The meaning of the word personification in the literature. Personalization as a literary trail

28.03.2019

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Optional to be literary criticIn order to know what personification is, it is rather a matter of general erudition. Sooner or later, it will have to face this concept, and at least helping the child with a homework in literature. And show ignorance in front of your own children is not the best way out of the situation.

Fight for survival

People have long been paid to Nature:

From conditions ambient The survival of the whole tribes depended.
Even the most "insignificant" natural cataclysm He could doom to death dozens of people.
The soil fertility gave the opportunity to feed the family to those who engaged in agrarian business and collecting.
The blessing of nature in the form of rich prey provided hunters a fishing life.

Nature, and sometimes the most ordinary case, solved - to live a person or die. This is already closer to our time, people have taught to change environmental conditions for themselves, causing irreparable harm. And once our ancestors were so vulnerable and dependent on it as wild animals.

You should not be surprised that the first religious cults praised the forces of nature, deified them, endowed mind and human features:

Force.
Will.
Determination.
All over.
Mercy.
Cruelty.
Angry.

And at least thousands of years have passed, so far there are some kind of trends in what trends.

What is an personification in the literature?

Elimination is literary receptionwhich was used yet in folk creativity and myths, from time immemorial:

Everywhere meets in classical literature.
Opened by giving one object of something else.
Lies in the endowment of the object of inanimate nature by human properties.
Complex images are used, not primitive qualities.

To create a full-fledged personification, the writer must:

Select two objects with which it will work - alive and inanimate nature.
To form a clear and comprehensive image of a person who will be further transferred.
Made accurately convey human qualities to a non-living object.

In this case, the first item is most important to choose the two components. Make it so that the reader is simultaneously interested and surprised. But in fact, we use personification almost every day. everyday lifeIn our speech - at all without thinking about the meaning of the said.

Each of us understands that the blizzard cannot "spin over the city, howling and peeking into the windows"But issuing a similar phrase, no one thinks about literary techniques, personification or something in this spirit.

Confusion among writers, examples

In the literature there are many techniques similar in meaning. Here for example:

We take the natural element.
"Let's give" her ability of a living person.
We get at the exit of something in the spirit - "wind noise".

But this is not an impersonation, but an animation. The whole difference lies in the fact that in this case we do not create any image, but only carry one specific property on an inanimate object, an animation. However, in these concepts, the writers themselves are often confused.

Someone leads the fancy "Swan, Cancer and Pike" as an example of personification, motivating this by the fact that the author creates images of people incapable of cooperation. And others confidently declare that it is only an anthropomorphism. They say, the animal was described like a person, having changed his "morphism".

Even less often, the concept is confused with the allegory, but it happens. You can really look at different angles, much more important to be able to explain and prove others the right to exist.

Elimination in everyday life

IN real life We often create yourself images and live, pushing out from them:

We do not perceive an objectively picture of the world, reducing everything to the set of images and stamps.
We give the surrounding people with the qualities that are not really not in them.
We do not notice small changes and revise the images only in the case of severe shocks.

It is stupid to blame in this person, because he has such a nature. We can think only by categories, based on previously obtained experience. Consciousness is vital to all structuring, "ravage labels" and create some kind of my world.

Someone comes out very close to combine real world And your vision of the surroundings. Others create too unrealistic picture of the world, which in certain moment It collapses and causes a person to suffer.

But in many ways all people are similar:

Perceive strengths Personality.
They personify a specific person with his most outstanding abilities.
Tolerate the qualities of some people on others.

Most often it is taken for idealization or, on the contrary, for the demonization of the person. But it is also possible to "fit" under the concept of personification. Still, the imagery and associativity of thinking are distinguished by a person from wildlife representatives.

Due to this, our ancestors achieved independence from environmental conditions, despite parallel attempts to drag it.

Popular literary reception

Protecting is one of the artistic techniques that actively use writers:

Came to us from time immemorial when and writing has not yet existed.
Originally used in myths and folk legends.
Actively applied by writers throughout ground Shar., regardless of culture and religion.
It is to transfer to a non-residential image of a person or any other object of wildlife.
Used to create more full picture Peace and atmospheric.

The most primitive examples border with animalism and an animation, sometimes even experienced feather workers confuse them.

I knew how to actively enjoyed the Pasternak reception, in his " Snow goes"It occurs in almost every line. In prose, such comparisons are found much less often. But if you ask an example for the mind immediately can come "nose", one of the best works Gogol.

Not even really knowing what personification, we use it in everyday speech. After all, the reception itself has absorbed into our consciousness along with fairy tales, verses and stories that they read in childhood.

Video: What does an Aurora personifies?

In this video, the historian Vasily Denisov will tell that personifies the Military Cruiser Aurora at the present time:

Back in ancient times, people put out surrounding items and phenomena human characteristics. For example, the land was called the Mother, and the rain was compared with tears. Over time, the desire to solve inanimate objects, but in the literature and in conversation we still meet these speech turns. This language-shaped language is named personification. So what is an impersonation?

Elimination: Definition and Functions
Elimination is a literary reception, in which inanimate items are endowed with the properties that are inherent in living beings. Sometimes this turnover of speech is called personification.

The personification is used by many prose and poets. For example, Yesenin can meet the following lines: "Sings Winter, Aukets, Shaggy Forest Baubets. It is clear that winter as the time of year cannot publish sounds, and the forest is noise only because of the wind. Elimination allows you to create bright image Reader, pass the mood of the hero, emphasize some action.

What personification in the literature is understandable, but this turnover of speech is used in spoken Speech. Familiar phrases "Milk convinced", "Heart Barchlit", are also an personification. Use it literary reception In a conversation, it makes it a figurative and interesting. However, we do not even think about using this technique.

You can still give examples what personification is. For example, we often say that it is raining (although the rain is clearly no legs) or clouds frowning (it is clear that the clouds cannot experience any emotions).

In general, it can be said that the personification is such a literary turnover, in other words, a tongue trail, in which non-residential is endowed with signs and qualities of the living. Elimination is often confused with a metaphor. It is worth understanding that the metaphor is just a figurative meaning of the word, a figurative comparison. For example - " golden autumn". Therefore, to distinguish the personification from other literary revolutions is very easy.

Examples:

And Mountain, Mountain, Gorelyania!
And and Lyk Mount was preoccupied,
My legs areoputan.

(Folk song)

Winter personification:

Gray sorceress goes
Cosmatic waving a sleeve;
And snow, and scum, and frost,
And water replaces the ice.
From the colder breath
Nature Shooting ...

(Derzhavin)

After all, autumn on the yard
Through it stuck it.
Following the winter
In warm fur coat goes
The way in the snow is chosen,
Under the sleigh crunches ...

(Rings)

Hyperbola:
Midnight whirlwind - Bogatyr flies!
Darkness from Chela, with a dust!
Zipper from the eyes run ahead
Oaks are grocery lying behind.
Step on the mountains - the mountains crack;
Will fall on the water - the abyss boil;
Grada touches - hail falls,
Towers hand for cloud throws.

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Elimination - examples from literature

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Not at all thinking, we pronounce the phrase "The Sun rushing", "streams run", "the snowstorm", "the Sun smiles", "rain crying", "Frost draws patterns", "leaves whisper".

In fact, these familiar phrases are constitutive elements of ancient personification. Now they have become so ordinary that their initial meaning is no longer perceived.

Word "Elimination" has an ancient latin analogue "personification" (Persona - Face, Facio - I do) and an ancient Greek "Expoper" (Prósōpon - Person, Poiéō- do). This stylistic term is made to designate the perception of inanimate objects as animate and giving them the properties of living beings, putting animals, plants, nature phenomena with human experiences.

In ancient times, the personification of the forces and phenomena of nature was the method of knowledge of the world and an attempt to explain the device of the universe. In legends and myths Ancient Greece Uranium and gay relationships, for example, personified as the wedding of the sky and the Earth, as a result of which mountains, trees, birds and beasts appeared.

The Slavs, Perun personified the Thunder and Lightning, Striboga - the Wind, Dana - Water, Didilia - the Luna, the Kolyada - the God of the Sun at the age of the baby, and Kupala - the Sun God in his summer hat.

The concept of personification is more closely related to the world and has a scientific subtext. This term is used in philosophy, sociology and psychology. In the personification of consciousness, the mechanism of projection is laid, a related principle of personification.

Sociology considers the psychology of the personification of consciousness as a man's desire in a situation of vain expectations and failures to lay guilt for events on anyone.

Elimination is used as artistic reception In the literature, especially often poetry, fairy tales, fables, epics and songs. It belongs to one of the types of paths - expressions that are used in the literature to enhance image and expressiveness.

Examples are not considered in the literature, but in verses they are an integral component. The meaningful load of the personification has many shades. The ancient Russian masterpiece "Word about Igor's regiment" distinguishes expressiveness and emotionality, which is largely achieved through the techniques of the personification of nature.

Trees, herbs and animals are generously endowed with feelings, they empathize with the author "Words". In Basnya I.A. Willow personification carries a completely different semantic load And used as an allegory. In the poem A.S. Pushkin, along with traditional personification ("evil waves", "Write, Grad Petrov") it acquires social and political subtext.

The encyclopedic dictionary treats the personification as an exaggere, i.e. which transfers the properties of animated items into inanimate.
They are used in cases where they want to carry out a psychological parallel between the state of nature and mental state man.

For this feature you can distinguish metaphors-personification from the rest. Such metaphors filled with the story "Steppe" A.P.hekhov. In it, the courageous grass sings a guy song, the poplar suffers from loneliness, and the steppe realizes the vain death of his wealth and inspiration that he echoes the writer's thinking about his homeland and about life.

The values \u200b\u200bof the ancient personalities are instructive and still cause interest. These include the signs of the zodiac. The word "zodiac" means translated from the Greek "animals in the circle." 12 signs of the zodiac are the personification of the main features and character of a person.

Fish is distinguished by complexity and sensitivity, intellectuals of water - critical Assessment All and everything and the desire for disputes, Capricors - wisdom and determination, Lviv - Aristocracy, freedomism, etc.

In general, the personnel of the animals was planetary and philosophical-shaped. Special attitude was to China. China's stomach was considered the place of death and rebirth, and the sailors considered China by the personification of cunning.

The randral of such a relationship lies in ancient legends, in which sailors confused whales with the islands and threw anchors, which ships treated whales during the immersion.

It remains to add that personification accurately determine the qualities of a person, and their use in everyday speech makes it richer and more interesting.

Epithets, metaphors, personification, comparisons - all this means artistic expressivenessactively used in Russian literary language. There is a huge manifold. They are needed to make a language bright and expressive, strengthen artistic images, attract the attention of the reader to the thought that the author wants to convey.

What are the means of artistic expressiveness?

Epitts, metaphors, personification, comparisons belong to various groups of artistic expressiveness.

Linguistic scientists allocate sound or phonetic fine remedies. Lexical are those that are associated with a certain word, that is, a lexema. If the expressive means covers a phrase or a whole sentence, then it is syntax.

Separately, phraseological agents are also considered (they are based on phraseologisms), trails (Special speech turns used in portable meaning).

Where are the means of artistic expressiveness?

It is worth noting that the means of artistic expressiveness are applied not only in the literature, but also in different areas Communication.

The most often epithets, metaphors, personification, comparisons can be found, of course, in an artistic and journalistic speech. They are also present in conversational and even scientific styles. They play a huge role, as they help the author to implement their artistic design, your image. They are useful for the reader. With their help, he can penetrate the secret world of the creator of the work, it is better to understand and delve into the author's intent.

Epithet

Epitts in verses are one of their most common literary techniques. It is surprising that the epithet can be not only adjective, but also by nashing, nouns and even numeral (common example - second Life).

Most literary criticism consider epithet as one of the main techniques in poetic creativity, adorning a poetic speech.

If you turn to the origins of this word, it happened from an ancient Greek concept denoting in the literal translation of the "applied". That is, which is an addition to the main word, the main function of which to make the main thought is clearer and expressive. Most often, the epithet is facing the main word or expression.

Like all means of artistic expressiveness, epithets developed from one literary era to the other. So, in folklore, that is, in folk creativity, the role of epithets in the text is very large. They describe the properties of objects or phenomena. Highlight their key features, while extremely rarely refer to the emotional component.

Later, the role of epithets in the literature is changing. It expands significantly. This tool of artistic expressiveness gives new properties and fill the functions that have not inherent in him. This is especially becoming noticeable at the poets of the Silver Age.

Nowadays, especially in postmodernist literary works, the structure of the epithetus complicated even stronger. Increased I. semantic filling This trail leading to surprisingly expressive techniques. For example: diapers are golden.

Epteetov function

Definitions of epithet, metaphor, personification, comparison is reduced to one - all this artistic means, giving the bulge and expressiveness of our speech. Both literary and conversational. The special feature of the epithet is also strong emotion.

These means of artistic expressiveness, and especially epithets, help readers or listeners to imagine what the author says or writes, to understand how he belongs to this subject.

Epitts serve for realistic recreation historical eradefined social Group or people. With their help, we can imagine how these people said, what words to paint their speech.

What is a metaphor?

Translated from the ancient Greek language of the metaphor - this is a "value transfer". This is how it is impossible to better characterize this concept.

The metaphor can be both a separate word and an entire expression that is used by the author in a figurative value. The basis of this means of artistic expressiveness is a comparison of the subject, which is not yet named, with some other on the basis of their overall sign.

Unlike most other literary terms, the metaphor has a specific author. it famous philosopher Ancient Greece - Aristotle. The initial birth of this term is associated with the representations of Aristotle about art as a method of imitating life.

At the same time, those metaphors used by Aristotle are practically impossible to distinguish from literary exaggeration (hyperboles), normal comparison or personification. He understood the metaphor much wider than modern literary critics.

Examples of consumption of metaphor in literary speech

Epitts, metaphors, personification, comparisons are actively used in artistic works. Moreover, for many authors, the metaphor becomes aesthetic itself, sometimes completely displacing the initial meaning of the word.

As an example, literary researchers lead in an example of the famous English poet and the playwright of William Shakespeare. For him, it is often important not for the life of the initial meaning of a particular statement, but the metaphoric value purchased to them, a new unexpected meaning.

For those readers and researchers who were brought up on the Aristotelian understanding of the principles of literature, it was unusual and even incomprehensible. So, on this basis did not recognize the poetry of Shakespeare Lion Tolstoy. His point of view in Russia XIX. Century adhered to many readers of English playwright.

At the same time, with the development of the literature, the metaphor begins not only to reflect, but also the lives surrounding us. Bright example From the classical Russian literature - the story of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol "Nose". The nose of the College Assistor Kovalev, who went to his own journey through St. Petersburg, is not only a hyperbole, personification and comparison, but also a metaphor that gives this image a new unexpected meaning.

An example is an example of futurist poets who worked in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Them the main goal It was precipitated to the metaphor as much as possible from its initial meaning. Such techniques were often used by Vladimir Mayakovsky. An example, title its poems "cloud in pants."

At the same time, after the October Revolution, it was much less likely to use the metaphor. Soviet poets and writers sought clarity and straightness, so the need to use the words and expressions in figurative sense disappeared.

Although completely without metaphor imagine work of fictionEven the Soviet authors is impossible. Metaphors' words are found practically everyone. Arkady Gaidar in the "destiny of the drummer" can be found such a phrase - "So we diverged. Topot Small, and in the field is empty."

In the Soviet poetry of the 70s, Konstantin Kedrov enters into circulation the concept of "metametaphor" or as it is also called the "metaphor in a square". The metaphor has a new distinctive trait - It is constantly involved in the development literary language. As well as speech and culture itself as a whole.

For this, the metaphor is constantly used, telling about newest sources Knowledge and information use it to describe the modern achievements of humanity in science and technology.

Elimination

In order to figure out what personification in the literature will turn to the origin of this concept. Like most literary termsIt goes with its roots in an ancient Greek language. In the literal translation means "face" and "do". With this literary reception natural powers And phenomena, inanimate objects acquire properties and signs inherent in man. As if the author is listed. For example, they can give the properties of the human psyche.

Such techniques are often used not only in modern artistic literature, but also in mythology, and religion, in magic and cults. The personification was a key tool for artistic expressiveness in testes and parables in which ancient man It was explained how the world was arranged, which is behind natural phenomena. They were molded, endowed human qualitiesThey were associated with gods or superlines. So an ancient person was easier to accept and understand the surrounding reality.

Examples of personalities

Understand what personification in the literature will help us with examples of specific texts. So, in Russian folk song The author claims that "Lyko grief was preoccupied".

With the help of an impersonation, a special world appears. For him is characteristic of the unscientific idea of natural phenomena. When, for example, thunder grumbling like an old man, or the sun is perceived not as an inanimate space object, but as a specific God named Helios.

Comparison

In order to sort out the main modern means Artistic expressiveness, it is important to understand what comparison is in the literature. Examples in this will help us. In Zabolotsky we meet: "He used to be ringing, exactly the bird"Or Pushkin: "He ran faster than horses".

Very often comparisons are used in Russian folk art. So we clearly see that this is a trail in which one object or phenomenon is like to another on the basis of any common feature for them. The goal of comparison is to find new and new and important properties For the subject of the artistic statement.

This goal is metaphor, epithets, comparisons, personification. The table in which all these concepts are presented, helps to clearly figure out what they differ from each other.

Types of comparisons

Consider for a detailed understanding that such a comparison in the literature, examples and varieties of this trail.

It can be used in the form of a comparative turnover: the man is stupid like a pig.

There are comparisons non-union: my home is my castle.

Often comparisons are formed at the expense of the noun in the articulated case. Classic example: he walks Gogol.

The meaning of the word personification in the literary encyclopedia

Elimination

[or Personification] - an expression, giving an idea of \u200b\u200bany concept or phenomenon by image of it in the form of a living person, endowed with the properties of this concept (for example, the image in the Greeks and the Romans of happiness in the form of a capricious goddess-fortune, etc.). Very often, O. is used in the image of nature, K-paradium is endowed with those or other human features, "revived", for example: "Sea laughed" (bitter) or a flood description in " Copper rider"Pushkin:" ... Nheva all night / rushed to the sea against the storm, / did not defeat their violent dori ... / and argue

284 It was not for me to be able to ... / The weather was swept away, / Nheva swelled and roared ... / And suddenly, as a beast, it was worse, the city rushed ... / Siege! Attack! evil waves, / like a thieves, climb into the windows ", etc. O. was especially in the course in preventive and falclass poetry, where it was carried out consistently and deployed; In Russian literature, samples of such O. were given from Tredyakovsky: "Riding on the island of love", [SPb], 1730. O. Essentially, it is therefore transferring to the concept or phenomenon of animal signs and is so. arr. View of metaphor (see). See "Trails". L. T.

Literary encyclopedia. 2012

The meaning of the word personification in the literature. Personalization as a literary trail

Read also

Fight for survival

What is an personification in the literature?

Confusion among writers, examples

Elimination in everyday life

Popular literary reception

Video: What does an Aurora personifies?

Other essays on the topic:

What are the means of artistic expressiveness?

Where are the means of artistic expressiveness?

Epithet

Epteetov function

What is a metaphor?

Examples of consumption of metaphor in literary speech

Elimination

Examples of personalities

Comparison

Types of comparisons

The meaning of the word personification in the literary encyclopedia

See also interpretations, synonyms, the meaning of the word and what personification in Russian in the dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books: