peter Abrams, the scientific work of Da Vinci overtook his time for 300 years and largely exceeded the famous "Gray Anatomy".
List of inventions, both real and attributed to him:
Parachute, K.olesz castle, ineLECTRIC, T.aNK, L.eugene portable bridges for the army, nhornger, K.ataphet, R.obet, D.sling telescope.
In the future, these innovations were developed Rafael Santi (1483-1520) - Great painting, schedule and architect, representative of the Umbral School.
| Self-portrait. 1483g. |
Michelangelo di Lodoviko di Leonardo Di Buonarot Simoni (1475-1564) - Italian sculptor, artist, architect, poet, thinker.
The paintings and sculptures of Michelangelo Bumonotti are full of heroic pathos and, at the same time, the tragic sensation of the humanism crisis. His paintings glorify the power and power of a person, the beauty of his body, at the same time emphasizing his loneliness in the world.
Genius Michelangelo imparted an imprint not only on the art of revival, but also for the entire further world culture. Its activity is mainly connected with two Italian cities - Florence and Rome.
However, the most grand own ideas the artist was able to realize in painting, where he spoke with a genuine innovator of color and forms.
By order of Pope Julia II, he performed the painting of the ceiling of the Sicastin Capella (1508-1512), which represents the biblical history from the creation of the world to the Flood and includes more than 300 figures. In 1534-1541, in the same Sicstinian chapel for Pope Paul III, he performed a grandiose, full of drama fresco "Scary Court".
Sicstinskaya 3d chapel.
Creativity Georgeon and Titian is distinguished by the interest in the landscape, plot poets. Both artists reached great mastery in the art of the portrait, with the help of which the character and rich inner world of their characters were transmitted.
Georgho Barbarelli Yes Castel Franco ( Georgeon) (1476/147-1510) - Italian artist, representative of the Venice School of Painting.
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| Sleeping Venus. 1510. |
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| Judith. 1504 |
Titian wrote pictures on biblical and mythological plots, he became famous and as a portraitist. He was ordered kings and Roman dads, cardinals, dukes and princes. Titian was not and thirty years old when he was recognized as the best painter Venice.
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| Self-portrait. 1567 |
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| Venus Urbinskaya. 1538. |
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| Portrait of tommaso bridge. 1520g. |
Later revival.
After the looting of Rome by Imperial troops in 1527, Italian revival enters into the crisis. Already in the work of late Raphael, a new art line is named, called manherism.
For this era, inflammatoryness of lines, elongation or even deforming figures, often nude, tension and unnaturalness of poses, unusual, or bizarre effects associated with dimensions, lighting or perspective, use of chromatic gamut ebbit, the overload of the composition, etc. The first masters manherism Parmjanino
, Pontoramic
, Bronzino-
We lived and worked at the courtyard of the dukes of the House of Medici in Florence. Later, the manherist fashion spread throughout Italy and beyond.
Dzhirolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola
(Parmjanino
- "A resident of Parma") (1503-1540,) Italian artist and engraver, representative of mannerism.
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| Self-portrait. 1540. |
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| Portrait of a woman. 1530. |
Pontoramic (1494-1557) - Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school, one of the founders of mannerism.
In the 1590s, art comes to shift baroque (Transitional figures - Tintoretto and El Greco ).
Jacopo Robusti, better known as Tintoretto (1518 or 1519-1594) - painter of the Venice School of the Late Renaissance.
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| Last evening. 1592-1594. Church of San George Maggiore, Venice. |
El Greco ("Greek" Domenicos Teotokopoulos ) (1541-1614) - Spanish artist. By origin - Greek, a native of the island of Crete.
El Greco did not have contemporary followers, and his genius was re-opened almost 300 years after his death.
El Greco studied in a Titian workshop, but, however, his painting technique differs significantly from the technique of his teacher. For works, El Greco is characterized by the speed and expressiveness of the execution, which bring them to modern painting.
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| Christ on the cross. OK. 1577. Private Assembly. |
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| Trinity. 1579 Prado. |
In difficult for Italy, the unhappy "golden age" of Italian revival comes - the so-called high Renaissance, the highest point of the heyday of Italian art. High Renaissance coincided, therefore, with a period of fierce struggle of Italian cities for independence. The art of this time was permeated by humanism, faith in the creative forces of a person, in the unlimited possibilities of its possibilities, in a reasonable device of the world, in the trigation of progress. In art, the problems of civil debt, high moral qualities, the feat, the image of the beautiful, harmoniously developed, strong spirit and human hero body, who managed to rise above the level of everyday life, were prompted. Search for such an ideal and led art to synthesis, generalization, to the disclosure of general patterns of phenomena, to identifying their logical interconnection. The art of High Renaissance is replete from particulars, minor details in the name of a generalized image, in the name of the desire for the harmonious synthesis of the beautiful parties to life. This is one of the main differences in high rebirth from the early.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the first artist, clearly embodying this difference. The first teacher Leonardo was Andrea Vokkio. The figure of the angel in the painting of the teacher "Baptism" already clearly demonstrates the difference in the perception of the world by the artist of the past era and new pore: no frontal flatness of Verokkio, the finest black and unusual modeling of the image. . By the time of departure from Vokkio's workshop, researchers include Madonna with a flower ("Madonna Benouua", as it was called before, by the name of the owners). During this period, Leonardo, undoubtedly, was influenced by Botticelli for some time. From the 80s of the XV century. Two unfinished Leonardo compositions have been preserved: "Worship of Magi" and "St. Jerome. " Probably, in the mid-1980s, the Tempera and Madonna Litt technique was created in the art, in which the type of Leonard women's beauty was found: heavy semi-eyed eyelids and barely catchy smile give the face of Madonna special spirituality.
Connecting scientific and creative principles, possessing both logical and artistic thinking, Leonardo has been engaged in scientists with visual arts on a par with visual art; Drinking, he seemed slow and left behind a few works of art. In the Milan court, Leonardo worked as an artist, scientist technician, inventor, as mathematician and an anatom. The first large work that he performed in Milan was "Madonna in the rocks" (or "Madonna in Grote"). This is the first monumental altar composition of the high Renaissance, interesting also in full, the features of the Leonardian letter of the letter were fully expressed.
The largest work of Leonardo in Milan, the highest achievement of his art was the painting wall of the dispenser's monastery Santa Maria della Grazia at the plot of "Last Supper" (1495-1498). Christ is last found for dinner with his disciples to declare them about the betrayal of one of them. For Leonardo, art and science existed inseparable. Making art, he made scientific research, experiments, observations, he went out through the future to the region of optics and physics, through the problems of proportions - in anatomy and mathematics, etc. "The Last Supper" completes the whole stage in the scientific research of the artist. It is also a new stage in art.
From occupying anatomy, geometry, fortification, amelioration, linguistics, poems, music, Leonardo, was broken to work on the "horse" -conic monument of Francesco Sforgetz, for whom he first and came to Milan and who at the beginning of the 90s fulfilled in full size in clay. The monument was not destined to be embodied in bronze: in 1499, the French invaded Milan and the Gasconian crossbars shot an equestrian monument. Since 1499, the years of Wandering Leonardo begins: Mantua, Venice and, finally, the hometown of the artist - Florence, where he writes the cardboard "St. Anna with Maria on his knees ", according to which it creates a picture of oil in Milan (where he returned in 1506)
In Florence, Leonardo began another picturesque job: a portrait of a merchant wife del Dzhokondo Mona Lisa, which became one of the most famous paintings in the world.
Portrait of Mona Lisa Jokonda is a decisive step towards the development of renaissance art
For the first time, the portrait genre became one level with compositions on religious and mythological themes. With all the indisputable physiognomic similarity, the portraits of Quatrocherto were distinguished if not external, then internal stiffness. The magnifier of Monet Lisa is already reported by one comparison of it strongly nominated to the edge of the canvas emphasized the bulk figure with visible as if from afar of the landscape with rocks and streams, mounted, having troubles, and therefore, with all reality, the motive is fantastic.
Leonardo in 1515 at the suggestion of the French king Franciska I forever leaves for France.
Leonardo was the greatest artist of his time, a genius who opened new horizons of art. He left behind a few works, but each of them was staged in the history of culture. Leonardo is also known as a versatile scientist. His scientific discoveries, for example, his surveys in the field of aircraft are of interest in our century of astronautics. Thousands of manuscript pages Leonardo, covering literally all areas of knowledge, testify to the universality of his genius.
The ideas of the monumental art of the Renaissance, in which the traditions of antiquity and spirit of Christianity merged, found the most vivid expression in the works of Rafael (1483-1520). In his art, a mature solution was found to two main tasks: the plastic perfection of the human body, expressing the internal harmony of a comprehensively developed personality, in which Rafael followed antiquity, and a complex multifigure composition, transmitting all the diversity of the world. Raphael has enriched these opportunities, having achieved astounding freedom in the image of the space and movement in it of a human figure, impeccable harmony between the environment and man.
None of the Masters of Renaissance did not perceive so deeply and naturally the pagan essence of antiquity as Rafael; No wonder he is considered to be an artist who is most fully tied antique traditions with the Western European art of the new pore.
Rafael Santi was born in 1483 in the city of Urbino, one of the centers of the artistic culture of Italy, at the courtyard of the Duke of Urbinsky, in the family of the court painter and the poet, who was the first teacher of the Future Master
The early period of the creativity of Rafael perfectly characterizes a small picture in the form of a thin-minded "Madonna Concontabil", with its simplicity and laconicism of strictly selected details (with all the robust composition) and a special, inherent in the work of Rafael, thin lyrism and a sense of peace. In 1500, Rafael left Urbino to Perugia to study in the workshop of the famous Umbry artist Perugino, under the influence of which "Mary's engagement" (1504) is written. The feeling of rhythm, the proportionality of plastic masses, spatial intervals, the ratio of shapes and the background, the coordination of the main tones (in the "hoop" is golden, red and green in combination with a gentle-blue sky background) and create that harmony, which is already manifested in the early works of Rafael And distinguishes it from the artists of the previous pore.
Throughout the life of Rafael is looking for this image in Madonna, his numerous works, the impressive image of Madonna, discouraged him worldwide glory. The artist's merit is primarily that he managed to realize all the thinnest shades of feelings in the idea of \u200b\u200bmotherhood, combine lyricity and deep emotionality with monumental magnitude. It can be seen in all of his Madonnakh, starting with the youth of a timid "Madonna Concreate": in Madonna in Green, "Madonna with a shoe", "Madonna in a chair" and especially at the top of the Rafaelievsky Spirit and skill in the Sistinian Madonna.
"Sicstinskaya Madonna" is one of the most advanced works of Raphael and in language: the figure of Mary with a baby, strictly extinguishing on the background of the sky, is united by the overall rhythm of movement with the figures of St. Barbarians and Pope Syksta II, the gestures of which are addressed to Madonne, like the views of two angels (more similar to Putti, which is typical for the revival) - at the bottom of the composition. Figures are combined and a common golden flavor, as if personifying divine radiance. But the main thing is the type of Madonna's face, in which the synthesis of ancient ideal of beauty with the spirituality of the Christian ideal is embodied, which is so characteristic of high revival worldview.
"Sikstinskaya Madonna" - later the work of Raphael.
At the beginning of the XVI century. Rome becomes the main cultural center of Italy. The art of high rebirth reaches its highest flourishing in this city, where the artists, as Bramte, Michelangelo and Rafael, work at the same time, are at the same time the will of Macuenate Pads.
Rafael paints the first two stans. Della Senyanya (Signature Room), he wrote four fresco-allegory of the main spheres of human spiritual activities: philosophy, poetry, theology and jurisprudence. ("Athens School", "Parnas", "Disputs", "Measure, Wisdom and Strength" "In the second room, called" ELIDOR MODEL ", Rafael wrote frescoes on historical and legendary scenes, glorifying Roman dads:" Exile Eliodor "
For the art of the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, it was typical of science and art in the image of individual allegorical figures. Rafael decided these topics in the form of multifigure compositions that sometimes represent real group portraits, interesting as their individualization and typical
The disciples helped Raphael and in the painting of the Vatican's loggia dads, painted on his sketches and under his observation of the motives of the ancient ornaments, hoped mainly from the newly open ancient grottoes (hence the name "Groteski").
Rafael performed the work of various genres. His gift of the decorator, as well as the director, the storyteller completely manifested itself in the series of eight cardons to the trellis for the Sistine Chapels on the plots from the life of the Apostles Peter and Paul ("Wonderful Fish catch", for example). These pictures over the XVI-XVIII centuries. served for classicists of a kind of standard.
Rafael was the greatest portrait of his era. ("Papa Julius II", "Leo X", a friend of the artist writer Castiglione, beautiful "Donna Velat", etc.). And in its portrait images, as a rule, internal equilibrium and harmony dominates.
At the end of the life of Rafael was prohibitively loaded with a variety of work and orders. It is even difficult to imagine that all this could fulfill one person. He was a central figure of Rome's fiction, after the death of Bramte (1514) became the chief architect of the Cathedral of St. Peter, conducted archaeological excavations in Rome and its surroundings and protection of ancient monuments.
Rafael died in 1520; His premature death was unexpected for contemporaries. His dust is buried in Pantheon.
The third greatest master of high rebirth is Michelangelo - much experienced Leonardo and Raphael. The first half of his creative path falls on the heyday of the art of high Renaissance, and the second is for the time of counter-processing and the beginning of the formation of the Baroque art. Of the brilliant Pleiades of the artists of High Renaissance, Michelangelo surpassed all saturation of images, civilian pathos, sensitivity to the change of public mood. Hence the creative embodiment of the crash of renaissance ideas.
Michelangelo Buonaroti (1475-1564) in 1488 in Florence began to carefully study the antique plastic. His relief "Battle of Centaurs" on the inner harmony is already a work of high rebirth. In 1496, a young artist leaves in Rome, where the works of the works of His first, "Vakh" and "Pieta" creates his first. Literally captured by antiquity images. "Pieta" - opens a number of works of the master on this plot and puts forward it among the first sculptors of Italy.
Returning in 1501 in Florence, Michelangelo on the instructions of Signoria took away the figure of David from the unkinding sculptor of the marble boulder to him. In 1504, Michelangelo finished the famous statue, called the Florentine "Giant" and they put in front of the Palazzo Vecchika, a city town. The opening of the monument turned into a folk celebration. The image of David inspired many artists Quatrocheto. But not a boy, like Donatello and Verokkio, depicts His Michelangelo, and young men in full bloom, and not after the battle, with a giant head at the feet, and before the battle, at the time of the highest voltage of the forces. In the beautiful image of David, in his harsh face, the sculptor handed over the titanic power of passion, a unlimited will, civilian courage, the limitless power of a free man.
In 1504, Michelangelo (as already mentioned in connection with Leonardo) begins to work on the painting "Hall of five hundred" in Palazzo Signoria
In 1505, Pope Julius II invited Michelangelo to Rome for the facilities of the tombs, but then refused to order and ordered a less major painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican Palace.
On the painting of the Plafon of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo worked alone, from 1508 to 1512, while playing an area of \u200b\u200babout 600 square meters. M (48x13 m) at a height of 18 m.
The central part of the ceiling Michelangelo dedicated scenes of sacred history, ranging from the creation of the world. These compositions are framed by the written, but creating an illusion of architecture, cornice and separated, also picturesque, traction. Picturesque rectangles are emphasized and enrich the real architecture of the ceiling. Under the picturesque eaves of Michelangelo, the prophets and Siville wrote (every figure about three meters), in luins (arches above the windows) depicted episodes from the Bible and the ancestors of Christ as ordinary people engaged in everyday affairs.
In the nine central compositions, the events of the first days of creation, the story of Adam and Eve, the World Flood, and all these scenes are essentially a hymn man laid in it. Soon after the end of work in Sicstin, Julius II died and his heirs returned to the thoughts about the tombstone. In 1513-1516 Michelangelo performs the figure of Moses and slaves (prisoners) for this tombstone. The image of Moses is one of the strongest in the work of a mature wizard. He invested in him the dream of Mudrome's leader, a valley, full titanic forces, expression, will-qualities, so necessary then to unite his homeland. The slaves figures did not enter the final version of the tomb.
From 1520 to 1534, Michelangelo works on one of the most significant and most tragic sculptural works - over the patribute of Medici (Florentine Church of San Lorenzo), expressing all the experiences who fell into the share of the master and his own city during this period, and the whole Countries in general. Since the late 20s, Italy was literally swallowed by both external and inner enemies. In 1527, hired soldiers defeated Rome, Protestants plundered the Catholic shrines of the Eternal City. Florentine bourgeoisie overthrew Medici, rules again from 1510g
In the mood of the hardest pessimism, in a state of increasing deep religiosity and the Michelangelo works over the patribute of the Medici. He himself builds an extension to the Florentine Church of San Lorenzo -Nomboy, but a very high room, overlapped with a dome, and makes up two walls of sacristia (its indoor room) sculptural tombstones. One wall decorates the figure of Lorenzo, the opposite - Giuliano, and at the bottom of their feet there are sarcophages, decorated with allegorical sculptural images of a fleet of a fast-course time: "Morning" and "Evening", in the tombstone of Lorenzo, "Night and" Day "- in the tombstience of Juliano .
Both images - Lorenzo and Giuliano - do not have portrait similarity than differ from the traditional decisions of the XV century.
Pavel III immediately after his election began to persistently demand from Michelangelo fulfillment of this idea, and in 1534, interrupting the work on the tomb, which he completed only in 1545, Michelangelo leaves for Rome, where he starts to work in the Sistine Chapel - to The painting "Scary Court" (1535-1541) -Grandiosis creation, expressed the tragedy of the human race. The features of the new art system manifested themselves in this work Michelangelo is still brighter. The creative court, punishing Christ, is placed in the center of the composition, and around him in the rotational circular movement depicted sinners, ascended by the Paradise, standing out of the graves of God the Dead. Everything is full of horror, despair, anger, confusion.
Painter, sculptor, poet, Michelangelo was also a brilliant architect. They were fulfilled the staircase of the Florentine Library of Laurencyan, the Capitol Square in Rome was decorated, the Pius Gate (Porta Pia) was erected, from 1546 he works on the Cathedral of St. Peter started still Bramte. Michelangelo belongs to the drawing and the drawing of the dome, which was fulfilled after the death of the master and is still one of the main dominant in the panorama of the city.
Michelangelo died in Rome at the age of 89. His body was exported at night in Florence and buried in the oldest church of the native city of Santa Croce. The historical importance of the art of Michelangelo, its impact on contemporaries and for subsequent epochs is difficult to overestimate. Some foreign researchers interpret it as the first artist and the Baroque architect. But most of all it is interesting as a carrier of the great realistic traditions of the Renaissance.
George Barbarelli Yes Castelfranco, on Nickname Georgeon (1477-1510), - Direct follower of his teacher and a typical high revival painter. He turned to the topics of the literary, to the plots of mythological on Venetian soil. Landscape, nature and beautiful Naked Human body have become the subject of art and the object of worship.
Already in the first famous work of "Madonna Castelfranko" (about 1505), Georgeon appears quite to be established by the artist; The image of Madonna is full of poetry, thoughtful dreaminess, is permeated by the mood of sadness, which is characteristic of all female images by Georgeon. Over the past five years of his life, the artist has created his best works performed in oil technology, the main in the Venetian school at that time. . In the painting of 1506, Gorzone depicts a person as part of nature. Nursing baby Woman, a young man with a staff (which can be taken for a warrior with alabard) are not combined by any action, but are connected in this majestic landscape with a common mood, a common mental condition. Heavyweight and poetry is permeated by the image of "Sleeping Venus" (about 1508-1510). Her body is written easily, freely, elegant, no wonder the researchers talk about the "musicality" of Rhymes Georgeon; It is not deprived of sensual charms. "Rural Concert" (1508-1510)
Titian Veverielio (1477? -1576) - Theorest artist of Venetian Renaissance. He created works and the mythological, and the Christian plots, worked in the portrait genre, its colorful talent exclusively, composite ingenuity is inexhaustible, and his happy longevity allowed him to leave behind the richest creative heritage, which had a huge influence on the descendants.
Already in 1516, he becomes the first painter of the republic, from the 20s - the most famous artist Venice
Around 1520, the Duke of Ferrarsky orders him a cycle of paintings in which Titian appears to the singer of antiquity, who managed to feel, the main thing, to embody the spirit of paganism ("Vakhanalia", "Venus holiday", "Vakh and Ariadne").
Rich Venetian Patricia ordered Titian altar images, and he creates huge icons: "Ascension of Mary", "Madonna Pesaro"
"Introduction of Mary in the Temple" (about 1538), "Venus" (about 1538)
(group portrait of Pope Paul III with napes Ottavio and Alexander Farnese, 1545-1546)
He still writes a lot on the ancient stories ("Venus and Adonis", "Shepherd and Nymph", "Diana and Akteon", "Jupiter and Antiopa"), but increasingly turns to the themes of Christian, to the scenes of martyrdom, in which pagan cheerfulness, Antique harmony is replaced by tragic maidosmosis ("Bacheling of Christ", "Crawling Maria Magdalene", "St. Sebastian", "mourning"),
But at the end of the century, the features of the impending new era in art, a new artistic direction are already obvious. This is seen by the example of the creativity of the two largest artists of the second half of this century - Paolo Veronese and Jacopo Tintoretto.
Paolo Cagliari, nicknamed Veronese (he comes from Verona, 1528-1588), it was destined to become the last singer of the festive, unfortunate Venice of the XVI century.
: "Pier in the house of Levi" "Marriage in Cana Galilee" for the Forestry Monastery of San George Maggiore
Jacopo Robusto, known in art as Tintoretto (1518-1594) ("Tintoretto" -crashlar: The artist's father was a dyeer of silk). "Miracle of the Holy Mark" (1548)
("Saving Arsinoe", 1555), "Introduction to the Temple" (1555),
Andrea Palladio (1508-1580, Villa Cornaro in Pyombino, Villa Rotonda in Vicenza, completed after his death by students on his project, many buildings in Vicenza). The result of its study of antiquity was the books of "Roman antiquities" (1554), "four books on architecture" (1570-1581), but the antiquity was "living organism" for him, according to the equitable observation of the researcher.
The Netherlands Revival in painting begins with the "Gent Altar" Brothers Gubert (Died in 1426) and Yana (about 1390-1441) Wang Eyki, finished by Jan Eyk in 1432. Wang Eyki improved oil equipment: oil made it possible to transmit more Glitter, depth, wealth of the objective world, attracting the attention of the Netherlands artists, its colorful sonicity.
From the numerous Madonn Yana Wang Eyka is the most famous "Madonna Rollen Chancellor" (about 1435)
("Man with a carnation"; "man in turban", 1433; portrait of the wife of the artist Margarita Van Eyk, 1439
Much in solving such problems, Dutch art is obliged by Rogir Van der Wayden (1400? -1464) "Removing from the Cross" - a typical work of Vaiden.
On the second half of the XV century. It accounts for the work of the Master of Exclusive Diving Gogo Van der Gus (about 1435-1482) "Death of Mary").
Jerome Bosch (1450-1516), the creator of gloomy mystical visions in which he turns to the medieval allegorism, "Garden of pleasure"
The top of the Netherlands Renaissance was undoubtedly the creativity of Peter Bruegel senior, nicknamed Menitsky (1525 / 30-1569) ("Kitchen Skinny", "Cuisine's fat"), special fame from the descendants "Winter Landscape" deserved from the "Seascape of the Year" cycle (Other The name is "snow hunters", 1565), "Battle of carnival and post" (1559).
Albrecht Dürera (1471-1528).
"COLLECTION HOLIDAY" (Other name - "Madonna with rosary", 1506), "Rider, Death and Devil", 1513; "St. Jerome "and" Melancholy ",
Hans Golbien Jr. (1497-1543), "Triumph of Death" ("Dance of Death") Portrait of Jane Seymour, 1536
Albrecht Altdorfer (1480-1538)
Renaissance Lucas Cranes (1472-1553),
Jean Fuku (about 1420-1481), Portrait of Charles VII
Jean Clue (about 1485/88-1541), Son Francois Clue (about 1516-1572) -shable large artist of France XVI century. Portrait of Austrian Elizabeth, about 1571, (Portrait of Heinrich II, Mary Stewart, etc.)