Categories of objects of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. Cultural Heritage Objects: Review, Registry, Laws

Cultural heritage should be under the protection of the state. This is evidenced by Article 72 of the Russian Constitution, as well as FZ-73 "about objects cultural heritage", Which will be considered further. So, more.

About the subject of regulation of the law

According to Article 1 of the FZ-73 "On Cultural Heritage Objects", the following points are subject to regulating the regulatory act:

• the process of formation and maintenance of the register of cultural objects;
• relationships that arise in the field of searching, conservation and use of cultural facilities;
• features of ownership and disposal of cultural objects;
• compliance general principles protection of cultural facilities by government agencies.

Article 2 speaks of legal regulation Presented area. It is worth noting here that the Federal Law 73 "On Cultural Heritage Objects" is far from the only legal source that regulates relations in the field of culture. Here it is necessary to allocate, of course, the Russian Constitution, civil legislation, due to which property relations are regulated, as well as the Land Code and some other regulatory acts.

About cultural objects

Article 3 of FZ 73 "On Cultural Heritage Objects" enshrines the main groups of these objects. What is it worth highlighting here? According to the law, objects are objects of material culture, namely: separate species real estate, works of painting, sculptures, scientific and technical means and other elements.

What is understood under the objects of archaeological culture? According to the law, these are hidden traces of human existence. Objects of archeology are mainly fortifications, Selishche, art objects, tools, etc.

Cultural facilities are divided into the following types:

• monuments, namely individual structures or buildings;
• ensembles, that is, groups of monuments;
• places of attraction, namely, especially valuable creations of man or nature.

All presented types of cultural heritage should be stored under strict supervision of the state. It is about controlling the authorities and will be described further.

State powers in the field of storage of cultural heritage

Article 9 of the FZ-73 "On Cultural Heritage Objects" is enshrined the main types of government functions in the sector under consideration. It is worth recalling that work with cultural objects is noted in Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which describes the delimitation of the powers of the Federation and subjects. That is why regional authorities can also execute certain types of activities:

The most important function of the state in relation to cultural facilities remains, of course, control and supervisory activities. It is about her and will be told further.

About state supervision

Article 11 of the Law 73-FZ "On Cultural Heritage Objects" What is meant by state supervision? These are the activities of the relevant federal prevention, currency, as well as the identification of crimes and offenses aimed at an intentional or unintentional damage of cultural elements.

The subject of state supervision is compliance with the following requirements of the following character:

• content and use of cultural objects;
• carrying out activities within the boundaries of cultural heritage objects;
• compliance with the requirements of the regulations of the city planning type within the boundaries of the object of culture.

What rights do officials possess? This is what is allocated in the regulatory act:

• request and receipt of information from the authorities;
• unhindered checks of the relevant objects of culture;
• issuing special prescriptions.

The protection bodies of cultural facilities can be attracted by the court to participate in the relevant office work.

On the examination of historical and cultural nature

Historical expertise is the most important component in the field of working with cultural heritage objects.

What is this expertise, what is it needed for? Article 28 FZ-73 "On Cultural Heritage Objects" (as amended from 2017) states that the conduct of this kind of expertise is necessary for the following purposes:

• conducting discussions about the inclusion of a particular object in the register of cultural heritage;
• definitions of type and categories of a cultural object;
• justification of the change in the category of any object;
• establishing requirements for urban planning regulations;
• refinement of information about the object, etc.

Examination allows you to save culture objects. It is about these processes that will be described further.

On the preservation of cultural objects

Article 40 of the regulatory act under consideration suggests measures aimed at qualitative to ensure the physical preservation of historical and cultural values. Works on restoration, repair, conservation - all this is included in the activities to preserve certain objects of culture.

Article 47.2 states the need to provide funding for the relevant cultural foundationsWorking with work with cultural objects. For non-fulfillment of their professional duties to such funds, responsibility may be entrusted. This is reading Art. 61 FZ-73 "On Cultural Heritage Objects." Individuals or legal entities may be subject to criminal, administrative or civil liability for violation of the norms specified in the law under consideration. Article 61 also refers to the need to reimburse damage, if it was damaged to one or another cultural object. The same applies to restoration work during archaeological measures. Thus, the restoration of the cultural facility after harming him still does not exempt from responsibility.

What changes were made to the law in 2017? In the regulatory act, the content of article 52.1 and Sinopsis changed slightly.

From Moscow to the most before the outskirts - vandalism passes like the owner

"Heritage Guardians"

Continuing to summarize the past year, we publish the martyrobology of those killed in the 2015 historical and architectural monuments of Russia. Of course, the loss of heritage was much more in 2015; Our publication presents the most valuable and interesting lost monuments and objects of the historical environment. As well as the most typical causes and ways of their destruction. And also - the most powerful impunity of organizers and performers.

1-2. Wine-salty court housing and buildingXIX. century on the island in Moscow

Bolotnaya embankment, 15, p. 10 and 11.

The structure was sentenced to demolition at the meeting of the Commission of the Government of Moscow on urban planning in the areas of protection of cultural heritage sites on December 24, 2014. The research was made public that the structure 10 was part of the set of wine-salt courtyard demolished in 1920-1930. And his basement may be referred to XVIII century. In the visual inspection of the building it was obvious that the basement of the two top floors of the XIX century: its walls are much thicker, composed of large-scale bricks, and inside the masonry Iron beams - "Communications" were viewed.

At the same time, the neighboring structure 11 (XIX century) was demolished with the 10th structure - without any permission. The contractor of the work was LLC Stroy Garant, the subcontractor - Sip-Energo LLC, the Customer - JSC "United Energy Company".

The buildings did not have the status of monuments. A new energy industry was built in their place.

3. Savior Transfiguration Church in the village of Zagodye

Tver region, Maksatikhinsky district.

The wooden temple of 1866 burned out per hour with a little. IN the dying cause of a fire that began at night was called electrical wiring fault. The temple kept the initial iconostasis and the decoration of the interiors, in itthere were icons and wooden sculptures from neighboring temples and monasteries closed during the years of Soviet power.

4. Front wall of the foundry plant ZIL plant in Moscow

Avtozavodskaya st., 23, Corp. four.

The foundry shop, a magnificent sample of the industrial architecture of the beginning of the 20th century (built on the project of the famous constructor engineer Alexander Kuznetsov in 1916), was demolished to the front wall at the end of May 2013.

Despite the fact that the demolition occurred without any permission, the city authorities did not even try to look for those responsible. They limited themselves to the decision to preserve the front wall, but also it was destroyed by another developer of the Zilovsk territory - some Matiko LLC - also without any permission. As it turned out during the proceedings, no legal levers in order to force the developer to restore the demolished facade, there are no urban authorities. As a result of sanctioned and unauthorized demolitions in 2014-2015. The entire facade line of the Zila complex on the Avtozavodskaya Street (with the exception of the plant management consisting under the state booth).

five. "House with Belvedere "in Nizhny Novgorod

New ul., 46.

On the first working day after new Year's holidays, as the Nizhny Novgorod citysmen, who conducted pickets in defense of the devoid of security status of the urban estate, began her demolition. On the morning of January 12, the State Historical and Cultural Expertise, justified the inclusion of the estate in the State Register of Monuments, received an act of the cultural heritage of the Nizhny Novgorod Region regional importance. The prosecutor's office and the police suspended the demolition of the house, but only until the next day.

6-8. Complex of houses merchant privalov in Moscow

Sadovnicheskaya Street, 9, p. 1, 2, 3.

Wooden house of 1905, one of the rare samples of wooden architecture in Yaroslavl. The facade was decorated with numerous carved details. Demolished January 30, 2015 without the permission of the city authorities. Before demolition, it was not fulfilled, as required by the valid urban planning regulations for the protection zones, the examination of the historical and cultural value of the building.

14. Flegene estate N.B. Yusupova in Moscow

Bol. Kharitonievsky per., 19, p. 1.

Demolished in January 2015.

The main house of the urban manor, previously served as a fear of the estate NB Yusupova (1791; rebuilt in 1880) was demolished in January 2015 - according to "Archnadzor", under the guise of repair and counter-emergency work. Had the status of a valuable city edification object. The appeals of cityholders in the organs of the city authorities did not prompted them to stop their work.

15. Residential and Construction Building of Boutikov Factory in Moscow

Hilkov per, 2/1, p. 5.

Demolished in January 2015.

A fragment of the historical development of one of the alley in the area of \u200b\u200bOstozhenka, where, after the town-planning Vakhanlia, the 1990-2000s. Her and so hardly left. By data "Archnadzor", demolition of the building (1848; rebuilt in 1872) was launched in December 2014 and finished in January 2015.

16. House of the Kupchi Matrena Petrova in Moscow

Ladoga ul, 11/6.

Demolished in January 2015.

At the heart of a 2-storey building was the stone corpus of the German market with the shops of 1802 data "Archnadzor"The house was demolished in several techniques with private owners, under the guise of reconstruction, in December 2014 - January 2015. Numerous appeals of cityholders in the urban authorities did not give results.

17-22. Complex houses XIX. century on big dmitrovka in Moscow

ul. Big Dmitrovka, 9, p. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Representative building (built in 1952 on the project of one of the best Rostov architects of the twentieth century Lion Eberg. Author of bas-reliefs who adorned the main facade - the famous Rostov sculptor V.V. Barinov) on one of the central streets of the historic center of the city began to destroy February 21 - by good Traditions, secretly, from the back, why the demolition was not immediately seen. On February 23-24, most of the street facade was destroyed. The definition of the historical and cultural value of the building, which at the same time led the Ministry of Culture of the Rostov Region, did not prevent eliminate the subject of the proceedings.The police on the signals of the city did not react, although stillin December 2014, as Rostov media reported, the first Zimgner of the Region, Igor Guskov, said that the Ministry of Culture of the region and personally Minister Alexander RESTVANOVAs have a reference to the identification of the historical and cultural value of the building of the Rostov Newsreel Studio, after which it will be possible to resolve the issue of the prospects for its conservation. According to the data local network media, in September 2013, the building was sold to the former Vice-Governor of the Krasnodar Territory Alexei Agafonov.

34. Post-Yam Station in Tarasovka

Moscow region, Pushkinsky district, pos. Tarasovka, Bol. Tarasovskaya st., 9.

E. dincipuined Building (XIX in.) on the Yaroslavl highway, associated with both the history of one of the oldest highways of Russia and the history of Russian mail, since 2009 officially was officially listed in the lists of buildings with signs of the object of cultural heritage.

Activists of the district branch of the Ipex on the night of February 28 recorded the disassembly of the building, presumably for the needs of the highway expansion. In 2014, the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region intended to hold a historical and cultural expertise of the value of the building, but did not spend. When demolition began, the Ministry of Culture of the Region, tried to stop him, but did not succeed in this.

35. Building House in Queen

Moscow region.

The last residue of the complex demolished in the 1920s of the church of the Evapla Archidameacon, the classic home early XIX in. was demolished without a sanction of the city authorities28-29 martha, under the guise of the reconstruction of the building. The signs of dismantling the building were seen by the "Architezor" on February 18, 2015, the appeal to urban authorities, but the latners could not either have not wanted to prevent the destruction of the house, whichofficially listed the "valuable town-forming object", which was on the territory of the security zone, i.e. demolished by law was not subject to.

The customer of the work on the building was LLC "Redut", the contractor - Salute LLC.

40-41. Factory Corps Konshin with wards XVIII centuryin Serpukhov

Moscow region.

On March 29, 2015, severe construction equipment began to demolish the housing of the XIX - the beginning of the twentieth centuries. On the territory of the Sithzenabile factory Konshin in the very center of Serpukhov, one of which was built in the chambers of the XVIII century, the object of the cultural heritage of the federal significance. On the evening of March 29, after the multiple consultations of the city, the police arrived at the facility, and on March 30, representatives of the regional Ministry of Culture. The demolition was suspended. However, the envoys of developers managed to completely destroy the production building with the facade of Modern style and cause significant damage to other buildings, including the wards XVIIIcentury. All the work was carried out without coordination with the authorities and the protection authorities of the monuments, which requires the status of Serpukhov as a historical settlement.

42. PBX in the style of "Ar Deco" in Moscow

Serpukhov shaft, 20.

Vyatki culture figures were recorded in early April demolition of a significant section of the walls (XIX century) in the current Christian monastery in the old town of Slobodsky. Work at the object of cultural heritage was without the sanction of the regional Department of Culture and pure form Represented the subject of a criminal article for the destruction of architectural monuments. The Department of Culture wrote the appropriate application to the prosecutor's office, the case was given a move, but in May 2015 the court did not establish the guilt of the Vyatka Diocese of the Russian Orthodox church In the destruction of the walls of the monastery.

45. Rzhevsky's income home in Moscow

Susthevskaya st., 16, p. 8.

May 19 In Ufa, the demolition of the wooden house of the Mororina (XIX century,) began. The house, known to the carved facades, previously consisted of the list of identified architectural monuments, but was not included by the authorities in the register of cultural heritage objects. The demolition passed the sake of "clearing" territory for the construction of a new residential complex.

Cityholders from the "Arch of Ufa" made a desperate attempt to save the house. The coordinator of Motion Vladimir stared on the path of the excavator, several residents of the city joined him. The townsmen organized duty at home. Activists duty remained at the building until 22 pm, until the excavator left. However, the demolition was resumed at night, and returned activistspolice did not let the object.

52. Pavilion "Mushroom" at the VDNH in Moscow

Prospect Mira, 119, p. 562.

Demolished May 20, 2015 - according to "Archnadzor", without registration of the permission of the city authorities. Since the VDNH has moved to Moscow, the demolitions of historical buildings on the territory of the exhibition turned almost in everyday life.

"Mushroom", she is a boiler house of a greenhouse complex, also used as a transformer substation. The building was based on the initial SVV complex in 1937.

53. Assumption Church of Spear Cynovia

Tver region, pos. Spirovo.

The wooden building of the former Assumption Church of the Spear Cynovia (a small monastery, the "branch" of the Kazan Monastery in Vyshny Volochka), built in 1878 on the project of the famous Russian architect A.S. Kaminsky, was completely demolished by excavators on June 6, 2015. Despite the honorable age and the name of the architect, the building rebuilt in the twentieth century did not have security status. In 2011The General Directorate for the State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Tver Region refused to refuse to the city and experts in the statement of it. In May 2010, the building suffered from a fire, after which he gradually destroyed and fell on construction materials. Local authorities responded to refusal to maintain him.

54. Artesian well at VDNH in Moscow

Prospect Mira, 119, p. 594.

One of the small architectural forms of the VDNH complex, a turret above the artesian well on the territory of Sheremetyevskoye Dubrava, was built in the 1950s. By data "Archnadzor", demolished June 16, 2015 without the permission of the city authorities. A characteristic example of meaningless and merciless vandalism.

55. Nikolskaya Church in Vasilyevsky

Moscow region, Serpukhovsky district.

The most valuable and rarest monument (1689) of the ancient Russian wooden church architecture, the object of cultural heritage federal significance - died with unexplained circumstances early in the morning of June 19, 2015. The firefighters managed to defend only three walls of the burned out the refectory. Destroyed and unique five-walled carved beams XVII century, highly appreciated by researchers of the Nikolsk Church. According to the unofficial version, the cause of the fire is arson as a result of penetration into the existing temple of unknown persons. According to the priest,the door to the temple from the northern side was hacked. Upon receipt of the news of the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region, an intention was expressed "injune-July (! - Ed.) 2015check information about the destruction of the specified monument of history and culture.

56. Profitable house Gradova in St. Petersburg

Esperova st., 16/23, Library A.

Demolition occurred in june 2015, according to Petersburg Cityholders.

The house was built in 1909 by the project A.I. Gavrilova. In 2014, the St. Petersburg authorities recognized the house "emergency and subject to demolish", while his owner of Centerstroy LLC was instructed to "ensure the restoration of the appearance of the building forming the street front of the building". "Live city" suggests that it will be built on the place of the demolished A new, superior sizes, a residential building, to which the "recreated" historical facade will be added.

57. Corpus Barykovskaya Raddle in Moscow

Barykovsky per., 4, p. 3.

Demolished in July 2015.

The protection of the unique village "Falcon" in the capital is organized very original: the complex as a whole has the status of the object of cultural heritage, and the components of its individual buildings are not. What creates, of course, the soil for a variety of abuses, which caused the rebirth of the historical fabric of the complex. In July 2015, it became known about the death of the next local object - the wooden house of the Spring Brothers (1924). The house was disassembled without the authorization of the authorities, according to the information of the city, the owners of the land.

59. Pavilion "Ryumka" at Sheremetyevo-1 airport

Moscow region.

D. the Yerevan Assumption Chapel of the second half of the XVIII century, consisted of state security since 1985. Miniature (2.5 to 2.5 m) The troop chapel was once "on the fires", i.e. on the filler meadows. Therefore, her log house was raised above the ground on the three lower crowns, between the logs of which special gaps were made for passing water in the spill swabs. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the chapel was transferred to a red boron. In the 1970s was restored by the efforts of the Ipex. According to eyewitnesses, the chapel burned out "completely to the heads."

65. House Kochkin in Ufa

ul. Aksakova, 81.

The demolition of the house was discovered by the "arch of Ufa" in the morning of September 2. The townsmen stopped demolition, called the police and representatives of the Ministry of Culture of Bashkiria. Ministry of Culture of the Republic announced September 2, that demolition was taken by "unknowns". The next day, "Unknowns" showed that the Ministry of Culture and the police did not decree them, and Dolomal the building.

House of the XIX century For several years, I was empty after the fire that happened in 2005, in which the citysmen suspected arson. In 2013, Ufa media called Kochkin's house among the objects of cultural heritage, which were included in the address program for the resettlement of citizens from the emergency housing stock. Then these monuments were supposed to restore investors on the means and implement at auctions.

66. House end of XVIII century in Tver.

street Chernyshevsky, 4.

The demolition of the object of the cultural heritage of regional importance in the very center of Tver was noticed by the townsmen from "Tver Arches" on September 3. By this point from the residential building of the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries. Only Western Wall remained. The main management of the state protection of the objects of cultural heritage of the Tver Region did not give any coordination on such work on the monument. In July 2014, a conservation project with a fragmentary restoration and suggestions for adaptation was agreed upon modern use. On the Internet, meanwhile, published a notice of construction at the address of the monument of a new residential building. The developer appears to LLC Zhilstroyinvest. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation explained the "Tver Vault" that the Regional State Authority agreed on only work on the preservation of an existing object with compensatory replenishment and restoration recreating the volume of lost historical buildings.

67-69. Military Hospital of the Red Cross in Lefortovo in Moscow

Red-Carnate Street, 14a, p. 20, etc.

The main building of the hospital .

The demolition of the memorial object associated with the history of the First World War - the Red Cross hospital in Lefortovo, in which thousands of defenders of the Fatherland who shed blood for him in which the emperor Nicholas II was treated and great Princess Elizaveta Fedorovna - was implemented by a developer while the Moscow City Hall celebrated the City Day - September 5, 2015.

A little earlier, on September 1, the Moscow City Branch of the Ipex filed to the Department of Cultural Heritage of Moscow Statement about the inclusion of an "object with signs of the object of cultural heritage", in the State Register of Monuments of History and Culture. But even earlier, the city authorities issued a developer - a group of companies "Morton" - a city planning plan of the land plot (GPSU) allowed a massive new housing construction At the site of the historical buildings of the complex of the hospital. Earlier, in April 2005, a resolution was published.Moscow's governments about the implementation of the construction investment contract here with a demolition of 26 out of 37 buildings of the former factory complex, which was hospital.

Hospital building, (until 1914 - set of warehouses Russian society Red Cross), a good sample of a "brick style" of the beginning of the twentieth century, until recently retained many initial elements of the facades and interiors.

After the September demolition in the media, a real scandal broke out, and urban officials even spoke about the destruction of the building as a blatant violation of the law. But a few months passed, and the developer, as no matter, continued in December 2015, the demolition of other buildings that were once part of the historical complex.

70-71. House merchant Kulikova and building XIX. century in Ulyanovsk

street Orlova, 31 and 33.

September nightin Rostov, one of the best samples of classical urban development - wooden house first halves XIX. century Decembrists Street. The fire, which began on the evening of September 27, was tushed all night. The firefighters were announced in the "elimination of fire" by morning, but the building was also eliminated: there were three furnaces protruding among the glowing ruins. The identified object of cultural heritage, the house had an important city planning value, fixing the intersection of the city streets of the Decembrists and Frunze.

Rostov local historians emphasize that last years Wooden historical development is systematically destroyed by fires. On the street of the Decembrists, they write, in lately There are several more burned wooden houses: One stood next door to the chamber of 2015, he was already demolished, another, No. 34 still stands, covered after a fire banner, a wooden house opposite burned in the first half of 2013. And this is not all cases of fires of the urban history of recent years.

74. House of the beginning of the twentieth in Zvenigorod

Moscow region, Zvenigorod, ul. Sknyarev, 8.

About the death of the house of the first quarter of the twentieth century in Zvenigorod reported activists of the suburban separation of the Ipex. Since 1998, the building has been the status of an identified monument of history and culture. According to the publicists, the house was a victim of arson: "The building was disconnected from communications, there are no homeless in our city. Judging by the nature of fire, arson is obvious. According to the evidence of the neighbors, the building broke out throughout the area in a matter of minutes. "

Earlier, the Zvenigorod branch of the Ipex has repeatedly, but to no avail in the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region, with statements about the need to take measures to attract the owner of the house to justice due to the improper state of the monument and the threat of its safety.

On the adjacent territory it is planned to be a new residential building.

75-76. Barracks of the Alexandrian Gusar Regiment in Samara

The territory of the former fourth state bearing factory, the corps 6 and 7.

One building of the once extensive complex of the Gusar barracks (building 8) in October was decided in Samara to contribute to the register of monuments, but 6 and 7 corps fell victim to developments. In the spring of 2015, they were discussed on the basis of historical and cultural expertise in the inclusion of the heritage registry, and they were lost the status of identified. Addresses, long fought for them, lost legal support.

77-78. Mansion and bread barns Prince Georgian in St. Petersburg

Sinopskaya Nab, 66, Litera A and E.

The object of the cultural heritage of regional importance - the house of the second half of the XIX century, adopted on the state in February 1995, had a memorial value. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he, like the neighboring house number 41, belonged to the family of Nurok. B.L. Nurok was the head of the Vyazemsky City Zemstvo hospital, and his brother M.L. Nurok - a county doctor and head pharmacy header during work in the Vyazemsky City Zemskoy Hospital famous writer Mikhail Bulgakov, who knew the nurok brothers, repeatedly visited them away.

According to the media region,the demolition of the house - on the conscience of the local entrepreneur who bought the land plot and plans to build a "store or shopping center" on it.

80. BuildingMilitary School named after VTCIK in the Moscow Kremlin

Moscow, Kremlin, 14 housing.

Ivanovo Region Literally, on the last evening, I managed to make a worthy contribution to the agenda of the Council of the Council held on November 19, 2015, on the Culture and Arts President, dedicated to the problems of preserving wooden architecture. On the evening of November 18 in Ivanovo in two with a small hour was completely destroyed by the Assumption Wooden Church of the XVII century - the oldest temple Capital of the region, one of the two preserved wooden pricing temples XVII - early XVIII explosive in area. At the facility of the cultural heritage of federal significance in 2014-2015. Restoration was held.

The Ivanovo authorities, as no matter, are not aware of the population, now there is a "conservation" of the architectural monument, and the governor has a task to restore the temple, and at the expense of the federal budget. In general, life continues.

82. Residential House Shoryigina factory

Moscow region, pos. Oktyabrsky, ul. New, 2, 4.

At the beginning of December, "Archnadzor" found a complete absence in the place of the object of cultural heritage of regional importance - the Flegel urban estate of Khludovoy 1861. Instead of a wooden mansion for the construction shirma, a wasteland was laid with a concrete slab.

According to the official version, "anti-emergency work" (Customer - MEDIA-Consulting LLC, the contractor - Profinvest LLC, Architectural Supervision - LLC RSK "occur on the architectural monument Architectural heritage"). The house came to the program of preferential rental "Ruble for meter", which provides for the restoration of monuments in record time. During the emergency operation, again, according to the official version, the monument has occurred, after which it had to completely disassemble him. Part of the historical logs are sent for processing, read allegedly stored at the facility, part will be replaced by new designs.

84. Church of the Cross) in the village of Coprino

Yaroslavl region, Rybinsky district.

Demolition of the ruined temple occurred .

In November, about the plans of the careful restoration of the temple of the crusade in the former village of Koprino on the Volga with enthusiasm toldheads of the Business Resort "Yaroslavl Seaside", in whose territory he was. However, in mid-December, at the place of the remains of the temple there was a crunched platform with traces of technology and earthworks. Local residents say that the walls of the temple of 1787 were destroyed by special equipment. In the "Yaroslavl seaside" put forward an alternative version: "There was a strong wind, and the walls were collapsed."

P.S. The publications do not take into account objects that partially survived after collapsions, fires, damage and dismantling work. Materials of the City Protection Movements "Archnadzor", "Live City", "Tver Vaults", " Real story"," True Vologda "," ArchRerezh "," Spawnad "," Archzasht Ufa ", etc., regional media, network resources.

New Year's TV series "Keepers Heritage”:

About cultural heritage in Russia 2015.

On the fate of cultural heritage in Russia and the world in 2015.

To be continued.

Annex to the magazine "Parish" on the CD "Arrangement, Preservation and Construction of the Temple has been published. Architectural, construction and engineering solutions. "

The CD includes article and illustrative materials devoted to the arrangement, preservation, restoration and construction of new temples. Materials are intended for rebels and members of parishes, the terms of responsibilities of which include these questions.

The author of the majority of articles and the compiler of this publication is the architect M.Yu. Kesler, under the leadership of which the architectural and artistic design and restoration center of the Moscow Patriarchate AHTS "Arkhram" developed a set of rules "Buildings, structures and complexes orthodox churches"(SP 31-103-99).

Many materials were published by the author on the pages of the journal "Parish" and now have become difficult to access. The disk also includes other articles taken from other open sources And more fully reveal the circle issues discussed, including the spiritual foundations and traditions of Orthodox Temples. For those who want to receive detailed information on the issues under consideration, a list of recommended literature and Internet resources is provided.

A rich illustrative material will help disk users find examples of architectural solutions, elements of the arrangement and beneficiation of temples and chapels. For selection ready project Catalog sheets are attached with the authors to which you can contact for the use of the project.

Full information on the disk is provided on the website of the journal "Parish" www.vestnik.prihod.ru.

Legislation in the field of conservation, use and state protection of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments)

Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ "On the objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of peoples Russian Federation"In Art. 3 speaks of the objects of cultural heritage, which are valuable property of a special kind and with a special legal regime.

According to this article to the objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, incl. religious purposes include objects of immovable property with related works of painting, sculptures, decorative and applied arts and other objects of material culture arising from historical events that are value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, aesthetics, social culture and being sources of information on the development of culture.

The objects of the cultural heritage of religious purposes in accordance with the specified law are divided into the following types of:

• monuments are separate buildings, buildings and structures with historically established territories (churches, bell tower, chapels and other objects specifically designed for worship); mausoleums, individual burials; works of monumental art; Objects, the main or one of the main sources of information about which are archaeological excavations or finds (hereinafter - objects of archaeological heritage);
• ensembly - clearly localized on the historically established territories of a group of isolated or integrated monuments, buildings: temple complexes, monasteries, coupling, necropolis;
• attractions - creations created by man, or joint creation of man and nature, including fragments of urban planning and development; Places of committing religious rites.

Cultural heritage objects are divided into the following categories of historical and cultural significance:

• the objects of the cultural heritage of federal significance are objects with historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value having special meaning for the history and culture of the Russian Federation, as well as objects of archaeological heritage;
• objects of cultural heritage of regional importance - objects with historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation;
• the objects of the cultural heritage of the local (municipal) meanings are facilities with historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the municipality.

Thus, under the monuments of history and culture are only objects of real estate.

However, many of the buildings and structures are in the destroyed state, and they are difficult to call histories and cultural monuments. The question arises, whether destroyed buildings include cultural monuments and which percentage of destruction is necessary in order to state their full physical destruction. It seems that this issue should be resolved in the legislation more clearly.

Objects recognized by historical and culture monuments are subject to special legal regime And are under special legal protection. In order for a particular object to receive special legal protection, it is necessary that it be recognized as in accordance with the procedure established by law. It should be borne in mind that there are no objective signs to recognize them. Every time this question is solved individually on the basis of the conclusion of specialists.

Monuments of history and culture can be owned by any subject of civil rights, but most of the monuments of history and culture are in federal state ownership. The impossibility of the state to provide adequate protection to cultural monuments is evidenced by the fact that over the past ten years, Russia, according to the Ministry of Culture, has lost 346 monuments of federal significance.

In this regard, it has long been the question of the need to transmit cultural monuments from federal property to the property of other subjects of civil law.

The special regime was installed for the objects of the cultural heritage of religious purposes. So, according to paragraph 2 of Art. The 50 Law on Cultural Heritage Objects of the Cultural Heritage of Religious Appointments may be transferred to the property only to religious organizations in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

On December 3, 2010, the law "On the transfer of religious property of religious property, which is in state or municipal property, entered into force. How religious organizations will carry out due preservation of church valuables transferred by the state - the question that worries not only museum workersbut also the church organizations themselves.

Caring for the preservation of cultural heritage should be conscious as the task of the whole church.

State system for the protection of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture)

Under the state protection of objects of cultural heritage in the Federal Law No. 73-FZ "On the objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and cultural) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation" means a system of legal, organizational, financial, logistical, information and other bodies accepted state power Of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local governments Within their competence of measures aimed at identifying, accounting, studying the objects of cultural heritage, to prevent their destruction or damage to them, monitoring the preservation and use of cultural heritage facilities in accordance with federal law.

In accordance with Art. In the indicated law, religious associations have the right to assist the federal executive body, specially authorized in the field of state protection of cultural heritage facilities, in the preservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage facilities in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Control over the preservation of cultural heritage objects is carried out formed in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2004 No. 301 Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with the legislation in the field of mass communications and the protection of cultural heritage, which is the federal executive authority. It is managed by the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. According to paragraph 5.1.3 of this resolution, it carries out state control over the preservation, use, popularization and state protection of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation (monuments of history and culture), including jointly with the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Sources of financing measures to preserve, popularize and state protection of cultural heritage facilities are:

• federal budget;
• budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
• extrabudgetary receipts.

At the meeting of the Working Group under the President of the Russian Federation on the restoration of the objects of cultural heritage of religious purposes, last 17.06.2011 in the Kremlin, Patriarch Kirill spoke about the problem of financing the restoration of the destroyed shrine of Russia. Within the framework of the Federal Target Program "Culture of Russia (2006-2011)" is allocated 1.2-1.4 billion rubles. per year on more than a thousand only religious objects that need to be restored. In reality, about 100 billion rubles is needed in reality for the restoration of churches and monasteries. Patriarch Kirill stressed that no one asks to allocate such money in the near future, "you need to relate financing with real needs", but if the level of investments will remain the same, then the same monuments will be recovered, many others will be completely lost. The ruins of the temples simply will not be able to wait for their turn - examples can be found in Yaroslavl and even Moscow regions.

"As for the preservation of our cultural heritage, this is, of course, first of all the concerns of the state, although it should not be held responsible from the Church, and from the relevant institutions of civil society," the Primate at the meeting in the Kremlin stressed.

To make the program "Culture of Russia" more effective, the Patriarch proposed to reduce the list of applications and concentrate on those objects that have already begun to restore. "We better bring to the end that we started to take new objects and thus endorse the entire program at risk," he stressed.

Patriarch also did not rule out the possibility of allocating other priorities when choosing temples requiring restoration. For example, you can pay more attention to the restoration of temples, the history of which is tied to historical names, Dates, events, suggested Patriarch. It is also reasonable to restore monuments that have become centers of pilgrimage and tourism.

The Russian Federation contains a single state register of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the registry) containing information about the objects of cultural heritage.

The registry is a state information system that includes a data bank, unity and comparability of which are ensured by the general principles of formation, methods and form of registry.

The information contained in the registry is the main sources of information about the objects of cultural heritage and their territories, as well as the areas of protection of cultural heritage sites in the formation and maintenance of state land cadastre, government urban-planning inventory, other information systems or data banks using (taking into account) information.

In accordance with the Law, the Register is formed by incorporating the cultural heritage facilities in relation to which it was decided to include them in the Register, as well as by exclusion from the Register of Cultural Heritage Objects, in respect of which it was decided to exclude them from the registry, in order established by federal law.

In accordance with the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ "On the objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and cultural) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation" has been developed for the restoration rules (PSA, 2007), which includes recommendations for all types of research, explosive, design and production work aimed at the study and preservation of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, with the related works of painting, sculptures, decorative and applied arts.

Code of Restoration Rules meets the requirements of orders Federal Service on oversight of compliance with the legislation in the field of cultural heritage protection (Rosokhrankultura).

However, the presence of a similar document does not guarantee a professional approach to the restoration of cultural heritage. Protect Russia's monuments from ... restorers. Such a call sounded at a press conference, which conducted the leading specialists from the domestic restoration industry in Moscow. And this is not a paradox. As long as the state trusts the restoration of the masterpieces of architecture and the art of non-professionals - the cultural heritage of the country is under threat. The reason is in the imperfection of legislation. According to Federal Law No. 94-FZ "On the placement of orders for the supply of goods, the performance of work, the provision of services for state and municipal needs", adopted in 2005, the competition must be held among restoration firms. You can won't everyone who has a license, which is not so difficult to get. As a result, the same object restores completely different organizations. There are firms that specialize in winning contests and then sell subcontractors. If earlier the problem was that there was no money to the restoration, and the monuments were destroyed from time, now there is money, but every year get different firms. The masterpieces of the ancient Russian architecture are dying from too frequent change of "guardians", which for the sake of lacom piece Reduce the timing of work, incur prices.

Cultural heritage sites are immovable objects with cultural value for the population of Russia, as well as those part of the World Cultural Heritage.

The concept of objects under consideration

These objects have a special legal status. The objects under consideration include:

• real estate with an integral part of painting from it;
• scientific and technical objects;
• objects of decorative and applied art;
• sculptures;
• other objects of cultures that are value from the position of various sciences, technology and social culture are monuments and serve as evidence of the initial birth of culture and its subsequent development.

The objects of cultural heritage belong to: built-in real estate (memorial apartments), buildings located separately, as well as ensembles and complexes of various buildings, structures and other buildings. In this case, these objects can be fully preserved, and can be partially destroyed or to be an integral part of the objects of a later period.

Legal base of objects under consideration

The laws on the objects of cultural heritage operating in our country include:

• ФЗ №73-ФЗ.
• The Law of the RSFSR, adopted in 1978 in a part not contrary to modern legislative Base RF.
• The position of the Summin of the USSR "On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments" from 1982 in the same part.
• Instruction No. 203 of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR from 1986, in the same part.

Signs of objects under consideration

The objects of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation must have the following signs:

1. The property. Thus, the movable property of a priori does not apply to the objects under consideration.
2. Historical and cultural value. If we consider only the sign "Real Estate", then all apartments, cottages, garages that are available in the country can be considered. Therefore, it is subject to objects that have a certain scientific and technical interest (value) for different sciences and social culture. This value is determined in the process of implementing historical and cultural expertise, which is carried out on the initiative of the state.
3. Age. In addition to memorial apartments and houses that were recognized as objects under consideration as a result of what lived there prominent figuresThe rest of the monuments are included in the register of cultural heritage objects after at least 40 years since their creation or occurrence of events representing historical value.
4. Special status. This status is purchased in a certain order by incorporating in the State Register and state officials to solve certain executive authorities.

The presence of data 4 signs in the complex makes it possible to talk about the object under consideration as an object of cultural heritage.

Classification

All the historical and cultural monuments under consideration are divided into attractions, ensembles and monuments.

The ensembles are a group of cultural heritage objects that arose at the same time or completed each other in the process. historical Development On one territory, as a result of the unification of which a single composition is formed.

The ensembles include monuments and structures that are in the area, which can be unambiguously localized in the territories that have developed historically, including religious purposes, as well as fragments of various settlements (buildings and layouts), which relate to urban planning ensembles; Parks, boulevards, squares, gardens, as well as necropolis.

The attractions include:

• creations that were created anthropogenically or with the participation of nature;
• the same fragments that can be attributed to ensembles;
• centers of historical settlements;
• various places associated with the formation of ethnic groups in our country;
• rousse residues of ancient settlements and parking;
• places where various rites are accomplished related to religion;
• reserves recognized by the objects of cultural heritage.

Varieties of monuments

Monuments have a more complex classification. Consider it in more detail.

Monuments as cultural heritage facilities arose as a result of certain historical events. At the moment, they are evidence of civilizations, epochs when culture began to be born and developed.

In this form, the following subspecies are allocated:

• separately standing various buildings with the territories on which they are located historically;
• individual premises of various religious directions;
• individual burials and mausoleums;
• traces of human existence underground or water, which can be hidden in whole or in part, as well as movable objects related to them;
• scientific and technical objects, including military;
• works of monumental art;
• memorial apartments.

In addition, monuments are classified on monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology. Their belonging to one of the species is determined during the preparation of documents of the government data of the objects and is established during the approval of the list of data on the adoption of objects for security.

Categories

All objects under consideration, depending on their value, are classified into categories:

• federal facilities are of particular importance for the culture and history of our country, there are also objects belonging to archaeological heritage;
• regional cultural heritage sites are of particular importance for the culture and history of a certain region of the country;
• municipal (local) objects - having appropriate importance for a certain area or municipality.

In addition, especially valuable cultural objectsThe part of which is included in the Heritage of UNESCO.

Examples of the objects under consideration in the world

Examples of cultural heritage sites are cities (Athens, Rome, Venice, Prague, Jerusalem, Mexico City), the most ancient palaces, temples, religious centers (for example, Taj Mahal), the Great Wall, pyramids of Egypt, Stonehenge, Olympia and Carthage (their ruins).

Russian National Cultural Heritage

Federal objects in our country numbered great amount. This includes, for example, the house of Likhachev in Tatarstan, Vladimir Church in Cheboksary, the Caucasian Riviera sanatorium complex in Sochi, the building of the women's gymnasium in Krasnoyarsk, the People's House in Vladivostok, the building of the State Bank in Khabarovsk, Trinity Church in Bryansk, Ivanovo, Kirov, Ensemble The Resurrection Church in the Vladimir region, many residential buildings in the Vologda region and Irkutsk, Lutheran Kirch in Voronezh, the ensemble of the Church of Vasily blissful in Kaluga and a huge set of others, including in Moscow, and in St. Petersburg.

Regional and local facilities are also a lot. In each subject of the federation, there is its own register of cultural heritage objects in which they are listed.

Objects of world cultural heritage in our country

Russia contains 16 objects defined by UNESCO.

These objects are not so much, so consider them in more detail.

One of them is transboundary: geodesic arc Struve (Baltic states, Moldova, Russia, Belarus, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine, Finland).

Center SPB, who has retained the historical appearance with a group of monuments related to it. This includes many canals, bridges, admiralty, Hermitage, winter and marble palaces.

Kizhi graveyard is located in Karelia on the islands of Onega Lake. Here are two wooden churches of the XVIII century. And the wooden bell tower of the XIX century.

Red Square with a Kremlin located on it in Moscow.

Monuments of the history of V. Novgorod and the suburbs with many medieval monuments, monasteries, churches.

A complex of history and culture of Solovetsky Islands. Here is the largest monastery in the north, built in the XV century, as well as the Church of the XVI-XIX centuries.

Monuments made from white stone and located in Suzdal and Vladimir, consisting of many cult buildings of the XII-XIII centuries.

Trinity-Sergium Lavra (architectural ensemble) is a monastery with the features of the fortress. In the Assumption Cathedral there is a tomb B. Godunov. The laurer is located icon A. Rublev "Trinity".

The Ascension Church (Kolomenskoye, Moscow) is one of the first churches in which the tent is made of stone, which influenced the subsequent development of church architecture in Russia.

The Kremlin in Kazan is a complex of history and architecture. There are several here historic buildings XVI-XIX centuries. Civilian structures coexist with Orthodox and Muslim temples.

Ferapontov Monastery (ensemble) - monastic complex of the XV-XVII centuries. in the Vologda region.

Derbent with fortress walls, the old city and citadel - was a strategically important object until the XIX century.

Novodevichy Monastery (ensemble) - was created in the XVI-XVII centuries. and entered the defense system of Moscow. Refers to the masterpieces of Russian architecture, a representative of Romanovs was placed here, where they were tonsured and then buried, as well as representatives of noble boyars and noble birth.

The geodesic arc strengthen includes geodesic "triangles", they were laid down, which with their help for the first time measured a large arc of the earth meridian.

Yaroslavl (Historical Center) - many churches of the XVII century, Spassky Monastery XVI century.

The Bulgar complex is located on the banks of the Volga south of Kazan. It is a certificate of existence in the VII-XV centuries. Bulgar city. Here traced the historical continuity and difference between different cultures.

Chersonese Taucan with Choir - Located on the territory of Crimea, was destroyed in the XIV century, after which it was hidden under the ground, in the XIX century. Excavation began.

Department of Cultural Heritage Protection

In various subjects of our country, these controls are called differently. Thus, in the Oryol region it is called the Office of Gosokhran Objects of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture and National Policy - in Bashkortostan, Department of Culture and Art - in Kirov region etc.

In general, all of them are institutions (or including performing functions of departments) on the protection of cultural heritage sites.

These bodies are regional, which carry out the executive, administrative and controlling functions in the field of the protection of the above objects, contribute not only to their preservation, but also promotion.

Finally

The objects under consideration in the article include various monuments that can be located singly or collected in ensembles, as well as attractions. In our country, there are federal, regional and local in relation to national objects, in addition to different corners Countries are UNESCO World Heritage Site. Work on the preservation of cultural heritage objects is entrusted with relevant management, departments, committees in the regions, and for federal objects - the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation with its territorial offices.

Objects of the cultural heritage of the people of the Russian Federation are objects in the form of immovable property or other objects in the form of a monument or sculptures that possess historical value. For preservation historic HeritageThe Federal Law No. 73 was adopted.

The current FZ includes norms and rules that contribute to the protection of the cultural heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation. Every citizen of the Russian Federation is obliged to defend monuments and protect the sculpture. Also, the legislation is aimed at implementing the development and maintenance of information as a primary form for creating their own culture. The objects of cultural heritage (monuments, sculptures, etc.) are a special value for the people of the Russian Federation. Such objects form part of the world cultural heritage.

The bill was adopted on May 24, 2002, and entered into force on the basis of the decision of the Federation Council on June 14, 2002. The last amendments were made on March 7, 2017.

The law "On the objects of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation" includes the following aspects:

• Determination of the subject of regulating the current FZ;
• Determination of powers of authorities to preserve, use or restore historical monuments;
• Ensuring funding for activities that contribute to the preservation, promotion and creating their own cultural heritage;
• Accounting of historical real estate;
• Examination;
• Creation of methods for preserving historical monuments;
• Definitions of situations under which property rights arise or cease to similar types of real estate and historical items;
• Listing the conditions for lease of real estate cultural heritage;
• Definition of responsibility in case of violation of the norms of the current Federal Law.

Download

The law "On the objects of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation" includes 14 chapters and 66 articles. It also describes how to protect historical objects and objects. It should be said that the protection of monuments or sculptures is one of the priorities of the state authorities of the Russian Federation, as well as local governments of the Russian Federation. To familiarize yourself with the latest edition of the current federal law, go to the next.

Recent changes made to the Law "On Cultural Heritage Objects"

According to the law, the last changes were conducted on March 7, 2017. They touched the change of the names of Article 52.1 and additions this article Clause 7.1.

Name of article 52.1.

Under the last editor, the title of the article was changed, namely, the word "federal" is replaced by "state".

Supplement Article 52.1 Clause 7.1.

According to the law, were listed additional institutionswhich are included in the list of those transferred to the authority to restore and protect monuments and sculptures.

These are:

• Municipal educational organizations;
• State municipal organizations;
• Scientific organizations / institutions.

In addition to the above changes, the following articles are discussed below:

Article 18.

In Art 18, 73-ФЗ determines the order, on the basis of which property objects (including monuments) can be registered as real estate cultural heritage. In order for the characteristics of the object fit cultural valuesIt is necessary to hold a state historical and cultural study.

Article 25.

In Article 25 of the Law included grounds for which the right to inclusion in the list of real estate object is determined.

To at least one of them is included in the list, monument, sculpture or other object should provide the following value:

• Scientific;
• Artistic;
• Aesthetic;
• Anthropological.

Article 45.

In 73-FZ, Article 45 describes the procedure for restoration work to preserve the integrity of real estate, including monuments or sculptures. Recovery work is carried out only after a special assignment by local or state authorities. In accordance with the law, before starting to carry out construction or restoration work, it is necessary to obtain permission.

To view changes made by the last edition, download the law on the following.