Detailed biography of Tolstoy. Criticism of social views of the writer

Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy - outstanding Russian prose, playwright and public figure. Born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the manor of the Casual Polyana Tula region. According to the maternal line, the writer belonged to the eminent family of the princes of Volkonsky, and according to the paternal - to the old genus of Tolstoy graphs. Prapraded, Praded, Grandfather and Father Leo Tolstoy were military. Representatives of the ancient kind of thickness still under Ivan Grozny served as voi in many cities of Russia.

The grandfather's grandfather from the mother, "Descendant of Rüric", Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky, from seven years was enrolled in military service. He was a member of the Russian-Turkish war and resigned in the rank of General-Annef. The grandfather's grandfather from his father's side - Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy - served in a fleet, and then in the Life Guard by the Transfiguration Regiment. The Father of the Writer - Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy - at the age of seventeen, voluntarily entered the military service. He participated in Patriotic War 1812, he was captured by the French and was released by Russian troops, who joined Paris after the defeat of Napoleon's army. By the maternal line Tolstoy was in relationship with Pushkin. Their general ancestors was Boyarin I.M. Golovin, companion Peter I, with him a trained ship business. One of his daughters is the Prababka of the poet, the other is a great mother's great-grandbank. Thus, Pushkin accounted for a thick four-humid uncle.

Childhood writer Passed in a clear glade - an old generic estate. The interest of Tolstoy to the history and literature originated in the orphanage: living in the village, he saw life proceeded labor people, he heard a lot from him folk fairy tales, epic, songs, legends. Life of the people, his work, interests and views, oral creativity - All living and wise - opened a thick clear cleaner.

Maria Nikolaevna Fat, the mother of the writer, was a good and responsive man, smart and educated woman: knew French, German, English and italian LanguagesHe played the piano, painted painting. Tolstoy was not fulfilled two years when his mother died. The writer did not remember her, but heard so much about her from others, which was clear and vividly represented her appearance and character.

Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, his father, children loved and appreciated for humane attitude towards the serf. In addition to the employment and children, he read a lot. For his life, Nikolai Ilyich gathered a rich library consisting of rare at the time of the books of French classics, historical and natural historical writings. It was he who first noticed the tendency of his junior Son To the living perception of the artistic word.

When Tolstoy was the ninth year, the father for the first time brought him to Moscow. The first impressions of the Moscow life of Lev Nikolayevich served as the basis for many paintings, scenes and episodes of life in Moscow Hero tolstovsky trilogy "Childhood", "Advocacy" and "Youth". Young Tolstoy saw not only the open side of life big CityBut some hidden, shadow sides. With his first stay in Moscow, the writer connected the end of the earliest pore of his life, childhood, and the transition to adolescence. The first period of the Moscow life of Tolstoy continued not long. In the summer of 1837, having gone on business in Tula, his father died suddenly. Shortly after the death of the father, Tolstoy and his sister and brothers had to go through a new misfortune: a grandmother died, which everyone's loved ones considered the head of the family. The sudden death of the Son became a terrible blow to her and less than a year she took her to the grave. A few years later, the first guardian of the orphaned children of the Tolstoy, sister of the Father, Alexander Ilyinichna Osten-Saken died. A ten-year-old lion, three of his brothers and sister took to Kazan, where their new guardian lived - Aunt Pelagia Ilyinichna Yushkova.

Tolstoy wrote about his second guardian as a woman "good and very devout", but at the same time very "frivolous and vain". According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Pelagia Ilinichna did not use the authority at the Tolstoy and his brothers, so moving to Kazan is customary to be considered a new stage in the life of the writer: the upbringing ended, the period of independent life began.

Tolstoy lived in Kazan for more than six years. It was time to form its character and choice life path. Living with brothers and sisters from Pelagei Ilinichna, the young Tolstoy two years prepared for admission to the Kazan University. Deciding to enter the Eastern University Department, he paid special attention to preparation for exams foreign languages. In the exams in mathematics and Russian literature, Tolstoy received four, and in foreign languages \u200b\u200b- five. On the exams on the history and geography of Leo, Nikolayevich suffered a failure - he received unsatisfactory marks.

Failed by entrance exams served for a thick serious lesson. All summer he devoted a solid study of history and geography, passed additional exams on them and in September 1844 was enrolled at the first course of the Eastern Department of the Philosophy of the Faculty of Kazan University on the category of Arabic-Turkish literature. However, learning languages \u200b\u200bdid not get fascinated, and after summer holidays In the Casual Polyana, he translated from the Eastern Faculty to the legal.

But in the future, university classes did not awaken the interest of Lev Nikolayevich to the sciences studied. Most The time he independently engaged in philosophy, was the "rules of life" and neatly made recording in the diary. By the end of the third year training activities Tolstoy finally made sure that the then university order only interfered with independent creative workAnd he decided to leave the university. However, he was needed by a university diploma to get the right to enter the service. And in order to get a diploma, Tolstoy ended up university examinations externally, spending two years of life in the village for preparations for them. Having received at the end of April 1847 in the Office of University Documents, a former student Tolstoy left Kazan.

After leaving the University of Tolstoy again went to Clear Polyanaand then to Moscow. Here at the end of the 1850 he took up literary creativity. At this time, he conceived to write two stories, but not one of them finished. In the spring of 1851, Lev Nikolayevich, together with the older brother, Nikolai Nikolayevich, who served in the army officer-artillers, arrived at the Caucasus. Here Tolstoy lived for almost three years, being mainly in the village of Staroglade, located on the left bank of the Terek. Hence he traveled to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz, was in many villages and aulah.

In the Caucasus began military service Tolstoy. He took part in combat operations of Russian troops. The impressions and observations of Tolstoy are reflected in his stories "raid", "Riding the forest", "demoted", in the story of "Cossacks". Later, contacting the memories of this period of life, Tolstoy created the story "Haji Murat." In March 1854, Tolstoy arrived in Bucharest, where the management of the head of the artillery troops was located. Hence, as a staff officer, he drove on Moldova, Valahia and Bessarabia.

In the spring and summer of 1854, the writer participated in the siege turkish Fortress Silistrics. However, the main place of hostilities at this time was Crimean peninsula. Here, Russian troops under the leadership of V.A. Cornilova and P.S. Nakhimova eleven months heroically defended Sevastopol, deposited by Turkish and English-French troops. Participation in Crimean war - An important stage in the life of Tolstoy. Here he closely recognized ordinary Russian soldiers, sailors, residents of Sevastopol, sought to understand what the source of the heroism of the city defenders, to understand the special features of the character characteristic of the Defender of the Fatherland. Tolstoy himself showed courage and courage in the defense of Sevastopol.

In November 1855, Tolstoy was serving from Sevastopol to St. Petersburg. By this time, he has already deserved recognition in advanced literary circles. During this period public Life Russia focused around the question of serfdom. Stories of Tolstoy this time ("Morning landlord", "Polykushka", etc.) are also devoted to this issue.

In 1857, the writer committed friendly journey. He visited France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. Traveling in different cities, a writer with great interest got acquainted with the culture and social system of Western European countries. Much of what he saw was subsequently reflected in his work. In 1860, Tolstoy made another trip abroad. A year before that, in a clear clearing, he opened a school for children. Traveling through the cities of Germany, France, Switzerland, England and Belgium, the writer visited the school and studied the peculiarities of the national education. In most schools who visited Tolstoy, there was a sticky discipline and bodily punishments were applied. Returning to Russia and visiting a number of schools, Tolstoy found that many training methods operating in Western European countries, in particular in Germany, penetrated into Russian schools. At this time, Lev Nikolayevich wrote a number of articles in which the system of national education and in Russia and in Western European countries criticized.

Arriving home after an overseas trip, Tolstoy dedicated himself to work at school and publishing a pedagogical magazine "Clear Polyana". The school, founded by the writer, was located near his house - in the flague, preserved until our time. In the early 70s, Tolstoy amounted to and published a number of textbooks for elementary school: "ABC", "Arithmetic", four "reading books." According to these books, not one generation of children was learned. Stories of them read children with passion and in our time.

In 1862, when Tolstoy was in departure, the landowners arrived in a clear clearer and searched the writer's house. In 1861, the royal manifesto was announced by the abolition of serfdom. During the reform between the landowners and the peasants, disputes broke out, the resolution of which was entrusted with the so-called world mediators. Tolstoy was appointed global mediator in the Krapven County Tula province. Having disassembled controversial affairs between nobles and peasants, the writer most often occupied the position in favor of the peasantry than the displeasure of the nobles. This served as a reason for the search. Because of this, Tolstoy had to stop the activities of the world mediator, close the school in a clear glade and refuse to publish the pedagogical journal.

In 1862 Tolstoy married Sofye Andreevna Bers, daughter of the Moscow doctor. Arriving with her husband in a clear clearing, Sophia Andreevna sought to create such an environment in the estate, at which nothing would distract the writer from intense labor. In the 60s, Tolstoy led a secluded life, completely devoting himself to work on the "war and the world".

At the end of the epic "War and Peace", Tolstoy decided to write a new work - a novel about the epoch of Peter I. However, public events in Russia, caused by the abolition of serfdom, so captured the writer that he left the work on historic Roman And he began to create a new work, which reflected the current life of Russia. So the novel "Anna Karenina" appeared, with the work on which Tolstoy dedicated four years.

In the early 80s, Tolstoy moved with his family to Moscow to engage in the formation of his growing children. Here a writer who is familiar with the village poverty has witnessed urban poverty. In the early 90s of the XIX century, almost half of the central provinces covered hunger, and Tolstoy became involved in the fight against a folk disaster. Thanks to his call, the collection of donations, purchase and delivery of food in the village was deployed. At this time, under the guidance of Tolstoy in the villages of the Tula and Ryazan province, about two hundred free dining rooms for the starving population were opened. By the same period, there are a number of written paints about hunger, in which the writer truthfully portrayed the serious position of the people and condemned the policies of the ruling classes.

In the mid 80s, Tolstoy wrote drama "Power Darkness"In which the death of the old men of the patriarchal-peasant Russia is depicted, and the story "Death of Ivan Ilich", dedicated to the fate of a person, only before the death of the void and the meaninglessness of his life. In 1890, Tolstoy wrote a comedy "Fruits of Enlightenment", in which the true position of the peasantry was shown after the cancellation of serfdom. In the early 1990s was created roman "Sunday"Over which the writer worked with breaks for ten years. In all works belonging to this period of creativity, Tolstoy openly shows who he sympathizes, and who condemns; Pictures the hypocrisy and the insignificance of the "owners of life".

Roman "Sunday" more than other works of Tolstoy subjected to censorship. Most heads of novel have been released or reduced. The ruling circles launched an active policy against the writer. Fearing popular perturbation, the authorities were not solved to apply against thick open repression. With the consent of the king and at the insistence of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod of the Victorossev Synod adopted a decree on the emission of Tolstoy from the Church. The writer was installed a police surveillance. The world community was outraged by the persecution of Lev Nikolayevich. The peasantry, the advanced intelligentsia and the simple people were on the side of the writer, sought to express their respect and support to him. Love and sympathy of the people served as a reliable support to the writer in years when the reaction sought to silence him.

However, despite all the efforts of the reactionary circles, Tolstoy every year, everything sharp and boldly, the noble-bourgeois society was discussed, openly opposed autocracy. Works of this period ( "After the Bala", "For what?", "Hadji Murat", "Living Corpse") imbued with deep hatred royal power, limited and ambitious ruler. In journalistic articles related to this time, the writer sharply condemned the wars instigators, called for a peaceful resolution of all disputes and conflicts.

In 1901-1902, Tolstoy suffered heavy illness. At insistence, the writer had to go to the Crimea, where he spent more than six months.

In Crimea, he met with a writer, artists, artists: Chekhov, Korolenko, Gorky, Shalyapin, and others. When Tolstoy returned home, at the stations he was warmly welcomed by hundreds ordinary people. In the fall of 1909 a writer last time Making a trip to Moscow.

In diaries and fat letters recent decades His life reflected heavy experiences, which were caused by the discharge of the writer with the family. Tolstoy wanted to pass the peasants belonging to him the land and wanted to make his works freely and freely published anyone who would want. The family of the writer resisted this, not wanting to refuse any of the rights to land, nor from rights to work. The old estate lifestyle, preserved in a clear glade, lots of thick.

In the summer of 1881, Tolstoy took the first attempt to leave the clear glade, but the feeling of pity for his wife and children forced him to return. The same result ended a few more attempts by the writer to leave his native estate. On October 28, 1910, he, secretly from his family, left the clear glade forever, deciding to go south and spend the rest of his life in the peasant hut, among the simple Russian people. However, the Tolstoy road fell ill and was forced to get away from the train at a small station Astapovo. Last seven days of your life great writer spent in the house of the head of the station. The news of the death of one of the outstanding thinkers, a wonderful writer, the Great Humanist deeply struck the hearts of all the advanced people of this time. Creative heritage Tolstoy has great value For world literature. Over the years, interest in the work of the writer does not weaken, but, on the contrary, grows. As A. France rightly noted: "He proclaims sincerity, directness, dedication, hardness, calm and permanent heroism, he teaches that it is necessary to be truthful and necessary to be strong ... precisely because he was full of power, he is always Was truth! "

Lev Tolstoy - The most famous Russian writer, the world famous for his works.

short biography

Born in 1828 in the Tula province in the noble family. Childhood spent in the estate of the Casual Polyana, where he got the initial home education. He had three brothers and sisters. His guardians raised, so in early childhood, a mother died at the birth of the sister, and later, in 1840, his father, because of which the whole family moved to relatives to Kazan. There he studied at Kazan University in the two faculties, but decided to quit studies and return to his native places.

Two years old Tolstoy spent in the army in the Caucasus. The brave participated in several battles and even honored the Order for the defense of Sevastopol. He could have a good military Career, but he wrote a few songs, ridicuing the military command, as a result of which he had to leave the army.

At the end of the 50s, Lev Nikolayevich goes to travel in Europe and returns to Russia after the cancellation of serfdom. During his travels, he was disappointed with the European way of life, as he saw a very large contrast between rich and poor. That is why, returning to Russia, he was glad that the peasants were now rising.

He married, 13 children were born in marriage, 5 of whom were died in childhood. His wife, Sophia, helped her husband, rewriting with a neat handwriting, all the creations of his spouse.

He opened several schools in which everything furnished at Wis. Samo himself school Program - Or rather, the lack of such. The discipline for him did not play a key role, he wanted the children themselves to be drawn to knowledge, so the main task of the teacher was to interest the disciples so that they wanted to learn.

He was excited from the church for the fact that Tolstoy put forward his theories about what the church should be. Just a month before his death, he decided to secretly go from his native estate. As a result, the trip greatly fell ill and died on November 7, 1910. Buried the writer in a clear clearing of a ravine, where he loved to play in childhood with his brothers.

Literary contribution

To write Lev Nikolayevich began at the time of study at the university - mostly were homework compared to various literary works. It is believed that it was because of the literature, he threw his studies - he wanted to devote all his free time to read.

In the army worked on his "Sevastopol stories", as well as, as already mentioned, composed songs for his colleagues. Upon his return from the army, participated in the literary circle in St. Petersburg, from where and went to Europe. He noticed the features of people well and tried to reflect it in his works.

Tolstoy wrote many of the most different worksBut the worldwide glory received thanks to two novels - "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina", in which with great accuracy reflected the life of people of those times.

The contribution of this great writer in world culture Hasive - Thanks to him, many people learned about Russia. His works are published to this day, they put performances and remove films.

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Do you like Lion Tolstoy? Biography Brief and complete this writer is studied in detail yet in school years. However, as well as great works. The first association for each person who hears the name of the famous writer is the novel "War and Peace". Not everyone was drunk to overcome too lazy and read it. And very in vain. The work is deserving world glory. This is a classic that each should read educated person. But first things first.

The biography of Lion Tolstoy talks about what he was born back in the 19th century, namely - in 1828. The surname of the future writer is the ancient aristocratic in Russia. Education Lev Nikolayevich got homemade. When his parents died, he and her sister and three brothers moved to Kazan. Guardian Tolstoy became P. Yushkova. At the age of 16, he entered the local university. He studied first in the philosophical, and then at the Law Faculty. But the University of Tolstoy never graduated. He settled in the estate of Casual Polyana - where he was born.

The biography of Lion Tolstoy says that the next 4 years have become a quest for him. At first he reored life of the estate, then went to Moscow, where he was waiting savor. He received a degree of a candidate of law in the University of St. Petersburg, and then settled on the service - became a stationery serving in the noble deputy meeting Tula.

The biography of Lion Tolstoy describes his trip to the Caucasus in 1851. There he even fought with Chechens. The episodes of this particular war were further described in various stories and the story of "Cossacks". Then the lion passed the exam on the Juncker to be an officer in the future. And already in such a title in 1854, Tolstoy served in the Danube army, which acted in those times against the Turks.

Literary creativity Lev Nikolayevich began seriously engaged during the trip to the Caucasus. His story "Childhood" was written there, and then published in the magazine "Contemporary". In the same edition later appeared the story "Defense".

The lion fought and in Sevastopol during there showed real fearlessness, participating in the protection of the city located in the siege. For this was awarded the Order "For Bravery". Bloody picture Wars writer recreated in his "Sevastopol stories." This work made an indelible impression on all Russian society.

Since 1855, Tolstoy lived in St. Petersburg. There he often communicated with Chernyshevsky, Turgenev, Ostrovsky and others legendary personalities. And a year later resigned. Further, the writer traveled, he opened a school in his native estate for the children of the peasants and even spent his classes there. With it, another two dozen schools nearby were opened. Then followed the second trip abroad. Works that did realized the name of the writer to the whole world were created in the 70s. This is definitely "Anna Karenina" and described at the beginning of the article Roman "War and Peace".

The biography of Leo Tolstoy says that he married in 1862. With his wife, he subsequently brought up nine children. The family moved to the capital in 1880.

Lion Tolstoy (biography interesting Facts Reports about it) The last years of life spent, separated by intrigues in the family in the family because of the inheritance, which will remain after it. At the age of 82 years, the writer leaves the estate and goes on a journey away from the Barskoy lifestyle. But his health was too weak for this. In the way he was cold and died. He was buried, of course, was in his homeland - in a clear clearing.

Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (28.08. (09.09.) 1828- 07 (20) .11.1910)

Russian writer, philosopher. Born in Casual Polyana, Tula province, in a rich aristocratic family. Entered the Kazan University, but then left him. At the age of 23, went to war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here I began to write the trilogy "childhood", "adolescence", "Youth".

In the Caucasus participated in hostilities, being an artillery officer. During the Crimean War, went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war went to St. Petersburg and in the magazine "Contempor" published "Sevastopol stories", in which his outstanding writer talent brightly reflected. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a journey through Europe, which disappointed him.

From 1853 to 1863 wrote the story "Cossacks", after which I decided to interrupt literary activities And become a landowner landowner, studying educational work in the village. To this end, he left for a clear clearing, where he opened a school for peasant children and created his own pedagogy system.

In 1863-1869. He wrote his fundamental work "War and Peace". In 1873-1877 Created a novel "Anna Karenina". At the same years, the worldview of a writer, known as the "Topstone", is fully formed, the essence of which is visible in the works: "Confession", "What is my faith?", Crecera Sonata.

The doctrine is described in the philosophical and religious works "Study of dogmatic theology", "Connection and translation of the four Gospels", where the main emphasis is made on the moral cultivation of a person, the evidence of evil, the absence of evil by violence.
Later the Dilogy was published: the drama "Power of Darkness" and the comedy "Fruits of Enlightenment", then a series of stories-Proverbs about the laws of being.

From all over the corners of Russia and the world, the writers of creativity of the writer, to whom they treated, as to the spiritual mentor. In 1899, Roman "Resurrection" was published.

The latest works of the writer are the stories "Father Sergius", "After Bala", " Posthumous notes Elder Fedor Kuzmich "and the drama" Living Corpse ".

The confessional publicism of Tolstoy gives a detailed view of his soulful drama: Drawing pictures of social inequality and idle of the educated layers, Tolstoy in tough form put questions about the meaning of life and faith before the society, criticized all state institutions, reaching the denial of science, art, court, marriage, the achievements of civilization. The social declaration of Tolstoy relies on the idea of \u200b\u200bChristianity as a moral teaching, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are meaningful to them in the humanistic key, as the basis of the world's world fraternity. In 1901, the Synod reaction was followed: the world-famous writer was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused a huge public resonance.

October 28, 1910 Tolstoy secretly left the family with a clear clearing, in the road fell ill and was forced to get away from the train on the small railway station Astapovo Ryazano-Ural railway. Here, in the house of the station's head of the station, he spent the last seven days of his life.

L Tolstoy - one of the most famous writers and philosophers in the world. His views and beliefs formed the basis of a whole religious and philosophical flow, which is called Holitical. Literary heritage the writer amounted to 90 volumes of art and journalistic works, diary notes and letters, and it was not nominated for himself Nobel Prize In literature and the Nobel Prize of the World.

"Perflect all that you have determined to be executed"

The family tree of Lion Tolstoy. Image: REGNUM.RU.

Silhouette of Mary Tolstoy (in Vologtskaya's Maiden), Mother Lion Tolstoy. 1810th. Image: wikipedia.org.

Lion Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in the manor of the Casual Polyana Tula province. He was the fourth child in a large noble family. Tolstoy early orphaned. Mother died when he was not fulfilled two years, and in nine years he lost his father. The guardian of five children of Tolstoy became aunt - Alexander Osten-Saken. Two older children moved to aunt in Moscow, and the younger stayed in a clear glade. It is with the family estate that the most important and expensive memories are associated. early childhood Lev Tolstoy.

In 1841, Alexander Osten-Saken died, and the thick moved to Tete Pelagae Yushkova in Kazan. Three years after the move, Lion Tolstoy decided to enter the prestigious Imperial Kazan University. However, he did not like to learn, he considered the examinations, and university professors - incompetent. Tolstoy did not even try to get a scientific degree, the secular entertainment attracted him more in Kazan.

In April 1847 student life Leo Tolstoy ended. He inherited his part of possessions, including his beloved clear clearing, and immediately went home, never received higher education. In the generic estate Tolstoy tried to establish life and start writing. He has compiled his education plan: learn languages, history, medicine, mathematics, geography, jurisprudence, agriculture, natural Sciences. However, soon concluded that it was easier to build plans than to implement them.

Tolstoy's asceticism often replaced the couments and games cards. Wishing to start the right one, in his opinion, life, it was the routine of the day. But did not even follow it, and in the diary again noted discontent with himself. All these failures prompted the lion to thick change the lifestyle. The case was introduced in April 1851: Senior Brother Nicholas arrived in a clear clearer. At that time he served in the Caucasus, where the war went. Lion Tolstoy decided to join the brother and went with him - to the village on the banks of the River Terek.

On the outskirts of the empire, Lion Tolstoy served almost two and a half years. He Korotal time hunting, playing cards and from time to time participating in raids on the enemy territory. Such a secluded and monotonous life liked Tolstoy. It was in the Caucasus that the story "Childhood" was born. Working on it, the writer found a source of inspiration, which remained important to him until the end of his life: he used his own memories and experience.

In July 1852, Tolstoy sent a manuscript to the Magazine "Contemporary" and attached a letter: "... I look forward to your sentence. He or will encourage me to continue his favorite classes, or make everyone started to burn ". Editor Nikolai Nekrasov liked the work of a new author, and soon "childhood" was published in the journal. Inspired by the first success, the writer soon began to continue the "childhood". In 1854, he published a second story in the magazine "Contemporary".

"The main thing - literary works"

Lion Tolstoy in youth. 1851. Image: School-science.ru

Lev Tolstoy. 1848. Image: REGNUM.RU

Lev Tolstoy. Image: Old.orlovka.org.ru.

At the end of 1854, Lion Tolstoy arrived in Sevastopol - the epicenter of hostilities. Being in the most thicker events, he created the story "Sevastopol in December." Although Tolstoy and unusually frankly described the battle scenes, the first Sevastopol story was deeply patriotic and glorified the courage of Russian soldiers. Soon Tolstoy began working on the second story - "Sevastopol in May". By that time, nothing left of his pride in the Russian army. The horror and shock, which Tolstoy survived on the front line and during the siege of the city, greatly influenced his work. Now he wrote about the meaninglessness of the death and inhumanity of war.

In 1855, the ruins of Sevastopol Tolstoy went to the exquisite Petersburg. The success of the first sevastopol Story Gave him a feeling of purpose: "My career is literature, - write and write! With tomorrow I work all my life or throw everything, rules, religion, decency - all ". In the capital, Leo Tolstoy finished "Sevastopol in May" and wrote "Sevastopol in August 1855" - these essays completed the trilogy. And in November 1856 the writer finally left military service.

Thanks to the truthful stories about the Crimean War, Tolstoy entered the St. Petersburg literary circle of the magazine "Contemporary". During this period, he wrote a story "Blizzard", the story "Two Husar", finished the trilogy of the story "Youth". However, after a while, the relationship with the writers from the mug was spoiled: "People of these aphibited me, and I myself an opposite". To dispel, at the beginning of 1857, Lion Tolstoy went abroad. He visited Paris, Rome, Berlin, Dresden: I got acquainted with famous works Art, met with artists, watched people in European cities live. The journey did not inspire Tolstoy: he created the story "Lucerne", which described his disappointment.

Lion Tolstoy at work. Image: kartinkinaden.ru.

Lion Tolstoy in Casual Polyana. Image: kartinkinaden.ru.

Lion Tolstoy tells the fairy tale to the grandchildren Ilyusha and Sona. 1909. Krekshino. Photo: Vladimir Chertkova / Wikipedia.org

In the summer of 1857, Tolstoy returned to a clear clearing. In his native estate, he continued to work on the story of the "Cossacks", and also wrote the story of "three deaths" and the novel "Family happiness." In the diary, Tolstoy so determined his appointment at that time: "The main thing - literary works, then - family responsibilities, then - the farm ... and so live for yourself - by good cause a day and pretty ".

In 1899, Tolstoy wrote the Roman "Resurrection". In this work, the writer criticized the judicial system, the army, the government. Contempt with which Tolstoy described the Institute of Church in the Roman "Resurrection" caused a response. In February 1901, in the journal "Church Vedomosti" Holy Synod Published a decision on the emission of the Graph of Lion Tolstoy from the Church. This decision only strengthened the popularity of Tolstoy and attracted the attention of the public to the ideals and beliefs of the writer.

Literary I. social activity Tolstoy became known abroad. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize of the World in 1901, 1902 and 1909 and on the Nobel Prize in literature in 1902-1906. Tolstoy himself did not want to receive an award and even told the Finnish writer by Arnavid Yarnefelt, so that he tried to prevent award award, because "If it happened ... It would be very unpleasant to refuse" "He [Cheerkov] in every way he took into the hands of an unfortunate old old old man, he separated us, he killed an artistic spark in Lion Nikolayevich and made a conviction, hatred, denial, which are felt in the articles of Leo Nikolaevich recent yearsfor which his stupid evil genius stupid ".

The very thick way is the lodge of the landowner and the family man. He sought to bring his life in line with convictions and in early November 1910 secretly left the Yasopolyansky estate. The road was unbearable for an elderly person: he was seriously ill and was forced to stay at the House of Astapovo Railway Station. Here the writer spent the last days own life. Lion Tolstoy died on November 20, 1910. Buried the writer in a clear glade.