Wigwam - the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. The house of the Indians is called the form of TIPI as a whole

Tipi is often confused with Wigwam. In fact, Wigwam is quite such an ordinary shala. On a wooden frame, covered with hay, straw, branches, etc. Unlike Tipi, Wigwam Rounded Shapes:

wigvama

Housing wigwamamerican Indians refers to the ritual for cleansing and rebirth and is the body of the Great Spirit. Its rounded shape personifies the world as a whole, couples - visible image of the Great Spirit, which makes a cleansing and spiritual transformation. Get on the white light from this dark room means to leave behind everything is unclean. Chimney provides access to heaven and entrance for spiritual power.

Tipi(In the SIU-THIPI language, denotes any dwelling) - an ubiquitous name for the traditional portable dwelling of nomadic Indians of the Great Plains with a hearth, located inside (center). This type of dwelling was also used by the mining tribes of the Far West.
Tipi has the form of a straight or slightly tilted cone or pyramid on the frame of the poles, with a tire, sewn from the processed bison or deer skins. Later, with the development of trade with Europeans, a more easy canal was used more often. From above there is a flue hole.

The entrance to Tipi is always located on the east side, which has its own poetic explanation. "This is in order," said the Indians of the tribe of the Blackheads, "so that, going out in the morning from Tipi, thank the sun."

The rules of behavior in Tipi.

Men were supposed to be in the northern part of Tipi, women in South.In Tipi, it is customary to move clockwise (through the sun). Guests, especially those who came to the dwelling, were to be placed in the women's part.

The passage between the central hearth and someone else was considered indecent, since it was believed that so a person violates the relationship of those present with the hearth. In order to go to his place, people, if possible, had to pass behind the backs of the sitting (men to the right from the entrance, women, respectively, left).

To enter the back of the Tipi, which meant the passage for the altar, it was reborn, in many tribes it was believed that only the owner of Tipi had the right to go for the altar. There were no special rituals to leave Tipi, if a person wanted to leave - he could do it immediately without unnecessary ceremonies, but for non-participation in important meetings, then he could wait for a punishment.

method for installing TIPI tribe Crowe

What is where in Tipi is

The first Tipi was made of bison skin. They were small, as the dogs could not carry large, heavy tents. With the appearance of a horse, the sizes of TIPI increased, well, from the second half of the XIX century, the Indians began to use for tires and tarpaulin.

The typi device is completely thought out. Inside the housing, the lining was tied to the poles - a wide strip, stitched from leather or tissue, which reached the Earth, which was protected from drafts by the floor and created a craving at the top of the tent. In large typi, Ozan was arranged - a peculiar ceiling of leather or tissue, which retained heat. Space over the fire He was not completely overlapping - there was a way to exit smoke through the top. Ozane used both mezzanine - for storing things.

The entrance was closed outside the "door" - a piece of leather, sometimes stretched to the oval frame from the rods. Inside the doorway hung a kind of curtain. Space in large typi sometimes burned the skin, creating the semblance of the rooms, or even put inside the small typi, for example, for a young family, since the spouse; According to custom, should not talk and even see his wife's parents. The outer tire of Tipi had at the top two valves, which were closed or unfolded depending on the wind. On the bottom, the tire is not tightly pressed against the ground, but was attached by the pegs so that the slots for the thrust remain. In hot weather, the pegs were removed, and the tire was joined up for better air circulation.

The frame of the tent was 12 or more poles, depending on the size of Tipi, plus two poles for valves. The sixtes put on the support tripod. The rope that binding the tripod was connected to a peasant anchor, which stuck in the center of the floor. The focus was arranged, slightly retreating from the center - closer to the entrance, which always looked east. The most honorable place in Tipi was opposite the entrance. Altar arranged between this place and the hearth. The floor was ripped out with skins or blankets, beds and chairs made from small jersey and rods, covering them with skins. Pillows were sewed out of the skin, stuffed them with fur or fragrant grass.

Things and products were kept in raw-leather boxes and in parflaysh - large leather envelopes.

Plan of the device of large Tipi Assinibunov:

a) the hearth; b) altar; c) men; d) a man's guests; e) children; e) older wife; g) grandmother; h) relatives and a guest visit; and) owner's wife; k) grandfather or uncle; l) things; m) products; n) dishes; o) meat dryer; n) firewood;

For a fire, the Indians used, except for the tree, the dry litter of Bizonon - he burned well and gave a lot of heat.

When the camp was broken, Tipi was usually arranged in a circle, leaving the passage from the east side. Collected and disassembled a typi woman who coped with this business very quickly and deftly. The camp could be rolled and ready for the road in less than an hour.

Upon channels, the Indians were built from the poles of typi peculiar equestrian Volokushi - Gravis. Two poles were mounted on the sides of the horse or on the back crosswise. At the bottom of the poles were combined with crossings from stories or tightened skin strips, and on this frame put things or sled children and patients.

The entrance to Tipi is in the East, and in the distance the walls of Tipi, in the West, is the place of the host. The south side is the side of the hostess and children. North - male half. There are usually honorable guests.

People unfamiliar or those who came for the first time in Tipi do not pass on the marketplace and therefore sit right away at the entrance (entering Tipi it is customary to move through the sun (hour arrow), that is, at the beginning through the female half).

This division is explained by the fact that the forces live in the north - assistants of men, and in the south - women's forces. People close to the owner, having come to visit, sit in the north. The most honorable and respected owner can give way to his place.

This is due to the meaning of the altar, that is, it is undesirable that an unfamiliar person passed between you and the altar. When you have a lot of guests, we newly arrived behind the backs of the sitting, not to break their connection with the hearth.

Foci and Altar

The first thing you do, putting Tipi - arrange yourself a hearth. For this you find, if possible, dozen-other stones and post them around. If you want to make yourself an altar, then you need to find one big flat stone, which places in a circle opposite the bed (the site of the Tipi).

The focus should be as many as possible (how much allows the size of Tipi), because then there will be fewer problems with raw coals and the stones heated from the focus will be closer to sleeping places, it will be warmer, it means.

It is better not to throw cigarette, garbage and other seasons, because it can be offended and very real, at least, to stack will be on the whole type. And in general, it's nice when the fire is pure for many considerations. The focus is always nice to bother, not only firewood, but he loves porridge too.

In general, if you want to be friends with fire, then you need to share and something good too. A good sacrifice of fire is a chinful tobacco if you smoke, fragrant grass, sage or juniper. When you live in Tipi for a long time, you begin to treat fire with respect, because it's a lot of good, and warmth and food ...

The closest to the entrance of the stone, if necessary, moves to the side so that someone, about whom we usually write green, could go (and it is also useful when you top with long jersoes or logs). In some Indian typi, this stone was always moved away.

The focus is the center of life in Tipi.

ALTAR

He has many values. One of them is the place where your gifts of fire are put. You can put items that have a value for you when you go to bed (this phrase caused universal laughter). Usually the tube is stored under the altar. This is a clean place, try to around too clean.

A simple altar for a temporary parking is a flat stone that is placed in front of the host destination.

If you expect to live in Tipi for a long time, and it began to communicate with everything that lives in Tipi with you, you can make yourself a big altar. It is done like this: in front of a large altar stone, the slide of sand is poured (the sand of the earth, he can reflect the sun, so it is best). On the edges, two small wooden hortynes \u200b\u200bare sticking, across a thin wand. It can be decorated with flap fabrics, braid, the Indians preferred a red and hung on her feathers of birds, dickered needles.

Altar is a gate.

Through them there is a road that connects you with invisible forces. They say that there are a lot around them.

Sand slide symbolizes the ground.

Rhotina - two world trees, and the crossbar over them is the heavenly arch.

The altar stores everything that connects you with invisible forces, therefore, talismans and items are hanging on it. From time to time, Sage, wormwood, Sweetgrass (sacred grass of Indians) lay from time to time.

The picture below draws the location of places and items in Tipi.

So there were places in Tipi in the Indians. From this itself suggests the location of all the rest of your decoration. Firewood is usually lying at the entrance from the male side (there was no feminism before, women were more accurate and engaged in the preparation of fuel, and the firewood lay on the female side), and the kitchen (supplies, butters and other utensils) is on the female half.

Things you use rarely can be put for a canopy. If you have a kind old woman in stock, and you are a real Indian, put an old woman in a wood corner (the Indians called him "Old Angle"). There she will be fine. It is considered that old people suffer from insomnia, and therefore in cold weather your old woman herself will throw the firewood all night to the hearth. It will be warm and to you, and the old woman.

Cellofan in the type is uncomfortable. For storage products, it is better to use cloth bags suspended on wooden hooks and crossbars, attached between the sixtes, on which your typi stands to hang higher over the earth and have not been sent.

If you are a rich Indian, large bags are more convenient to hang on a wooden tripod (this is if you are a gullible indeer and are not afraid of the invasion of the character or other hungry tribes (see photo)). In the event that Iroques are you, use other people's big bags to hang them on your tripod.

To boil the water you need to hang it over the fire. To do this, you can do (or borrow a wooden tripogue with a hook.

An option for small typi, where the tripod is inconvenient - it is tied over the focus of the transverse pole, as shown in the picture below. Hook, suspended to this six try to make authentic, so that the rope does not burn out. Choose the rope from natural materials, otherwise it smoothly stalks into your soup. In the large typi, such crossbars are convenient to use as dryers for blankets, clothes, herbs, berries and mushrooms. By the way, the blankets in the morning would also be good dry. Regardless of the weather, inside Tipi you will sweat while sleeping, the blankets will dance, and you get the smell of the Mongolian warrior.

Bed.. Living in Tipi, sometimes you have to lie down. In order to protect yourself, your things and their children from damp and rheumatism can be built by bed-lads from dry thin poles. Pilia covers grass. Some use the huskiens for this, but they probably do not feel sorry for the trees at all. Better use dry last year's herbs. You can take the grass that grew on the site of Tipi, it will still have it. In the cold and rainy weather, it is very pleasant to put in the legs wrapped in a rag and heated in the focus of the stone, and on the side of the thick warm squava (the therapeutic set of "stone + squaby"). In a small typi bed, it is inconvenient - you can separate the sleeping place with a long across, fixed to the ground by pegs and laid along the sleeping place closer to the hearth. Then you will not be trampled on blankets and sleeping bags.

The litter, which the Indians used to actually make it difficult, but something can be explained. They made it from thin willow bruh, tying them as shown in the figure below. Her thin end hung on a tripod at a comfortable height. If necessary, she was taken out into the street and used as a chair (admired the sunset). There is an English name "Backrest". This device is very conveniently folded and weighs little.

What is around Tipi

It is better if around your typi is: forest, river, blue sky, green grass and good neighbors, and not tin cans, bottles and cigarettes; And even more so no smashes and no emissions of the human body or sick minds. In short, purely where they do not sort.
In the forest not far from the parking lot and closer to the animal trails, they chose the place where the union and the remains of food were demolished. Such places were called "Weican". Under Weakan did not dig a pit, and on the contrary, they made it on the hill, so that the beasts and birds were not afraid to approach him.

Economic structures.

From long poles (you can use the valve poles of the neighboring Tipie) make yourself a dryer for blankets. It is just a big tripod with crossbars between the poles.

Fitting facilities.

If you do not want to lose something, do this:
Of the two thin poles (a neighboring tripod is suitable for the kittel), tie a cross and "close" the door from the outside. But do not forget to enter inside, otherwise your condensedum will eat your squaby. This kind of "lock" is often used in the event that you are briefly leaving Tipi. The door crosses means that it is not worth disturbing the teni residents. Such a sign is widely used by those who live in Tipi (not only the Indians who came up with).

According to tradition, the trees growing nearby from Tipi, decorated with flowers of pinsy flaps. The Indians often hung all sorts of gifts on them to drop the strength storing the place. While you live next to the trees, you share the land with them. You will be pleased to return to them and see them beautiful.

How sewing typi.

The rectangle of fabric is based on the size, for example, 4.5 x 9 meters. You can sew a typi and more, the main thing is to keep the proportions.

Fabric for typi

The fabric is desirable to choose a nervous, waterproof, light and refractory. It can be all kinds of tarpaulin, two-tailed, pricked bosy, or tent tissue. The best option is of course the traditional sail. You can use a tent cloth

There is a suspicion that if all this does not burn, it would be nice. Better if the fabric does not stretch and does not respond to heat and moisture.

The thread is better to sew harsh, with elements of synthetics.

If the tissue is narrow, then the rectangle is sewn from the strips. The seams at the same time preferably make the brass one way so that water can be drained during the rain. For thin tissues, the sailing seam is good. Seams can be stuffed (wrapped with melted wax).

When the rectangle is already sewn, you can begin to cut. It is most convenient to first draw the contour with chalk on a rope of 4.5 meters long. The end of the rope is fixed in the center of the larger side of the rectangle and the shallow, as a circulation, is drawn by semicircle (Figure A). If you have little fabric, you can immediately cross the bands not a rectangle, but a semicircle with steps (drawing b).

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Valve size ratio, clasp and entrance:

This ratio is different in various tribes, but on average it is 1: 1: 1, if typing is not too big (4-4.5 meters)

There are various options. On the picture Tipi Siou (Sioux), and on - Typi Blackfoot

Valve

To adjust the thrust (cover chimney from a leeward side) Tipi has a valve.

In the forest and steppes of the Tipi valve fasten in different ways - in the forest where there is no wind, the lower edges of the valves can freely hang or fasten the rope to the tire, as shown on and in the steppe so that the wind does not break the valve, their lower ends are usually binding Rope on a separate pole

The form of the Tipi as a whole depends on the shape of the valves.

At this valve all-circuit (lies entirely, together with the tire) in black-ends to the typi separately (sewn valve). Tipi with all-circuit valves, the rear wall is shorter and therefore it is slightly tilted back and stretched up. Tipi with sewing valves looks like a smooth cone and in it more space.

Here are examples of possible blockages of valves and pockets for valves:

Open-cut valves are usually made longer than centimeters for 20 and already. In order to expand the whole-circuit valve, it is necessary to enter a wedge into it, cutting the valve from above to about half (Figure 5)

A little about valve ratios. You need to try to avoid making too long valves - when Tipi will stand, it will drop rain in the hole between them and blow warm. At the bottom of the valve, it is necessary to put a freely spent piece of fabric and strengthen the tie of the lower end of the flap with the blade (Fig. 6). Again, the width of the top of the valve should be correlated with the size of the Tipi itself. For TIPI 4.5 x 9, the width is fitted with a small one. The lower part of the valve (pitch) width into two palms is arranged. The distance between the valves (including the tongue) is approximately 70 centimeters.

The saddle between the valves should cover all the strapping of the poles, but not to increase its valve width. In the middle of it, the tongue is sewn to tie the tire. The saddle can be of various shapes, but it is in this place that the strongest voltage occurs, the tongue is as stronger as possible, so that he can withstand the weight of the entire tire. A rope of which Tipi is attached to the sixth (fastening options in Figure 7). No less firmly sewn and pockets on the upper corners of the valves, on their outer side. In them, you insert the poles to adjust. At the bottom corners of the valves, attach long ropes for the delay of the valves. Instead of pockets, you can do large holes (as the Black and Crowe did it). Then to the sixth, retreating some distance from its end, the cross is tied and so it is inserted into the hole. The Indians on the free end of the pole hung the scalp, and we decided on the mature reflection that we are law-abiding Indians, and we will not do so.

entrance

The entrance height should be approximately at the shoulder level, ranging from the edge of the tire. And cut it to retreating centimeters 20, which come to the threshold. The depth of the cut is somewhere 2 palms. Both halves are twisted by the strip of the strip of the tissue under the weapon of the rope (see Figure 8). When installing TIPI, the ends of the rope are binding to not too stretched the input. If a tire is made of coarse tissue, such as canvas, quite enough single rod, without a rope.

The door can be made simple, and can be more damped.

An example of a damped door is Figure 10. It can be made either from a large skin, or from a piece of fabric cut by approximately the shape of the skins. This is a trapeza-like door with a long tongue on the top, which is pushed to the tire of one of the wooden sticks "fasteners". The tongue is better to do as long as possible to hang the door higher - so it will be more convenient to fold. Another example of a damped door is a door with an oval oval frame, which you see in the right part of Figure 10.

On some typi, did not do the doors and the edges of the tire simply were simply planted one after another.

Clasp.

Usually, the holes for the fasteners are made on two on each side of the tire, so that the holes coincide, and then the fabric will frown. Sometimes they also do two holes on the one hand and one on the other. It is so easier to pull the tire, but the tension weakens. The edge of the tissue with two holes is superimposed from above (it is clear).

Canopy.

The canopy is a very important thing. It is mainly and holds heat, the tire serves only to protect against rain and wind. It is better to make it from dense fabric (if you are not too lazy to carry such heaviness). Sometimes a canopy weighs as much as the entire tire. A place between the canopy and the tire is used to store things.

Frame direct . (Figure 12) The height of it is about 150 cm. For reference - on Tipi with a diameter of 4.5 meters, it takes about 12 meters of tissue. Make it easily, but he eats a lot of space inside Tipi. At the top edge at an equal distance (approximately through the meter), cords are tied skins for hanging on a rope stretched around the perimeter between the poles.

Color trapezoidal. (Figure 13) stitched from wide trapeats. Therefore, unlike direct canopy, it can be pulled strictly along the poles. Usually it is made of three sectors (as seen in Figure 14) and with such a calculation so that the average sector is superimposed by the twentieth. For reference - on a 5-meter typi requires about 20 meters, and by 4.5 meters - approximately 18..

In any of these cases, the length of the canopy should be enough for you so that you can smell it at the entrance, and than with a large stock, the better. Try to find a light fabric for a canopy so that it was not dark in Tipi.

Additional details

Azan - Something like a visor who is suspended above the sleeping place to accumulate warm air under it. Usually it is a piece of fabric in the form of a semicircle, which is binding to the cord on which the canopy hangs. Azan's fabric is tied with a margin so that you can shut it for a canopy and close the gap - it will be warmer! Azana radius must be equal to radius standing Tipi.

Triangle from rain. Little but very useful detail. During the heavy rain, the traction worsens, so the valves must be discovered by the tailor, but then it will pour rain inside. To the head, however, was completely dry was (sorry, boom-chancar talked), cut out an equifiable triangle from a dense waterproof fabric, such a magnitude so that it can cover the focus. The triangle is tied upstairs, under the chimney, for three poles.

Setting Tipi.

Tipi is placed on the poles. It is necessary from 9 to 20 poles, depending on the size of Tipi. The most common number of poles for Tipi with a diameter of 4.5-5 meters - twelve.

Choosing a place for Tipi, see the nearby trees nearby (after the rain, it drips water for a long time) so that the place is even so that Tipi does not stand in a hollow. The grass can not be out, because it will still quickly come down.

So, you found all the sixtes and dragged them to the parking lot. Do not forget to cleanse them from the bark (so that it does not lift on the ball) and bitch (so that the tire does not rip out, however).

First you need to tie a tripod - this is how the Indians did

Further at an equal interval of each other is three poles, ranging from the eastern (door) pole, moving against the sun (counterclockwise). Then the next three poles on the other side of it, moving through the sun. And the next two is also on the sun to the remaining gap, they are put next to, leaving a place for the last pole with a topboard (it will stand behind them).

All this time, parallel to the poles are tied for strength. This is done like this: the tail of the rope is taken, which is connected by a tripod, and one of your assistants, running in a circle, sticks up the installed poles with a rope. At the same time, the full turn is made for every three poles (and on the last two). It is more convenient to do it a little bit over with a rope when it covers the pole of the poles, then it slides at each jerk to the node and the more tightly adjacent to it.

Then, a tire is tested to the last six, and moreover, so that the lower end of the pede is played by the edge of the tires about the palm. All this farm rises and the pole is placed in its place. If you have a heavy tire, it is better to do it alone. To do this, better before raising the pole to assemble the harmonica tire and then, when the pole is raised, two people are taken over the edges of the tire and begin to disperse, turning it to the frame so that the entrance is between the Eastern three-time and sixth number 4 in Figure 18. Tire fastened fasteners top down. After that, you can push the poles so that the fabric stretches and facilitated the framework tightly.

Next, the ropes are tied around the perimeter of Tipi, in the middle between each pair of poles (see Figure 19). A small pebble takes, a bump or something else round, turns into a tire cloth, retreating from its edge to the width of the palm and is tied up tightly with a rope as shown in fig. nineteen . Additionally, two ties are tied on both sides of the entrance, near the poles. Now the tire sticks to the ground by pegs.
Insert two short and easy poles in valve pockets to manage them. We take in three steps opposite the input of the pole for the delay of the valves and bring rope from the valves to it.

Canopy.
For a start, a very long rope is taken. She sticks to the poles inside Tipi (I wrote it just in case, you never know ...) At an altitude, just below the height of the canopy.

It is better to start from the pole with a tire. Under each round of the rope, a pair of sticks fit, these are small, but very sacred sticks and if you don't give them any value, then during the rain, it will be flimple on the poles of waters, reaching the scenes with a terrible rockness right on your bed. Related method See in Figure 20.

Then the canopy is hanging, ranging from the entrance and closing it with the first to its sector, so that the edges are wriggled like curtains. The bottom of the canopy is attached from the inside heavy objects (stones, backpacks, tomahaws, guests, etc.)

Focus

Do not wipe the pit under the hearth, otherwise you will have a swimming pool. Oblast it with large or small stones. It is best to arrange a focus a little shifted from the center of Tipi to the entrance. Now raise the fire, if you smoke, go back to page 1 and look at how to sew typi.
Rajinald and Gladis Laubin

Coloring Tipy

And here is the Tipie, you live in it and you, apparently, is good in it. And one day, going out on the street and looking around, you are covered by a vague tomorrow - I want to do something.

With the environment, probably will not do anything, but the Typi tire can be completely different. This thing is sufficiently difficult - note that most of the drawings sooner or later comes, if they are made non-impaired and without any particular sense.

It seems to us that the theme of the drawing pattern should mean something for you in the first place, nothing terrible if they are incomprehensible to others. And in general, of course, this is a personal matter of each and his artistic and all other taste. Therefore, we will not be particularly shipped with our reflections on this topic (except for a little bit), but try to bring as many drawings as possible - samples of how others did it.

Still, there is a traditional symbolism, many details of the painting mean something else, and if you are interested to know about it, we can tell something. Otherwise, all this can be easily skipped.

On the lower edge of the tires, the inhabitant of typi painted something symbolizing the earth, say the strip of the mountains, prairie, stones, in general, what he sees around himself. Usually it was painted in red, the color of the earth.

Top, respectively, meant the sky, often black, bottomless color. Sitting in such a typi, you feel in the center of the painted universe, and in most cases it was enough, and the painting of Tipi ceased (such a picture could hardly get bored, right?). However, another drawing was sometimes applied to the TIPI tire, which was an image of something unusual, which happened in the life of a person or was in a dream that was in a dream (which from the point of view of the Indian is the same thing).

The Indians generally paid dreams very important, sometimes a dream diskeding to man could change the course of his life, and therefore it was natural to portray such an important event at his home. So if someone had namavalal on his typi ababa, just like that, then he would somehow not understand him.

In undischarged various plastic frills of consciousness, there is a very strong connection between the subject and its image (it was also with the pagan idols and, later, the icons in the Russians), so by depicting something on typi you something Attract. Not in vain, the frequent plot of the drawings on Tipi was the symbolic images of the keepers and assistants who were in a dream in a dream, usually in the image of animals, with which there was a close connection before a person existed.

Colored Typi Tyiyenov

It is better to start painting Tipi before it is set, it will be more convenient to get to its top. The bottom can be painted when Tipi is already worth it. Naturally, natural paint looks, from which the eyes are not tired (if you are certainly not a fan of techno-music, then your eyes and not so horror see ...).

The Indians painted Tipi the paints that can be mined in nature, so there are only a few traditional colors. But the colors for them, like everything else, were full of meaning, so even when they got the opportunity to buy synthetic paints (oil or acrylic), they still chose the gamut-understandable for them.

This is: red, yellow, white, blue or blue and black.

Red and yellow paint can be made of ocher if it is frozen and mix with fat, vegetable oil or just with water. If you are lucky, a petrified ocher can be found around the rivers, take the woody ocher from under the aspen or a pine bark (which is very difficult to do), sometimes an earthen okhru is thrown together with the earth, as fortunately it happened here in Toksovo.

Blue and white paint can be made of colored clay in the same way as the red, black - from the crushed coal, and instead of blue paint use the blueberries berries. All these paints, even divorced on the water, are perfectly entering the fabric, the truth is the blue color easily burns into the sun.

Red - the color of the earth and fire. This is the most sacred color, revered not only among the Indians, but also in many other peoples who associated their lives with the Earth.

Yellow - This is the color of the stone, as well as lightning, which in many believers has a connection with stones, earth and fire.

White I. blue - Colors of water or empty space - air transparent as water.

Black blue colors is the sky, bottomlessness.

Sometimes to show the connection between the sky and water, the sky is depicted white or blue (after all the water falls from the sky). For the same reasons, the water was sometimes portrayed in black or blue.

Sometimes blue was replaced with green (when oil paints appeared, the green paint is difficult to find in nature) due to the fact that the ancient peoples had no difference between blue and green flowers. The same with dark blue and black.

As for the drawings themselves, it is most important to understand one thing: it is best to see beautiful in simple. It seems to us that this applies not only to the drawings, but in all the rest, what we do and what we think in our life (in, cart!). Do not try to fill out the space with small details, the emptiness will only highlight the value of your drawing. We can advise not to get into a common mistake; When you spread the typi on Earth and make a picture, it seems to you much larger than it is in fact, do not be afraid to paint a large space in one color - when Tipi gets up, the prospect will change and everything will look different.

For a very long time, and probably no need to describe all the details and rogulins, which the Indians used, but we can describe several common simple characters. Most often there are various triangles - they mean mountains and, accordingly, the Earth. Small circles in combination with them are stones. A widespread symbol, which introduced into the misunderstanding of Christian missionaries, was a cross, meaning four sacred directions, four sides of light or heavenly shine. Of course, all these things are generalized, characters and various interpretations were much more, so do not be surprised if in other sources (we are a source? Y, cool!) You will meet other information.

If you use some traditional Indian elements in the coloring page, then you will also help this culture to survive the natural way for it.

We decided to tell about the Indians, their dwellings, customs, culture. Read cognitive articles on Vamvigvam pages. After all, if we love the wigwams so much, then everything should be known about them!

In the word "Tipi", as a rule, is called the portable habitat of nomadic tribes of indigenous Indians who lived in the Great Plains. However, in the language of the Indian nation, this word "Tipi" means a completely any home, and this type of tents is calledwi. Such a type of tent, as Tipi, was used by many other tribes living in the Far West, as well as settled tribes from the south-west of the country. In some cases, Tipi was constructed in parts of the country with a large number of forests. In the modern world, Tipi is often mistakenly called Wigwam.

Tipi is a cone whose height can be from 4 to 8 meters. The dwelling diameter at the base is from 3 to 6 meters. Traditionally, Tipi's frame is going from long wooden seals. The main material is used wood coniferous trees, such as pine and juniper, depending on the time of the tribe, in which Tipi is built. Tipi coating, which is called a tire, previously sewed from the raw materials of animals, most often from the skin of bison. In order to make one typi, it was necessary from 10 to 40 animal skins, depending on the size of the dwelling.

A little later, when trading began to develop with other continents, the Indians began to use to create a tipie more lightweight material - a canvas. But both materials have their own minuses - the fabric is flammable, and the skin really likes to gnaw to dogs. Therefore, the Indians decided to change the design and combine the coating: the upper part is made and the skin of animals, and the lower part is from the fabric. Materials are bonded using wooden sticks, and the bottom is tied to special pegs that were driven into the ground, leaving a small slot for circulation of air inside the design.

In the upper part of the design there is a smoke hole, which has two blades that acting the role of smoke plugs. Thanks to these blades, the smoke thrust is regulated inside Tipi. To control these blades, either special belts, or sixtes that gave the ability to stretch the valves for the lower angles. The Canadian Indians from the Chippev tribe, for example, these valves were not sewn to the coating itself, so they could be rotated as you like.

Also, due to its design, TIPI can be connected to the most ordinary tent and with other typi. Due to this, additional space is obtained. Special belt is lowered from the connection site of the main poles inside the Tipi. He is tied to spicks in the middle of typi and works as an anchor, which will not givei to the TIPI be found because of a strong wind or other bad weather. Also at the bottom of the TIPI also often climb an additional lining, which creates greater comfort. During the rain, a special round ceiling can also be stretched. However, the Indians from Missouri during the rain put on the top ends of the poles as an umbrella leather boats.

Each tribe has its own special design of TIPI, and among themselves, they differ in both the number of main support poles, the order of their compound, the form of the TIPI itself, the method of cutting fabrics and skins, as well as the shame of the flue valves and the method of their compounds with the poles.

Tipi is an integral part of the life of the Indians. The main advantage of this design is its mobility, as Tipi can be transported unchanged. Before the appearance on the lands of the Indians of the Colonizers, Tipi transported was carried out manually, but after the appearance of horses it became possible to transport Tipi with their help. At the same time, it was possible to significantly increase the size of the design, and sometimes the base diameter reached 7 meters.

Traditionally, the Indians put a typing entrance to the East, but this rule can be neglected when the tents are in a circle. Thanks to a small slope, which provided for the design of certain types of typi, the tents can withstand a sufficiently strong wind. Also typi quickly disassembled and is going. It is thanks to these factors that this design has become very popular among the Indians.

Currently, Tipi uses mainly conservatives from Indians, as well as reconstructors and indianists. In many places in the US, you can buy a tourist tent with such a name, which is similar in design to Tipi.

Tipi plays a huge role in the culture of the Indians. For example, the location of the Tipi entrance to the East is due to the fact that the Indians must in the middle of the morning thank the sun for the day. In the design of Tipi, a circle is used - the sacred symbol of the Indians, which also plays a large enough role, since the circle in Indian culture can designate anything, ranging from the rising sun to seasonal migrations of bison.

All parts of the typi design symbolize something: for example, the floor symbolizes the land that can play the role of the altar. The walls are the sky, and the poles acting the role of the frame are the paths that lead from the ground to the world of perfume.

Despite such small sizes of Tipi, families lived in them quite comfortably, since they observed their unique etiquette. According to this etiquette, men were located in the northern part of the tent, and women, respectively, in South. You can walk inside the design only clockwise. Guests who first come to the tent could be only in the female part of Tipi.

To walk between the central hearth and a person who stands in front of him was also considered to be acknowledged, because the Indians believed that this could prevent people with a hearth. In order to sit on your place, a person needed to go beyond the backs of the sitting. Part of the tribes believed that only the master of Tipi could be called for the altar.

Most of the dwellings in the Camps of Indians, as a rule, was not painted. Those units that were somehow decorated were drawn up according to the traditions of the tribe and often the pictures on them were traditionally stylized images of natural phenomena and fauna representatives.

The next motive of the drawing was most often met: the pattern was laughed at the bottom edge of the tent, personified the earth, and on the top, respectively, the heavenly pattern. In some cases, the drawings on Tipi were worn and historical: for example, it could be a story that happened on the hunt with the owner of the dwelling. The Indians were given quite much attention to their dreams, images of which sometimes were also depicted on Tipi's tire.

The choice of colors was not rich, so some of them had a double meaning. For example, red might mean both fire and land, and yellow could be both lightning and stone. White colors denoted water and air. The sky has drawn blue or black flowers.

In the decoration of Tipi, not only drawings were used, but also all kinds of medallions and amulets, which were done manually in accordance with the traditions of the tribe. There were also all sorts of trophies, mined on the hunt, and a little later, women began to decorate typi and with the help of beads.

In the next article we will talk about the Indian Wigvamama. And choose typi handmade for your child you can.

The Indians had two types of dwellings, which distinguished them from other nations, is Tipi and Wigwam. They have features peculiar to the people who used them. They are also adapted to typical people and the environment.

Everyone - according to his needs

Houses of nomads and sedentary tribes are distinguished. The first prefer tents and chalashi, while fixed buildings or sonons are more convenient for the second more convenient. If we talk about hurns of hunters, then they could often see animal skins. North American Indians - the people for whom it was characterized by a large number of each group she was their own.

For example, Navajo preferred semi-ray. They created a global roof and a corridor called "Hogan", through which it was possible to enter inside. Former residents of Florida built pile huts, and for nomadic tribes from the subarctic, the most convenient was Vigvam. In the colder time, he was covered, and in warm - bark.

Scaligence and strength

Iroquoise built a frame of wood bark that could serve under 15 years. Usually, throughout this period, the community lived near the selected fields. When the land was worn out, relocation took place. These constructions were high enough. They could reach 8 meters in height, from 6 to 10 m wide, and their length sometimes accounted for 60 meters and more. In this regard, such dwellings were nicknamed long houses. The entrance was placed in the end. Nearby was a picture depicting the Totem of the kind, the animal, which he patronized and faith. The dwelling of the Indians was divided into several compartments, each living has a couple that form a family. Everyone had in his hearth. For sleep, there were Nara at the walls.

Settlements of sedentary and nomadic type

Pueblo tribes built strengthened houses from stones and bricks. The courtyard was surrounded by a semicircle or circuit circuit. The Indian people struggled whole terraces on which houses could be built in several tiers. The roof of one dwelling became an outside site for another, located on top.

People who have chosen forests built Wigwam. This is a portable domestic dwelling in the form of the dome. It was different in small sizes. The height, as a rule, did not exceed 10 feet, however, indoor to thirty inhabitants. Now such buildings are used in ritual purposes. It is very important not to confuse them with Tipi. For nomads, such a design was quite convenient, since it did not have to apply great effort to construction. And you could always move the house to the new territory.

Design features

During the structure, trunks were used, which were well bent and were rather thin. To tie them, a leaky or birch bark, mats made from reed or reeds were used. Also came the leaves of corn and grass. Wigwam nomad was covered with cloth or skin. So that they do not sculpted, used frame outside, trunks or poles. The inlet was covered with a curtain. The walls were inclined and vertical. Planning - round or rectangular. To expand the construction, it was pulled into an oval, spending several holes for the exit of smoke. For the pyramidal form, the installation of smooth poles, which bind upstairs are characteristic.

The dwelling of the Indians, similar to a tent, called Tipi. He had a stiffe, from which a conical shape was obtained. For the formation of the tires used bison skins. The hole from above was designed specifically so that the smoke from the fire went outside. During the rain it was covered with a blade. The decoration of the walls served drawings and signs that mean the belonging to one or another owner. Tipi really finds many on the Vigvam, which is why they are often confused. This type of construction of the Indian people used also quite often as in the north, so in the south-west and far west traditionally for the purpose of nomadicity.

Gabarits.

They also built a pyramidal or conical form. The base diameter was up to 6 meters. The forming poles reached the length of 25 feet. The tire was made from an average to create a coating had to kill from 10 to 40 animals. When North American Indians began to interact with Europeans, trading exchange began. They had a canas, who had more easily. Both skin and fabric have its drawbacks, so combined products often created. Pins made of wood used as a fastener, the coating was tied to spicks that were traphed from the ground. Especially for the movement of the air left the gap. As in Wigwam, there was a hole for the exit of smoke.

Useful devices

A distinctive feature is that there were valves regulating air craving. To stretch them to the bottom corners, leather belts used. This dwelling of the Indians was quite comfortable. It was possible to attach a tent or another such building that significantly expanded the inner area. From a strong wind defended the belt descended from above, which served an anchor. At the bottom, the lining was laid below, which had a width of up to 1.7 m. It retained the inner heat, fencing people from external cold. During the rain, the ceiling of a semicircular shape was stretched, which was called "Ozan".

Exploring the construction of various tribes, it can be seen that each of them differs from some of its own inherent in her feature. The number of poles is different. They are connected differently. The pyramid formed by them can be both inclined and straight. The base has an ovoid, round or oval form. The tire is dismissed in a variety of options.

Other popular varieties of buildings

Another interesting dwelling of the Indians is a Wikiyap, which is also often identified with Wigwam. The building in the form of the dome is a slash in which they lived predominantly Apache. It was covered with slices of fabric and grass. They were often used for temporary purposes to hide. Covered with branches, mats, put on steppe outlets. Atabasi, inhabited by Canada, preferred this type of building. It was perfectly suitable when the army put forward on the battle and needed in a temporary place of stay to hide himself and hide fire.

Navajo settled in the Hogans. As well as in summer-type houses and dugouts. In the hogan, the cross section of the round shape, the walls form a cone. Often there are and square designs of this type. The door was located in the eastern part: It was believed that the Sun brings good luck through her. Also in building a large cult value. There is a legend telling that Hogan was first built in the form of Coyote. He was helped by beavers. They were engaged in the construction in order to provide housing for the first people. In the midnight of the five-pointed pyramid there was a forktime pole. The faces had three angle. The place between the beams filled the earth. The walls were as dense and strong, which could effectively protect people from winter weather.

Front was located the lobby, where they conducted religious ceremonies. Residential buildings were distinguished by large sizes. In the 20th century, Navao began to build buildings with 6 and 8 corners. This is due to the fact that then the railway function was functioning not far from them. It was possible to get sleepers and use them in construction. There was more space and space, despite the house stood quite tight. In a word, the habitats of the Indians are quite diverse, but each of them performed functions assigned to it.

"Zone Gringo"

The miner's village of Bonans was lost in the Nicaraguan jungle among the hills in the West Department of Seleia. From the port city of Puerto Cabezasa is about two hundred kilometers. Almost five hours drive, "if everything is fine." In Selai, you often hear this phrase when it comes to the departments. The road is or rather, not the road, but broken by wheels, blurred by shoes trail marked on the cards of the dotted line, is going through the jungle, crossing them from east to the west.

The only transportation is the shabby Pickup "Toyota" - goes to Bonans once a day. It is departed from the central square of Puerto Cabezsa. Elderly chauffeur does not hurry: there are no schedules, and the more people will go to the pickup, the better. Sit in the shade, smoke. Fifteen minutes later, a tall young ebony with a cap of curly hard hair is suitable. Then two doodle traders appear, they carry round baskets filled with vegetables and fruits. Finally, the area crosses the junior lieutenant in the full combat ammunition and the militia and the Karabin. We are six. The chauffeur, squinting, looks at the sun. Then, not to mention the word, goes to the car, sits down and starts the engine. We occupy places and we. Dorodic traders are hardly clenched into the cabin, men are arranged in the body. At the departure from the city of Pickup stops an average year-old man, in his hands he has a child. It turns out that this is a Cuban volunteer, traveled to Puerto Cabezas to negotiate about medicines for the hospital in Bonans. The younger lieutenant, looking at the child, knocking his fist along the wall of the cabin. The merchant makes the form that everything that happens does not concern.

- Hey, senorites, lie in the body! - Shouts the younger lieutenant. - Do not you see, a person has a child in his arms? Nothing, shake in the bodies, it is useful for you ...

The merchant is long worried about two voices - the meaning of their words is reduced to the fact that "the new power does not allow each joy to insult two respected women! They have sons at his age! And if he thinks, once in the hands of the machine, then everything can be - mistaken! " - But still inferior. While women get out of the cabin, the younger lieutenant speaks with Cuban.

"You see, in anyone who does not want to part with me," as if the doctor is apologized, nodding on the baby. The boy is thin, big. - Dad calls. We found him six months ago in the hut. The gang attacked the village, killed everyone. And he stayed alive. Two weeks sat one in the hut among the corpses of parents and brothers, while we did not find it. We then walked on the villages and made children vaccinations from polio. The boy died of hunger. After all, he is four years old, but looks two. Six months I was keen, barely saved. And since then he rushed to me, he does not let go. And my business trip ends. We'll have to take with you. I have five in Cuba. Where are five, there and the sixth. Go to Cuba, Pabito? The boy joyfully nods, smiles and still cuddles to the shoulder of the doctor.

Before Bonans, we get in the evening. Road envelopes a steep hill. So we are already in the village, and the road is not at all the road, but the street. On the right, below us, - the gaping dips of the shifts, workshops, rope lifts, mechanical drags. Mountains of a blank breed ... mines. Behind the hill, on the other vertex, like a mirage: a complex of modern cottages, trimmed lawns, flower beds, a banana grove, a blue pool bowl.

- "Zone Gringo," explains Cuban doctor, intercepting my amazed look.

Details I recognize the next day when I drive me one of the activists of the local SFNO Committee, Aleryano Savas, is a powerful, cattle and leisurely mining mining.

"A manager of the mine, engineers and employees of the company lived before the revolution," said Arleano, pulling the cottages with his hand. All Americans, of course. So we called this place "Zone Gringo." We have been closed there there, and they appeared in the village, only when they went to the office. The company knew how to share people on "clean" and "unclean."

- And what about the company, isleano?

- "Neptyun Mining." This is the last one, and before there were others. I started working at her in the fifties, the boy. Father, too, was miner, until he died. Probably grandfather, just I do not remember him. Father spoke, our family moved here from Matagalpa, so we are "Spaniards". And there are both Miskito, mestys, negros ... The company owned everyone, even by air, even the life of our own. The land on which we set our homes belonged to the company, building materials - too, the company brought out products in the village and sold in their stores. Light in homes, electricity - also the ownership of the company, as well as boats, and pier on rivers, and in general any transport to drive to cable or Matagalpu ... Do you know who the manager was for us? God! He and kalle and pretty. True, milked rarely. It will not give bones to the products, so we live as you want. Or refuses towards treatment. The hospital also belonged to the hospital. And you will not kill - the range in debt. And if you still hold, the National Guard will definitely find and lead back. Still will be invented, otherwise they are shot in the edification of the rest ...

"Yes, a companguero," Arleano continued, sitting on the stone at the side of the road. "Here, in the mines, every person has let the revolution in the heart. As the company embroidered, everyone sighed. Life saw. Mines are now state, we work on ourselves. Imagine, there are no spare parts, many people got up, because the gringo does not supply us the details. But - We work! And to live joyfully. School built, the hospital is now our products, distribute products by justice. In the "Gringo Zone" there is a kindergarten, the kids swim in the pool, and the library and cinema and cinema have been placed in the former club.

Herleano came down on the exterior steps to the management of mines, and there were tired workers in the mining helmets, many by their shoulders were rifled. Another change was returned from the mine. Their faces were black from indestructible dust, in bright sweats of sweat, but they had fun on each other, laughed fun and infection. And Arleano also smiled in a thick mustache ...

NEW GINEY

Someone, and Wilbert, I did not expect to meet in Puerto Cabstone. According to his rare letters that came to Managua, I knew that he was fighting in Nueva-Segovia. And so in the evening at the entrance to the city Square, a low army sergeant helped me for the elbow. A familiar gesture corrected points, smiled at a familiar smile ...

- Wilbert! What fate?!

- Translated. How did you find himself here?

- on business ...

Then we have long remembered a trip with the Bibliobus, the guys and the black night on the road that led from the new Ginea to the village of Jerusalem ...

New Guinea - South Department Seleia. The Indians of the Rama tribe live there - they plow the ground around the tiny and rare villages, graze herd on the plains. Mountains in the south of Seleia are low, flat, as if cut by a giant knife, vertices. They are naughty, they are a bit like Scythian mounds, and therefore seem to be superfluous on the green smooth steppe tabletop, where the herbs hide the rider with his head. Cattle Paradise, New Guinea ... I went there in April 1984 with students of the metropolitan technical school "Maestro Gabriel".

My acquaintance with these guys began a long time ago. Back in 1983, students found an old rusty minibus "Volkswagen" on the outskirts on the outskirts of Managua. On the hands through the whole city, they dragged this rhylad to workshop of the technical school. It is difficult, it is almost impossible to get spare parts in Nicaragua, clamped blockade by visits. But - got, repaired, then covered with yellow paint and wrote on the sides: "Youth bus - library." Since then, "Bibobus" began to run through the most remote cooperatives and villages, according to student production teams, collecting cotton and coffee crops. And in one of the flights, students took me with them.

New Guinea - dusty and noisy town - comes to life with the first rays of the sun. When "Biblobus", Davezha and jumping on Ughab, rushed into the winding streets, in the new burner and selflessly moorled roosters. The Zonal Headquarters of Sandinist Youth has built columns of student production teams that went on collecting coffee. In the courtyard, a sergeant-border guards was sitting in the courtyard with his sleeping eyes and, she saw her lips, recorded the number of machine guns issued by students, the number of ammunition and grenades into a pephany notebook.

While Wilbert pushed at the headquarters, finding out the route, Gustavo and Mario stood in line for weapons. The sergeant raised a loss view on them:

- Are you from the brigade?

"No ..." the guys jumbled, loyering.

Sergeant, reappearing into his notebook, silently waved his palm from top to bottom, as if he cuts off from the whole turn. Clear. It is useless to talk to him: the order is the order. It is not known how everything would have arisen, at the table Lieutenant Umberto Korea, head of the state security of the area.

- Give them four cars with spare stores, sergeant, "he said to a smooth and calm voice. - This is the guys from the" biblus ". Did not recognize?

And then, turning to the student Vilbert, said quietly:

- In the zone is still restless. Again, the young traitor moved. Yesterday we ran into an ambush, seven died. You have a difficult route, you will go through state schools, right? So, Wilbert, I allow only the day. In the farms, of course, our patrols, and students put their posts, but there may be surprises on the roads ...

All day we dwined around the villages stretched along the roads. Everywhere around the bus in a matter of minutes, a crowd was collected: the peasants who had recently learned by diploma, students, women with children; The little girl looked curious eyes on an unprecedented spectacle. Gustavo, Mario, Hugo, Wilbert distributed books, explained, told ...

In the evening in seven kilometers from the village with a rare biblical name for these places, Jerusalem minibus got up. Dried, movable, small growth of Carlos driver, looked into the engine, crushed his hand: 2 hours are repaired. From the height of his thirty-six years, he looked at the "these boys" patronizing and swore, which is going with them for the last time. Nevertheless, Carlos has not missed a single trip - and there were more than thirty, - without receiving, naturally, for that neither Sentavo.

Mattered quickly. The sunset spilled out with a shrink gold on the pale sky. The shadows disappeared, and the round fruits of wild oranges became similar to yellow lanterns, wipe in the dark foliage. Wilbert and Mario, hanging the machines on the chest, went right away from the road, Hugo and Gustavo to the left: Combat hosted, just in case. I highlighted Carlos portable lamp, which, climbing the bus, was picking in the engine.

Suddenly the left, very close, there were automatic queues. Somosovtsy! One, second line. Then the machines were blocked. Ratherly, filling the air with a thick knock and ringing. Fucked through the Mario Road. He did not even look at our side and disappeared into a dense shrub, approached the sidelines. Then the Wilbert appeared.

- Soon? He asked, melting air.

"I try," Carlos exhaled, without interrupting work.

"You give a beep," Wilbert again disappeared into the bushes.

Shooting rolled, Satolon, tormented. Finally, Carlos got out of the car and jumped into the cockpit. By opposing hand turned the ignition key - the motor came to life. In joyful excitement, Carlos, with force, hit Klakson - the car rooted unexpectedly powerful bass.

"Gony!" Wilbert ordered in a whisper, while the guys on the move, sending a light jet of the tracks into the dark wall of the shrub, jumped into the opening door of the Biblobus.

And Carlos, extinguishing the headlights, drove the bus by barely distinguished in the night the ribbon of the road. In Jerusalem.

There were also awaited books ...

Return of Nara Wilson

Tashba-when translated from Miscito means "Free Earth", or "Land of Free People". In February 1982, the revolutionary government was forced to relocate Miskito Indians from the Coco border river into specially built Tashba villages, with ... Endless raids of gangs from Honduras, murders, huggers for cordon, robbery - all this put Indians on the edge of despair. Funked by counter-revolutionary, which were often relatives or coumings, the Indians were increasingly distinguished from the revolution, closed in themselves, and then they fled where her eyes look.

I reset the Indians from the combat zone into the departure departments, the government not only built them at home and schools, churches and medical groups, but also allocated community land. A year later, many of those who once left with "contrace" returned to the families in Tashba. The Sandinist Government declared Amnesty the Indians of Miscito, who was not involved in crimes against the people.

So returned to his sons and Nar Wilson - Indian, with whom I met in the village of Sumubil.

When Nar Wilson married, he decided to leave the community. No, it did not mean at all that he did not like life in the village of Tara. Just Nar Wilson has already been serious in those years and because he judged that it was not worth it with his father and brothers under one roof. I wanted to have a house - my home, own.

And the Nag went along with the wife of kilometers to ten downstream the Coco River, separating Nicaragua from Honduras. There, in deserted, deserted places, in the rule, on the jungle died in the jungle, he set his house. Put firmly for years. As it should be, vomed deep into the crude clay land of piles from strong seborate trunks, made on them the flooring from red boards. And only then erected four walls, covering them with wide leaves of wild bananas. It was twenty-five winters back. Twenty-five times froze from the shower of the water Coco, approaching the threshold itself, and the house was standing, as if they built it only yesterday. Only squeezed from moisture and the Sun of the piles and they polished to the shine of the stage.

Everything in the world is subject to time. He himself has changed and Nar Wilson. Then he was eighteenth, now forty-one is superfluous. He rang out in his shoulders, the palms became wide and crawled, we were wicked, time sketched the wrinkle network for a dark face. Life flowed like a river in summer, smoothly, measured and leisurely.

Nag fishing, hunted, he was smuggling a little. He did not like smuggling, but what was done? After American companies passed through the forests, Dići left very little. Lamine disappeared from the mouth of Coco, behind the boar and it had to run.

Children were born, growing, adultels. Senior, married, put their homes nearby, behind the bend of the shore, on green low cavity. Let's the grandchildren. So lived everything around, not noticing time. The years were allocated only to rich catches and outbreaks of the number of beasts in rural. It seemed that nothing happens in the world. To lead from the West, from the Pacific coast, rarely came, even less often came from there with new people.

Nar from childhood remembered an important Tolstoy Sergeant, the head of the post of border guards in the packaging, to whom his father paid a weekly MZD for smuggling. Then he also gently began to pay it and Nar. It was the power of the military. Honorable Peter Bond personified the power of spiritual. Priest Bond, like a sergeant, lived in the village from time immemorial. Baptized and instructed Nara, then children Nara, grandchildren ...

Changes have come unexpectedly. Suddenly the sergeant disappeared. They spoke, he drew in Honduras, swimming Coco on the boat. And Bond began to tell in the sermons the incomprehensible things about some santinists who want to deprive all the Indians of democracy. Then Peter Bond and closed the church at all, saying that Sandinists prohibit praying to God. Then everyone was indignant. How so, no one seen them, these subordinists, and they no longer allow people to go to church! Especially unhappy were old men. And when Sandinists appeared in the district, they met them intensely, silent. For the most part, Sandinists turned out to be young guys from the West, the Spaniards. Hot were guys, collected rallies, talked about the revolution, about imperialism. But few people understood them.

Gradually, the storm of events subsided. Instead of the former sergeant, another - Sandinist appeared in Tara. He did not take bribes and did not allow smuggling, which caused the wrath of many. Honorable Bond reopened the church. AU has already begun to think that life will slowly return to the older, but his hopes did not justify. Increasingly, Wilson began to look at Pedro, the Sandy chief from the packaging. Starting a conversation from afar, he ended every time the same - convinced Nara to create a cooperative. They say, everything will be as before and the citizens will be able to raise rice, bananas, fish, - but not alone, but with other peasants. In the words of Sergeant, Nar Wilson felt sense and truth: Indeed, he, his older sons and the neighbors, working together, will be able to heal better and without smuggling. But, cautious, Nag is dismissed, did the form that he did not understand everything. Pedro spoke in Spanish, and this language Nar and actually knew very badly.

Since May 1981, they began to visit Nara and people from the side of the border. There were among them Miscito Hondurassic and Nicaraguan, were "Spaniards". They were transported across the river at night, remained in his house for several days, using the hospitality of the owner. After all, Nar - Miscito, and Miskito cannot drive a person from his hearth, whoever he could. Aliens were dangerous people, although they spoke their native language. They did not part with the weapon, cursed Sandinists and persuaded the Nar to go with them for Cordon. He dismissed, although not a truth, no sense in their words found.

Once in November, when after a long rain, the Selva was impregnated with moisture as a sponge into the sea, the Nar had a large squad, a man in a hundred who sailed from Honduras on ten large boats. Among them, Nar saw his older brother William and the son-in-law, her husband of sister Marlene. The rest were not familiar to him. Nara was asked to hold a detachment by land to the village of Tara. For a long time he refused, but William, talking to the commander, promised that then he would immediately be allowed to return home and leave alone.

Attack on the village was short. For half an hour, the shootout, and the detachment broke into the narrow streets of Tara. Only then understood the Nag, which was accomplished, and realized that there would be no refund to the former life. The border guards killed, Sergeant Pedro chased the machete. Raped, and then shot a young teacher who recently arrived in the village of Managua.

Somosovtsy returned to boats excited, fascinated by success. William walked next to Nar, was silent for a long time, and then finally said:

Nar only silently shook his head. He was not going somewhere. I did not want to leave my house, leave your boat, parted with my family. However, I had to. Before loading, the leader of the detachment said, evil squeezing his eyes: "Go with us, Indian." The leader was not Miscito, was not Nicaraguan. Therefore, he said as if he gave the order: "You will go with us, Indian." Again, he shook his head negatively, did not tend a sound. The leader, grinning, showed his finger on him, and two gangsters buried the rifles in the breast of Nara. Indian shook his head for the third time. The leader began to scream and wave his hands. Nag stood silently. Finally, the leader, having woolen his head - the three of his people dragged out of his home wife and children Nara, put them back to the river, moved and prepared to shoot. "Now go, Indian?" - the leader asked and grinned again. There is still so silently silently walked around the sand to boats. Behind him, the gangsters pushed the butts of a woman and kids.

While they crossed the river, the Nag stood on the stern, face to the Nicaraguan coast, and, holding back the sobs, looked at his house, watched his house. Buggy glare fled on the water.

"Why did you set fire up?" - in a whisper, without tearing away from the fire, asked the Nar.

"And in order not to pull you back," someone's dark voice answered from the darkness.

In Honduras, Nara was placed in a training camp, the family lived nearby in the village. In the camp, Nar under the leadership of Hondurassic officers and two Yankees engaged in military affair: crawled, shot, threw grenades, studied the machine. Three months later, he was determined in a group consisting of three hundred people, and sent to Nicaragua to kill. For several weeks, they hid in the jungle, arranged ambushes on the roads, attacked the villages, on the divisions of the Sandinist army. And all this time, Nara did not leave the thought of escape. But how? After all, there, for koko, family.

He managed to run only a year after that fatal for him of November night. The wife by that time died, Nara began to let go more often to children. In one of these days, they left the ingur - nar and four sons. For several days, wandered around the rural, confused traces, leaving the Honduranians and Somosovts. One day I had to shoot. But thanks to Americans and other instructors - taught. Nar and before was a good shooter, now he had no hunting shotgun in his hands, but a machine gun. In a shootout, he dumped two, the rest behind.

Then the Nar with his sons swam to the raft Coco and came to the packaging. But in the village it was empty. The package is extinct, many houses stood burnt, only black heads were left. Five fugitives met the army patrol. Nara was sent to Puerto Cabezas, from there - to Managua. Five years of conclusions defined by the court did not seemed to mention an excessive period. Understand: He deserved more for having managed to do Nicaragua on Earth. Sexed only a few months - came the amnesty. What to do in the wild where to go? Always advised to leave to Selai, in Tashba-at. There, they said, they live and his sons, with whom he came from Honduras.

Nar went through the Sumubil and did not believe his eyes. Indians have good homes, school, medical center on the hill. Music is driven out of open lashing doors - it is included in the radios, the kids play in the glade in front of the garden. And most importantly - many in the village of the weapon. But in Honduras, he was inspired that Sandinists oppress Indians, they take children and wives from them, the bosses share the property and lands of Miskito ... So, did you grow? It turns out so. It turns out, the Indians do not need to protect Somosovts at all. On the contrary, they themselves took a weapon to protect against these "defenders", from him, Nara ...

I met Nara on the outskirts of Sumubili, at the very edge of the jungle. He dug deep pits in clay, damp land. Next was the thick white trunks of the Sahib.

"I thought, as much as separately," he said, squinting on the logs and snapping. "Soon one more son will leave me - to marry thinking. I will stay with three younger, I will give them to school, let them learn. Practice. In the cooperative I will join. Here is just a new home will put ...- And he stroked a wide palm with a slightly damp, alive still trunks ...

John Manchip White ::: Indians of North America. Life, religion, culture

As we could have been convinced by people of crops with wool and anashai, who lived in the southwest (which was selected earlier than any other area) at the dawn of our era, already then were skilled architects. Culture Indians Hochkels erected their famous buildings, including Casa-Grande, or from adobov - bricks from the dried dirt on the sun or from kalishe - Bricks from dried hard clay. Adobe and Kalisha, who were the first white American settlers called the "marble of the prairie" or "steppe marble", were cheap, but durable and durable building materials; And today we made many residential and public buildings in the southwest. As for the people of Anasazi culture, they showed themselves wonderful masters of the stone architecture, turning the usual caves in Mesa Verde and other places in the dwellings truly fabulous beauty, and building their famous detached "apartment buildings" in the Chaco Canyon.

Several north we meet the earthen dwellings of their nomadic neighbors - Navajo Indians. This numerous tribe of the Atabask language family has long nomadic before settling in the area of \u200b\u200bthe settlement of Pueblo on Rio Grande. These "dugouts" are unique in that, together with the dwellings, Pueblo, they are the only real Indian dwellings that are used and understood. In the reservation of Indians Navajo, you can literally at every step you can meet these squat, striking dwellings that call hogani. The floor inside the hogan has a circle shape, symbolizing the sun and the universe; From above, it is covered with the shape of a vault of a wooden roof, which, in turn, is covered with a tightly rammed land. The entrance is a simple opening, hung with a blanket. He addressed to the east - towards the rising sun. At a short distance from the main hogan there is a "bath" - smaller in size of the Hogan without a flue hole; In this building, reminiscent of a sauna or a Turkish bath, a family can relax and relax. Similar "Baths" are very common and found almost all of the Indians of North America. Next to the main housing was also located ramada - Made from wooden pillars under the shadow of the trees gazebo, in which old men could take rise, children - play, and women - weave or cook food.

Housing from the Earth, a variety of species, one could meet on the plains and prairies, but to a greater extent in the northern regions where summer was very hot, and winter harsh and cold. Powes in Nebraska, as well as Mandans and Hidats in North and South Dakota, dug their dwellings deep into the ground. If Powney's housing was round unpaired dugouts, then the hidats and mandanan dwellings were large, skillfully performed structures that pierced from the inside with a powerful branched wooden frame. Some of the housing of Mandanov occupied the territory with a diameter of 25-30 m; In such a housing there were several families, and also had a horses stall, which the owners did not risk leave outside. The inhabitants of such dwellings rested and lazy to the sun on the roof of Hogan. Iroquest tribes also "crowded" in one long house; According to the testimony of European missionaries who had to live there, it was very difficult to withstand the "bouquet" from the heat of fire, smoke, various smells and dog flashes.

In the central part of the Plains, i.e., on most of the territory of North America, the main housing of the Indian was the construction of a tent type, which was called types. Tipi is sometimes mistakenly called Wigwam, but this is a completely different structure, in which we will be convinced now. Tipi was a cone-shaped tent, covered by the painted skin of the bison; Such tents are well acquainted in many films about the Indians. Hunting tents were small in size, but tents in the main camp, as well as tents for solemn ceremonies, could reach 6 m in height and occupy the territory with a diameter of 6 m; At its construction left to 50 bison skins. Regardless of its size, Tipi was perfectly fit both to the conditions of the terrain and to the living conditions of nomadic tribes: they were easy to install and roll. The "set" of Tipi included 3-4 main poles and 24 wooden backups, smaller in size. When the tent was disassembered, from the same structures it was possible to collect the already mentioned Volokuchi, which was laid as folded TIPI and other goods. In the camp, the main wooden backups were put together with a large triangle and tied them at his top, then auxiliary backups were assumed to them, the coverage was tensioned on top and fastened the entire design that resembled a giant crescent belt, belts from tendons. At the bottom, the coating was fixed using wooden pegs. In winter, the coating inside Tipi was tied to supports, and the bottom was fixed on the ground to save the heat. In the summer, on the contrary, the coating threw up to provide fresh air access. The fire was divorced right in the center of the dwelling, and the smoke went out through neatly laid out of the cane, tapering to the top of the chimney. If the wind blew in this direction that the smoke remained inside Tipi, the care of the supports was very deftly changed in such a way that the whole smoke would go outside. Unlike dwelling from Earth, Tipi was decorated outside with beads, porcing needles; various signs and symbols of religious and mystical character were applied; It also depicted a personal sign or a housing owner symbol. Tipi, belonging to such tribes like Schayen and Black, was truly wonderful structures of great beauty and originality. Not without the foundations of the Indians of the Plains district called the paradise "Earth, where a lot of Tipi", believing that it is a beless blooming land, destroyed by sparkling multi-colored tents-typi.

Tipi were characteristic of other areas of North America; True, they did not differ there as magnificence as on the plains. Some tribes did not decorate Tipi at all; Others, especially those who lived in a harsh climate, tried, as they could, insulate them using mats, bedding, carpets and everything that could serve as an insulating material. In Canada and on the northeast coast, a birch bark used as a coating, which was not suitable in order to abundantly decorate her drawings. It should be noted that the dwellings of the type of tent-typi were known not only in North America, but also in other parts of the world, especially in Northeast Asia. It is likely that the ancient Asian hunters came to America and Canada lived in winter in the caves, and in the summer - in tent housing; Although, of course, such a short-lived material, like the skin and tree, could not be preserved to the present day, and therefore we do not have archaeological confirmation of this assumption. People of that time are only called "cavemen."

Vigvam - A housing that has wooden supports, like Tipi, but its top of the rounded shape, and it is not covered with hides, but disinanted mats or bark. Often, a wooden frame was located for stability inside Wigwam, which reminded the platform from wooden forests, which were firmly attached to the base of the ropes from the fiber, which made a dwelling like an inverted boat. More fragile, usually temporary dwellings covered on top of the island beams of cane and dry grass were called wikas. In such huts, they lived in the areas of the deserts like the Great Basin District, and on the arid outfits of the south-west, where the tribes lived in poverty and were at a very low level of material culture. A vicap was a typical housing of apaches - a brave tribe, but very backward.

Wigwama and Vicaps should be distinguished from covered with cane material of majestic residential buildings, which were characteristic of southern US regions. These structures were built by people settled in the south-east and in the Mississippi basin, where the builders of famous "temples" mounds lived and worked and worked. These people built an impressive and magnificent species of high buildings of a rounded form with a powerful wooden column. Often the roofs and walls of the houses were covered with tightly woven and brightly decomposed cane mats. In such houses there were forest tribes of Northern and South Carolina, as well as the northeast coast. There were often long houses with a dome-shaped roof and a lattice veranda. Over the entire length of such houses, wide benches were located on which the whole families of ate were sleeping, entertained and sent religious rites, like those who lived in a similar manner of Southeast Asia communities.

The culture of the construction of "long houses" reached the highest level in the North-West; As noted, this area is known for its cultural achievements and in a number of other regions. Such tribes like Hyde, Tsimshan and Trucites, made boards and beams from red and yellow cedar, which were used to build houses where 30-40 people could live. Such houses almost always had a length of at least 15 m and a width of at least 12 m and were masterpieces of carpentry, wooden architecture and tiled wooden decorations. On the boards were skillfully performed grooves and tongues, firmly included in the butt grooves. Roofs of houses covered the bark of trees. The walls, both from the inside and outside, and partitions that separated the interior of several rooms were decorated with carvings and drawings, their subjects were associated with the sacred spirits that had to defend the house and households. The house of each leader was decorated in a special way, and uniquely individually. The lip of the roof was covered with threads and drawings, and in front of the house was put in the famous Town Pole of the North-West Indians, on which the history of this family or kind was displayed; At the top of the post, a family or generic emblem was depicted. These pillars that sometimes reached a 9-meter height were clearly visible from afar, including from the sea, and served as a good landmark. And today, residents of Indian settlements of the North-West lead an active life, showing interest in professional classes and crafts and everything in the lifestyle of their great ancestors.