Leonard da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci
There is a theory according to which geniuses are born only at that historical moment when the development, cultural and public has already prepared the soil for them. This hypothesis well explains the emergence of great personalities, whose acts were appreciated in dignity. It is more difficult to deal with those ingenious minds, the calculations and the development of which far surpassed their era. Their creative thought, as a rule, received recognition only after a century, often at the same time being lost in the centuries and reborn again, when all the conditions appeared to implement ingenious plans.
Leonardo da Vinci biography - just an example of such history. However, among his achievements were and recognized and understood by contemporaries, and those that were able to appreciate only recently.
Son notary
Date of birth of Leonardo da Vinci - April 15, 1452. He appeared on the light in the sunny Florence, in the town of Ankiano, not far from the town of Vinci. Most of all about his origin testifies the name that actually meaning "Leonardo comes from Vinci." The childhood of the future genius predetermined the whole of his future life. Leonardo's father, Young Notary Pierrot, was in love with a simple peasant Katerina. The fruit of their passion and was da Vinci. However, soon after the birth of the boy, Piero married the rich heiress and left the Son on the care of the mother. The fate was pleased to dispose so that their marriage turned out to be childless, because at a three-year-old, a little Leo was separated from his mother and began to live with his father. These events left in the future genius an indelible imprint: all the work of Leonardo da Vinci was permeated by the search for the image abandoned in the childhood of the mother - Katerina. According to one of the versions, it is its artist captured on the famous picture "Mona Lisa".
First successes
Since childhood, the Great Florentic showed a tendency to many sciences. Quickly grabbing Aza, he was able to put even an experienced teacher in a dead end. Leonardo was not afraid of complicated mathematical tasks, knew how to build his own judgments based on axiom, often surprised teachers. In honor, he had music. Among the many tools, Leonardo gave its preference to Lira. He learned to extract beautiful melodies from her and sang with pleasure under her accompaniment. But most liked the painting and sculpture. They were fond of selflessly, which soon became noticeable to his father.
Andrea Del Verrocko
Pierrot, giving due sketches and sketches of the Son, decided to show them to his friend, the painter Andrea Verrocko decided at that time. Creativity Leonardo da Vinci made a big impression on the masters, and he suggested becoming his teacher, to which his father would not think that he agreed. So a young artist began to join the great art. The biography of Leonardo da Vinci will be illuminated here will be incomplete, if not to mention that this is the ends of the painter.
Once the Verrocko ordered the baptism of Christ. At that time, the Master often ordered the best students to write secondary figures or background. By depicting St. John and Christ, Andrea del Verrocko decided to draw a number of two angels and instructed to fulfill one of them to young Leonardo. He did work with all diligence, and it was difficult not to notice how much the mastery of the student surpassed the skill of the teacher. Leonardo da Vinci's biography, outlined by George Vazari, painter and first artist, contains a mention that the Verrocko did not just notice the talent of his subset, but he refused forever after this take a brush in his hands - so it hurts him superiority.
Not only painter
One way or another, and the Union of two masters brought a lot of results. Andrea Del Verrocko also also engaged in sculpture. To create a statue of David, he used Leonardo as a simulator. The characteristic feature of an emergency hero is a light half-funeral, which will be a little later with a practically business card da Vinci. There is also reason to believe that its most famous work, a statue of Bartolomeo Collon, Verrocko created with the brilliant Leonardo. In addition, the Master was famous for the beautiful decorator and the director of various festivities at the court. This art Leonardo also took over.
Signs of genius
After six years after the start of learning, Andrea del Verrocko Leonardo opened his own workshop. Vazari notes that his restless and always thirsting to achieve perfection immediately in many ways had some flaw: Leonardo often left his undeveloped beginnings and immediately took a new one. The biographer regrets that much has not been created by the genius because of this, how many great discoveries he did not commit, although he stood on their threshold.
And the truth, Leonardo was both a mathematician and sculptor, and painter, and architect, and an anatom, but many of his works lacked completeness. Take at least the paintings by Leonardo da Vinci. For example, he was instructed to depict Adam and Eve in the Paradise Garden. The picture was intended as a gift to the Portuguese king. The artist masterfully discharged the trees that seemed to be used at the slightest dungement of the wind, carefully portrayed meadow and animals. However, there was also completed its work and without bringing it to the end.
Perhaps it is such an impermanence and made Leonardo master for all hands. Throwing the picture, he was taken to the clay, arguing about the development of plants, at the same time watched the life of the stars. Perhaps if the genius sought to complete each work, today we would be known only to the mathematician or the artist Leonardo da Vinci, but not both in one person.
"Last Supper"
In addition to the desire to argue much, the great genius was peculiar to the desire to achieve perfection and the ability to understand where the limit of its capabilities in this sense. The pictures of Leonardo da Vinci became famous for the Life of the Master. He performed one of his most famous works for the Order of Dominicans in Milan. Santa Maria delle Grazie's refectory church still decorates his "Last Supper".
The legend is connected with the picture. The artist was looking for suitable models for the face of Christ and Judah. By his plan, the Son of God should have embodied everything good, which is in the world, and the traitor is evil. Sooner or later, the search was crowned with success: among Chorists, he insulated a simulator suitable for the face of Christ. However, the searches for the second model took three years until finally Leonardo noticed the beggar in the ditch, whose face was more than suitable for Judah. Drunk and dirty man was taken to church, because he himself was not able to move. There, seeing the picture, he exclaimed from surprise: she was familiar to him. A little later, he explained the artist that three years ago, when fate was more favorable to him, Christ was painted for the same painting.
Vazari information
However, most likely, it is only a legend. At least, the biography of Leonardo da Vinci, outlined by vazari, does not mention this. The author cites other information. Working on the picture, the genius really could not complete the face of Christ. He remained unfinished. The artist believed that he would not be able to portray extraordinary kindness and great all-sucking, which the face of Christ should glow. He was not even going to look for him a suitable model. However, even in such an unfinished form, the picture is still striking. On the faces of the apostles, their love for the teacher and the suffering due to the inability to comprehend everything that he says to them is clearly visible. Even the tablecloth on the table is written so carefully that it cannot be distinguished from the present.
The most famous picture
The chief masterpiece of the Great Leonardo is, without a doubt, "Mona Lisa". Vazari quite definitely calls the picture by the portrait of the Third Wife of Florentine Francesco del Jokondo. However, the author of many biographies was characteristic, in addition to proven facts, the sources use legends, rumors and speculation. For a long time, researchers could not find an exhaustive answer to the question about who was a model da Vinci. Researchers who agreed with the version of Vazari dated Jacontu 1500-1505. During these years, Leonardo da Vinci worked in Florence. Opponents of hypothesis noted that the artist had not yet reached such a perfect skill, and therefore it was probably written later. In addition, in Florence, Leonardo worked on another work, "Battle of Angiari", and she took a lot of time.
Among alternative hypotheses were the assumptions that "Mona Lisa" is a self-portrait or an image of a beloved and student da Vinci, Salay, whom he captured in the picture "John the Baptist." The opinion was expressed that the model was Isabella Aragon, the Duchess Milan. All the puzzles Leonardo da Vinci Merkley in front of this. However, in 2005, scientists managed to find a solid testimony in favor of Vazari version. Notes of Vespucci, official and friend Leonardo were discovered and studied. In particular, it was indicated in them that Da Vinci is working on a portrait of Lisa Gerardini, Francesco del Jokondo's wife.
Over time
If the paintings da Vinci acquired the fame even during the life of the author, then many of its achievements in other areas were appreciated only after centuries. Date of death Leonardo da Vinci - May 2, 1519. However, only at the end of the nineteenth century was publicized by the records of genius. Drawings Leonardo da Vinci, describing devices, strongly ahead of their time.
If his painting inspired many contemporaries and laid the beginning of high rebirth, his technical developments were impossible to implement the level of technology development, which was in the sixteenth century.
Flying Machines Leonardo da Vinci
The ingenious inventor wanted to soar not only in thoughts, but also in reality. He worked on creating a flying machine. Drawings Leonardo da Vinci contain a structure of the structure of the world in the world of deltaplan. It was already the third or fourth version of the flying machine. Inside the first should be the pilot. The mechanism came into motion due to rotating pedals, which he twisted. The prototype of Deltaplana was designed for a planning flight. This model was tried in the UK in 2002. Then the world champion in deltoplaneurism managed to hold out seventeen seconds over the land, while it rose to the height of ten meters.
Even earlier, the genius developed a diagram of a device that should have risen into the air with a single carrier screw. The car remotely resembles a modern helicopter. However, this mechanism, which came to move as a result of the consonted work of four people, had a lot of flaws, and he was not destined to come into reality even a century later.
Military cars
Biographers are often leading the description of Leonardo da Vinci as a person, it is noted by its peace-loftyness and hunting of hostilities. However, apparently, it did not prevent him from developing mechanisms whose only function was victory over the enemy. For example, he created a drawing of a tank. With the current mechanisms of the Second World War, there is little relatives.
The car came into motion due to the efforts of eight people who rotated the levers of the wheels. And she could only move forward. The tank had a rounded form and was supplied with a large number of guns aimed at different directions. Today, almost any Museum of Leonardo da Vinci can demonstrate such a fighting machine made according to the drawings of the brilliant wizard.
Among the invented da Vinci, the guns were and frightening the type of chariot-braid, and the type of machine gun. All these products demonstrate the breadth of the thought of genius, his ability for many centuries to predict, on what path of development society will move.
Car
There was among the development of a genius and a car model. Outwardly, he was not much like a car familiar to us, rather reminded the cart. For a long time it remained incomprehensible how Leonardo assumed her to move. This riddle was allowed in 2004, when a car da Vinci was created in Italy in the drawings and supplied it with a spring mechanism. Perhaps this is what the author of the model was assumed.
Perfect city
Leonardo da Vinci lived in heavenly time: wars were frequent, many places have raged the plague. The seeker of the genius, encountered with serious diseases and brings them in misfortunes, sought to find a way to improve the quality of life. Da Vinci developed a scheme of the perfect city, divided into several levels: the top - for the highest layers of society, the lowest - for trade. All houses on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe author were supposed to have constant access to water with the help of pipes and channels. The ideal city was not from narrow streets, but from wide areas and roads. The purpose of such innovations was to reduce diseases and improving hygiene. The project remained on paper: the kings with whom Leonardo offered him, considered it too bold.
Achievements in other areas
Many are owned by the genius of science. Leonardo da Vinci perfectly understood in the human anatomy. He worked in the sweat of the person, sketching the features of the internal location of the organs and the structure of the muscles, created the principles of anatomical drawing. He also made a description of the thyroid gland, its basic functions. By paying time to astronomical research, he explained the mechanism for which the sun illuminates the moon. Did Vinci did not adopt his attention and physics, introducing the concept of friction coefficient and determining the factors affecting it.
There are in the writings of genius and ideas characteristic of modern archeology. So, he was not a supporter official at the time of the version, according to which shells, in a set found on the slopes of the mountains, got there due to the worldwide flood. According to the scientist, once for a long time, these mountains could be the shores of the seas or even the bottom. And after, unimaginable intervals, they "grown" and became such as they see.
Secret letters
Among the mysteries of Leonardo, after the mystery of "Mona Lisa", its mirror handwriting is most often discussed. Genius was left-handed. He did most of their records on the contrary: the words went right to left and read them could only with the help of a mirror. There is a version according to which da Vinci wrote so so as not to lubricate ink. Another hypothesis states that the scientist did not want his works to become a heritage of fools and ignoramuses. Most likely, we will never know the correct answer to this question.
No less mystery is the personal life of the Great Leonardo. It is known about her little, because the genius did not seek to put it at the bottom. Therefore, today there is a mass of the most incredible hypotheses on this. However, this is a topic for a separate article.
The contribution of Leonardo da Vinci to world art is indisputable and obvious to world art, his extraordinary mind, which could almost simultaneously understand the problems from completely different areas of human knowledge. Few in history can compare with Leonardo in this sense. At the same time, he was a worthy representative of his era, having fought all the ideals of Renaissance. He presented the world of high rebirth, laid the foundations of a more accurate reality transfer, created the canonical proportions of the body, embodied in the picture "Vitruvian man". With all its activities, he actually defeated the idea of \u200b\u200bthe limitedness of our mind.
The history of mankind, in fact, knows not so much geniuses, who were ahead of one or another era, every way. Something from the created them firmly entered the life of contemporaries, and something remained in the drawings and manuscripts: the master watched too far ahead. The latter can be fully applicable to Leonardo da Vinci, ingenious artist, scientist, mathematics, engineer, inventor, architect, sculptor, philosopher and writer - a true person of the Renaissance. Perhaps there is no area in the history of medieval knowledge that the great master of enlightenment would touch.
The scope of its activity covers not only space (Italy-France), but also time. Isn't it surprising that the paintings by Leonardo da Vinci are now the same hot spores, admiration, as in the years of his life? Such a "formula of immortality" can rightly be considered the greatest discovery in history. What are its components? The answer to this question would like to get almost every person on the planet. Someone even decided that it is best to ask about this Leonardo, "Rosant" the master with modern scientific developments. However, the main components of the "Formulas" are visible to the naked eye: the potential genius, multiplied by incredible curiosity and a large proportion of humanism. And yet, any genius is a practical dreamer. Judge for yourself, all the work of Leonardo da Vinci (here we refer not only outline, paintings, frescoes, but also all the scientific research of the master), you can imagine how steps to realize the long dreams of humanity about perfection. You wanted a man flying like a bird? So you need to make him the semblance of wings! Christ walked around the water, so why and simply mortal not to have such an opportunity? Let's descript water skiing!
All the life and creativity of Leonardo da Vinci were filled with attempts to answer numerous questions about the laws of the universe, reveal the secrets of being and send them to the service of mankind. After all, do not forget that the Renaissance man is, above all, the great humanist.
Leonardo da Vinci's biography is, figuratively speaking, the story of several souls enclosed in the body of one person. Indeed, in each of the studied areas, it exhibits completely special qualities that, in understanding ordinary people, can hardly belong to one single person. Maybe that is why someone tried to prove that Leonardo da Vinci is just a pseudonym taken by a group of people. However, the theory was doomed to failure almost until his birth.
Today, yes Vinci is known for us to a greater degree as an unsurpassed artist. Unfortunately, no more than 15 of his work came to us, the rest either simply could not stand the test of time due to the permanent experiments of the wizard with equipment and materials, or are not considered yet. However, those work that reached us remain the most famous and most copied art masterpieces in the world.
Leonardo da Vinci biography
The baby, cherished in the consequence of Leonardo, was born, as recorded in the church book, "On Saturday, April 15, 1452 from the Nativity of Christ" from the extramarital connection of the peasantry of Katerina and Notary, the ambassador of the Florentine Republic, Messira Piero Frosino di Antonio da Vinci, a descendant The rich revered Italian family. Father, who did not have other heirs at that time, wished to take the Son into his home and give proper education. About the mother is probably known only to the fact that she officially married a man from the peasant family and gave him 7 more children. By the way, Leonardo's father, too, later was married four times and presented to his primary (which, by the way, did not make the official heir) for ten more brothers and two sisters.
The whole further biography of Da Vinci is closely tied with his work, the events of the life of the Master, who met people, naturally, left their traces of development of his worldview. So, meeting with Andrea Vokkio determined the beginning of his path in art. At the age of 16, Leonardo becomes a studio studio of the famous Master Verokkio. It is in Vokkio's workshop, Leonardo gets the opportunity to prove himself as an artist: the teacher allows him to write an angel's face for the famous "Baptism of Christ".
In 20 years, Da Vinci becomes a member of the Society of St. Luke, the guild of artists, still continuing to work in the Verkkil workshop until 1476. The same period dated one of his first independent works "Madonna with cloves". Ten years later, Leonardo is invited to Milan, where he remains to work until 1501g. Here, the talents of Leonardo are widely used, not only as an artist, but also as a sculptor, decorator, organizer of all kinds of masquerass and tournaments, a person who created amazing mechanical devices. Two years later, the master returns to his native Florence, where he writes its legendary fresco "Battle of Andzhani".
Like most Masters of Renaissance, da Vinci travels a lot, leaving the memory of themselves in every visited city. By the end of his life, he becomes the "first royal artist, an engineer and architect" under Francois I, works on the architectural device of the Klock Castle. However, this work remained unfinished: Da Vinci died in 1519, aged 67 years. Now, in the castle, the club from the initially conceived great Leonardo plan remained only a double spiral staircase, the rest of the castle architecture was repeatedly reworked by the subsequent dynasties of the French kings.
Creativity Leonardo da Vinci
Despite the numerous scientific studies of Leonardo, his glory of the scientist and the inventor somewhat fascinating to the glory of the Leonardo artist, whose few surviving works fascinate and excite the mind and the imagination of mankind is almost 400 years old. It was in the field of painting that many of the works of da Vinci devoted to the nature of light, chemistry, biology, physiology and anatomy were found their application.
His paintings remain the most mysterious works of art. They are copied in search of the secret of such skill, they are discussed and the whole generations of experts of art, critics and even writers discuss them. Leonardo considered painting a branch of applied science. Among the multiple factors that make the work of Da Vinci are unique, one of the mains can be called innovative techniques and experiments applied by the Master in their works, as well as deep knowledge of the anatomy, botany, geology, optics and even the human soul ... Looking at the portraits created by him, we We really see not just an artist, but attentive observer, a psychologist who managed to understand the physical expression of the emotional component of the human person. Yes Vinci not only managed to understand this himself, but also found techniques that allow these knowledge with photographic accuracy to canvas. The unsurpassed Master of Sphumato and Blacknaya, Leonardo Da Vinci invested all the power of his knowledge in the most famous works - "Monu Lisa" and "Last Supper".
Leonardo believed that the best character for the image on canvas is a person whose body movements most correspond to the movements of his soul. This belief can be considered the creative credo da Vinci. In his works, it was embodied in the fact that in his entire lives, he wrote only one portrait of a man, preferring women as models as the personalities of more emotional.
Early period of creativity
Periodization of the creative biography of Leonardo da Vinci is pretty conditioned: some of its work are not dated, and the timing of the Master's life is also not always accurate. The very beginning of the creative path da Vinci can be considered the day when his father, Ser Piero, showed some sketches of the 14-year-old son to his friend Andrea del Verokkio.
A year later, during which Leonardo was trusted only to clean the canvas, rub paints and engage in other preparatory work, Verokkio began to acquaint his student with traditional painting techniques, engraving, architecture and sculptures. Here Leonardo received knowledge of the basics of chemistry, metallurgy, mastered the woodworking and even the beginning of the mechanics. Only him, his best student, Verokkio trusts the completion of his works. During this period, Leonardo does not create its own work, but greedily absorbs everything related to the chosen profession. Together with his teacher, he works on the "baptism of Christ" (1472-1475). The game of the Light and Shadows, the features of the small angel, whose written yes Vinci was entrusted, so struck Verokkio, that he considered himself a surpassed his own student and decided to never leave for a brush again. It is also believed that Leonardo became a model for the bronze sculpture of David and the images of Archangel Mikhail.
In 1472, Leonardo contributes to the "Red Book" Guild of St. Luke is the famous Union of Artists and Doctors of Florence. At the same time, the first notable works of Da Vinci, who brought him fame: Santa Mary's landscape sketch and "Annunciation" sketch. He improves the technique of Sphumato, bringing it to unprecedented excellence. Now the light flick is spumato - not just a thin layer of blurred paint, but really lightweight wedding fog. Despite the fact that by 1476. Yes Vinci opens his own workshop and receives his own orders, he still closely cooperates with Verokkio, regarding deep reverence and respect for his teacher. The same year dated and "Madonna with cloves", one of the most significant works da Vinci.
Mature period of creativity
At 26, Da Vinci begins completely independent career, as well as proceeds to a more detailed study of various aspects of natural science and himself becomes a teacher. During this period, even before his departure to Milan, Leonardo begins work on the "worship of the Magi", which never completed. It is possible that it became a kind of revenge da Vinci for the fact that Pope Sequust IV rejected his candidacy when choosing an artist for painting the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican in Rome. Perhaps the fashion for neoplatonism, which opened in that epoch in Florence also played the role in decision Da Vinci to go to a fairly academic and pragmatic Milan, who more answered his spirit. In Milan, Leonardo is taken for the creation of "Madonna in Grote" for Altar Chapels. This work clearly shows that Da Vinci already owns certain knowledge in the field of biology and geodesy, since the plants and the grotto itself is discharged with maximum realism. All proportions and laws of the composition are observed. However, despite such an amazing performance, this picture for many years has become the subject of discord between the author and customers. The years of this period Da Vinci devotes records of their reflections, drawings, deeper research. It is possible that a certain musician, miglittle, is involved in his departure to Milan. The letters of this person alone, in which the amazing works of the engineering thought "Sengor, who also draws, was described, was enough for Da Vinci to receive an invitation to work under the auspices of Louis of the Sorphiz, away from rivals and ill-wishers. Here he receives some freedom for creativity and research. As well as organizing performances and celebrations, the technical equipment of the scene of the court theater. In addition, Leonardo writes many portraits for Milan yard.
Late period of creativity
It was during this period that Da Vinci thinks more about military-technical projects, studies urban planning and offers its own model of the ideal city.
Also, during his stay in one of the monasteries, he receives an order for a sketch for the image of the Virgin Mary with the infant Jesus, St. Anna and John the Baptist. The work turned out so impressive that the viewer felt at the described event, part of the picture.
In 1504, many students who consider themselves followers da Vinci leave Florence, where he was delayed to put his numerous records and drawings in order, and move along with the teacher to Milan. From 1503 to 1506. Leonardo begins work on "Joconda". As a model, Mon Lisa del Giocondo, nee Lisa-Maria Gerardini, was chosen. Numerous scene variants of the famous painting still do not leave indifferent artists and critics.
In 1513 Leonardo da Vinci moves for a while in Rome at the invitation of Pope Leon X, or rather, in the Vatican, where Rafael and Michelangelo already operate. A year later, Leonardo starts the series "later", which is a kind of answer to the version proposed by Michelangelo in the Sicastine Chapel. Do not forget the master and his passion for the engineering work, working on the problem of draining the swamps in the territory of the Duke of Julin Medici.
One of the most ambitious architectural projects of this period is becoming for Da Vinci Clastle Club in Amboise, where the master invites the King of France France I. Over time, their relationship becomes much closer than just business. Francois often listens to the opinion of the Great Scientist, refers to him, as to his father, and heavily experiences the death of Da Vinci in 1519. Leonardo dies in spring from severe illness at the age of 67, having taught their manuscripts and brush student - Francesco Meltsi.
Leonardo da Vinci
This may seem incredible, but some of the inventions made at the end of the 18th - early 19th centuries. In fact, it was already described in the writings of Da Vinci, like some of the things familiar to us. It seems that the Master in his manuscripts would not mention at all. Even alarm clock is described there! Of course, it is significantly different from what we see today, however, the invention deserves attention at least due to its design: scales whose bowls are filled with liquid. Overflowing from one bowl into another, the water drives the mechanism that pushes or raises the legs of the rear-year man. It's hard not to wake up in such conditions!
However, the true genius of the Leonardo engineer is manifested in its mechanical and architectural innovations. He managed to implement almost completely (for the exclusion of the project of the perfect city). But on the mechanics, it was not immediately used immediately. It is known that Da Vinci was preparing to test his aircraft himself, but it was not constructed, despite the detailed plan, composed on paper. Yes, and a bicycle created by a wood master also entered the use of several centuries later, as, however, and the mechanical self-propelled wagon, activated by two levers. However, the principle of operation of the wagon was applied to the improvement of the weaving machine even during the lifetime of Da Vinci.
Being recognized as a genius of painting, Leonardo da Vinci dreamed of a military engineer's career all his life, and therefore a special place in his activities was given to the study of fortifications, military vehicles, protective structures. So, it was he who developed excellent methods for the reflection of Turkish attacks in Venice, and even created a similarity of a protective sweaters. But since Turks did not attack, the invention was not tested in action. In the same way, a combat vehicle resembling a tank remained in the drawings.
In general, in contrast to the works of painting, manuscripts and Drawings, Leonardo reached our days in greater conservation and continue to be examined in our days. According to some drawings, there were even recreated cars that were not destined to appear during the Life da Vinci.
Painting Leonardo da Vinci
Most of the works of the brush da Vinci did not reach our days due to the permanent experiments of the master not only with the painting technique, but also with tools: paints, canvas, primer. As a result of such experiments, the composition of the paints on some frescoes and canvases did not stand the test of time, light, moisture.
In a manuscript dedicated to the visual arts of Da Vinci, mostly makes the emphasis not so much on the technique of a letter, but at a detailed statement of innovations invented by him, which, by the way, had a huge impact on the further development of art. First of all, these are some practical tips on the preparation of instruments. So, Leonardo advises to cover the canvas thin layer of glue, instead of a white ground mixture, which was customary to use before. The image applied to the canvas prepared in this way is fixed much better than on the ground, especially if you write the tempera, which was widespread at that time. The oil went into use somewhat later, and Da Vinci preferred to use it just for the letter on the primed canvas.
Also one of the features of the picturesque manner da Vinci is the preliminary sketch of the planned picture with transparent dark (brown) tones, the same tones were used as the top, final, the layer of the whole work. And in that and in another case, the completed work was endowed with a gloomy tint. It is possible that over time the colors are even more tempted because of this feature.
Most of the theoretical works and Vinci are devoted to the image of human emotions. He argues a lot about the method of expression of feelings, leads its own research. It is known even the case when Leonardo decided experimentally by testing his guesses about how the facial muscles move during laughter and cry. By inviting friends to dinner, he began to tell funny stories, having laid his guests, and Vinci was carefully watching the movement of the muscles, the expression of the face. Possessing a unique memory, he moved to them on sketches with such accuracy that, according to eyewitnesses, people wanted to laugh with portraits.
Mona Lisa.
"Mona Lisa" she is "Joconda", the full name is the portrait of Mrs. Liza Del Jocondo, perhaps the most famous work of painting in the world. Leonardo wrote a famous portrait from 1503 to 1506, but even during this period, the portrait was not fully completed. Yes Vinci did not want to part with his work, so it did not get the customer, but was accompanied by a master in all his travels until the very last day. After the death of the artist, the portrait was transported to Fontaineblo Castle.
Joconda became the most mystical picture of all eras. She became the subject of studies of art equipment for Masters 15B. In the era of romanticism, artists and critics admired her mysteriousness. By the way, we owe exactly the figures of this era, we are obliged to such a magnificent halo of mystery, accompanying Mona Lisa. The era of romanticism in art simply could not do without mystical entourage inherent in all genius masters and their works.
The plot of the paintings today is known to all: Mysteriously smiling woman on the background of a mountain landscape. However, numerous studies reveal more and more details previously not seen. So, upon closer review, it is clear that the lady in the portrait is dressed in full compliance with the fashion of his time, a dark transparent veil is thrown onto her head. It would seem that there is nothing special.
Fashion matching can mean only that a woman does not apply to the poorest family. But spent in 2006. Canadian scientists more detailed analysis with the use of modern laser equipment showed that this veil, in fact, envelops the entire model of the model. It is this subtlest material that creates the effect of fog, which was previously attributed to the expense of the famous Sphumato da Vinci. It is known that similar veils, enveloping the whole body, and not only their heads, wearing pregnant women. It is quite possible that it is this state and reflected in the smile of Mona Lisa: the peacefulness and peace of mind of the future mother. Even the hands are stuck in this way, as if they are ready to download the baby. By the way, the name "Joconda" also has a double meaning. On the one hand, this is a phonetic variation of the Giocondo surname to which the model itself belonged. On the other hand, this word is consonant with the Italian "Giocondo", i.e. Happiness, peace. Doesn't it explain to the depth of view, and gentle semi-coulter, and the whole atmosphere of the picture, where the twilight reigns? Quite possible. This is not just a woman portrait. This is an image of the very idea of \u200b\u200bpeace and serenity. Maybe this is what she was so expensive to the author.
Now the picture of Mona Lisa is located in Louvre, refers to the style of "Revival". Sizes of the picture 77 cm x 53 cm.
"Last Supper" - Fresco Created by Da Vinci in 1494-1498. For the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria Delle Grezy, Milan. The fresco shows the biblical scene of the last evening, conducted by Jesus of Nazareth surrounded by the twelve of his students.
In this fresco, Da Vinci tried to embody all his knowledge of the laws of perspective. The hall in which Jesus and the Apostles are sitting is written with exceptional accuracy in terms of proportions and remote objects. The background of the room, however, is visible so clear that it represents a practical second picture, and not just a background.
Naturally, the center of all the work is Christ himself, precisely on his figure is planned and the entire remaining fresco composition is planned. The location of students (4 groups of three people) is symmetrically relative to the center - teacher, but not among themselves, which creates a sense of living movement, but at the same time there is a certain halo of loneliness around Christ. A halo knowledge that is not yet available to its followers. As the center of the frescoes, the figure around which the whole world seems to rotate, Jesus still remains one: all the other shapes are separated from him. All the work is concluded in a strict straight frame, limited by the walls and the ceiling of the room, the table, followed by the participants of the secret evening. If for clarity to hold the lines by the points that are directly related to the perspective of the frescoes, it will be almost an ideal geometric grid, the "thread" of which are built at right angles to each other. More than the limited accuracy is no longer found in the work of Leonardo.
In Abbey Tongerlo, Belgium, the amazingly accurate copy of the "secret evening", made by the masters of the da Vinci school on his own initiative, since the artist was afraid that the fresco in the Milan monastery would not stand testing time. It is this copy of the restorers used when recreating the original.
The picture is located in Santa Maria delle Grazie, dimensions of 4.6 m x 8.8 m.
Vitruvian man
"Vitruvian man" is a generally accepted name for graphic drawing da Vinci made in 1492. As an illustration of the records in one of the diaries. The figure is captured by a nude male figure. Strictly speaking, these are even two images of one figure with each other, but in different poses. A circle and square are described around the figure. The manuscript containing this drawing is sometimes also called the "canon of proportions" or simply "human proportions". Now this work is kept in one of the museums of Venice, but it is extremely rare, since this exhibit is really unique and valuable as a work of art and as a subject of research.
Leonardo created his "Vitruvian man" as an illustration for geometric studies conducted on the basis of the Treatise of the Ancient Roman architect Vitruvia (hence and the name of the work of Da Vinci). In the treatise of the philosopher and researcher, the proportion of the human body was taken as the basis for all architectural proportions. Yes Vinci applied studies of the ancient Roman architect to painting, which once again clearly illustrates the principle of unity of art and science, nominated by Leonardo. In addition, this work also reflects the Master's attempt to relate a person with nature. It is known that Da Vinci considered the human body as the reflection of the universe, i.e. It was convinced that it operates according to the same laws. The author himself considered Vitruvian man as "cosmography of a microcosm." In this figure, a deep symbolic meaning is also hidden. Square and circle in which the body is written, do not simply reflect physical, proportional characteristics. The square can be interpreted as the material being of a person, and the circle is its spiritual basis, and the points of contact of the geometric figures between themselves and with the body inserted into them can be considered as the connection of these two foundations of human existence. For many centuries, this drawing was considered as a symbol of the ideal symmetry of the human body and the universe as a whole.
The drawing is made in ink. Dimensions of Figure 34 cm x 26 cm. Genre: Abstractionism. Direction: High revival.
Fate manuscripts.
After the death of Da Vinci in 1519. All manuscripts of the Great Scientist and Painter moved into the legacy of Leonardo's beloved student, Francesco Meltsi. Fortunately, it reached our days the main part of the daughters of drawings and records made by its famous way of mirror writing, i.e. from right to left. Without a doubt, Leonardo left behind the biggest meeting of the era of the Renaissance, but after his death, the manuscript was not expected not easy fate. It is even surprising that after so many peripeties, manuscripts still lived to this day.
Today, the scientific works of Da Vinci have far from the same thing that the master gave them, with a special thoroughness grouping them on the slave principles. After the death of Malleti, the heir and the keeper of the manuscripts, his descendants began to merge a little scientist who had given them a heritage of the great scientist, obviously, not even knowing about his true value. Initially, the manuscripts were simply kept in the attic, later the family of Malmi distributed part of the manuscripts and sold separate sheets with friends to collectors for a ridiculous price. Thus, all the records da Vinci have found new owners. Happiness that no sheet has not been lost!
However, the power of evil rock was not over. Manuscripts got to Ponao Leoni, the court sculptor of the Spanish royal house. No, they were not lost, everything turned out to be much worse: Leoni took the "put in order" numerous records da Vinci, based on naturally, on their own classification principles, and finally confusing all pages, separating, where possible, texts from sketches, and purely Scientific, in his opinion, treatises from notes concerning directly painting. Thus, two collections of manuscripts and drawings appeared. After the death of Leoni, one part of the collection returned to Italy and until 1796. Stored in the Milan library. In Paris, a part of the work was hit by Napoleon, the rest of the "lost" from Spanish collectors and was discovered only in 1966 in the Archives of the National Library in Madrid.
Today, all the well-known manuscripts da Vinci are collected, and almost all of them are in the state museums of Europe countries, with the exception of one, miraculously still remaining in the private collection. From mid-19v. Artist researchers are working to restore the initial classification of manuscripts.
Output.
According to the last will, Da Vinci, his funeral consignment was accompanied by sixty beggars. The great Master of the Renaissance Master in the Chapel of Saint-Jumber, in the vicinity of the castle Amboise, is buried.
Yes Vinci remained lonely all his life. Having no wife nor children or even their own home, he devoted himself to scientific research and art. So the fate of the geniuses is that during life and after the death of their work, in each of which a particle of the soul was invested, remain the only "family" of their creator. So happened and in the case of Leonardo. However, everything that this man did, he managed to fully know and embody the spirit of the Renaissance in his creations, was today the property of all mankind. The fate itself put everything so that there is no own family, and Vinci handed a huge inheritance to all mankind. Moreover, it includes not only unique entries and delightful work, but also the mystery that today surrounds them. There was not a single century, in which they would not try to solve this or that idea da Vinci, look for what was considered lost. Even in our age, when much unknown earlier became everyday, manuscripts, drawings and paintings of the Great Leonardo do not leave indifferent to the visitors of museums, nor art historians or even writers. They still serve as an inexhaustible source of inspiration. Is this the true secret of immortality lies?
Vitruvian man
Madonna Benois
Madonna Litta
Pictures Leonardo da Vinci are beautiful and full of riddles. They were brought to an unthinkable degree of perfection, because the master worked over each of their creations for several years.
In our ranking are all listed the greatest paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, with photos, titles and detailed information about each of them. The list did not include drawings of inventions, caricatures, as well as pictures in respect of which art historians have doubts that they belong to the brush Leonardo. Also did not enter the selection of copies of paintings that were not preserved to the present day.
Years of writing: 1490.
Where is: Gallery of the Academy, Venice.
Materials: Paper, feather, ink, watercolor.
Dimensions: 34.3 x 24.5 cm.
If you say that it is not painting, but drawing, then you will be absolutely right. Indeed, Vitruvian man is a drawing, an illustration made by Leonardo to the book of the Great Ancient Roman architect Mark Vitruvia and placed in one of his diaries.
However, this drawing is no less known than the pictures listed on our list. It is considered not only the work of art, but also scientific labor. And demonstrates the ideal proportions of the human body.
After studying mathematics and geometry, in particular, Witruvia's work, the thirst for knowledge of Leonardo reached its apogee. In the "Vitruvian man", he applied the idea of \u200b\u200buniversal symmetry, a golden section or a "divine proportion" not only to size and shape, but also by weight.
- 6 palms \u003d 1 elbow;
- length from the tip of the longest to the lowest base of 4 fingers \u003d 1 palm;
- 4 palms \u003d 1 feet;
- hand scope \u003d growth;
- 4 palms \u003d 1 step;
- 4 elbow or 24 palms \u003d human height.
Other world-famous pictures of Leonardo da Vinci, which include the principle of the Golden section - this is "Mona Lisa", "Annunciation" and "Last Supper".
Years of writing: 1478 — 1480.
Where is: Old Pinakotek, Munich.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 42 x 67 cm.
Many art historians attribute this work to the young Leonardo, when he still served as an apprentice in the picturesque workshop of Verokko. There are a number of details that support this version, for example, the detailing of the face of Madonna, drawing of her hair, landscape outside the window, as well as a soft and scattered light characteristic of the Italian artist.
Unfortunately, years did not spare a picture, and because of the wrong restoration, the surface of the colorful layer went unevenness.
Years of writing: 1472 — 1476.
Where is: Uffizi, Florence.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 98 x 217 cm.
It was from the "Annunciation" as the artist Leonardo da Vinci. This picture is allegedly created in collaboration with Andrea Del Verokko, in the workshop of which he was given at the age of 14 from the genus. In favor of the authorship of the future famous Italian master, there is a stunning anatomical accuracy characteristic of all works by Leonardo, as well as a number of sketches in the diaries that have come to our time. In favor of the authorship of another person - the nature of the smears and the composition of the paints, which was written by Maria; They contain uncharacteristic for da Vinci lead.
Interestingly, if you look at the picture standing right in front of it, some flaws in anatomy are noticeable. For example, Mary's hand seems somewhat longer than it is typical of the planet's ordinary inhabitants. However, if you go to the right side of the picture and watch from there, then the hand of Mary is magically shortening, she herself becomes more and the center of gravity plot is transferred to her figure - as prescribed by the plot. Most likely, the alleged incontinence in the physique is the result of a carefully developed optical illusion: the picture was supposed to hang at an angle to the viewer.
Years of writing: 1476
Where is: Uffizi, Florence.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 177 x 151 cm.
And this work Leonardo wrote in collaboration with his teacher. According to the status of the artist Georgio Vazari, Verokko entrusted the young subsecession (at the time of writing, Leonardo turned 24 years old) to write a figure of a white-haired angel in the left corner of the paintings. The teacher was so impressed by the mastery of the student that he, the disgraced, did not work as painting.
Years of writing: 1474 — 1478.
Where is: National Art Gallery, Washington.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 38.8 x 36.7 cm.
The wreath of laurel and palm branches on the turnover of the picture hints that the woman is depicted on it is not easy. The first wreath indicates her poetic classes, and the second is that she is not alien to mercy and compassion. The impression is maintained by the strict and somewhat harsh beauty of the model, its pale alabastric skin, and lowered, as if in thought, centuries. It also points to intellectual classes and almost complete absence of jewelery and emphasized modest clothing. And right - in the picture depicted poetess Ginevore de Benci.
The manner of the image (especially I decorate my fingers - Leonardo just started to master this technique, so the colorful layer lay in some places) is already loud about the skill of the Creator. Especially characteristic soft lighting and landscape in the background, as if shrouded with a glowing haze.
Years of writing: 1479 — 1481.
Where is: Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
Materials: Oil painting on canvas.
Dimensions: 48 x 31.5 cm.
The "ghost of the old woman" with the "wrinkled neck", "the inflated Taurus" and "toothless smile" - such unfriendly words described the American art historian who owners - the Beno'a family - instructed to establish authorship. Despite all the colorful epithets, he attributed her, as Lonardo Da Vinci belonging to the brush - in favor of this, he speaks as a manner of writing, and the artist inherent soft scattered light, which is ease creating the volume of two figures.
One of the symbolic details is a cruciferous plant, hinting, what fate is waiting for a child. However, neither mother nor a baby about it yet know. He plays carelessly, and she looks at him with a smile.
Years of writing: 1479 — 1482.
Where is: Uffizi, Florence.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 246 x 243.
One of the paintings of the Great Artist, Sculptor, Scientist and Engineer of the Renaissance, unfortunately, remained unfinished. Leonardo moved to the place of residence in Milan and was not going to return. Fortunately, customers have retained an unfinished picture. It is distinguished by a non-standard composition and a rich symbolic value.
For example, Maria sits under an oak, which is a symbol of eternity, the palm trees are growing up - the sign of Jerusalem, and the ruins of the pagan temple on the horizon - the destruction of the pagan religion, which Christianity crowded.
Years of writing: 1480 — 1490.
Where is: Vatican Pinakotek.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 103 x 75 cm.
Despite the fact that the picture remained unfinished, she made a strong impression on the contemporaries. First of all, this is due to the amazing anatomical accuracy of the image of the human body, which Leonardo was famous for.
The picture was expected by a challenging fate - the work after some time was painted, and the boards were used for the lowest goals. It is argued that part of the painting one of the art lovers found in the form of a cover from the dam.
Years of writing: 1478 — 1482.
Where is: Hermitage.
Materials: Chalkboard.
Dimensions: 42 x 33.
The skill of the Great Italian artist manifested itself in the details telling a kind of history. For example, a woman's red dress is equipped with special cutting cuts, one of which is sewn. Apparently, she decided that it was time to stop breastfeeding. But one of them is in a rush, the stitches and hanging ends of the thread are visible.
Years of writing: 1483 - 1490 and 1495 - 1508.
Where is: Louvre and the London National Gallery.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 199 x 122 cm
There are two almost identical work of Leonardo with the same name in the world. One of them is in Paris, and the other in London. The first version of Da Vinci was ordered for an altar sash, and with a clearly specified plot. However, the artist, apparently, considered that his talent and the ability to give him the right to some liberty. As a result, there were so many of them that customers refused to pay. The long-term litigation began, which, however, ended relatively successfully. The church began to hang the second option, and the first disappeared from the art historian radar of the years at the one and a half, until he was discovered in the treasury of the French kings.
Like many other paintings by Leonardo, this is full of encrypted messages. The cyclaman next to Jesus symbolizes love, primula - virtue, Akant - the coming resurrection, and St. John's wort - blood spilled by Christian martyrs. It was this picture that was trying to use as an illustration of his buildings the author of the sensational "Da Vinci's code," where he stated that actually the value of the traditional plot was completely different.
Years of writing: 1485 — 1487.
Where is: Ambrosian library, Milan.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 43 x 31.
The only portrait image of a man among famous paintings da Vinci. Initially, art historians believed that the Milan Duke, patron and friend Leonardo da Vinci (as far as a person who occupying such a social situation may someone else be depicted in the picture. So far, it was subsequently found that the young man squeezes in the hands of a scroll, starting with the words "Angel Song." Therefore, the picture was renamed the "Portrait of the Musician". And a number of art historians make a bold assumption that it is Leonardo himself, because the scope of his interests music also entered.
Years of writing: 1488 — 1490.
Where is: Camery Museum, Krakow.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 54.8 x 40.3 cm.
Although the authorship of the ingenious Italian artist sometimes was questioned, at the moment, art historians agreed: this is one of the best paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, if not the most perfect from a picturesque point of view. It is believed that the artist who loved the riddles and ciffers in the image of a white animal in his arms has encrypted her name. In Latin, the Kunih family is called Gale, and the name of Cecilia Gallerani is called.
The snow-white skin skin (and the portrait shows, most likely it is he) - a deer challenge several dubious status of the content of the Milan Duke. According to popular beliefs, this animal is so appreciated its defiably white fur, which is ready to die soon than to stain his dirt.
Years of writing: 1495 — 1498.
Where is: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan.
Materials: fresco.
Dimensions: 460 x 880 cm.
One of the most famous paintings by Leonardo da Vinci is essentially so. This is a kind of largest and most unsuccessful experiment of the Great Italian Scientist. At the end of the 15th century, the Milan Duke ordered the famous artist to paint the wall of the monastery for the amount of the equivalent of which would now be 700 thousand dollars.
It was assumed that the artist would be, like many to him, to paint on raw plaster - after final polishing, such painting would be durable and durable. However, the fresco imposes its limitations - in addition to the specific manner of applying paints (it is necessary to write immediately and score, further corrections are impossible), only some pigments are suitable for it. And then the brightness of them decreases, "eaten" well absorbing surface.
For Leonardo, belonged to the authorities skeptically, before everything accounted for independently and, apparently, a lot of these circumstances were proud of, such restrictions were unbearable. With a true Renaissance scope, he decided to deny the heritage of the past and recycle the whole process again - from the coating of plaster to the used paints. The result was predictable. The colorful layer of fresco began to collapse after two decades after the end of the work. In addition to unsuccessful technical solutions, the picture suffered from time to time.
At first, the inhabitants of the monastery decided to cut off the legs, making the door in this place, and then inflated painters, trying to bring painting, godlessly distorted her plot (for example, the hand of one of the apostles turned into ... Baton). The building was flooded, then the Senov was arranged out of it, and a bomb hit the temple in the temple. Fortunately, the fresco did not suffer from it. It is not surprising that before our time hardly drew 20% of the original painting.
Interestingly, it was exactly the showing and from time to time to the image for many years was the most famous picture of Da Vinci - what is there, the only, available to a simple viewer. The rest were all on storing from the rich world of this. The status of the QuIA has changed only with the transfer of "Mona Lisa" from the waters of Napoleon to the Louvre.
From the other two frescoes created by Da Vinci, only fragments reached our days.
Years of writing: 1493 — 1497.
Where is: Louvre, Paris.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 62 x 44 cm.
An interesting legend is connected with one of the most famous paintings by Leonardo da Vinci. When the picture got to France, one of the owners made an inscription on it - "Ferrons". This is a mysterious word (like the undoubted beauty of a woman) for many years exciting the imagination of people close to art.
The gallant "historian of love", Gi Breton, who lived in our time, composed a whole story. Allegedly nameless beauty was the mistress of Francis of the first, and her decoration she began to wear to hide the bruise, received during the night with the king.
Most likely, in the picture of Leonardo da Vinci with the name "Beautiful Ferroneer" depicts Lucretia Krvelli. She was one of the mistresses of the patron of Leonardo, Milan Duke. And the name comes from her decoration on the forehead - ferrons.
Years of writing: 1500 — 1505.
Where is: National Gallery, Parma.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 24.6 x 21 cm.
An unfinished image of a young woman with negligent hairstyle (hence another picture title - La Scapigliata, the disheve) is written in similar to other unfinished work in the manner - oil paints with a small addition of pigment. Art historians, however, believe that the contrast between barely outlined hair and a superbly performed person entered the artist's plans.
Probably, Leonardo was inspired by an excerpt from an ancient writer Pliny senior, popular during rebirth. He said that the great artist Apelles deliberately left his last image of Venus Kosaka unfinished, and that the admirers admired them more than his other works.
Years of writing: 1501 — 1517.
Where is: Louvre, Paris.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 168 x 112 cm.
Contemporaries deeply appreciated the liveliness and the naturalness of the expressions of the persons of all three scene participants - especially the signature Leonard mysterious semi-coulter, with which Anna looks at his daughter and grandson.
2. Mona Lisa (Jocona)
Years of writing: 1502 — 1516.
Where is: Louvre, Paris.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 76.8 x 53.
Perhaps it is difficult to find on the globe of a person who would not be known "Joconda". This is definitely the most famous work of the talented Italian. Many riddles and secrets of this painting Leonardo da Vinci have not yet been solved:
"Mona Lisa" had a particular importance in the life of the artist - it is no secret that sometimes, enthusiastic something new, he reluctantly returned to the interrupted work. However, he worked on Joconda with passion and passion. Why?
Exactly unclear who is depicted in the portrait. Was it a wife's wife del Dzhokondo? Or the same woman that poses for the "lady with the mountain"? There is even a version that, as a model for Mona Lisa, Salay was performed - one of the artist's apprentices, depicted by many at least two pictures.
What color did the dress of the Jocona initially? Apparently, Leonardo again experimented with the paints, and again unsuccessfully, so nothing remains from the initial color of the sleeves. Contemporaries, by the way, admired the luxurious color of the paintings.
And finally, the mysterious semi-coulter - is it smiling at all, or is it just an illusion, skillfully created by the artist at the expense of shadows in the corners of the lips?
Years of writing: 1508 — 1516.
Where is: Louvre, Paris.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 69 x 57 cm.
The last picture of the artist, which is allegedly depicted by Salaya is one of the artist's apprentices, for unknown reasons, the special location of Leonardo. The master fareed a student a lot. Up to theft of money for a biscuit bought in advance, in which Salaya was draped to "Vakha" - paintings that came to this day only in the form of a copy. The wizard face, thoroughly curled curls and especially the immodest semi-jumbled gave birth to famous doubts in the nature of the Wizard and Apprentices' relationship.
However, according to the diaries of the artist, it is difficult to understand something - after accusations in Sodomy at a young age, he thoroughly avoided references to his personal life anywhere. Left his estate and money, by the way, Leonardo to the same salai and one another assistant.
Turin Self Portrait Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci - Turin Self Portrait
Years of writing: After 1512.
Where is: Royal Library, Turin.
Materials: Sangin, paper.
Dimensions: 33.3 x 21.6 cm.
It is considered a self-portrait of the artist drawn in the 60s. The portrait is made with a wand for drawing from kaolin and iron oxides, which is why the picture has a yellowish tint. Currently, not exhibited due to fragility.
Around the authorship of popular work, there are still disputes, despite the fact that the hatching goes left to right, as was the usual Leonardo, but some art historians consider it a fake. According to some data, during X-ray shooting, under the image of the elder, painting dated presumably XVII century was found.
The most expensive picture of Leonardo da Vinci in a private collection: Savior of the world
Cost:$400 000 000
Years of writing: 1499 — 1507.
Where is: private collection.
Materials: Oil painting on the board.
Dimensions: 66 x 47 cm.
At Christie's auction in November 2017, the canvas was sold for an impressive amount of $ 400 million. Now it is stored in a private collection of one of the Saudi princes and may be exhibited in the department of the Louvre in this country.
"Madonna in the cliffs" is one of the first picturesque works of Leonardo. The contract with the artist concluded the Brotherhood of Immaculate Conception City religious community of rich inhabitants of Milan, who were collected for collateral prayers. "The picture had to decorate the altar of the chapel of the Church of San Francesco Grande in Milan. Instead of the formal solemn frozen composition, Leonardo creates a freedom, but deployed in space, a plastic group in the form of a pyramid - his beloved figure - and thus violates the tradition, according to which the altar picture was supposed to include Maria with a baby, prophets and angels. Heroes are interconnected using poses and gestures. Here is the crankshaftful Maria represents John the Baptist Baby Christ, who raises his hand in a blessing gesture. Here the angel points to John and looks at the Site, as if inviting him to the picture. The quiet mysterious action in the grotto is driving the scene of Christmas, also often depicted in the cave, and the lack of nimbins and attributes makes the "Madonna in the rocks" less official and more chamber.
The violation of the tradition is also in the fact that the picture shows the scene is absent in the canonical gospels, but the well-known software. According to the apocryphal protoevantiagelia James, the baby Jesus met with John during the flight to Egypt (Herod ordered to destroy all male babies), when Maria, Joseph and Christ, like John with his mother Elizabeth, hid in the wilderness.
Like his predecessors, Leonardo carefully discharges the details - he is pre-red one of the geology and nerds, - and we can define the different types of colors and rocks rocks. At the same time, the picture is characteristic only for Leonardo air and depth, which managed to achieve with the help of tie Sphumato (italian. SFUMATO - "Shaped, disappearing as smoke") - mitigating the outlines of figures and objects, which allows you to transfer the air enveloping them.. Leaving the convention and flatness, showing the volumetric plants in the complex space, the artist says goodbye to the traditions of the Middle Ages and the early rebirth in Italy and opens the road to the "secret evening" and "Monet Lisa".
2 "Last Supper" (1495-1498)
Wikimedia Commons
Above the painting on the wall of the refectory Dominican monastery Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Capella at the monastery was the houses of Lodovico Sforgets, the ruler of Milan, on which Leonardo worked. Leonardo wanted to work slowly and use bright paints, giving the possibility of tonal transitions. He refused to check and reliable fresco techniques - she did not allow the corrections to use many different colors and shades and to achieve complex transitions from one tone to another. The artist decided to work alone, that is, dry, drawing on a dry wall. The wall surface is covered with a mixture of plaster, resin and mastic, and wrote with egg tempera with the addition of oil paint. But the experiment failed: Already in the XVI century, the image began to head once, and the cutting of the door in the wall, flooding, unsuccessful restorations, bombing during the second world spoiled painting even more.
Christ and students are placed in a rigorous interior, resembling a refectory monastery: he reports that one of them is a traitor. This is not a ritual dinner and not a prayer meeting, like Leonardo predecessors, but a performance at the time of climax. The apostles are arguing, wondering, write, are perturbed, angry. In the middle of Christ: he points to bread, hinting at the Tain-Pridials. Judas - and this is also not at all characteristic of the Italian painting of the XV century - mixed with the crowd of other students. Stepping from the table, it scatters salt (bad sign).
In this work, the entire spectrum of experiencing of heroes was transferred: each individual and at the same time typical - sketching people talking on the street, who did Leonardo, without having received this order, was obviously not gone in vain. Characters form symbolic groups of three people, in the form of a triangle iso-brigger and Christ in the center of the composition. A mathematically accurate perspective sets a scene strict rhythm, and a combination of verified geometry with emotional movements of heroes allows to achieve equilibrium without frosting.
3 "Savior of the world" (about 1500)
Wikimedia Commons
Disputes are about the authorship of this picture, but many authoritative researchers believe that the author is Leonardo. "The Savior of the World" is the type of image when Christ is most often represented as the Lord of the World This indicates the sphere or power with the cross; Sometimes he sits on the throne.Raising my right hand in a blessing gesture. Iconography with the Vasive and blessing Christ came to Italy from the Netherlands. The transparent sphere in the hands of the Savior refers to Platon and Aristotle, who wrote about the spherical form of the Universe.
The picture causes many questions. Why are the hands of Christ are highlighted and close to the viewer, and the face is far and hidden in the darkness? Why does the sphere, probably made from a mountain crystal, does not distort the folds of clothes, if you consider that Leonardo perfectly understood in optics? Why there are no plasticity, nor complex turns, nor typical for the master "Mobility inside the rest" For painting, Leonardo is characterized by complex reversals of figures, movable and plastic. At the same time, the composition is generally very resistant and retained.Which he reached the end of the XV century? And most importantly, is it not fake? Apparently, still no. The x-ray shows the amendments in the image of a blessing hand - and this is a good argument in favor of what the author wrote himself, and did not copy the finished sample. In favor of the authorship of Leonardo, there is a non-standard image of Jesus - without a beard and without Nitres.
4 "Mona Lisa" (1503-1519)
Musée du Louvre / Wikimedia Commons
The image of Lisa Gerardini, Neapolitani from the aristocratic lunch, the wife of the Florentine merchant fabrics Francesco Del Jokon-up, became a reason for many speculations and guesses. This was facilitated by the famous "Dzokonda" theft from the Louvre in 1911, and the journey of the paintings in the United States in 1962, and multiple cited, including art. Zaga-daughter reputation "Monet Lisa" created romance and symbol - you - theophile gossi and Walter Peter The writer-romantic Teof Gauthier in 1855 called "JoconDu" "Sphinx beauty", and Cry-Tik Walter Peter in 1867 wrote that this is a creature that was dying a set of times and learned the mysters of the afterlime world. " Dmitry Merezhkovsky in the novel "Risen Gods. Leonardo da Vinci "(1901) continued a romantic topic, calling" Jokonda "the female double Leonardo itself.. But Leonardo himself contributed to this, giving the audience complete freedom of interpretation.
As the master wrote, "the mind of the mind encouraged to the new inasses" - and everything is really unclear everything here. What is the character of this woman, is good or evil, cheerful or insidious, young or mature? The model is not a hundred-tich - it is calmly sitting, but unfolded in space: the feet in one stray, well, torso to another, head and gaze are directed in different directions. Sphumato transfers fleeting emotion, accidentally flashed thought, slightly coming to the face (a quick glance to the side, a light smile). The intentional unclear of the outlines and the softness of the forms give rise to the viewer a variety of thoughts about her character and emotions. It is impossible to understand what she thinks about and what he senses, but it is no doubt that this face reflects a deep inner life. The half-infantastic-cue landscape in the distance reminds more about a fairy tale or a dream than Italy, and his light asymmetry, which is in the figure, also creates "mobility inside the rest."
It is this complexity and ambiguity that is a great opening of Leonardo. As a real psychologist, he puts an experiment on the viewer, offering a projective test, which can not be able to go through the only right way.
5 "Holy Anna with Madonna and Baby Christ" (1508-1510)
Musée du Louvre / Wikimedia Commons
According to one version, "Holy Anna with Madonna and Baby Christ" was Zaka-Zaka Fran-Tsuzsky King Louis XII for his pregnant wife Anna Breton The cult of St. Anne, common in Ita-Lii in the XV century, is among other things related to its patronage of pregnant women.. But the project remained unfinished, which is natural for Leonardo.
The image of Mary with a baby on his knees from her mother, St. Anne, at being from the north, from Germany of the XIV century. Such iconography is called "Anna Threesomes": the name emphasizes the relationship between women and holiness of conception for both. Leonardo's sense of the scene emphasizes plastically: the group is tightly soldered (again the favorite pyramid), the heroes are repeated and continued each other. On the knees of Anna, as if on the throne, monumental Maria sits, smoothly leaning towards a baby who tries to settle the lamb. The lamb symbolizes the victim of Christ, and at the same time this is a quiet family scene: Mary distracts his son, and a two-minded grandmother is so much watching both. The entire Trinity is depicted on the edge of the cliff separating them from the zir-body, and the desert landscape gives the stage the planetary scale. Symbols are intertwined with emotional, but perfect - with real.
Each picture, in contrast to the drawings, was for Leonardo synthesis of all his experience, the result of the study, and that is why many works, including this, and remained unfinished. When the artist wants to create a convincing world, equal to reality in its complexity, then all life can escape in search of this formula.
Leonardo Da Vinci. 04/15/1452, Vinci - 02.05.1519, Kl
Unprecedented attention paid to the historians and Belcci's historians and Beltsi blovers - evidence of the turning point in relation to the culture of the Renaissance, the reassessment of the spiritual content of the "the greatest progressive coup" underlying the modern European civilization. In Leonardo, they see a kind of quintessence of the emerging era, emphasizing and highlighting in his work the connection with the worldview of the previous time, then the cardinal swaying with it. Mystic and rationalism are in assessing his personality in an incomprehensible equilibrium, and even a huge written heritage of the master, which has come down to our time, is not able to shake it. Leonardo da Vinci is among the greatest scientists, although very few of his projects were implemented. He enters and among the greatest artists, despite the fact that he created very few paintings (besides, not all of them have been preserved) and even less sculptures (not survived at all). Great Leonardo makes no amount of embodied designs, but a change in the method of both scientific and artistic activities. Figuratively speaking, he sought to "understand the body of each subject separately and the body of the whole universe" (A. Benua).
Leonardo da Vinci. Self portrait, approx. 1510-1515
Children's and adheral years of Leonardo were documented very little. His father, Piero da Vinci, was a hereditary notary; Already in the year of his son, he practiced in Florence and soon took a prominent position there. Only the fact that her name was Katerina, she took place from the peasant family and soon after the appearance of Leonardo was married to the wealthy agriculture, a certain Aktabridge di Piero del Vachchi. Leonardo was taken to the father's house and brought up a childless stepmother Albier Amadori. What and how he was taught, what were his first experiments in drawing - unknown. It is indisputable only that on the formation of the boy's personality, if his uncle Francesco had a decisive influence, with whom Leonardo da Vinci had the warmest relationship all his life. As Leonardo was an illegal son, he could not inherit the profession of his father. Vasari reports that Pierrot was friends with Andrea Verrocko And once showed him drawings of the Son, after which Andrea took Leonardo to his workshop. In Florence, Piero with his family moved in 1466, therefore, in the workshop (Botteg), Verrocko Leonardo da Vinci was at the age of fourteen.
The largest works performed by Verrocko during his training period Leonardo were the statue of David (Florence, Bargello), created by order of the family Medici (It is believed that it was posing for her young Leonardo da Vinci), and the completion of the dome of the Florentine Cathedral with a golden ball with a cross (the city order was received on September 10, 1468 and was made in May 1472). In Andrea's workshop, the best in Florence, Leonardo Da Vinci got the opportunity to explore all types of fine arts, architecture, theory of perspective and familiarize himself in part with natural and humanitarian sciences. On his formation as a painter, apparently, was influenced not so much the Verrocko himself, how many Botticelli studied in the same years and Perugino.
In 1469 Piero Da Vinci received the position of notary of the Florentine Republic, and then a number of the largest monasteries and families. By this time he was widowed. Moving finally in Florence, Piero recently married and took Leonardo to his home. Leonardo's training continued at Verrocko, and also independently engaged in sciences. Already during these years he met Paolo Toskanlyli (mathematician, doctor, astronomer and geographer) and Leon Batti Alberti. In 1472, he joined the shop of painters and, as evidenced by the record in the shop book, paid a contribution to the organization of the Holiday St. Luke. That same year, he returned to Andrea's workshop, as the father was repeatedly widowed and married for the third time. In 1480 Leonardo da Vinci had his own workshop. The first picturesque work of Leonardo, known now, is an angel image in the painting "Baptism of Christ" (Florence, Uffizi). Until recently, the picture was considered (on the basis of the message Vasari.) The work of the Verrocko, which allegedly seeing how much the student surpassed him in the skill, refused painting.
The baptism of Christ. Picture of Verrocko, written by him with students. The right of two angels is the work of Leonardo da Vinci. 1472-1475
However, the analytical analysis carried out by employees showed that the work was carried out by collegially three or even four artists in accordance with the traditions of still medieval workshops. Obviously, Botticelli played the main role among them. The belonging of the figure of the left angel brushes Leonardo is no doubt. He also wrote a part of the landscape - behind the angel's back at the edge of the composition.
The lack of documentary evidence, signatures and dates in the pictures greatly comply with their attribution. By the beginning of the 1470s, two "honors", which, judging by the extended format, are altar limits. That of them, which is stored in the assembly of the Uffizi, includes a number of few early works by Leonardo da Vinci. His dry performance and types of Persons Mary and Angel remind the works of Lorenzo Di Credit, Comrade Leonardo on the workshop Verrocko.
Picture Leonardo da Vinci "Annunciation", 1472-1475. Gallery Uffizi
"Annunciation" from the Louvre, solved in a more generalized manner, is currently attributed to the works of Lorenzo.
Leonardo da Vinci. Annunciation, 1478-1482. Louvre Museum
The first dated work of Leonardo da Vinci is a drawing of a pen, representing a landscape with river valley and rocks, possibly viewed on the road from Vinci to Pistoia (Florence, Uffizi). In the upper left corner of the sheet, the inscription is placed: "On the day of St. Mary Snowy on August 5, 1473." This inscription is the first well-known sample handwriting Leonardo da Vinci - made with his left hand, right to left, as if in a mirror reflection.
Leonardo da Vinci. Landscape with river valley and cliffs, made on St. Mary's Day Snowy on August 5, 1473
The 1470s include numerous technical drawings - images of military vehicles, hydraulic structures, spinning machines and for cloth finishing. Perhaps it is the technical projects of Leonardo da Vinci performed for Lorenzo Medici, to whom, as stated in the Master's biography (written by an unknown author, apparently, soon after the death of Leonardo), he was close to some time.
The first large order for the picturesque work of Leonardo da Vinci received due to the petition of the father. December 24, 1477. Piero Pollaiolo. It was instructed to write a new altar (instead of the work of Bernardo Duddy) for Capella St. Bernard in Palazzo Vecchio. But after a week, the decision of Signoria appeared (dated January 1, 1478), according to which the work was transferred to "in the abolition of any other order made to this time, any way, beyond anyone and anyone, Leonardo , Son sulfur [notary] Piero da Vinci, painter. " Apparently, Leonardo needed money, and already on March 16, 1478 appealed to the Florentine government asking an advances. He was paid 25 gold florins. Work, however, moved so slowly that it was not completed by the departure of Leonardo da Vinci to Milan (1482) and the next year was transferred to another master. The plot of this work is unknown. The second order, which was provided by Leonardo Ser Piero, is the execution of an altar image for the Church of the San Donato Monastery and Mak. On March 18, 1481, he concluded an agreement with his son, accurately denoting the deadlines for the completion of the work (in twenty-four, at most - thirty months) and indicating that Leonardo would not receive an advance, and if not fully accomplished on time, then everything that would be done to them, Goes to the property of the monastery. However, the story was repeated, and in July 1481 the artist turned to the monks with a request for an advances, received him, and then twice (in August and September) he took money on the security of the future work. The big composition of the "worship of the Magi" (Florence, Uffizi) remained unfinished, but in this form it is one "of those work on which all further development of European painting is based" (M. A. Gukovsky). Numerous drawings to it are stored in the collections of the Uffizi, Louvre and the British Museum. In 1496, the order for the altar was transferred to Philippino Lippi, and he wrote a picture on the same plot (Florence, Uffizi).
Leonardo da Vinci. Worship of Magi, 1481-1482
Not completed and "St. Ieronim "(Rome, Vatican Pinakotek), which is a submarine, in which the figure of the church of the saint is worked out with exceptional anatomical accuracy, and some secondary parts, such as the Lion in the foreground, are only outlined by the contour.
A special place among the early works of the master occupy two completed works - "Portrait of Jinevier d" Amerigo Benci "(Washington, National Gallery) and" Madonna with Flower "(St. Petersburg, State Hermitage). The severity and peculiar sealant of the image of the Dzzhinera, speaking her Sophisticated spiritual life commemorates the first manifestations of a psychological portrait in European art. The picture has not been completely preserved: it is cut off its lower part with the image of the hands. Apparently, the position of the figure resembled Mona Lisa.
Leonardo da Vinci. Portrait of Jinestic de Bencie, 1474-1478
Dating "Madonna with a flower, or Madonna Benouua" (1478-1480) Adopted on the basis of the mark on one of the sheets from the Cabinet of drawings in the Uffusion: "... Bre 1478 Inchomincial Le Due Vergini Marie". The composition of this picture is found in the figure with pen and bester stored in the British Museum (No. 1860. 6. 16. 100V.). The technique of oil painting performed in Newly for Italy, the picture is distinguished by the transparent ease of shadows and the wealth of color shades with a general restrained colorful solution. An unusually important role in creating a holistic impression, the relationships of the characters with their surroundings, the transfer of an air environment begins to play here. Magnifier, Sphumato, makes it unpricted, expressing the material unity of the viscous world.
Leonardo da Vinci. Madonna with a flower (Madonna Benua). OK. 1478.
Another early work of Leonardo da Vinci is considered "Madonna with cloves" (Munich, Old Pinakotek). Perhaps this work was preceded by the appearance of Madonna Benua.
Vasari reports that in his youth, Leonardo da Vinci performed from clay "several heads of laughing women", from which there were plaster castings in his time, as well as several children's heads. He mentions and how Leonardo portrayed a monster on a wooden shield, "a very disgusting and terrible, which poisoned with his breathing and flammped the air." The description of the process of its creation reveals the system of work Leonardo da Vinci - a method at which the basis of creativity is observation of nature, but not to copy it, but in order to create something new on its basis. Similarly, Leonardo came and later, when writing a picture of the head of jellyfish (not survived). Perfect with oil on canvas, it remained unfinished and in the middle of the XVI century. was in the meeting of the duke Kozoo Medici.
In the so-called "Atlantic Code" (Milan, Pinakotek Ambrosian), the most large assembly of Leonardo da Vinci records in different areas of knowledge, on page 204 there is a draft letter of the artist to the ruler of Milan Lodovico Sforza ( Lodovico Moro.). Leonardo offers its services as a military engineer, hydraulic engineering, sculptor. In the latter case, we are talking about creating a grand equestrian monument to Francesco Sforgetz, Father Lodovico. Since Moro in April 1478 visited Florence, there is an assumption that he was already familiar with Leonardo da Vinci and led negotiations on the work on the "horse". In 1482, to resolve Lorenzo Medici, the master went to Milan. The list of things that he captured with him is preserved - among them many drawings are mentioned and two paintings: "Complete Madonna. Another almost in profile. " Obviously, I had in mind "Madonna Litt" (St. Petersburg, State Hermitage). It is believed that the master finished her already in Milan about 1490. A wonderful preparatory drawing to her - the image of a female head is stored in the meeting of the Louvre (No. 2376). An active interest in this work by researchers arose after the acquisition of His Imperial Hermitage (1865) from the Duke of Antonio Litta in Milan. The authorship of Leonardo da Vinci has repeatedly denied, but now after the studies and exhibitions of the paintings in Rome and Venice (2003-2004) became generally accepted.
Leonardo da Vinci. Madonna Litta. OK. 1491-91
There are some more portraits performed with an elegance inherent Leonardo, but they are composite to them easier and do not have that spiritual mobility that makes the fascinating image of the chipillary. This is a "female portrait" in the profile (Milan, Pinakotek Ambrosian), "Portrait of the Musician" (1485, Ibid) - Perhaps Frankno Gaffurio, Regent Milan Cathedral and Composer, - and the so-called "Bella Feroner" (Portrait of Lucreta Krvelli?) from the meeting of the Louvre.
Leonardo da Vinci. Portrait of a musician, 1485-1490
On the instructions of Lodovico Moro Leonardo da Vinci performed for emperor Maximiliana The picture "Christmas", which an anonymous biographer writes that she was "revered by connoisseurs for a masterpiece of one of a kind and amazing art." Her fate is unknown.
Leonardo da Vinci. Bella Ferronier (beautiful Ferronier). OK. 1490.
The largest picturesque work of Leonardo, created in Milan, became the famous "Last Supper", written in the end wall of the refectory Dominican monastery of Santa Maria Delle Grazie. Leonardo da Vinci began to be directly executed in 1496. This was preceded by a long period of thinking. In the congregations of Windsor and the Venetian Academy, numerous drawings, sketches, outlines relating to this work are stored, among which are particularly allocated by their expressiveness of the apostles. It is not known exactly when the master completed the work. It is usually believed that this happened in the winter of 1497, but in a note sent by Moro to his secretary of Markezino Stange and related to this year, it was said: "Require from Leonardo, so that he will finish his work in Santa Maria delle Grazie." Luka Pacheti reports that Leonardo completed the painting in 1498. Untimely, the picture saw the light, the pilgrimage of painters began to it, which more or less well copied it. "There are picturesque, fresco, graphic, mosaic versions, as well as carpets, repeating Leonardo da Vinci composition (T. K. Kustodiev). The earliest of them are stored in the meetings of the Louvre (Marco D "Ojono?) And the Hermitage (No. 2036).
Leonardo da Vinci. Last Supper, 1498
The composition of "Last Supper" in its "air volume" seems to the continuation of the Hall of refectory. Achieve such an effect to the master allowed excellent knowledge of the prospects. The gospel scene appears here "close to the audience, humanly understandable and at the same time not losing her high solemnity, nor its deep drama (M. A. Gukovsky). The glory of the Great Work, however, could not protect the "Last Supper" not from the destruction of time or from the barbarian attitude of people. Due to the dampness of the walls, the paints began to fade already during the lifetime of Leonardo da Vinci, and in 1560 Lomazo in the "Treatise about painting" reported, the truth is somewhat exaggerating that the painting "completely collapsed". In 1652, the monks increased the door to the refectory and destroyed the image of the legs of Christ and the apostles neighboring with him. Artists also contributed their share of destruction. So, in 1726, someone Belotti, "who claimed that he had a secret to revive paints" (Sayl), rewrote the whole picture. In 1796, when Napoleon's troops came to Milan, a stable was arranged in the refectory, and the soldiers had fun, throwing fragments of bricks in the heads of the Apostles. In the XIX century The "Last Supper" was late several times, and in the second world war during the bombardment of Milan, English aviation collapsed the sideways of the meal. Recovery work, which began after the war and consistent with the strengthening and partial clearing of painting were completed in 1954. More than twenty years (1978), the restorers began a grandiose activity to remove later layers, ended only in 1999. After a few centuries, it is possible to see bright and clean again Paints of genuine painting of the wizard.
Obviously, immediately after arrival in Milan Leonardo, Da Vinci addressed the project of the Francesco Sforza monument. Numerous sketches indicate changes in the plan of the master, who at first wanted to imagine a horse with a rising holes (in all then the horses that existed horse monuments were shown calmly going). Such a composition, with huge sizes of sculpture (approx. 6 m high; according to other information - approx. 8 m), created almost indispensable difficulties in casting. The solution to the problem was delayed, and Moro instructed the Florentine Ambassador in Milan to write out of the Florence of another sculptor, which he said about Lorenzo Medici In a letter dated July 22, 1489. Leonardo had to go close to the "horse". However, in the summer of 1490, the work on the monument was interrupted by Leonardo's trip and Francesco di George Martini to Pavia to give advice on the construction of the cathedral. In early September, preparations for the wedding of Lodoviko began, and then the master performed numerous instructions of the new government - Beatrice. At the beginning of 1493, Lodoviko ordered Leonardo to speed up the work to show the statue during the next wedding celebrations: Emperor Marsimilian took his wife Moro's niece - Bianc Maria. The clay model of the statue is the "Great Colossus" - was fulfilled on time, by November 1493. The Master refused the initial idea and showed a horse calmly going. Only a few sketches give an idea of \u200b\u200bthis final version of the monument. It was technically impossible to cast a sculpture at once, so the master began experimental work. In addition, it was necessary about eighty tons of bronze, which we managed to collect only 1497. The whole she went to the guns: Milan expected the invasion of the troops of the French king Louis XII. In 1498, when the political position of the Duchy is temporarily improved, Lodooviko instructed Leonardo da Vinci's painting hall in Castello Sforcessko - Hall Delle Acce, and April 26, 1499 signed a vineyard on the vineyard in the vicinity of Milan. It was the last mercy given by the Duke of the artist. August 10, 1499 French troops entered into the territory of Milan Duchy, on August 31, Lovojiko fled from the city, on September 3, Milan surrendered. Gasconian arrows of Louis XII destroyed a clay statue, competing in shooting from crossbows. Apparently, nevertheless, after that, the monument made a strong impression, since two years later, the Duke of Ferrara Ercole I D "Este led negotiations about his acquisition. The further fate of the monument is unknown.
For some time, Leonardo da Vinci remained in the occupied city, and then together with Luka Pacheli went to Mantua to the court of Isabella Gonzag. For considerations of political (Isabella was the sister Beatrice, Maro's spouse, who died by that time - in 1497) Marcrafin did not want to provide patronage to the artist. However, she wished Leonardo da Vinci wrote her portrait. Without lingering in Mantua, Leonardo and Pacheli went to Venice. In March 1500 Master of Music Instruments Lorenzo Gusnasco Yes Pavia reported Isabelle in a letter: "Here in Venice is Leonardo Vinci, who showed me a contour portrait of your lightness, which is so well done according to nature, as it is only possible." Obviously, it was about the drawing, currently stored in the Louvre. The picturesque portrait of the master never performed. In April 1500 Leonardo and Pacheti were already in Florence. In this short - a little more than two years - a calm period of life Leonardo da Vinci was mainly technical research (in particular, the project of an aircraft) and at the request of the Florentine government took part in the examination to identify the reasons for the sedimentation of the Church of the San Salvatore on San Mignato Hill. According to Vazari, at that time Philippino Lippey Received an order for a pressed image for the Church of Santissima Annunciat. Leonardo "said that she would willingly fulfill such a job," and Philipino kindly gave him the order. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe painting "Holy Anna", apparently, appeared at Leonardo da Vinci still in Milan. There are numerous drawings of this composition, as well as a magnificent cardboard (London, National Gallery), but not he lay down the basis for the final decision. After the Master after Easter in 1501 for everyone to review, the cardboard was not preserved, but judging by the documents that had reached so far, it was his composition that was repeated the master in a widely famous picture from the Louvre. Thus, April 3, 1501, the Curmelite Curlee Vicaris, who consisted in correspondence with Isabella Gonzag, reported in detail describing the composition of the cardboard, which, in his opinion, the image of St. Anna embodies the church, which does not want, "so that his suffering is disgusted with Christ." When the altar picture was completed - it is unclear. Perhaps the master finished her back in Italy, where she was acquired by Francis I, according to Paolo Jovio, without specifying, however, when and who. In any case, the customers did not receive it and appealed to the Philippino in 1503, but he did not satisfy their desires.
At the end of July 1502 Leonardo da Vinci entered the service for Cesare Bordjia, son pope AlexanderVIAs for this time, seeking to create own possessions, captured almost all the central Italy. For the posts of the main military engineer, Leonardo, Umbria, Tuscan, Romel, making up plans of fortresses and advising local engineers on improving the defense system, created maps for military needs. However, in March 1503, he was again in Florence.
By the beginning of the first decade of the XVI century. Refers the creation of the most famous work of Leonardo da Vinci - portrait of Mona Lisa - "Joconda" (Paris, Louvre), paintings that are not equal in the number of interpretations and disputes caused by it. Portrait of a spouse Florentine merchant Francesco del Jokondo combines the striking concreteness of reality with such spiritual meaningfulness and a generalization of all-life, which develops the framework of the genre, ceases to be a portrait in his own sense of the word. "This is not a mysterious woman, it is a mysterious being" (Leonardo. M. Batkin). The first description of the picture, this vazari, who assures that Leonardo da Vinci worked on her four years and did not finish, but immediately writes that all the smallest details are reproduced in the portrait, which only can convey the subtlety of painting. "
Leonardo da Vinci. Mona Lisa (Joconda), OK. 1503-1505
Another picture, created by Leonardo da Vinci during these years, "Madonna with Verhener" describes in detail the Pietro yes Nuvolaryo in a letter to Isabelle Gonzaga dated April 4, 1503. The vicar reports that the artist fulfilled her for the secretary of Louis XII. The fate of the picture is unknown. The idea of \u200b\u200bit gives a good copy of the XVI century. (Assembly of the Duke Bakklu in Scotland).
In the same period, Leonardo returns to the exercise of the anatomy, which began in Milan in the building of a large hospital. In Florence, university's doctors and students on special government permits worked in the premises of Santa Croce. Treatise on anatomy that was going to make a master was not implemented.
In the fall of 1503 through the permanent gonfalomer Pietro Soletro Leonardo da Vinci received an order for a big picturesque job - the painting of one of the walls of the new hall - the board of the board attached to 1496 to the Palazzo della Signoria. On October 24, the artist was awarded the keys to the so-called papal hall of the Santa Maria Novella monastery, where he began working on the cardboard. By the decree of Signoria, he received 53 Gold Florin of the Advance and permission to receive "from time to time" small amounts. The deadline for the completion of the work was named February 1505. The theme of the future works was the battle of Angiari (June 29, 1440) between Florentinians and Milanians. In August 1504 Order on the second picture for the Hall of the Council - "Battle of Kashin" - received Michelangelo. Both masters have completed work on time, and the cardboard were exhibited to the public in the boardroom. They made a tremendous impression; Artists immediately began to copy them, but it was impossible to determine the winner in this unique competition. Both cards are not preserved. The central part of the Leonardo da Vinci composition was the battle scene for the banner. Only about it and it is possible to receive some idea due to the drawing of Raphael (Oxford, the Church Church Library), filled with it in 1505-1506, as well as on the copy of Rubens (Paris, Louvre). However, it is not known what Rubens, who lived in Italy, in 1600-1608, was unknown. The anonymous biographer Leonardo da Vinci informs that after the death of the master in the hospital of Santa Maria Novella, it was possible to see most of the cardboard "Battle of Angiari", and it also treated "the riders remaining in the Palazzo". In 1558. Benvenuto Chellin In his "biography" writes that cardboard hung in the papal hall and, "while they were well, they were a school of the whole world." From this we can conclude that in the 1550th cardboard Leonardo, at least as a whole, no longer existed.
Leonardo da Vinci. Battle of Angiari, 1503-1505 (Detail)
Contrary to usually, the painting on the wall of the Hall of the Council of Leonardo performed quickly. According to Anonymous, he worked on a new soil of his own invention and for the earliest dry dryer used the heat of firemen. However, the wall dried unevenly, the upper part of it did not hold the paint, and the painting turned out to be hopelessly spoiled. Soletory demanded the completion of the work or a refund. The situation was temporarily allowed to allow the departure to Milan, at the invitation of his governor of Charles D "Amboise, Marquis de Schomon. The artist concluded a contract with Signoria, which pledged to return in three months, and in case of violation of the obligation to pay a penalty in the amount of 150 gold florins. June 1 1506 Leonardo da Vinci went to Milan. In a letter from August 18, Charles D "Amboaz asks the Florentine government to leave the artist for a while at his disposal. In a response letter (dated August 28), consent is given, but with the condition of the return of debt. Since the money was not expelled, Soletini on October 9 again turns to the governor with the requirement of compliance with the contract. Finally, January 12, 1507, the Florentine ambassador at the French court informs the members of Signoria that Louis XII wants to leave Leonardo in Milan to his arrival. Two days later, the king itself signed a letter of the same content. In April 1507 Leonardo received his vineyard back and in early May was able to pay 150 florins. The king arrived in Milan on May 24: in the device of processions and ideas on this occasion, Leonardo da Vinci took an active part. Thanks to the intervention of Louis, on August 24, a long-term process was completed due to the "Madonna in the rocks". The picture remained at the disposal of the master, but he, together with Ambroki de Preview (Evangelista died to this time) had to fulfill the other for the same plot for two years (London, National Gallery).
From September 1507 to September 1508 Leonardo da Vinci was in Florence: it was necessary to lead a litigation due to the inheritance. Elderly Ser Piero, Leonardo's father, died back in 1504 at the age of ninety years, leaving ten sons and two daughters.
Holy Anna with Madonna and Baby Christ. Picture Leonardo da Vinci, OK. 1510.
In Milan, Leonardo da Vinci graduated from "Holy Anna" and executed several more paintings, the most famous of which is "John the Baptist" (Paris, Louvre). Currently, Leonardo is recognized and stored in the same "VAKH".
Leonardo da Vinci. John the Baptist, 1513-1516
In the French Royal Assembly, "Leda" was also. The last time this picture is mentioned in the Fontainebleau inventory in 1694. According to legend, it was destroyed at the request of Madame de Madennon, the last favorite of Louis XIV. The idea of \u200b\u200bits composition gives several drawings of the master and somewhat different in the details of the repetitions (the best is attributed to Cesare da siste and is stored in the Uffizi).
In addition to picturesque works, Leonardo da Vinci was engaged in Milan with the design of the monument to Marshal Trivulzio, which was in French service. It is believed that a small bronze model in the collection of the Budapest Museum is connected with this project. If so, Leonardo da Vinci returned to the idea of \u200b\u200ba dynamic composition with a jumping horse.
In 1511 troops pope JuliaII. In the Union with the Venetian Republic and Spain expelled the French. During 1511-1512, Leonardo lived for a long time at his friend, nobleman Dzhirolamo Meltsi, in his estate in VaPrio. The son of Jirolamo, Francesco, became a student and a passionate admirer of an aging master. In 1513, the Lion X Medici was elected to the papal throne, with a brother of which, Juliano, who was interested in Alchemy, Leonardo da Vinci was friendly. September 14, 1513 Leonardo went to Rome. Juliano appointed him a salary and disassembled the room for work. In Rome, the Master was the projects of re-equipment of the Papal Mint and the drainage of the Pontic Marsh. Vazari noted that for the papal Dataria (head of the office) Baldassara Turini from Peshia Leonardo da Vinci performed two pictures - Madonna and the image of the "infant of amazing beauty and grace" (not traced).
On December 31, 1514 Louis XII died, and Francis I inherited to him in September 1515 dismantled Milan. Leonardo believed with the king in Bologna, where Dad led to the talks with him. But perhaps the artist had seen him before - in Pavia, at the celebrations in honor of his entry into town, and at the same time he made the famous mechanical lion, from the drop-down breast of which lilies were poured. In this case, in Bologna, Leonardo Da Vinci was in the retinue of Francis, and not the Lion X. Having a proposal to go to the king to the service, the master in the fall of 1516, together with Francesco, Meltsi went to France. The last years of the life of Leonardo da Vinci passed in a small castle of clubs, not far from Amboise. He was appointed a pension of 700 ECU. In the spring of 1517 in Amboise, where the king loved to be, was celebrated by the baptism of Doughne, and then the wedding of the Duke of Urbinsky Lorenzo Medici and the daughter of Duke of Burbonsky. Celebrations decorated Leonardo. In addition, he was engaged in designing channels and gateways to improve the terrain, created architectural projects, in particular the project of restructuring Romoranten Castle. Perhaps the ideas of Leonardo da Vinci served as the basis for the construction of Chambore (started in 1519). October 18, 1516 Leonardo visited the secretary of Cardinal Louis Aragon. According to him, because of the paralysis of the right hand, the artist "can no longer write with the tenderness to him ... But he can still draw pictures and teach others." On April 23, 1519 the artist amounted to a testament, according to which manuscripts, drawings and picturesque works went to the ownership of Meltsi. The master died on May 2, 1519, according to legend - on the hands of King France. Meltsi transported Leonardo da Vinci manuscript in Italy and kept them before the end of his estate in VaPrio. Now the well-known "Treatise on painting", which has enormous influence on European art, has been making a melts based on teacher's records. It has been preserved about seven thousand sheets of manuscripts Leonardo da Vinci. The largest meetings are in the collection of the Institute of France in Paris; in Milan - in the library of Ambrozian (Atlantic Code) and Castello Sorboressko (Codex Trivulzio); in Turin (Code of Flight Code); Windsor and Madrid. Their publication began in the XIX century. And still one of the best critical editions of the manuscripts Leonardo are two volumes of texts with comments published by Richter in 1883 (Richter J. P.The Literary Works of Leonardo Da Vinci. London, 1883. Vol. 1-2). Additional and commented K. Pedretti, they were secondary were printed in Los Angeles in 1977.
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