Treasury of Russian philateli. The most significant exhibits of the virtual exhibition "Space: Birth of a new era

In the Central Museum of Communications named after A. S. Popova, the state collection of postal payment signs (GC POS) is stored, founded in 1884 and currently has 8 million storage units. From year to year, its funds are replenished with modern domestic postal emissions from the Mark Publishing and Trade Center and postage stamps of the countries of the world entering the World Postal Union (UPU).

Visitors of the Museum have the opportunity to get acquainted with the most valuable part of the Funds of the CPO GK in the "Treasury of Postal Marks of Russia", organized by analogy with the "Gold Storage Room" Hermitage. The method of open storage of funds implemented in the museum in a specially equipped room allows us to demonstrate to visitors previously inaccessible rare and unique originals of museum objects of historical and cultural significance. About 1,200 museum objects presented in open storage illustrate the history of postal payment and written mail correspondence of our state for more than two centuries: Russian Empire, including the brands of local mail of Russian Zemskiy management, temporary government and the initial period of Soviet Russia called the RSFSR (1917 - 1923).

The story of postal payment signs is represented by postage stamps, labeled products in the form of envelopes, cards, secrets and other soths. One-piece things, as well as letters that have passed the post, as evidence of their purpose. All these items are presented in the evolution of our domestic mail from the domestic period of its history before the first signs of pre-postal payment for written correspondence and general use by the population with the development of postal service and correspondence species. The main attraction of the "Treasury" are preparatory materials for the publication of postal signs. These are originals and sketches of brands, made by artists of small graphics, printed projects, both approved to publication and unrealized, preliminary stamps and samples. On the projects approved to publication, you can see autographs of famous public figuresHe headed the post office and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, who was subordinate to the post office. Unique documentary sources contribute to the study of the history of Russian mail, allowing you to trace the path of manufacturing postage stamps from the author's plan to embodiment in replicated products.

The developed themed principle of storage and showing museum items on the sections of the state collection in accordance with the chronology of the postal emission release in appeal allows to carry out excursions in the "Treasury" for visitors on the history of postal payment signs of Russia within the limits of the periodization of our state. The access of visitors to this unique focus is carried out only in the presence of a museum staff and is accompanied by an excursion of a specialist.

I offer a small excursion to the history of Russian mail with a stop in some exhibits "Treasury".

The earliest exhibit "Treasury" dated 1743: This is a domestic letter sent from St. Petersburg to Nizhny Novgorod. Sealed seal seal and having no postal marks, as was headed in those distant times, the letter was paid for cash with cash and registered in special books.

Doming letter. 1743.

Migration postmarks appeared only in the second half of the XVIII century and denoted the name of the place where the letter was sent. The task of the postal employee was the correct miscalculation of the destination to the destination, since the amount of payment for sending the letter depended on its weight and the distance it was sent. In addition to ordinary letters, letters with the investment and securities were sent by mail. Such a valuable correspondence was sealed in the post office in the presence of a sender, which was given a receipt for receiving the letter with the description of the investment.

Receipt of attachment and sending money. 1845.

Calendar stamps containing inscriptions indicating the date of departure, and later - and the date of receipt, began to be applied in Russia at the beginning of the XIX century. Payment for correspondence in cash with the issuance of receipts was burdensome both for the population and for the postal office: the improvement of the tariff system and the method of payment for correspondence was required.

Russia was among the advanced countries of the world who went along the path of postal reforms following the UK, which became the legislator of postal payment signs in the world, released in 1840 into circulation the first postage stamp called "Black Penny".

From January 1, 1844, a single tariff for sending internal correspondence was introduced in Russia without taking into account the range of 10 kopecks. For a letter weighing 1 lot (12.8 g). This allowed the postal department to adopt one of the European novelties and introduce the first signs of the postal payment of Russia in December 1845 into the postal payment of Russia - "Stamped Quuters". On the front side, there is a blue paint on the handle with a round stamp, intended to pay for sending letters in St. Petersburg City Email. The state imperial coat of arms, connected to postal horns as a mail symbol, immediately took its place in the first signs of postal payment: the emblem's emblemist looked like this.

PC. Cutert Spb Mail. 1845.

Envelopes that have come into appeal in several formats: from the largest "office" to the smallest "ladies", were sold out in a matter of days. Today - the preserved specimens are rare, and some are even unique. In single copies, the stamp mail sheets introduced in 1846 were preserved in 1846 for the convenience of correspondents of St. Petersburg urban mail, which was used for the letter, then turned up to the magnitude of the envelope and went by mail. One of these rarities is stored in the "Treasury" and is a postal sheet, combined with the opening of a stamp envelope, which has passed through the 2nd office of St. Petersburg City Mail.

Postcard SPB Mail with open pcs. Couvet. 1846.

Analogues of postal payment signs of such an option in Russia is no longer published.

The use of stamp envelopes in St. Petersburg turned out to be very successful and the postal department in February 1846 introduces similar envelopes with a red payment stamp for Moscow city post.

Stamped envelopes made much facilitated the work of urban mail, and the population appreciated the new form of sending correspondence. The popularity of "stamped cuters" was so great that from December 1, 1848, the postal department introduces stamp envelopes into circulation for non-resident correspondence within the entire Russian Empire. Stamps were printed on reverse side In the center of the upper valve and differed in color and nominal in accordance with the postal tariffs. In the picture of the stamp of the emblem of the post office was printed by relief printing.

PC. Couvert in general. mail. 1848.

Paper for the manufacture of envelopes of nationwide mail, unlike urban "cuters", had a watermark in the form of a postal coat of arms: a double-headed eagle and postal horns.

With the introduction of nationwide posts of postal payment, the appearance of such an important and has become familiar to us the attribute of mail, like street mailboxes. Appearing first in St. Petersburg and Moscow, they immediately received recognition in Russia. Sealing a letter to a stamp envelope, it could simply be lowered into the mailbox.

The introduction of stamp envelopes has improved the organizational forms of postal communication by increasing the postal exchange within the country. However, they failed to fully solve the postal problems in Russia of this period. Internal changes that took place associated with the rapid development of equipment, the expansion of the railway network, the development and implementation of the most important achievements of European equipment and culture, demanded an established and convenient postal service. Russian post needed a universal postal payment sign, especially since by the middle of the XIX century in the main Western European states postage stamps have already been introduced.

The Treasury Funds will introduce you to prepare materials for the publication of the first Russian brand, which began a few years before its release. It was the path of finding the best shape and design, ways to protect the brand from fakes. At the first stage, a project was intended for a round "stamped" brand by analogy with payment stamps on "Quvetrats". By the postal department and the expedition of the preparation of state securities (ESGB), who worked on the creation of the first postage grades, in 1856 trial variants of "stamped" brands according to sketches Ya. Rehel, who controls the Typographical Department of Esgb. Greraver Kirchner were engraved two drawings of the stamp and their samples were made in different colors. On one stamp - image of Mercury's head: the ancient Roman messenger of the gods, on the other - the image of the Russian postal coat of arms. However, the stamped brands remained to this day remaining in the history of the postal marks of Russia's signs with unfulfilled projects that have been preserved to the present days and become large rareholders.

Piece, brand with Mercury head. 1856.

PC. Mark with email coat. 1856.

The round shape of the brands clearly did not meet the requirements of the postal department, since there were no possible difficulties in their mass production in sheets: to apply perforations around the drawing, the development of new perforation machines was required.

The author of the first Russian postage stamp was the senior engraver of the expedition of the preparation of state securities of Franz Kepleler, which on October 21, 1856, presented his project in the post office, and was taken as a basis for the manufacture of the first Russian brand.

Project of the first brand F. Mepaler. 1856.

The first brand project adopted

F. Bopleru managed to create a drawing of a rectangular shape brand, which became a real masterpiece of the brand graphics. On a brand in an oval medallion, surrounded by the imperial mantle with a crown, a white embossed embossed made by the emblem of the postal department.

After small improvements of the project in Ezgb, typographic tests of brands of 10-kopell nominal in various combinations of colors, which are stored in the "Treasury" were printed. Mail Department chose three of them three samples for stamps of different denominations: for 10 kopecks. For Lot (12.8 g) - brown with a blue center, for 20 kopecks. - Blue with orange and for 30 k. - Carmine with green. On October 20, 1857, Emperor Alexander II on the report of the compliant over the Postal Department of F.I. Prikanishnikov approved the presented samples of brands and "Highestly command deign to call them, instead of stamped, postage stamps." So in Russia, the term "postage stamp" was officially introduced.

Circular No. 3 of December 10, 1857, the Postal Department declared the introduction of postage stamps in the Russian Empire from January 1, 1858 to pay for simple internal correspondence. The creation of the first brand was one of the significant events in the history of domestic mail. The first release formed the style of Russian postage stamps. Featuring a high printing level of execution, they were printed in a two-color combined seal on paper with watermarks and in their artistic advantages differed from the brands of the countries of the world with their royal elegance.

In the "Treasury", the first Russian brand is represented by a unique angular pair with wide fields, genuine glue and impeccable degree of safety. She is a kind of business card of the museum and the state collection of the CPO.

A couple of the first Russian postage stamp. 1858, January

The use of the first grades in the postal handling are demonstrated by letters with various types of quenctions. Among them are the very first brands of brands in letters with a simple cross-shaped crossing in ink so that they are not secondary.

Letter with stamps №1, repaid by the pen. 1858.

In March 1858, specially made-made license plate stamps of brands are used with the postcard encoded in the center.

Letter with a test stamp of navigation spb posts.1858, February

Using the first grades in the mail handling demonstrate letters with various types of quenchings. One of the most interesting among them is the quenching of the pen on a letter with three first brands last mail in January 1858. The rare is a letter with the Marine of Russia No. 2 - a perforated version of the first brand, which is redeemed a stamp of 4 point circles with a number "1" in the center. Such a trial stamp of the St. Petersburg Post Office was used as an experimental only in February 1858.

The postage stamps published in the Russian Empire were standard with a mandatory heraldic design, different from each other with rates, dimensions and details of the picture. After the merger in 1884, the post office and telegraph into a single department - the main management of postal and telegraphs in the design of brands under the imperial coat of arms near the postal horns, an image of a telegraph arrows - a speed symbol was introduced.

The only commemorative series of empty postage of imperial mail was published in 1913 to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, solemnly noted in all corners of immense Russia. According to the materials presented in the "Treasury", you can trace the steps of creating the first story stamps. The first stage illustrates printed essays of brands with portraits of the reigning emperor Nikolai II, ordered by the specially invited to Russia to the French engrant Louis Eugene Muson. Mail miniatures created on the highest graphical level of Muson's postal miniatures remained in our postal history unrealized, while maintaining portraits of the emperor in different angles in printed color samples.

The second stage of the creation of the Romanovsky issue illustrates the preparation of portrait miniatures with the monarchs of the houses of the Romanov and the species of royal residences. Outstanding domestic artists of the Association of Art: I. Zarrins took part in the work on the release. The best masters of Engraving were invited to fulfill the engravings: Professor of the Russian Academy of Arts P.S.xidias, schedule F. Londin, the famous Austrian engraver F. Leshnbek. These talented masters of painting and graphics were instructed to develop projects of brands and select portraits to play them russian monarchsmost precisely reproducing their personalities. The choice of reproductions and compositions for the replicable graphic miniature was especially important, since the images on the state postal payment signs served as a symbol defining the country of published postal emissions. In previous issues, this feature was performed national emblem Russian Empire.

Emperor Nikolai P personally oversees the issue of release. The involvement of Nicholas II to the publication of Romanovsky brands is demonstrated in the "Treasury" the unapproved original and the project of the brand with his own portrait, on whom the emperor's passage was made by the inscription: "Not good."

As a result of the painstaking work of artists, engravers, typographical masters of printed business, after the numerous approvals of drawings and color Gamma. Marks, some of the trial variants of stamps and printed projects can be seen in the "Treasury", seventeen postal miniatures appeared with a dignity of 1 kopeck to 5 rubles. Fourteen brands reproduced portraits of the most prominent representatives of the Romanovsky dynasty and three brands reproduced architectural compositions Tsarist residences in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Approved project of portrait brands of Romanovsky issue. 1912.

The skill of outstanding masters guaranteed the involvement of the anniversary Romanov series to highly artistic works of the brand graphics. They are rightfully a monument to the Russian culture of the beginning of the last century and genuine witnesses of Russian history.

In the "Treasury" you can get acquainted with the unique original drawings of postage stamps created by famous artists M. Dobuzhzhinsky, Narbut and R. Zarrins, created on the eve of the First World War. They are distinguished by a variety: means of transportation of mail, images of grades in the ornamental frame. Interesting relevant on the eve of the war The topic "Allegoria of the Fatherland", deservedly represented by each of these artists.

Original drawing of the Allegory of the Fatherland. Russian warrior. M. Dobuzhinsky.

Unfortunately, the brands with these drawings were not published. The originals of the drawings and trial prints of future brands have been preserved and are a documentary evidence of the involvement of these artists to the brand graphics.

The marked products published by the Postal Office of Russia are represented in the "Treasury" in the form of a preparatory material for the publication.

The first postal card was introduced into the appeal in Russia in January 1872, called the "Open Letter", subsequently called the "Postcard". The first issue was a form, i.e. Non-marked form with a place to stick brand. In May of the same year, marked postal cards began to be published, which received the admission of the population for the local and non-resident correspondence.

The projects of postage stamps and other marked products were approved to the release of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, which was subordinate to the post office. Materials of this level are marked with genuine resolutions of famous statesmen. The sample of the postage card of the release of 1875 was approved by the publishing director of the post office by the Baron Velio.

The project of the postcard, approved. The baron is great. 1875.

The projects of standard brands of "newly introduced into operation" in 1908 attract attention to the genuine signature of approval to the issue of the Minister of Internal Affairs P.A.Stolepin.

Applied. Stolypin projects of brands. 1908.

An independent chapter in the postal history of Russia represents closed charitable letters with ads in favor of children's shelters, published by the department of Empress Mary Fedorovna from October 1898 to November 1901. The history of their issues is not well understood and contains many mysteries and paradoxes. 24 rare letters from the State Collections Assembly are located in the special two-sided windows-cassettes "Treasury" and are marked mail sheets of a large format with an image in the address part of the charitability symbol - Pelican. The publication of paid ads in the form of charity letters made it possible to deduct part of income in favor of children's shelters of the Department of Empress Mary.

Sample of the closed charitable letter of the department of the Empress Mary.

The state collection has the richest collection of Zemstvo Mail, presented in the "Treasury". IN pre-revolutionary Russia Public mail delivered correspondence to the provincial and county cities. IN countryside Delivery of mail was carried out local bodies Self-government - Zemstvo created in Russia as a result of the reforms of the 60s. XIX century. From 1866 to 1917. The county farm mail published their postage stamps, issued exclusively for their internal needs of the Zemskiy. Printed by small circulations in local printing houses, turned them today in rarity. More than 2500 drawings of Zemskiy grades of different counties presented the Zemskaya mail to collectors of this unique section of Russian and world philatelius: the release of Zemsky stamps was equal to the opening of a new philatelic continent. It was all the more interesting that the Zemsky stamps had to repeat the drawings and colors of state marks of postal payment. It was this that created a special attractiveness of Zemsky brands, which consists in a huge variety of drawings, plots, shapes, sizes that beneficially distinguish them from state marks. Most often, it is the coat of arms of county and provincial cities, from which one can make an extensive heraldic collection. Frameings of Zemkogo grades give a visual picture of the artistic taste and cultural level of the Russian province.

The first among theses was introduced into appeal its brands in December 1866. Verkhnedneprovskaya Zemskaya Gubnia, Ekaterinoslav province.

First Mark of Zemstvo Mail of Verkhnedneprovsky Zemstvo. 1866.

Zemsky brands paid the postal walking in the letters only within their county. A letter from Bugulma (Samara Lip.) To Moscow, paid by the brand of the first release of 1882 Bugulmina Zemstvo and the state 7-penny brand, is a classic example of the passage of correspondence from the county to the capital through the Zemstvo and National Mail.

Zemstvo writing mail from Bugulma to Moscow. 1882.

The largest collectors of the world were collecting Zemsky stamps: Philip Ferrari, Agafon Faberge, Karl Schmidt and others.

The story of the postal marks of post-revolutionary Russia covers the period 1917-1923. This period is divided into two parts: temporary government and soviet Russia Before the formation of the USSR - 1917-1923.

The time witness to which the museum objects of this section of the state selection were not easy. Russia has passed a difficult period of inflation, the change of power and the state system, civil war. In the history of mail, this relatively small period of time is characterized by a multiple change in postal tariffs, which changed 24 times. The materials presented in the "Treasury" reflect the essence of revolutionary transformations in Russia after the February and October events of 1917.

The history of preparation for the publication of temporary government brands remains not sufficiently studied. Meanwhile, their projects for these issues were preparing such masters of graphic miniatures as Richard Zarryns and Sergei Chekhonin. Opens the section The magnificent graphic pattern with the image of the coat of arms of the temporary government is a small masterpiece created by Ivan Bilibin as an original for the manufacture of brands.

Original non-penny brand of temporary government. I.Bibin. 1917.

It was this outstanding Russian artist who was the author of the drawing of the new coat of arms of Russia: a two-headed eagle, deprived of the attributes of the royal power.

Only in a printed project placed on one passe original drawing Richard Zarrins, containing the inscription: "Long live freedom!" And the date of education of the temporary government "March 1, 1917", a prejudice of the first issue of postage stamps of the RSFSR - the famous "hands with a sword, destroying the chain" is guessed.

Original rice. Unannamed brand of temporary government. R.Zarrins. 1917.

The short period of existence of the Provisional Government did not allow any of the projects of brands new Russia. The marked postal cards of the temporary government was lucky more: they still saw the light. The project of such a card with the emblem of the new coat of arms of Russia in the upper left corner, approved by the Minister of Post and Telegraphs of the Temporary Government A. Nikitin on August 25, 1917, is represented in frames.

Project p. Card, app. Minister of Communication BP. Government A.Nikitin. 1917.

The story is repeated, and the first signs of postal payment of new Russia, as well as the Russian Empire, were not brands, but solid things.

The next section is devoted to postal emissions of the new state formed as a result of the October Armed Uprising of 1917.

The drawing of the brand "Hand with a sword, destroying chain" R. Zarrins, prepared with the temporary government, as it is impossible to reflect the essence of the revolution. Approved by the Commissar of Post and Telegraphs V.N. Vodbelsky in May 1918, "revolutionary" brands with a par value of 35 and 70 kopecks., We went to appeal to the anniversary of the October Revolution on November 7, 1918 for a new style.

Project brand hand with a sword, approved. V.Phodbelsky - Peit Commissar. 1918!

It was the time of searching for a new symbolism of the Soviet state. Along with the projects approved for the publication and publishes, visitors can see numerous essays of the most interesting revolutionary stories, though many of them were not accepted for release. Created by such masters of mail miniatures, as V. Kupriyanov and Raindorf, the brand of the first standard of the country of Soviets were signed in the press in 1921 they reflect the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Union of the working class and the peasantry in the form of images of the symbols of workers and peasant labor: sickle, hammer and anvil, plow. At the same time, elements of the new coat of arms depicting "Sickle and Hammer" are formed. Noteworth of Allegorical work M. Yantonova "The liberated proletarian", which was included in the first standard. On it - the image of the worker who won the hydrocarbon capitalism, with pride looking forward to the "Sun of Freedom".

Applied. Project standard brands of the RSFSR. 1921.

Among the most interesting works of small graphics is allocated by the revolutionary novelty and level of artistic incarnation Figure Nathan Altman, made in 1922 for an open competition for the creation of a project of the brand dedicated to the five years of the October Revolution.

Project Fig. brands to the 5th anniversary of Oct. Revolution. N. Altman. 1922.

Presented in the "Treasury" unrealized graphic pattern of the brand, made N. Altman in the style of constructivism, took the 2nd place at the competition. However, the draft brand of artist Ivan Dubasov was approved to the 5th anniversary of the revolution.

The reasons that prevented the implementation of some brands were probably in a lack of funds and created technical difficulties in the implementation of projects of brands during the civil war.

In the most difficult conditions of the existence of the mail it was more convenient to use to pay the postal correspondence of the brand of Tsarist Russia 1909-1917. The resumption of the production of standard issues using old finished clichés did not require special costs. The stamps equipped with black inscription with a five-pointed star with a sickle and a hammer in the center, the name of the new state "RSFSR" and the corresponding nominal, quite satisfied the need for the signs of postal payment of that complex period of our domestic history.

The difficulties of postal payment during the civil war demonstrate letters with a high francation, who passed the post office - witnesses the strongest inflation, which Soviet Russia experienced. Difficult even to calculate the amount of payment for shipment registered letters - So many of them are pasted by postage stamps with finlicitics of denominations in rubles with five zeros on each.

The philatelica rarity of the Soviet section "Treasury" is represented by the "consular" mail on the letter, charitable series of "Filathelia - Children" and "Filateli - Workers". Here you can see one of the recognized world rarities: the famous "Red Army" from the standard release of 1922-1923, the appearance of which was the result of a double error. When replacing the worn cliché in the printed form of 100-ruble grades, the clichés had the cliché of the same figure of the 70-ruble mark: the 12th brand in the 3rd quarter of a sheet of 25 stamps has a 70-ruble nominal instead of 100-ruble. Part of the sheets of this standard was not properly moderated. Anyway, unsubstantial sheets with a mistake are known in the world in single copies.

Standard Krasnoamec is anemone with an error on the 12th brand in a sheet of 5x5. 1922.

Postal miniatures with their artistic design and the printing decision are witnesses of history, miniature monuments of the multifaceted reflection of the various historical stages of our state. Fragments of the State Collection of Postal Payment Signs, which are presented in a specialized focus, allow you to trace a fairly large period of domestic history in postal payment signs. Visitors get acquainted with the design of postage stamps, plots of published and unnecessary projects, ways to print postal payment signs, the author's work of artists of postal miniatures, the peculiarities of the preparation of brands to the publication. Transformation of the Faculture in the museum exposition of the history of domestic signs of postal payment safely solves the main tasks and functions of the museum: to properly store and demonstrate museum objects for visitors.

Perevol exhibits in the Polytechnic Museum appeared in 1872. For a half a century, the collection has grown so much that the halls will not accommodate it: part of the meeting is stored in the stock commission. However, in this peculiar museum clogging can get on a tour every visitor. We present the 5 most valuable exhibits from open Funds Polytechnic Museum.

Photograph photographe chevalier

Photograph photographe is one of the first revenues in the museum with the Moscow Polytechnic Exhibition of 1872. This is a box shopping dugarmeter camera with a combined photo lens R.V.S. (Photographe à verres Combinés), in which the cassettes inside the cassette store are moved manually. Both the camera and the photo lens designed the optical and physicist Charles Louis Chevalier in 1840.

In 1843, Sergey Levitsky, the first Russian photo checker and the court photographer, traveled around the Caucasus and did photographs there. His camera was equipped with a P.V.C. lens Levitsky sent a few of their best Dagerrothipov, Charle Charlese. In 1849, at the World Industrial Exhibition in Paris for Dagerrotypes with the species of Pyatigorsk and its surroundings, the gold medal was awarded the Gold Medal. It was the first highest award in the history of photography. So lens R.V.S. He became known from contemporaries - he was popular with photographers until the 1860s.

Telegraph Paul Shilling

Shilling Telegraph is the first electromagnetic telegraph in world history. Today there are only two authentic apparatus of Pavel Shilling. One of them is stored in the Central Museum of Communication in St. Petersburg, the other in the exposition of the Polytechnic Museum. Both apparatus was renovated in 1886 - by the century from the birth of the inventor - the main mechanic of the St. Petersburg telegraph Ivan Dreskin.

The member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Schilling for the first time demonstrated the "presented car" in its apartment in October 1832. Two apparatus of the world's first line of electromagnetic telegraph stood in different rooms. With the help of a special code, they transferred numbers and letters at a speed of 10 characters per minute. The "Communications" sessions were arranged regularly, they could be visited to Christmas holidays. At one of the demonstrations, the emperor Nicholas I was present.

The invention of the electromagnetic device has become an important scientific event: the telegraph code to the device laid the basics of encoding information that are used today.

Achromatic telescopic microscope Franz Epinus

The Polytechnic Museum stores the only copy of the world's first achromatic telescopic microscope made by the Master of the Johann Gotlibus Tideman on the project of Franz Epinus.

The first academic microscope Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Epinus was designed in 1784. He used the workers of the mechanic of Leonard Euler, who belonged to the idea of \u200b\u200bachromatization of the lens, and the Mathematics of Nicholas Fuss - he produced required calculations. The quality of the image in the epinus microscope was an order of magnitude higher: the achromatic lens smoothed part of the interference.

In the history of science, the epinus microscope occupies a special place. It was the first microscope created on the basis of mathematical calculations, and not the selection of lenses by experimentally. Franz Epinus wrote about him: "My new microscope cannot be immediately refused and forget all those that currently exist, then after a few years it will not be possible to find anyone who would use other microscopes than invented by me".

In 1805, the rector of the Derptsky (now Tartuski) University of Georg Parlet ordered a microscope from the German optics of Johann Tideman. In 1827, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences acquired one of these microscopes from Derpta University. It helped to keep it for descendants: the second copy died during the occupation of Tartu in 1942.

"Pointer of the watches of the whole globe" to determine the local, church time and geographical longitude of Peter Havsky

"Watch Index Total globe"Appeared in those years when the idea of \u200b\u200ba unified system of the presentation was only originated. Calculations for watches prepared a specialist in Russian chronology Peter Havsky in the 1850s. The Polytechnic Museum stores the first author's copy, which made the watchmaker and Engraver Dmitry Gavrilov. On the dial inscription: "The composition of P. Havsky, and the publication and the device D. Gavrilova." An advertisement has been preserved, from which it is clear that the clock released the devices of different designs.

The titles of 135 cities, the time and meridians of which can be determined by the number and meridians of which can be defined relative to zero points - Ferro Islands, Moscow, Paris.

The device has a special scale, which allows you to translate church time to civil and vice versa. How to apply it, Pavel Havsky told in detail in the brochure with a description of the clock. The scale helped historians who worked with the ancient chronicles: with its help, scientists accurately calculated the civil time of the Kulikov battle of 1380.

Car "Russo-Balt K12 / 20"

The Polytechnic Museum stores a collection of unique cars, manufactured until 1918. Among them are the Russian car "Roussely Balt K12 / 20" of 1911. This is the only passenger car survived to this day.

In the Russian Empire, the car "Rousse-Balt" produced with the use of advanced technologies. In particular, by car model K12 / 20, for the first time in our country, an engine was installed, all cylinders of which are cast in one block. The car developed a speed of up to 60 km / h. On "K12 / 20" with Landol bodies traveled famous poet, grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, retired Prime Minister Graph Sergey Witte, Prince Boris Golitsyn, Industrialist Emmanuel Nobel.

The exhibit that is kept in the Polytechnic Museum was discovered in 1963 in the city of Kimra Kalininskaya region (Today is the Tver region). The car belonged to the mechanics on the steam boilers Alexander Orlov. He bought a car in 1929 and traveled on it for almost 13 years, until the car broke down: the owner forgot to merge water from the engine cooling system. In 1966, Roussely Balt acquired the Kitcheski film studio, and in the same year he bought it from the Studio Polytechnic Museum. To the 50th anniversary of the Great October Revolution, the car was renovated in the research automotive and automotive institute, and soon she ranked his place in the exposition.

Thank you for help in preparing publication and provided illustrations.

Cultural Institute company Google is an exemplary example of a modern virtual museum. Began in 2011 as a project dedicated exclusively to museums of art, now the resource includes a section on history, as well as in the most amazing places Planets. In addition to viewing pictures in high resolution, the site offers a virtual tour with spectacular interface and audio guide. Here you can familiarize yourself with such platforms as GalleryTate In London, GalleryUffizian , Metropolitan Museum in NYC, uzay Orsay in Paris, Royal Museum In Amsterdam and others. Recently googledigitized The last Venetian Biennale of Contemporary Art. Special attention deserves a project about street art from around the worldStreet Art.

Museum of Guggenheima

But the majority famous museums today consider the formation necessary virtual Collection Online, once again confirming its possession of masterpieces and spreading high-quality reproductions of their paintings. In particular, the Guggenheim Museum created an online collection with a convenient heading of the names and directions, thus combining the collection of all four cities where the museum is located, and other projects of the Huggenheim Foundation. Virtual Museum Includes many options: among other things, it is an informative site with lectures and videos on different topics.

Virtual Tours in Paris Louvre

Louvre is not presented in cultural project Google (about which was discussed above), prefers to develop its own online platform. On its website, the museum allows you to walk through several halls. The foot of the walls of the Royal Palace on the first floor of the museum, the hall with the relics of antiquity and ancient Egypt can be seen as a virtual panorama.

Oxford History and Science Museum

On the site of one of the most famous global science museums, you can see photos and panoramas of expositions. All this is part of one big virtualtour of Oxford . Of the noteworthy exhibits of the Virtual Museum - the board on which Einstein wrote during the famous lecture at the university in 1931. A whole nostalgic project has been created on the museum site.Goodbye board! " In which British celebrities like Brian Iso and Robert Maya took part. It turned out cute.

Virtual Museum of George Washington Mount Vernon

Free walk through the cradle of American democracy - George Washington Mount Mount Vernon. The place where the first President of America worked and lived, digital the creators of the museum with incredible thoroughness. Detailed online tour with photos information blocks, AudiObide on english language Also supported video with actors in costumes end of XVIII century. Everything to plunge into the atmosphere of historical space.

Thngs.co's Virtual Museum

A young project that has already gained recognition among the IT industry specialists and simple users will enjoy those who are interested in the story of things and is inclined to create their own collections. The authors themselves call their website Facebook for things. Each subject or category of items has its own timeline, where you can track the evolution of the object in the historical perspective. The viewer offers only the facts: year, place and appearance. Orientation on objectivity and simplicity favorably distinguishes this project among others. Make sure this will help, in particular,selection Objects of the Soviet heritage. The project started recently, but promises to grow violently and grow.

Project EUROPEANA.

Rather, this is a project of an encyclopedic nature, but due to the end of the visual culture, it is quite drawn to the title of the museum. The resource allows the user to go to this Virtual Tour on the subject that it interests it, whether it is bicycles of the beginning of the 20th century, antique vases or postcards with views of St. Petersburg. You just need to enter data, the era - and the resource will give a list of images, texts, videos and sound tracks to help make the perception of the subject as much as possible and complete.

World Digital Library

Similar to EUROPEANA, but the Russified World Digital Library project can also provide useful facts and images on any topic. The site aesthetic and easy to use, so you can get stuck for a long time, studying legislative acts of the Times of Kievan Rus or the Chronicle of the US Championship for Baseball 1947 from simple curiosity.

National Museum of Natural History in Washington

American National Museum natural History Allows you to go through the halls, considering the fossils of ancient creatures in detail, the collection of insects and birds and even the Egyptian mummies presented in the exposition. In general, fully immerse yourself in the history of natural science, even if you do not have the opportunity to visit the museum in real life. The site also has a large section with interactive materials and videos on topics.

Museum NASA

Fans space theme It is impossible to pass by a virtual project dedicated to the history of the world-famous US Space Agency. The launch of the resource was timed to the fifty-year-old anniversary of the organization in 2008. In addition to the success of American cosmonautics, the technical details of the space shipbuilding and the launch of spacecraft are pretty showed here, and the good-natured robot orienses what to click on.

At the opening of the exposition "Russia. Xx I. Century: Time Challenges and Development Priorities "in the State Museum of Modern History of Russia. Speakers the General Director of the I.Velikanov Museum. Photo by A.Thetorina.

On the Constitution Day, a new exposition was opened at the Museum of Modern History of Russia. She got the name "Russia. XXI century: challenges of time and priorities of development "and covers the history of modernity - from restructuring to the present day. In the opening ceremony, the Minister of Culture of Russia Vladimir Medinsky and Minister of Education and Science took part Russian Federation Olga Vasilyeva.

The exposition is located in six halls with a total area of \u200b\u200b700 square meters. The way of the path was elected as an artistic solution of the exposition, the way of the tragic, which took place the country over the past three decades. A distinctive feature of the project was a combination of genuine exhibits and multimedia technologies. Huge assistance in creating the exhibition was provided by the All-Russian State Television and Radio Company, which granted the chronicle frames essential events recent decades, as well as international information Agency "Russia today", who spent the general partner of the project. Invaluable assistance to the museum was provided by Russian state archive Social and political history and its director A.Sorokin, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its director Yu. Petrov, as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia.

To the attention of visitors to the State Museum of Modern History of Russia For the first time in the post-Soviet period, a museum exposition was presented, dedicated to a difficult path, which over the past three decades our country has passed.

According to general Director The Museum of Modern History of Russia Irina Velikanova, submitted to the attention of visitors the project can be compared with multimedia hostels, based on which, on the one hand, documentary chronicle, evidentity and direct participants in events, unique documents and exhibits, and on the other - the latest technologyWith which information is sent.

According to the Minister of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva, the new project of the museum is the basis for further research on current political and social problems.

"We restore this building for the third year, by capital replacing it with its parts," Vladimir Medinsky said in his speech in his speech. - Next year we will deal with the museum branches. The building of the former English club in Moscow should become one of the most visited museum spaces of the capital. "

Currently in the exhibition exhibition "Russia. XXI century »There are 1400 items and 10 thousand documents, however, this is not at all the limit. According to the organizers, the exposition will be updated almost in real time, absorbing all the most important evidence of time. In order to "dive in the era" in six halls, 14 multimedia kiosks are placed, when accessing which you can learn about events that happened, listen to audio and videos. Some of them are made specifically for the museum. Significant interest among visitors will invoke an interview with the Black Sea Fleet commander in 1991-1992 Admiral Igor Casantov about the circumstances of the Fleet section between the Russian Federation and Ukraine and its refusal to bring the oath of Kiev.

Among the exhibits presented to the attention of visitors - relics from the inauguration of the first and last president of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev and the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin, the personal belongings of the defender of the House of Soviets of the RSFSR ("White House") in August 1991, a sheet with the inscription "Do not shoot in Us! "Which hovern in the window hostage during the tragic events in Budennovsk in June 1995, the personal belongings of the USSR State Deputy Galina Starovoitova. The exhibition presents personal items of the Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation Viktor Chernomyrdin and Yevgeny Primakov. Especially since the project organizers did not set the tasks to condemn or extort any of the active participants in the events of the 1990-2000s. This exhibition is more likely to reflect on the causes and consequences of events, whose witnesses have recently been our entire multinational people.

Showcase of exposure dedicated to tragic events in Moscow on October 3-4, 1993. Photo by A.Thetorina.

In the halls dedicated to modern period, a special place is allocated to conduct a referendum in the Crimea in March 2014. Taking advantage of a special multimedia program, each wishing can study in detail the history of Crimea - from entering the Russian Empire in 1783 to recent events. The exclusive exhibit of the exhibition was the pen, which President of Russia V.Putin signed an agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea and the formation of new subjects in Russia.

Exposure dedicated to the reunification of the Crimea with Russia. Among the exhibits on the right - a voting bulletin at the general referendum on March 16, 2014. In the center - the pen, which, President of Russia signed an agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea and the formation of new subjects in Russia. On the right - the disposal of the president on the signing of this contract. Photo by A.Thetorina.

An important place at the exhibition is assigned to the development of science and technology in modern Russia. Among the most valuable exhibits are the fairing with the first rocket launched in April 2016 from the Eastern Cosmodity in the Far East; model of the Angara rocket launch; Speaker-astronaut's speaker, hero of Russia Fedor Yurchikhina. Military Developments found a noticeable place in the new exposition recent years - Tank T-14 "Armat" and Russian combat equipment "Warrior".

Model T-14 T-14 "Armat", presented at the exhibition. Photo by A.Thetorina.

The exhibition presents exhibits illustrating Russia's participation in peacekeeping operations, as well as modern events unfolding in Syria. Among them is a valuable trophy: the black flag of the terrorist organization Dais, captured when the palmime is released.

Model with sea ice-resistant stationary platform (MLSP) "Prirazlomnaya". Photo by A.Thetorina.

Significant focus within the framework of the exhibition is given to the development of the North. On a dedicated to this issue, the showcase is presented with a capsule with the first Arctic oil, as well as the layout of the Iceproof Oil Platform "Prirazlomnaya". The Museum presents personal belongings of the famous Russian polar explorer, the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Hero of Russia Arthur Chingurgarov. Visitors to the exhibition can see the layout of the deep-water apparatus (Batiskof) "Peace", in which during the Arctic 2007 expedition, people reached the bottom at the point of the geographical North Pole. Expedition participants managed to prove that the Lomonosov Ridge, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich, according to preliminary data, is up to a quarter of the volume of world hydrocarbon reserves, is part of the Russian continental shelf.

The central multimedia exposure object has become unique interactive Card. "My homeland is mine." It includes in its composition 15 information layers and 1,500 loaded objects. The map allows you to obtain comprehensive data on the subjects of the country, their history, peoples and religions, cultural and natural wealth.

The final chord of the project was the demonstration of the panoramic video "Symbols of Russia", the leitmotif of which was the topic of the unity and traditions of the Russian people - from the adoption of the Grand Duke Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavich Baptism in Chersonese to the modern stage of development of the Russian Federation. Thus, the visitor of the exhibition feels that new pages of history are created in his eyes, and he himself is a direct participant of this process. I would like to hope that this exhibition will be popular not only as a museum object, but also as a source of a weighted look at the past and the present of our country.

"This is an international project about the first Russian space travel. The exhibition was the result of a large-scale study that lasts five years. Scientists and museum workers from Russia and England in the girlfriend gathered archival documents and memorable things belonging to the pioneers of astronautics to reveal personal stories People who participated in the creation of a cosmic era.

The exhibition initiators are the London Science Museum and Natalia Sidlin, which later became the organizer of the exhibition from the English side, and now - by the curator of the Russian collection in the Tate Gallery.

After the exhibition was held in London and Moscow, a virtual exposure catalog was created. The platform for him was the "Wikipedia of Things" ThnGs - an international startup from Russia.

The Village talked to the creators of the exhibition and asked to take seven iconic things with which it was better to start acquaintance with the project.

Natalia Sergievskaya

deputy General Director for the Development of the Polytechnic Museum, Curator of the exhibition

"Cosmos: New Era Birth"

The idea was not only to tell the facts about the Russian cosmonautics. Our goal is to tell about the legend, about the fate of amazing people involved in the first flights to space. About how impossible becomes reality.

It was possible to go in a simple way to make an exhibition: collect exposure from layouts and exhibits from russian museums. But it became clear that if you start such a big unique project, then you need to show those objects that no one ever seen. The team collected authentic "documents" of those first space flights: really flying apparatus, technological layouts of ships, stations, lunas, which were the most breaking inventions of that time.

In the negotiations were involved a large number of Russian enterprises of the space industry. In the end, the exhibition is collected from exhibits more than 25 collections. On the one hand, there were large fantastically beautiful objects that were unrealistic to transport across the border. On the other hand, a huge array of archival materials was shuffled. The organizers met and now living astronauts of the first Pleiads, such as Tereshkova, Leonov, and the relatives of the Queen, Gagarin, and large quantity Other people involved in the first flights about which no one ever heard in Russia.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe exhibition was to talk about those dreamers who did not think about the fact that the flight into space is impossible. They just flew.

At some point managed to convince the organizers in the fact that the exhibition should be shown in Moscow, otherwise most of Objects that we still read schoolchildren in the textbooks will return to closed enterprises and no one else will ever see them. It was decided that the exhibition should take place on VDNH. All participants in a rather complex organizational process (VDHH, Polytechnic Museum, Science Museum and Rosiso) tried to agree on how much the concept of the exhibition would change. It seemed that the exhibition was exactly the same as in London, it would be strange, given the level of awareness of the Russian audience about the history and heroes of domestic cosmonautics. We decided to shift accents, stressing the fantasticity of what was committed by our compatriots, we talked about space as a dream.

In addition to spacecraft, the exhibition includes works of art - they created a halo of dreams that came true hopes and fantasies. Among them were, for example, the work of avant-gardeists of the beginning of the 20th century, which were created at the same time when the first designers and the first ideologues of space flights (Korolev, Glushkov, Tsiolkovsky) dreamed of what now seems norm, and then it seemed absolutely impossible. Works of art were presented from the collection Tretyakov Gallery., Museum of architecture named Schusev, private collections.

In the section dedicated to the residence of a person in space, we placed the architectural watercolors of Galina Balashova, which in reality was engaged in the design of those most interiors that people dreamed of at the beginning of the "space" century. Art permeates the entire exhibition with a parallel thread - a thread of dreams.

Dima Devinn

coordinator and CEO Thngs

We create "Wikipedia of Things." On ThnGs you can find interesting things, and soon they can be discussed, collecting in the collection, and some even buy. Now we are focused on working with museum collections, their digitization and publication of online exhibitions. This is a very interesting format, on Thngs exhibitions pass outside the usual museum space and are not limited in time - anyone can access exhibits and their stories, wherever he or she are. This is a kind of construction of bridges between cultures: for example, a schoolboy from Tokyo or Astronaut from California has access to the knowledge of the Soviet Space Program, as well as about the dreams and values \u200b\u200bof that time through the screen of its device. And it is just beautiful.

The Liquid Rocket Engine ORM-52 was developed in a gas-dynamic laboratory under the leadership of Valentine Glushko. It became one of the most powerful engines from the early series of ORM. It worked on a mixture of kerosene and nitric acid and produced very significant power for his time - 300 kgf. Due to this, ORM-52 was used in one of the first experimental liquid fuel missiles - RLA-2. In accordance with the project, the rocket was to rise vertically up, reach the height of four kilometers, and then release the parachute with meteorological instruments installed at the top. On the wave of engine success, ORM-52 has developed a few more powerful liquid engines after a number of attempts: from ort-53 to ORM-70, which could produce up to 600 kgf power.

Scale: 1:10

"Satellite-3" created in OKB-1 (now RKK "Energy"). He became actually the first satellite truly prepared for scientific work. "Satellite-1" was done for the very fact of launching an object into space, and "satellite-2" was projected to the anniversary of the October Revolution. "Satellite-3" was significantly larger and kept big number All sorts of measuring instruments. It has installed a tape recorder for recording telemetry, experimental solar panels and radio beaches, as well as sensors for registering cosmic rays, radiation level, solar radiation analysis and others.

The launch of the "satellite-3" took place on May 15, 1958 with a modified carrier rocket P-7: for the output of the payload, 1327 kg we needed the creation of an additional rocket unit. The device has successfully entered the elongated elliptical orbit and remained on it until April 6, 1960. According to the launch of the "satellite-3", a whole family of similar devices has been created.

Chairs for the three crew members with difficulty entered into the "sunrise." I had to sacrifice comfort - astronauts had to be removed to see the control panel. In addition, the evacuation tools also did not fit, and the astronauts did not leave the board throughout the mission. The return rocket slowed down the speed of the ship, lowered to the ground.

Dimensions: 0.6 × 0.85 × 2 m

Weight: 85 kg

"Grades" was developed at the Zvezda Scientific and Production Enterprise. G. I. Severin in the framework of the Soviet "lunar program." Since it was very different from the American counterpart, completely different demands were presented to the scafflery, which eventually allowed developers to establish several technological records. So, the "blind" could provide autonomous work of astronaut on the moon within 10 hours, which is enough for a five-kilometer walk.

Two independent air conditioning systems were provided in the scaffle: one provided uniform circulation and the regeneration of the atmosphere, and the other (QVO, presented here) - heat removal. To do this, under the "Greet" put on a special jumpsuit, which was sewn a total of about 100 meters of tubes, for which water flowed. Thus, it was possible to remove about 400 W heat. But for everything you have to pay: the mass of the costume filled with water was more than three kilograms, and the "Greet" jump was not intended at all - he was so great and hard that it was necessary to "enter" through the hatch in his back. "Grades" has never been used in direct appointment due to the abolition of the "lunar program". However, most of its systems, including QuI, has been applied when developing the "Orlan series" series, which still apply to work in open space.

Scale: 1:3

Dimensions: 1.3 × 1.25 × 1.85 m

Weight: 40 kg

The station was developed in the Design Bureau of the Khimkin Machine-Building Plant named after S. A. Lavochkin, to deliver a sample of lunar soil to Earth. For this, "Luna-16", in addition to the landing platform, was equipped with a return rocket and returned apparatus. The launch took place on September 12, 1970, and on September 20, the station was gently lurted. Due to restrictions on the mass of the returned apparatus, the landing point was chosen so that the initial trajectory of the rocket on the way to the Earth was as close as possible to the vertical relative to the surface of the moon, which sharply simplified maneuvering and correction of the trajectory. As a result, the station made a landing practically at the equator, in the sea of \u200b\u200babundance, putting a record of the maximum mass delivered to the moon. After the soil fence, the return rocket started successfully.

The key mechanism that is used and now for docking spacecraft in space - for example, for the drains of additional modules to the space station. Designed in the Energy Design Bureau in the early 1970s. Docking units are divided into two main class: active and passive and universal. In the first case, the aggregates on two connecting ships are asymmetrical, most often one has a pin shape, another - cone. Such a system is more accurate in guidance, but not universal: two spacecraft with the same (pin-pin or cone-cone) units can not be knocked out. To eliminate this disadvantage, the Androgy aggregate was developed: one apas could always dock to another, regardless of whether he was passive or active. For the first time, Apas-75 was applied in July 1975 during the Experimental Flight "Union" - "Apollo". With the help of the Apas system, the ships twice successfully conducted a docking and a total of 47 hours were in a docked state. Later, more advanced modifications appeared - Apas-89 and Apas-95, the latter is also used at present. At the International Space Station also uses a similar system of the uniform drainage mechanism, thanks to which the ships of the H-II Transfer Vehicle, Cygnus and Dragon Spacex are joined by the station.

Photos: Polytechnic Museum / Thngs