The formation of Turgenev briefly. Brief biography Turgenev Most importantly

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - the famous Russian prose, poet, classic of world literature, playwright, critic, memoist and translator. His peru belongs a lot outstanding works. On the fate of this great writer and will be discussed in this article.

Early childhood

Turgenev's biography (brief in our review, but very saturated in fact) began in 1818. The future writer was born on November 9 in the city of Eagle. His dad - Sergey Nikolayevich - was a combat officer of the Kirassirian regiment, but soon after the birth of Ivan, he retired. Mom of the boy - Varbara Petrovna - was a representative of the noble state family. It was in the family estate of this power woman - Spassky-Lutovinovo - the first years of Ivan's life passed. Despite the heavy incremental temper, Varbara Petrovna was very enlightened and educated person. She managed to instill their children (in the family, except Ivan, his elder brother Nicholas was brought up) Love for sciences and domestic literature.

Education

Primary education future writer Got at home. So that it could continue with a dignified way, Turgenene's family moved to Moscow. Here, the biography of Turgenev (brief) made a new round: the parents of the boy left abroad, and he was kept in various guesthouses. First, he lived and brought up in the Waydenhammer's institution, then Krause. In fifteen years (in 1833), Ivan entered the Moscow State University at the Faculty of Literature. After the arrival of the eldest son Nicholas to the Guards Cavalry, the Turgenev family moved to St. Petersburg. Here, the future writer became a student of a local university and began to study philosophy. In 1837, Ivan graduated from this school.

Feather test and further education

The work of Turgenev for many is associated with writing prosaic works. However, Ivan Sergeevich initially planned to become a poet. In 1934, he wrote several lyrical works, including the poem "Wall", which, according to his mentor - P. A. Pletnev appreciated. For the next three years, the young writer has already composed about hundreds of poems. In 1838, several of its works were published in the famous "contemporary" ("to Venus Medica", "Evening"). Young poet Felt a tendency to scientific activity And in 1838 he went to Germany to continue their education in the University of Berlin. Here he studied the Roman and greek literature. Ivan Sergeyevich quickly imbued with Western European lifestyle. A year later, the writer was briefly returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he again left his homeland and lived in Italy, Austria and Germany. In Spassky-Lutovinovo, Turgenev returned in 1841, and in a year he turned to Moscow State University With a request to allow him to pass the exam for a master's degree in philosophy. It was denied this.

Polina Viardo

To get the scientific degree of Ivan Sergeyevich was able to at St. Petersburg University, but by that time he had already cooled to this kind of activity. In search of a decent field in life in 1843, the writer entered the service to the ministerial office, but his ambitious aspirations and there quickly faded. In 1843, the writer published Parasha's poem, which impressed V. G. Belinsky. Success inspired Ivan Sergeevich, and he decided to devote his life to creativity. In the same year, the biography of Turgenev (brief) was marked by another fateful event: the writer met the outstanding French singer Polina Viardo. Seeing Beauty B. opera House St. Petersburg, Ivan Sergeevich decided to meet her. At first, the girl did not pay attention to a little-known writer, however, Turgenev was struck by the charm of the singer so that he set off after the Viardo family to Paris. For many years, he accompanied Polina in her passage tour, despite the obvious disapproval of his relatives.

Flowering creativity

In 1946, Ivan Sergeevich actively participates in updating the contemporary magazine. He meets Nekrasov, and he becomes his best friend. For two years (1950-1952), the writer is broken between abroad and Russia. The work of Turgenev during this period began to recruit serious revisions. The cycle of the stories "Notes of the Hunter" was almost fully written in Germany and glorified the writer to the whole world. In the next decade, a number of outstanding prosaic works were created by the classic: " Noble Nest", Rudin," fathers and children "," On the eve ". In the same period, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev quarreled with Nekrasov. Their controversy about the novel "On the eve" ended in a complete gap. The writer leaves the "contemporary" and leaves abroad.

Abroad

The life of Turgenev abroad began in Baden-Baden. Here Ivan Sergeevich was in the very center of Western European cultural life. He began to maintain relations with many world literary celebrities: Hugo, Dickens, Maupassan, France, Tekker and others. The writer actively promoted Russian culture abroad. For example, in 1874 in Paris, Ivan Sergeevich, along with Dodé, Flaubert, Gonkur and Zola, organized in the metropolitan restaurants who became famous "bacheloy dinners in five". The characteristic of Turgenev during this period was very flattering: it turned into the most popular, well-known and read Russian writer in Europe. In 1878, Ivan Sergeevich is elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris. Since 1877, the Writer - Honorary Dr. Oxford University.

Creativity of recent years

Turgenev's biography - brief, but bright - indicates that long yearsconducted abroad did not remove the writer from russian life And her urgent problems. He still writes a lot about his homeland. So, in 1867, Ivan Sergeevich wrote Roman "Smoke", which caused a large-scale public resonance in Russia. In 1877, the writer composed the novel "Novy", which became the result of his creative reflections in the 1870s.

Concent

For the first time, a severe illness, which interrupted the life of the writer, gave itself to know in 1882. Despite the strong physical suffering, Ivan Sergeevich continued to create. A few months before his death, the first part of the book "Poeming in Prose" was published. Great writer Died in 1883, September 3, in the suburb of Paris. Related by the will of Ivan Sergeevich and transported his body to their homeland. The classic was buried in St. Petersburg on a wolf cemetery. IN last way It was accompanied by numerous admirers.

Such is the biography of Turgenev (brief). All my life, this man dedicated to his beloved business and forever remained in the memory of descendants as outstanding writer And the famous public figure.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - Great Russian Poet, writer, translator, playwright, philosopher and publicist. Born in Orel in 1818. In the family of the nobles. The childhood of the boy took place in the childbirth estate Spassky-Lutovinovo. HOME Learning of Little Ivan, as was accepted in the noble families of that time, French and German teachers were engaged. In 1927 The boy was sent to study in the private Moscow board, where he spent 2.5 years.

By fourteen years old I.S. Turgenev knew three times well foreign languagesHe helped him without much effort to enter Moscow University from, a year later, he was transferred to St. Petersburg University to the Faculty of Philosophy. Two years after the end of which, Turgenev goes to study in Germany. In 1841 He returns to Moscow, in order to finish training and receive a place at the Department of Philosophy, but in connection with the royal ban on this science, his dreams were not destined to come true.

In 1843 Ivan Sergeevich entered the service in one of the stationery of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked only two years. In the same period of time, his first works begin to be published. In 1847 Turgenev Following the Beloved, the singer of Polina Viardo, leaves abroad and spends three years there. All this time, the longing of the Motherland does not leave the writer and in a stranger he writes a few essays, who will later enter the book "Notes of the Hunter", which brought Turgenev's popularity.

Upon returning to Russia, Ivan Sergeevich worked as a writer and criticism in the magazine "Contemporary". In 1852 He publishes N. Gogol prohibited by censorship, for which he is sent to the generic estate in the Oryol province, without the possibility of leaving him. There he writes a few works of the "peasant" topics, one of which is loved by many since childhood "Mummy." The writer's link ends in 1853, he is allowed to visit Petersburg, and later (in 1856) to leave the country and Turgenev leaves for Europe.

In 1858 He will return to his homeland, but not long. During his stay in Russia from under the writer, such famous works As: "Asya", "noble nest", "fathers and children." In 1863 Turgenev together with his family beloved Viardo moves to Baden-Baden, and in 1871. "To Paris, where His and Viktor Hugo elect the co-chairs of the first international Congress writers in Paris."

I.S.Turgenone died in 1883. in Buwalle, suburb of Paris. The cause of his death became sarcoma ( oncological disease) Spine. According to the last will of the writer, he was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery of St. Petersburg.

Brief information about Turgenev.

Among famous writers Russia XIX. The century is allocated by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, who is not only a writer. He has dramaturgical, journalistic work and poems. Critics recognized the writer with one of the best figures of the century, so his biography should be briefly studied.

The life of the writer began in the city of Eagle. This event occurred on October 28, 1818. Parents belonged to the number of nobles. The place of residence of the family was the estate of Spassky-Lutovinovo. Initially, the future literary figure studied at home at the governers of German and French origin.

When the family moved to Moscow in 1827, he received education in private schools. Next was the receipt of Moscow University, but after some time the figure was transferred to Petersburg, where he was studying in philosophy.

Ivan had the opportunity to learn abroad, at the University of Berlin than and took advantage.

Important! The relationship with the mother of the writer was not easy. Varvara Petrovna was an educated person, loved literature and philosophy, especially foreign, but was distinguished by a despotic character.

Studying at the University

Start activities in literature

One of the most important aspects of the biography of Turgenev is considered to be creative path. Interest in literary activity He had at the Institution Time, in 1834. Ivan Sergeevich began working on the poem "wall". The first publication dated 1836 - it was a review of A.N. Muravyova "On traveling to holy places."

For 1837, no less than a hundred poems and several poems were created:

• "Tale of the Old Man",
• "Sleep",
• "Calm on the sea",
• "Fantasmagoria on the lunar night."

In 1838, the poems "Evening", "to Venus Medica" were published. On the initial stage Poetry had a romantic character. In the future, the author switched to realism. It is very important that I.S. Turgenev for some time was engaged in scientific work. In 1841 he wrote the dissertation on philology and received a master's degree. But then switched to work in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In biographies I.S. Turgenev is mentioned that Belinsky greatly influenced his work. It is after the acquaintance with criticism that the author writes new poems, stories and poems. For printing, the works "Three portraits", "Pop", "Breater".

Creative ascent

The period of active creativity began in 1847, when the author was invited to the magazine "Contemporary". There were printed "Modern notes" and the beginning of the "Hunter Notes". These works were successful, so the writer continued to work on hunting stories. Then Turgenev, together with Belinsky, turns out to be in France, where the February revolution occurs.

In a brief biography of Turgenev, which studies schoolchildren in the 10th grade, it is indicated that in the late 40s - early 50s the leader writes dramatic works. Then the play "Bachelor", "Nakhladnik", "Provincial", "Month in the village" were created. Many of the works put on theatrical stage.

Highly an important feature The biographies of Turgenev is a reference to a family estimate for 2 years for a necrologist, written after the death of Gogol. According to another version, the literary figure was exiled because of his radical views and a negative attitude towards serfdom. Being in the village, the author creates a story

After returning, the novels "On the eve", "Rudin", as well as the "noble nest", published in the magazine contemporary.

I.S. Turgenev "Rudin"

Number famous works Also included:

• "Spring Waters",
• "Smoke",
• "Asya",
• "Fathers and Sons",

Moving to Germany took place in 1863. Here the writer communicates with literary figures Western Europe and distributes information about Russian literature. Engaged in the main editor and translations of Russian-speaking works into other languages \u200b\u200b- French and German. Thanks to Turgenev, readers abroad learned about the works of Russian authors. In a brief biography, Turgenev for children marks the growth of the author's popularity during this period. Literary figure the best writers century.

Leaving poetry almost at the very beginning of literary activities, Turgenev returned to her shortly before death. At that time, they created a cycle of "poems in prose". And "literary and everyday memories" are written in the genre of memoirs. The author seems to preferentiate his ambulance and sums up in works.

Useful video: briefly about the work of Turgenev

The main topics of works

Considering the life and creativity of Turgenev, it is necessary to characterize the subject of his work. In the works, much attention is paid to the descriptions of nature and psychological analysis. They reveal the images of representatives of the noble class, which the author considers dying. The heroes of the new century are supporters of democracy and the differences. Thanks to the works of the writer, the concept of "Turgenev Girls" came to the literature. Another topic is the features of the life of Russian people abroad.

The most important thing is in the beliefs of the writer. He negatively belonged to the fastened right and sympathized with the peasants. Because of his hate to existing in Russia, the literary figure preferred to live abroad. But at the same time was not a supporter of revolutionary methods to solve the problem.

short biography For children talks about severe condition The author's health in the last few years of his life. Ivan Sergeevich suffers from gout, neuralgia and angina. Death occurred on August 22, 1883. The reason was sarcoma. He lived then in the Paris suburb. Buried on the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Turgenev had a difficult personal life. In his youth, he unsuccessfully fascinated by the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya. In the same girl was in love and his father, who Catherine answered reciprocity.

During his lifetime, he had a relationship with Avdota Yermolayevaya Ivanova (Dunyashek Beaturity). Despite the pregnancy of the girl, the writer did not marry because of the scandal arranged by his mother. Avdoty gave birth to Pelague's daughter. The girl was officially recognized by the Father only in 1857.

After returning to Moscow, the writer appeared friendly relations With Tatyana Bakunina. The girl experienced a serious feeling that Ivan Sergeevich appreciated highly, but I could not answer reciprocity.

In 1843, an acquaintance with the singer of Polina Viaro took place. That was married, but it did not bother the writer seriously passionately. Features of their relationship are unknown, but there is an assumption that for some time they lived as spouses (when her husband was paralyzed after stroke).

The daughter of the writer Pelagey was brought up in the family of Viardo. Father decided to change her the name, calling Polyna or Polinet. The relationship of the girl with Polina Viardo was unsuccessful, so it was very soon given to training in a private board.

Maria Savina became his last love. The literary figure was almost 40 years older, but did not hide his feelings for young actress. Maria belonged to the writer as to a friend. She had to marry another, but did not work out. Marriage with Ivan Sergeyevich did not take place due to his death.

Useful video: Interesting facts about Turgenev

Output

In fact, briefly the life and creativity of Turgenev is impossible to consider. He was creative man With a wide range of interests. After him, a huge heritage remained in the form of poems, plays and prosaic works, which still belong to the classics of world and domestic literature.

"A brilliant novelist, who has learned the whole world, who knew all the great people of his age, who had read everything that was able to read the person, and who spoke in all the languages \u200b\u200bof Europe," his younger contemporary, French writer Gi de Maupassan, who was entrusted to Turgenev.

Turgenev is one of the largest European writers XIX. in., bright representative "The Golden Age" of Russian prose. During his lifetime, he enjoyed an unfounded artistic authority in Russia and was perhaps the most famous Russian writer in Europe. Despite the long years, held abroad, all the best, which is written by Turgenev - about Russia. Many of his works for decades aroused the disputes of critics and readers, became the facts of acute ideological and aesthetic struggle. About Turgenev wrote his contemporaries V. G. Belinsky, A.A. Grigoriev, N.A. Dobrojubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky, D.I. Pisarev, A.V. Spring ...

In the future, the attitude towards Turgenevsky creativity has become more relaxed, other parties to its works were published: the poetry, artistic harmony, philosophical issues, close attention of the writer to the "mysterious", inexplicable phenomena of life, manifested in his last works. Interest in Turgenev on turn XIX-XX explosive It was predominantly "historical": it seemed that there was a fought malice of the day, but a harmoniously balanced, without a "objective" prose of Turgenev far from the informed, disharmonious prosaic word, the cult of which was established in the literature of the beginningXX century. Turgenev was perceived as the "old", even an old-fashioned writer, -pevets "noble nests", love, beauty and harmony of nature. Not Turgenev, but Dostoevsky and Late Tolstoy gave the aesthetic guidelines of the "new" prose. For many decades on the works of the writer, all new and new layers of the "Crestive Glossa" layered, preventing the illustrator of the "Nihilists" and "Liberals" and "Fathers" and "Children" conflict in it, and one of the largest artists Words unsurpassed poet in prose.

A modern look at the work of Turgenev, and above all, the novel "Fathers and Children," a pretty school "Fathers", should take into account his aesthetic credo, especially expressively formulated in the lyrical philosophical story "Pretty" (1865): "Venus Milos, perhaps, undoubtedly the Roman law or principles of the 89th year. " The meaning of this statement is simple: in all it is possible to doubt, even in the most "perfect" arrangement of laws and in the "undoubted" requirements of freedom, equality and fraternity, only the authority of the art of the messenger - it is not able to destroy nor the time nor the Bran Nihilists. It is the art, and not ideological doctrines and directions honestly served Turgenev.

I.S.Turgenov was born on October 28 (November 9) of 1818 in Orel. His children's years were held in the family "noble nest" - the estate of Spassky-Lutovinovo, who were not far from the city of Mtsensk of the Oryol lips. In 1833, he entered Moscow University, and in 1834 he was transferred to St. Petersburg University, where he studied on the verbal branch (graduated from 1837). In the spring of 1838, drove abroad to continue philological and philosophical education. In Berlin University from 1838 to 1841, Turgenev studied Hegel's philosophy, listened to lectures on classical philology and history.

Most significant event In the life of Turgenev those years - rapprochement with young Russian "Hegelians": N.V.Stankevich, M.A. Bakunin, so-calledgradow. Young Turgenev, prone to romantic philosophical reflection, in the grand philosophical system of Hegel tried to find answers to the "eternal" questions of life. Interest in philosophy connected in it with a passionate thirst for creativity. In St. Petersburg, the first romantic poems were written, noted by the influence of popular in the second half of the 1830s. Poet V.G. Benediktova, and the drama "wall". As Turgenev recalled, in 1836 he cried, reading the poem Benedictova, and only Belinsky helped him get rid of the Char of this "Zlatoust." Turgenev began as a lyrical poet Romantic. Interest in poetry did not fade in the following decades when prose genres began to dominate his work.

In the creative development of Turgenev, three large periods are distinguished: 1) 1836-1847; 2) 1848-1861; 3) 1862-1883.

1) First period (1836-1847), which began with imitative romantic poems, ended with the active participation of the writer in the activities " genuine school»And the publication of the first stories from the Hunter Notes. It can select two stages: 1836-1842. - years of literary apprenticeship, coincided with the enthusiasm of the philosophy of Hegel, and 1843-1847. - Time tense creative search in different genres poetry, prose and drama, which coincided with disappointment in romanticism and former philosophical hobbies. During these years the most important factor The creative development of Turgenev was the influence of V. G. Belinsky.

Start independent creativity Turgenev, which is free from explicit traces of apprenticeship, refers to 1842-1844 by returning to Russia, he tried to find a decent life field (served two years in the special office of the Ministry of the Interior) and get close to Petersburg writers. In early 1843, a familiarity was acquainted with V.G. Belinsky. Shortly before that, the first poem was written - "Parasha", which attracted the attention of criticism. Influenced by Belinsky Turgenev decided to leave the service and devote himself to literature. In 1843, another event was happening, in many respects the fate of Turgenev: familiarity with french singer Polina Viardo, touring in St. Petersburg. Love for this woman is not only the fact of his biography, but also the strongest motive of creativity, which caused the emotional color of many Turgenev works, including him famous novels. Since 1845, when he first arrived in France to P. Viaro, the life of the writer was connected with her family, with France, with a round shiny french writers second halves XIX. in. (Flawor, E.Zol, Gangura Brothers, Later G. de Maupassan).

In 1844-1847 Turgenev is one of the most prominent participants of the "Natural School", the Commonwealth of the Young Petersburg Writers-Realists. The soul of this Commonwealth was Belinsky, who carefully followed creative development novice writer. Creative Range of Turgenev in the 1840s. Very wide: from under his pen there were lyrical poems, and the poems ("conversation", "Andrei", "landowner"), and the plays ("negligence", "lack of money"), but perhaps the most remarkable in the work of Turgenev These years have become prose art - Tale and stories "Andrei Kolosov", "Three Portrait", "Brener" and "Petushkov". Gradually, the main direction of its literary activities was determined - prose.

2) Second period (1848-1861) It was probably the most happy for Turgenev: after the success of the "Hunter's notes", the fame of the writer steadily grew steadily, and every new product was perceived as an artistic response to the events of the public and ideological life of Russia. Especially noticeable changes in his work occurred in the middle of the 1850s.: In 1855, the first Roman "Rudin" was written, who opened the cycle of novels about the ideological life of Russia. The participant "Faust" and "Asya", the novels "The noble nest" and "on the eve" robbed the glory of Turgenev: he was considered to be considered the largest writer of the decade (the name of F.M.Dostoevsky, who was at the Katorga and in the link was prohibited , the creative way of L.N. Tolstoy just started).

In early 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time, and before leaving he handed over to the Nekrasovsky magazine "Contemporary" (the main printed organ of the "Natural School") is his first "hunting" story-sketch "Chorine and Kalinich", inspired by meetings and impressions of summer and In the autumn of 1846, when the writer hunted in the Oryol and neighboring provinces with it. Printed in the first book of the magazine for 1847 in the "Mix" section, this story has opened a long series of publications of Turgenev "Hunter's Notes", stretching for five years.

Painted by the success of his externally unassuming works, held in the tradition of "physiological essay", popular among young Russian realists, the writer continued to work on "hunting" stories: 13 new works (including the Burmistra, "Office", "two landlords") Were written in the summer of 1847 in Germany and in France. However, the two strongest shocks tested by Turgenev in 1848, slowed down work: these were revolutionary events in France and Germany and the death of Belinsky, whom Turgenev considered his mentor and other. Only in September 1848, he again turned to work on the "Hunter's notes": "Hamlet Schigrovsky County" and "Forest and Steppe" were created. In late 1850, early 1851, the cycle was replenished with four more stories (among them such masterpieces as "singers" and "Bezhin Mead"). Separate edition "Hunter's notes", in which 22 stories entered, appeared in 1852

"Hunter's notes" - a turning point in the work of Turgenev. He not only found new topic, Becoming one of the first Russian prose people who opened the unexplored "mainland" - the life of the Russian peasantry, but also developed new principles of narration. In stories, essayrs were organically merged with documentary and fictional, lyrical autobiographism and the desire for an objective artistic study of the life of rustic Russia. Turgenevsky cycle has become the most significant "document" about the life of the Russian village on the eve of the peasant reform of 1861. We note the main artistic features "Hunter's Notes":

- There is no single plot in the book, each work is quite independently. The documentary base of the entire cycle and individual stories - meetings, observations and impressions of the Hunter writer. Geographically, the place of action is geographically designated: the northern part of the Oryol province, the southern regions of the Kaluga and Ryazan provinces;

- the fiction elements are minimized, each event has a number of prototype events, the images of the characters of the stories - the result of the meetings of Turgenev with real people - hunters, peasants, landlords;

- The whole cycle combines the figure of the narrator, the hunter-poet, attentive and to nature, and to people. The autobiographical hero looks at the world through the eyes of an observational, interested researcher;

- Most works are socio-psychological essays. Turgenev occupy not only social and ethnographic types, but also the psychology of people in which he seeks to penetrate, looks at their exterior appearance, Studying the behavior and the nature of communication with other people. These Turgenev works differ from "physiological essays" of the writers of "Natural School" and "Ethnographic" essays V.I. Daly and D.V. Grigorovich.

The main opening of Turgenev in the "Notes of the Hunter" - the soul of the Russian peasant. He showed the peasant world as the world of personalities, weigly supplement the old "opening" of Sentimentalist N.M. Karamzin: "And the peasants can love." However, the Russian landowners are newly depicted by Turgenev, it is clearly visible in comparison of the heroes of the "Notes ..." with Gogol's images of landowners in " Dead souls" Turgenev sought to create a reliable, objective picture of the Russian local barbell: did not idealize the landowners, but did not consider them the creatures of vicious, deserving only a negative relationship. And the peasantry and landowners for the writer are the two components of Russian life, as if caressed by the "surprise" writer-hunter.

In the 1850s. Turgenev - Writer Circle "Contemporary", best magazine that time. However, by the end of the decade, ideological differences between the liberal Turgenev and democrats, which made up the core of the "contemporary" manifold clearly manifested. Program aesthetic plants of leading critics and journal publicists - N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Dobrozubov - were incompatible with aesthetic views Turgenev. He did not recognize the "utilitarian" approach to art, supported the point of view of representatives of the "aesthetic criticism - A.V. Springs and V.P. Kotkin. A sharp rejection of the writer caused the program "Real Critics", from the position of which critics of the "contemporary" interpreted his own works. The occasion to the final discontinuity with the magazine was the publication, contrary to the "ultimatum" of Turgenev, presented to the editor of the journal N.A. Neckrasov, the articles of Dobrolyubov "when will come real day?" (1860), devoted to the analysis of the novel "On the eve". Turgenev was proud that he was perceived as a sensitive diagnostic modern lifeHowever, it categorically refused to the role of the "illustrator" imposed on him, could not indifferently watch his novel was used to propaganda completely alien to him. Turgenev's gap with a magazine in which he printed the best his works, became inevitable.

3) Third period (1862-1883) Began two "quarrels" - with the magazine "Contemporary", with which Turgenev stopped working together in 1860-1861, and with the "young generation" caused by the publication of "fathers and children". Horses and unfair analysis of the novel printed critic M.A. Yantonovich in the "contemporary". The controversy around the novel, who did not subscribe for several years, was perceived by Turgenev very painful. This, in particular, is due to a sharp decline in the speed of work on new novels: the next novel - "smoke" - was published only in 1867, and the last - "Nov'" - in 1877

The circle of the artistic interests of the writer in the 1860s. Changed and expanded, his work was "multi-layered". In the 1860s He again turned to the "hunter's note" and supplemented them with new stories. Even at the beginning of the Decade, Turgenev has set itself the task of seeing in modern life not only "foam of days", who worn by time, but also "eternal", universal. The article "Hamlet and Don Quixote" was raised about two opposing types of attitude to life. In his opinion, the analysis of "Hamletovsky", rational and skeptic, minigration and "Donkoyotsky", sacrificial, type of behavior - the philosophical basis for a deeper understanding modern man. The value sharply increased philosophical issues In the works of Turgenev: remaining the artist, attentive to socio-typical, he sought to open in contemporaries universal, relate them to the "eternal" art images. In the titles of "Brigadier", "Steppe King Lear", "knock ... knock ... knock! ...", "Punin and Baburin" Turgenev-sociologist gave way to Turgenev-psychologist and philosopher.

In mystically painted "mysterious poses" ("Ghosts", "History of Lieutenant Ergunova", "After the death (Clara Milich)," and others) he reflected over mysterious phenomena in the life of people, inexplicable from the position of the mind of the state of the soul. The lyric philosophical trend of creativity, which was indicated in the story "Pretty" (1865), in the late 1870s. He found a new genre-style form of "poems in prose" - so Turgenev called its lyrical miniatures and fragments. For four years, more than 50 "poems" were written. Thus, Turgenev, starting like a lyrical poet, at the end of life again turned to the lyrics, considering it most adequate artistic formallowing you to express his most intimate thoughts and feelings.

The creative path of Turgenev reflected a general trend in the development of "high" realism: from artistic research concrete social phenomena (Tale and stories of the 1840s, "Hunter's Notes") through a deep analysis of ideology modern society and the psychology of contemporaries in novels of the 1850s-1860s. Writer went to understanding the philosophical foundations human life. Philosophical saturation works of Turgenev second half of the 1860s-early 1880s. allows you to consider it an artist-thinner, close in depth of production philosophical problems To Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. Perhaps the main thing that distinguishes Turgenev from these moralists writers, "Pushkinskoye" disgust for morality and preaching, unwillingness to create recipes for public and personal "salvation", to impose their faith to other people.

The last two decades of life, Turgenev held mainly abroad: in the 1860s. lived in Germany a short time Arriving to Russia and to France, and from the beginning of the 1870s. - In France, together with the family, Polina and Louis Viardo. During these years, Turgenev, which used in Europe, the highest artistic authority, actively promoted Russian literature in France and French - in Russia. Only in the late 1870s. He "reconciled" with the young generation. The new readers of Turgenev vigorously honored him in 1879, a strong impression was discussed at the opening of the monument to A.S. Pushkin in Moscow (1880).

In 1882-1883. Heavyly sick Turgenev worked on his "farewell" works - the cycle of "poems in prose". The first part of the book was published a few months before his death that followed on August 22 (September 3) of 1883 in Kuh-Vale, near Paris. The coffin with the body of Turgenev was sent to Petersburg, where ambitious funerals were held on September 27: they participated in them, according to contemporaries, about 150 thousand people.

In fact, the biography of Turgenev is brief. All life lived with one goal and one love.

Childhood - the beginning of the way

The biography of the classic of Russian literature begins in the family of the landowner and nobleman in 1818, October 28. In the nineteenth century, in the landlord and noble families, it was customary to educate their children at home. For this, governers hired, teachers, and the parents themselves were highly educated and engaged in their offspring. Vanya Turgenev was no exception, and that is why by 14 years old, a boy who knew three foreign languages, could easily go to the University of Moscow.

Turgenev's biography brief, so stop at important stages. He completed his education writer in the summer of 1837, but already in St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Philosophy, the department of verbost. The university change was connected with the move of the whole family of Turgenev to the city on the Neva.

Defense. Biography Turgenev (brief)

The beginning of the creative path of the writer is the drama "wall", written in 1834. The drama was printed by Professor Pletnev, Pushkin's mentor, noting a spark of talent in the work of a young Turgenev.

After graduating from the university, in the spring of 1838, the writer goes to Germany to continue education at Berlin University at the Faculty modern philosophy. After returning to Russia, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev, a brief biography of which characterizes him as a very talented writer, where in 1841-1842 is ready to pass the exam for the position of professor of philosophy. But at this point, all the departments of philosophy in the country, according to the decree of the king, are closed. Then, in the biography of Turgenev, you can note a small period dedicated to the service however, realizing that change something in hard life The peasants are not in his power, decides on retirement.

From this point on, the whole life of Turgenenev is devoted to literature. Belinsky helps to determine him in the direction of the creative path. The poem "Parasha", filled with realism. After the first test, the writer and stories, and essays, and theatrical plays are born under the pen.

Love of life

Changes in the personal life of Turgenev begin in 1843 after the acquaintance with Polina Viardo, toured at this time in St. Petersburg. Turgenev is in love and follows the subject of their passion step by step. This article presents the biography of Turgenev (brief), so we describe in short, which is why he leaves to live abroad. Longing in his homeland splashes in his works, bright example - "Hunter's Notes." After the release of the "notes", the popularity falls on Turgenev, he uses specially fame in people with advanced glances.

In 1852, N.V. died in Moscow Gogol, and Turgenev writes in connection with censorship trying to ban publication, but Turgenev gives it to the newspaper. After such a step, the government prohibits the departure of Turgenev beyond the generic estate. At this time, Turgenev writes several works that have become a classic, including Mu-Mu. The link continues until 1856, after which Turgenev again leaving to Europe.

He will come to his homeland another time at a short time, in 1858. Here will see the light of the wonderful stories "Asya", the "noble nest", "fathers and children".

All the remaining life, the Russian writer will spend with Polina Viardo, first in Baden-Baden, and then in Paris, where he will die from the spinal cancer in 1883, August 22. He was buried by Turgenev in St. Petersburg, according to his testament.