School dictionary of literary terms. Brief Dictionary of Literary Terms

This Dictionary of Literary Terms is intended to serve as a reference guide for high school literature teachers. It provides a brief interpretation of more than six hundred theoretical terms used in literary science.

Proceeding from the main task of the Dictionary - to serve as a reference book on the theory of literature, the compilers and authors of the Dictionary introduced historical and literary material only to the extent that it was needed to illustrate a particular theoretical position. The dictionary cannot replace reference books and encyclopedias on the history of literature. When selecting each historical and literary term, first of all, its theoretical significance was taken into account.Therefore, the Dictionary did not include the names of schools and literary groups that, although they were important for the history of a particular national literature, did not receive international distribution (for example, "Storm and Onslaught "in Germany," Parnassus "in France or acmeists in Russia).

When interpreting this or that term, as a rule, the role of this term was taken into account not only in Russian, but also in other literatures (especially if this role is not the same and is associated with different eras). In this regard, the authors and compilers tried to overcome the one-sidedness in a number of works (including those of a reference nature) - to draw theoretical conclusions based on the experience of only one national literature.

Along with the terms adopted in European literary criticism, in Slavic studies and in the poetics of the peoples of the USSR, concepts and scientific designations that are still little known in our country have been introduced into the Dictionary, which have become widespread in the literatures of some peoples of the East (India, China, Korea, Japan). Given their specific nature, they are not located in a general alphabet, but according to national groups. Uncommon terms in the Dictionary, as a rule, were not included.

The bibliographic instructions in the Dictionary are, if necessary, brief and are intended to suggest to the reader a number of manuals, books and articles that will help expand knowledge in this particular area of ​​literary criticism. Naturally, for many terms (for example, in the field of poetics) bibliography is not indicated, since the same editions would have to be listed many times. Works of a general nature are concentrated in bibliographic references to such articles as "Literary criticism", "Philology", "Poetry". Sources inaccessible to the general reader were indicated only in certain necessary cases.

This book is the first experience of a reference book on literary criticism, and the compilers are aware of this. The dictionary is the first approach to solving the problems facing them. But we hope that the language people to whom the Dictionary is addressed will help with their advice and remarks in our further work to improve the reference book, the publication of which is clearly overdue.

L. I. Timofeev, S. V. Turaev

List of major abbreviations

acad. - academician

Academy of Sciences - Academy of Sciences

English - English

antique - antique

Arab. - Arabic

b. h. - for the most part

br. - brothers

letters. - literally

c., c. - century, century

including - including

incl. - inclusive

entry - introductory

year - year, city

gas. - newspaper

biennium - years

ch. - chapter

ch. arr. - mainly

Greek - Greek

lit. - literally

others - other

ancient Greek. - ancient greek

zhurn. - magazine

ed: - edition

ital. - italian

etc. - and the like

in-t - institute

publishing house - publishing house

art - art

Kazakh. - Kazakh

Kyrgyz. - Kyrgyz

K.-L. - any

Ph.D. - any

book - book

comment. - a comment

to-ry - which

Latin - Latin

LSU - Leningrad State University

"Lef" - "The Left Front of Art"

literary knowledge - literary criticism

liter - literature

m. b. - may be

MSU - Moscow State University

pl. - many

n. NS. - our era

ex. - for example

early - Start

some - some

German - German

island - island

about - society

OK. - about (about. time)

per. - translation

portug. - Portuguese

etc. - others

foreword - preface

approx. - note

prof. - Professor

ed. - editor, editorial office

with. - page

Sat. - collection

see - see

abbr. - abbreviated

comp. - compiler

Wed - compare

Art. - article

i.e. - that is

t. h. - point of view

because - since

t. n. - so-called

then. - thus

Turk. - Turkic

ukr. - Ukrainian

un-t - university

outdated. is an obsolete term

French - French

Corresponding Member - Corresponding Member

japanese. - Japanese

Bibliography design. Abbreviations in titles of periodicals and other publications

"West. Europe"

"Questions of literature", "VL" "Questions of literature".

"Questions of linguistics", "VYa" - "Questions of linguistics".

"Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" - "Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR".

"ZhMNP" - "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education".

"Izv. ORYAS AN" - "News of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences

"Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. OLYA" - "News of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Department of Literature and Language".

"In. Literature" - "Foreign Literature".

"Literary newspaper" - "Literary newspaper".

"Young Guard" - "Young Guard".

"New World" - "New World".

"Russian Literature" - "Russian Literature".

"Tr. ODRL" - "Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR".

"Uch. Zap. Potemkin Moscow State Pedagogical Institute" - "Scientific notes of the Potemkin Moscow State Pedagogical Institute".

Note, All abbreviations accepted in the "Dictionary of literary terms" are used in the titles of works in Russian.

Abbreviations of city names

In Russian

G. - Gorky

K. - Kiev L. - Leningrad

M. - Moscow

M. - Moscow

L. - Leningrad

I. - Yaroslavl

O. - Odessa

P. - Petrograd, Petersburg

Kaz. - Kazan

SPB. - St. Petersburg

TB. - Tbilisi

X. - Kharkiv

In foreign languages

Dresd. - Dresden

Fr / M - Frankfurt am Mein

Warsz. - Warszawa

Abbreviations in bibliographic descriptions

In Russian:

Full collection Op. - Full composition of writings

Sobr. Op. - Collected works of Op. = Compositions

Fav. Op. - Selected works of Fav. manuf. - Selected works

Lit. - Literature

ed. - edition

t., tt. volume, volumes

h - part

sect. - chapter

ch. - chapter

with. - page

per. from English - translation from English

per. from lat. - translation from Latin

Russian per. - Russian translation

Sat. Art. - Digest of articles

v. - release

In foreign languages:

Italics indicate terms about which there are special entries in the Dictionary.

Dictionary of literary terms

Editor T. P. Kazymova, Editor-bibliographer 3. V, Mikhailova, Art editor E. A. Kruchina, Technical editor E, V. Bogdanova, Proofreader A. A. Rukosueva.

Rented in set 7 / VIII 1972. Signed to print 10/1 1974 Boom. typogr. No. 3 60X90 1/16. Pecs l. 32. Uch.-ed. l. 48.76 .. Circulation 300 thousand copies. A05019, Zak. 1217.

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Price without binding 1 r. 32 k., Binding 21 k.

Dictionary of literary terms. Ed. From 48 comp .: L.I. Timofeev and S.V. Turaev. M., "Education", 1974. 509 p.

The Dictionary is a reference book, the first of its kind for secondary school teachers. The dictionary provides an interpretation of the most important concepts and terms adopted in literary criticism, a characteristic of literary methods and directions.

Theoretical questions are revealed on the basis of the material of classical Russian, Soviet and world literature.

Abstractionism(from Lat. abstractio - removal, distraction) - a trend in the art of the 20th century, the adherents of which fundamentally refuse to depict real objects and phenomena (mainly in painting, sculpture and graphics); extreme manifestation of modernism.

Abstractionism- color fantasy, spontaneous impulsive self-expression, a snapshot of the artist's state of mind, a fundamental refusal to depict reality, the pursuit of pure expressiveness "(Yu.B. Borev).

Absurd(from Lat. absurdus - inappropriate, absurd) - the term was introduced into use by existentialists, who argued that the basic principles of human life are absurdity, the absence of a higher purpose and meaning. The law of absurdity lies at the heart of the works of the 20th century writers: F. Kafka, A. Camus, J.-P. Sartre.

Avant-garde(French avant-gardisme) is a trend in the artistic culture of the 20th century, whose adherents break with existing norms and traditions, turning the novelty of expressive means into an end in itself. "Avant-garde ... in the visual arts can be viewed as ... a reaction indicating that society no longer needs the visual arts as a source of information" (O. Karpa).

Autobiography- (from the Greek. Autos - itself, bios - life, grapho - I write) - a literary genre (usually prosaic); presents a consistent description by the author of the history of his own life. An autobiographical description is characterized by the desire to comprehend the life lived as a whole, retrospectively to give life events coherence and purposefulness (autobiography allows fiction).

Autobiographical hero- a special type of literary hero, whom the author endows with his biography and traits of his character, however, the autobiographical hero is not a literal repetition of the writer, (the peculiarity of the autobiographical hero is his greater connection with real life than ordinary characters).

Author's position- in a literary work, the expression of the author's attitude to various aspects of life, the author's understanding of the characters of people, events, ideological, philosophical and moral problems. An author's song is a small lyrical work, the same as a literary song, but which has become widespread in the performance of the author, a bard (the most frequent use is a synonym: bard song). Author's speech - in an epic literary work, the speech of the author or a personified narrator, that is, the entire text of the work, except for the speech of the characters.

Acmeism(from the Greek akme - the highest degree) - a literary trend that arose in Russian poetry in the 1910s. Acmeists strove to reform symbolism, proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses to the "ideal", defended a return to the material world, a natural subject, the exact meaning of the word. Acmeism is characterized by an increased tendency towards historical and cultural associations. "Always remember about the unknowable, but not offend your thoughts about it with more or less probable guesses - this is the principle of acmeism" (NS Gumilev).

Act(from Lat. aktus - action, deed) –1) a finished part of a play or performance; 2) an integral part of a dramatic work, which is not interrupted during the stage production by either an interlude or an interlude (see interlude, interlude).

Acrostic(from the Greek akros - extreme, stichos - verse) - a poem in which the initial letters of each line, read from top to bottom, form a word or phrase (often the name of the author or addressee). This kind of construction can also be found in prose:

Accent verse(from Latin accentus - stress) - the main form of tonic versification (Greek tonus - stress); a verse in which only the number of stresses in a line is regulated, and the number of unstressed syllables between stresses freely fluctuates within the natural data of the language (in Russian, usually 0-4 syllables, in English 1-2, etc.). Unlike the syllabic in accent verse, the total number of syllables is arbitrary; in contrast to the syllabo-tonic verse, there are no feet with an ordered arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables (see syllobic, syllabo-tonic verse).

Allegory(from the Greek. allegoria - allegory, from allos - byjq) - a kind of path, the disclosure of an abstract idea (concept) through a specific image of an object or phenomenon of reality. In contrast to the ambiguous meaning of the symbol, the meaning of the allegory is unambiguous and separated from the image; the relationship between meaning and image is established by analogy or contiguity. In literature, allegory is used in fables, tales, parables. For example, the fables Wolf, Fox, Snake express the idea of ​​greed, cunning, deceit.

Alliteration(from Lat. al - to, with and litera - letter) - repetition of homogeneous consonants, giving a literary text, usually poetic, a special sound and intonational expressiveness. Linking together words that are different in meaning, but similar-sounding words, alliteration, thereby, establishes unconventional semantic connections between them.

Allusion(from Lat. allusio - hint) - stylistic figure, one of the forms of allegory; the use of any word, phrase, quote as a hint at a well-known literary, everyday or socio-political fact: "But the north is harmful for me" (AS Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin"). The poet's allusion to his link, disguised by the everyday tone of conversation about health.

Amplification(from Latin fmplificatio - extension) is a stylistic figure, which is a series of repetitive speech structures, phrases or individual words. Serves as a means of enhancing the poetic expressiveness of speech.

Amphibrach(Greek amphibrachys, lit. - short on both sides) is a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stressed syllable is between two unstressed ones.

Analysis(from the Greek. analysis - decomposition) - dismemberment (mental or real) of an object into elements; in a broad sense - a synonym for scientific research in general.

Anapes t (from the Greek anapoistos - reverse dactyl, lit. - reflected back) is a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the first two syllables are unstressed, the last is stressed.

Anaphora(Greek anaphora - carrying out) - repetition of the initial parts (sounds, words, syntactic or rhythmic constructions) of adjacent segments of speech (words, lines, stanzas, phrases).

Anachronism(from the Greek ana - up, against; chronos - time) - unconscious or intentional inaccuracies (everyday, cultural-historical, temporal, etc.) when depicting the past in a work of art, introducing into it signs of a later time (as characters of one era, historical heroes from another era appear; the life and situation of one era carry features inherent in another iterative time).

Antihero- a deliberately reduced, deheroized character, often devoid of psychological or socio-historical characteristics.

Antithesis(Greek antithesis - opposition, from anti against, thesa - position) - juxtaposition or opposition of specific concepts, positions, images. In a broad sense, an antithesis is any meaningful contrast at different levels of a work of art.

Anthology(from the Greek anthologia - a collection of flowers) - a collection of selected literary and artistic works of various authors, selected in order to present in samples the literature of a certain people, era, genre, etc.

Antonyms(from the Greek anti - against, onyma - name) - words of the same part of speech with the opposite meaning. They are often used as an artistic and expressive means in the construction of an antithesis (see antithesis).

Anthropomorphism(from the Greek antropos - man and morphё - kind, form) - assimilation to man, endowing with human properties (for example, consciousness) objects and phenomena of inanimate nature, celestial bodies, animals, mythical creatures.

Archaisms(Greek archaios - ancient) - words, expressions, syntactic constructions and grammatical forms that have gone out of active use. Used to recreate the historical flavor of the era; to give speech a touch of solemnity; to create a comic effect; for the speech characteristics of the character.

Architectonics(from the Greek architektonike - building art) - the external construction of a literary work as a whole, the relationship and correlation of its main blocks and parts. The concept of "architectonics" is often used as a synonym for the concept of "composition".

Aphorism(Greek aphorismos) - a dictum expressing a generalized, complete thought in a laconic form.

Ballad(French ballade, from Latin ballo - I dance) - a lyric genre, one of the main ones in the poetry of sentimentalism and romanticism; a small plot poem based on some unusual incident.

Fable- a short story, most often in verse, mainly of a moral character. The purpose of the fable is to ridicule human vices, the shortcomings of social life. In the allegorical plot of the fable, the characters are traditionally conventional fable animals. Blank verse(free verse, free verse) - non-rhymed verse.

Bibliography(from the Greek. biblion - a book and grapho - I write) - a purposeful transfer of information to readers about the works of print in a particular field of science, art, etc.

Epic- a genre of Russian folklore, a heroic-patriotic song-legend about heroes and historical events of Ancient Russia.

Wreath of sonnets- a poetic cycle of 15 sonnets, presented as an independent work. The first line of each of the sonnets repeats the last line of the previous one, and the final sonnet is composed of a sequence of the first lines of each of the 14 sonnets, linking them together (see sonnet).

Eternal images- literary characters, to whom the ultimate artistic generalization and spiritual depth impart a universal, timeless meaning.

Interaction of literatures- connections between separate, independently developing national literatures. The strength of these bonds and their breadth can be different; they are due to the interaction of cultures as a whole, taking place on a historical basis, on the basis of national demands.

Vaudeville(French vaudeville) - a kind of comedy, light, entertaining play of everyday content, based on an entertaining intrigue and combining witty dialogue with music and dances, funny verse songs.

Harmony(Greek harmonia - connection, harmony) - the aesthetic category of literature, represents the organic relationship of all components of a work of art.

Heroic(from the Greek heros - hero) - an aesthetic category, one of the forms of manifestation of the sublime, expressed in the performance by a person or people of outstanding socially significant acts that require courage, perseverance and readiness for self-sacrifice (see heroic pathos).

Literary hero- a character in a work of art, possessing a certainty of character, an individual, intellectual and emotional world

Hymn(Greek hymnos) - a genre form of lyrics, a solemn song in honor of gods, heroes, winners, and later - in honor of an important event.

Hyperbola(from the Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - deliberate excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon. Gradation(lat. gradatio - gradual strengthening) - a figure of speech, consisting in such an arrangement of parts of an utterance (words, segments of a sentence), in which each subsequent one contains an increasing (less often - decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning, due to which an increase ( less often - weakening) of the impression they make.

Grotesque(French grotesque, literally - bizarre) - a kind of artistic imagery, generalizing and sharpening life phenomena with the help of a bizarre combination of real and fantastic, believability and caricature, tragic and comic, beautiful and ugly.

Dactyl(from the Greek dactylos - finger) - a three-syllable poetic meter in syllabo-tonic versification, in which the stress falls on the first syllable in the verse.

Couplet(distich) - the simplest form of stanza with a minimum number of lines (two). In rhymed verses, there are two lines connected by a contiguous rhyme. In larger stanzas, the couplet is included as an integral part.

Action- a system of events in a literary work that determines the movement of its plot.

Decadence(from Lat. decadentia - decline) is a general name for the crisis phenomena of culture of the late 19th-early 20th centuries, marked by moods of hopelessness, rejection of life. This concept unites various areas of art - from symbolism and cubism to abstractionism and surrealism. Many motives of decadence have become the property of the artistic movements of modernism.

Dialectisms(from the Greek dialektos - dialect, adverb) - words belonging to any dialect or dialects used in the language of fiction to create local color, speech characteristics of characters; sometimes phonetic, morphological, syntactic, etc. are also referred to dialectisms. features inherent in individual dialects and interspersed into the literary language.

Dialogue(Greek dialogos) - in a work of art - a conversation between two or more persons. In a broader sense, a dialogue is a special form of constructing a literary work or scientific composition as a conversation between two persons.

Dilogy(from the Greek. di - twice and logos - a word) - a work of two independent parts with special titles. The plots of the individual parts of the dilogy have something in common, and a number of heroes move from one part to another.

Dissonance(from French dissonance, from Latin dissono - I sound out of tune) - an imprecise rhyme with matching consonants and a non-matching stressed vowel.

Dithyramb(Greek dithyrambos) - a genre close to a hymn and an ode. Works of this genre are distinguished by exaggerated praise.

Diary- a literary work in the form of regular entries, contemporary to the described events. As a literary form, it opens up specific opportunities for portraying the inner world of a character or author.

Drama(from the Greek. drama, literally. action) - one of the main types of fiction (along with the epic and lyric poetry). The specificity of drama as a kind of literature lies in the fact that it is written in a dialogical form and, as a rule, is intended to be staged on stage. See also drama (as a genre) a play with a sharp conflict, which, however, unlike the tragic, is not so sublime, more mundane and somehow resolvable. Drama combines tragic and comic principles, therefore it is often called the middle genre.

genre(from the French genre - genus, species) - a historically formed type of literary work, a stable formal-meaningful scheme. Genre is a typological phenomenon, historically stable, characteristic of works of different eras and trends.

Jargon(French jargon) - the language of individual social groups, characterized by a special composition of words and expressions, sometimes a special pronunciation.

Feminine rhyme- rhyme with stress on the penultimate syllable.

Life is a genre of Old Russian literature that tells about the life of people who are ranked among the host of saints by the church.

Tie- the event that served as the beginning of the emergence and development of the conflict, which forms the basis of the plot of a work of art. The tie determines the subsequent deployment of the action; this is the most important element of the plot.

Mystery- a genre of folklore, in which things and phenomena are reproduced allegorically by comparing them with remotely similar ones, traditionally the riddle is offered as a question for guessing.

Conspiracy- the oldest genre of incantatory folklore, closely associated with magical rites; a verbal formula, which was considered a means of influencing the surrounding world. It is distinguished by a special composition: the opening, the epic narrative part, the ordering part and the setting.

Design- the general idea of ​​the content and form of the future work, formed in the artist's imagination, permeated with a certain idea.

Sound organization of the verse- artistic and expressive use in a poetic text of certain elements, phenomena, properties of the sound composition of the language: consonants and vowels, stressed and unstressed syllables, pauses, various types of intonation, etc.

Idea- (from the Greek idea - concept, representation) - the main idea of ​​a work of art, expressing the attitude of the author to reality. It is expressed by the entire artistic structure of the work, the unity and interaction of all its content and formal components.

Idyll- (Greek eidyllion) - a genre variety depicting a peaceful virtuous rural life against the backdrop of beautiful nature.

Visual and expressive means- artistic techniques and means of creating literary images that determine their emotional and aesthetic expressiveness.

Imagism(from the French. image - image) - Russian literary group of the 1920s. Imagists asserted the primacy of the self-integral image, its form over meaning, idea; they saw the main task of their creativity in inventing images and words unprecedented in poetry.

Impressionism(from the French impression - impression) - the direction and artistic method in the art of the last third of the XIX-early XX century. Its representatives sought to most accurately capture the real world in its variability, conveying their fleeting impressions of it. As an established method, it is customary to talk about impressionism mainly in relation to painting, sculpture, graphics, and music. In literature, they often talk about the features of the impressionist style.

Customization- (from Lat. individuum - indivisible) - a way of reproducing the essential aspects of the real world in unique and individual forms; art form of transmission of the typical.

Interlude- (from Lat. intermedius - located in the middle) - a small play of comic content, played out between the acts of the main drama. In the XIX-XX centuries. the interlude has lost its meaning as an independent genre and has survived only as an inserted comic or musical scene in the play.

Intonation- (from Lat. intonare - to pronounce loudly) - the main expressive property of sounding speech, which allows you to convey the speaker's attitude to the subject of speech and to the interlocutor. Intonation enriches the specific meaning of any utterance, expresses its purposefulness and emotional nature.

Intrigue- (French intrigue, from Lat. intricare - to confuse) - a way of constructing action in a work of art with the help of complex twists and turns, interweaving and collision of interests of heroes and characters.

Irony(from the Greek. eironeia - pretense) - a kind of path, opposing the literal meaning of a word to the meaning that is put into it by the speaker (transfer of meaning by the opposite. A distinctive feature is a double meaning, where the true will not be directly expressed, but the opposite, implied).

Art- a special form of social consciousness and human activity, organically combining artistic (figurative) knowledge of life and creativity according to the laws of beauty; it is artistic creation as a whole, uniting literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, music, dance, theater, cinema, etc.

Catharsis(from the Greek. catharsis - cleansing) - a polysemantic term that came from ancient aesthetics. The highest form of tragedy, when the shock from a tragic conflict does not suppress a person with its hopelessness, but enlightens and elevates.

Classic(from Lat. classims - exemplary) - outstanding, generally recognized works of literature and art, which have an enduring value for national and world culture.

Classicism(from Latin classicus - exemplary) - an artistic direction and style in art and literature of the 17th-early 19th centuries, which is characterized by high civic themes, strict adherence to certain creative norms and rules, reflection of life in ideal images, as well as an appeal to the ancient heritage as a norm.

Comedy(from the Greek. komodia) - one of the main types of drama, depicting such life situations and characters that cause laughter. Comedy as a special form of the comic in literature most accurately captures and conveys its most important shades - humor, irony, sarcasm, satire.

Comic(from the Greek komikos - funny, funny) - a category of aesthetics, implying the reflection in art of phenomena that contain inconsistencies or contradictions (goals - means, forms - content, actions - circumstances, essence - its manifestation, etc.) and causes laughter.

Conflict(from Lat. conflictus - collision) - a contradiction reflected in a work of art, leading to a clash of characters, character and circumstances, different sides of characters. It is directly revealed in the plot and composition; constitutes the core of the theme, and the method of conflict resolution is the determining factor in the development of an artistic idea.

Climax(from Lat. culmen, genus., culminis - summit) - the moment of the highest tension in the development of action, exacerbating the artistic conflict as much as possible. There can be several climaxes in a literary work.

Leitmotif(from German leitmotiv - leading motive) is a recurring element of a work, a carrier of its main idea.

Lyrics(from the Greek lyrikos - pronounced to the sound of the lyre) - one of the three kinds of fiction. Unlike epics and dramas, which depict certain characters acting in different circumstances, the lyrics reflect individual states of the character at certain moments in life, the author's own "I"; the speech form of the lyrics is an internal monologue, mainly poetic (the lyrics are mostly plotless, subjective).

Lyrical hero- the hero of a lyric work, the experiences, thoughts and feelings of which it reflects. The image of the lyric hero is not identical to the image of the author, although it covers the entire range of lyric works created by the poet; on the basis of the image of the lyric hero, a holistic idea of ​​the poet's work is created.

Literary direction- a concept that characterizes the unity of the most essential creative features of artists of the word within a certain historical period; this unity arises and develops usually on the basis of a common artistic method, perception of the world, aesthetic views, ways of displaying life.

Literary process- the historical movement of national and world fiction, developing in complex connections and interactions. The forward movement of literature is the most important component of the literary process.

Lyroepic works- works that combine the features of epic and lyric poetry (storytelling about events and heroes is combined with a subjective - lyrical commentary from the author - narrator).

Literary genus- a generalized type of verbal artistic creativity, the main method of constructing works, which differs from other similar methods by the relationship between the world and the person in the paintings of life created by the artist. For each literary genus, the main feature is distinguished - a generic dominant: this is a narrative about events (epic), subjective-emotional thinking (lyrics), a dialogical image of events (drama).

Literary character(Greek charakter - trait, feature) - artistic embodiment of a set of stable mental characteristics that form the personality of a literary character; the literary character captures both the type of human behavior conditioned by the socio-historical situation and the creative individuality of the author.

Literary criticism- a science that studies fiction: its essence and specificity, origin, social functions, laws of the historical and literary process.

Litotes(from the Greek litotes - simplicity) - deliberate understatement of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon; the opposite of hyperbole.

Metaphor(Greek metaphora - transfer) - a kind of path, transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon) to another on the basis of a feature common to both compared members; establishing a relationship by similarity. The color, shape, nature of movement, any individual properties of objects can be similar.

Metonymy(Greek metonymia - renaming) - the transfer of the properties of an object to the object itself, an allegorical designation of the subject of speech; establishing a connection between phenomena by contiguity.

Meter(from the Greek metron - measure) - a general scheme of the sound rhythm of a verse, that is, the predictable appearance of certain sound elements at certain positions. The meter is the basis of the poetic dimensions of the syllabo-tonic versification.

Artist's worldview- a system of generalized philosophical and ethical-aesthetic views of the artist on the objective world and the place of man in it.

Myth(from the Greek mythos - legend, legend) - the fruit of a collective fantasy, a story about gods, heroes, demons, spirits, etc., reflecting ideas about the unidentified forces of nature and society.

Mytholgism- the use of mythological motives or characters in a literary work or the creation by an artist of an original mythological system. Mythologism is addressed to philosophical issues, characteristic of works that explore the universal, stable features of human thinking and behavior.

Motive (from French motif - melody, melody) is the simplest unit of plot development (dynamic, moving the plot or static, descriptive). Any plot is an interweaving of closely related motives. One and the same motive can underlie different plots and thus have different meanings (the modern use of the word “motive” does not have terminological clarity).

Naturalism(from Lat.naturalis - nature) - a trend in European and American literature and art of the last third of the 19th century, based on the positivist idea of ​​the complete predetermination of fate, will, the spiritual world of a person by the social environment, everyday life, his nature (physiology, heredity): N. Nekrasov. "Petersburg Corners", D. Grigorovich. "The Village", "Anton-Goremik", F. Dostoevsky. "Poor people"

Neologisms(from the Greek. neos - new and logos - word) - words or turns of speech created to designate a new object or express a new concept; individual stylistic neologisms are created by the author of this literary work and usually do not receive wide distribution, are not included in the vocabulary of the language.

Innovation and tradition(from Latin novator - renovator and traditio - transfer). Literature is characterized by both the enrichment of artistic creativity with new themes, ideas, heroes, techniques and means, and the desire to consolidate and pass on to the next generations of writers their spiritual experience and creative principles.

Novella(from Italian novella - literally news) is a small prose genre, distinguished by a dynamic, rapidly and often paradoxically developing plot, compositional accuracy, and severity of form. In the center of the plot of the novel, as a rule, one event - an extraordinary situation, a play of chance, an unexpected turn in the fate of the hero. The novelist avoids detailed everyday, historical and ethnographic sketches. The hero is revealed to him first of all not in the socio-political, but in the moral essence ... In critical realism, the story is transformed, acquires a synthetic character, combines acute drama, psychologism and social research orientation.

Narrator's image- an image not personified in the guise of any of the characters - the bearer of the narrative in a work of art.

Narrator's image- a conventional image of a person on whose behalf the story is told in a literary work. Unlike the image of the narrator, the narrator in the proper sense is not always present in the epic - he is not always present in the case of a "neutral", "objective" narrative, in which the author himself seems to step aside (the narrator can be close to the author, related to him and maybe , on the contrary, is very far from him in character and social status).

Ritual poetry- folklore poetry associated with folk everyday rituals (calendar, wedding songs, lamentations, lamentations, etc.).

Oh yeah(from the Greek ode - song) - a solemn, pathetic, poetic work glorifying God, the monarch, the Fatherland, outstanding statesmen and their deeds, strictly regulated by the rules of composition (see classicism poetry of the 17-18th centuries).

Oxymoron(from the Greek oxymoron - letters: witty-stupid) - a stylistic figure, a combination of words opposite in meaning, as a result of which a new concept is born (familiar stranger, deafening silence). Octave (from Lat. Octo - eight) is a stanza of eight verses with the rhyme of the abababvv with the obligatory alternation of male and female endings. With its unfolding, completeness and flexibility, the octave is convenient both for small lyric poems and for poems.

Impersonation- transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate, a special type of metaphor (identification of objects and phenomena of nature, flora and fauna with the life and activity of people is characteristic).

Onegin stanza- belonging to A.S. Pushkin's form of stanza, which was written in the novel "Eugene Onegin": the 14th verse of the iambic tetrameter with the rhyme ababvggdeedzh. Thus, it is formed by three quatrains of different rhyming schemes (cross, contiguous and encompassing) and the final couplet. This structure makes the Onegin stanza flexible, solid and expressive, keeping the harmony of a great novel.

Feature article- a small epic and (or) journalistic genre, characterized by strict documentation, targeted focus and a high degree of author's participation in the development of the plot. The essay is based on real or presented as real facts, while the essay allows for creative fiction and a pronounced subjectivity of the author's position.

Paleography(from the Greek palaios - ancient and grapho - I write) is a science that studies monuments of ancient writing in order to establish the place and time of their creation.

Pamphlet(English pamphlet) is a topical, mainly journalistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a concrete, civic, socio-political exposure.

Panegyric(from the Greek. panegyrikos logos - a commendable public speech) - originally in Ancient Greece, a solemn eulogy; later, any excessive praise in a literary work.

Paradox(from the Greek paradoxos - unexpected, strange) - a judgment that sharply contradicts the usual logic of things, but deep in meaning. The paradox is characterized by brevity, clarity, accentuated sharpness of the wording.

Parallelism(from the Greek parallelismos - going side by side) - a similar syntactic structure of two (or more) sentences or other fragments of text.

Paraphrase/ paraphrase (from the Greek pariphrasis - lit. I say around, retelling) - replacing the direct name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their essential features.

Pastoral(from French pastorale and from Latin pastoralis - shepherd) - a literary genre that depicts the idealized life of carefree shepherds and shepherdesses in the midst of eternally beautiful nature.

Pathetic(from the Greek pathetikos - passionate, full of feelings) is an aesthetic category, implying a reflection in art of what is associated with a person's feelings at the highest tension of his will and spirit, feelings that arise as a result of a person's making an important decision at the turning points of life.

Pause(from Lat. pausa, from Greek pausis - cessation) - a temporary break in the course of speech.

Pathos(from the Greek pathos - suffering, passion, inspiration) - the ideological and emotional mood of a work of art or all creativity; passion that permeates the work and gives it a single stylistic color - what can be called the soul of the work. Paphos is the key to the idea of ​​the piece.

Landscape(from French paysage, from pays - country, area) - the image of pictures of nature. The functions of a landscape in a work of art are determined by its method, genre and clan affiliation, and style.

Peripeteia(from the Greek peripeteia - a sudden turn) - an unexpected event, a sharp turn of the action, complicating the development of the plot of the work.

The character(from French personnage, and from Latin persona - person, person) - along with the hero, the protagonist of a work of art or stage performance.

The story- epic prose genre; by the nature of the development of the action, it is more complex than the story, but less developed than the novel (there are more characters in the story than in the story, but less than in the novel, the development of the action is more complicated than in the story, but the action is less developed than in the novel, etc.) NS.).

Repeat- repetition of compositional elements, words, phrases and other fragments of the text in a work of art, due to which the attention of the reader (listener) is fixed on them and thereby their role in the text is enhanced.

Subtext- a hidden meaning, different from the direct meaning of the utterance, which is restored on the basis of the context, taking into account the non-speech situation. In the theater, the actor reveals the subtext through intonation, pause, facial expressions, gesture.

Portrait(from French portrait) - an image of the appearance of a hero or a group of characters: faces, figures, clothes, demeanor. The functions of the portrait are determined by the method, genre and clan affiliation, style.

Permanent epithet- a word-definition, consistently combined with one or another word-defined. Indicates a characteristic, always present feature.

Poem(from the Greek poiema) - lyric-epic genre. The main features of the poem are the presence of a detailed plot, the scale of the phenomena and problems depicted, the wide development of the image of the lyrical hero.

Poetics(from the Greek poietike - poetic art) - a section of the theory of literature that studies the structure of literary works and the system of aesthetic means used in them. In a broad sense, poetics coincides with the theory of literature, in a narrow sense, with the study of artistic speech. The term "poetics" also denotes a system of artistic means characteristic of a writer, certain genres, and literary trends of the era.

Beautiful- one of the central categories of aesthetics, which characterizes the most perfect phenomena in reality, the activities of people, art. Beauty is disinterested in nature and is directly related to sensory contemplation, which activates the human imagination.

Prologue(from the Greek prologos - preface) - an introduction to a literary work (or to its independent part), not directly related to the developing action, but, as it were, preceding it with a story about previous events or their meaning.

Prototype(from the Greek prototypon - prototype) - a real person, a group of people or a literary character that served as the basis for creating a particular artistic image.

Journalism(from Lat. publicus - public) - a type of works in which actual facts and phenomena of current life are promptly investigated and generalized in order to influence public opinion and public consciousness. Elements of journalism often penetrate works of art.

Interchange- conflict resolution in a literary work, the outcome of events. Usually given at the end of the piece, but maybe at the beginning, it can also be combined with the climax.

Story- a small epic genre based on the image of an episode from the life of the hero. The short duration of the events depicted, the small number of characters are the features of this genre form.

Realism (from Lat. Realis - material) - 1) the artistic method of modern times, the beginning of which is either from the Renaissance (Renaissance realism), or from the Enlightenment (enlightenment realism), or from the 30s. XIX century. (realism proper, or critical realism). The guiding principles of realism: an objective depiction of life combined with the height of the author's ideal; reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances with the completeness of their individualization; vital reliability of the image along with the use of conventional and fantastic forms; prevailing interest in the problem of the individual and society; 2) a concept that characterizes the cognitive function of art and literature, reflecting the measure of artistic cognition of reality, which is carried out by a variety of artistic means.

Resoner(from French raisonner - to reason) - a character (primarily dramatic) used by the author to express his own views on what is happening, on the behavior of other actors.

Remark(from French remarque - remark, note) - an explanation or indication of the playwright in the text of the play for the reader, director and actor.

Reminiscence(from Lat. reminiscentia - memory) - features of a work of art, suggesting a memory of another work.

Replica(from Italian replica, from Latin replico - I object) - the dialogical form of the character's statement; the reply phrase of the interlocutor, the response to the words of the partner, followed by the speech of another character.

Refrain(from French refrain - chorus) - a repeated part of a song's verse, usually its last line (s).

Rhythm(from the Greek rhythmos - beat, uniformity) - alternation of any elements, occurring with a certain sequence, frequency. Periodic repetition of sound elements at regular intervals is the basis of the verse; exactly which elements divide the text into comparable segments determines the versification system (syllabic or tonic). Prose also has a special rhythm.

novel(from French romans - narration) is an epic genre of large form, revealing the history of several, sometimes many, human destinies over a long period of time. The genre of the novel allows you to convey the most profound and complex processes of life.

Romanticism(from French romantisme) - an artistic method that took shape at the beginning of the 19th century. and has become widespread as a direction in the art and literature of most European countries (including Russia), as well as in the United States. Romanticism is characterized by a special interest in the personality, the nature of its relationship to the surrounding reality, as well as opposition to the real world of the ideal. The artist's desire to express his attitude to what is depicted prevails over the accuracy of conveying actual facts, which gives the work of art heightened emotionality.

Sarcasm(from the Greek. sarkasmos - mockery, sarkazo - literally "tear meat") - angry, sarcastic irony, excluding ambiguous interpretation.

Satire(from Lat. satira - overflowing dish, mishmash) - a way of manifestation of the comic, which consists in a merciless ridicule of socially harmful phenomena and human vices.

Sentimentalism(from French sentiment - feeling, sensitivity) - a trend in literature and art of the second half of the 18th century, which is characterized by the absolutization of human feelings and experiences, emotional perception of the environment, cult attitude to nature with elements of patriarchal idealization.

Syllabica/ syllabic versification (from the Greek. syllabe - syllable) - versification system, in which the length of a verse is determined only by the number of syllables, regardless of the number of stress; verses are called 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-compound, etc. A different number of syllables is allowed in the lines; it is only desirable that even-syllable verses be combined with even-syllable, and odd-syllable with odd-syllable. In 10-, 11- and more complex verses, a caesura appears - an obligatory word section, dividing the verse into short hemistichs.

Syllabo-tonic versification(from Greek syllabe - syllable and tonos - stress) - versification system based on the ordered arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse; on the strong points of the meter, as a rule, the stressed ones are located, on the weak ones - unstressed syllables.

Symbol(from the Greek symbolon - a conventional sign) - an image that maximally generalized and expressively expresses the idea, the essence of an event or phenomenon. The meaning of the symbol is polysemantic and inseparable from its figurative structure. Symbolism is a trend in European and Russian art of the 1870-1910s, the main principle of which is artistic expression through the symbol of the essence of objects and ideas that are beyond the limits of sensory perception. In this case, the symbol is understood as an expression of the artist's individual view of the world.

Synecdoche(from the Greek synekdohe) - a type of metonymy, the name of a part (smaller) instead of a whole (larger), or vice versa.

Image system- a multitude of artistic images that are in certain relationships and connections with each other and form an integral unity of a work of art. The system of images plays an important role in the embodiment of the theme and idea of ​​the work.

Comparison- comparison of two objects or phenomena for a more accurate, figurative description of one of them. In literary work, extensive comparisons are widespread, expressed in whole fragments of the text.

Stanzas(French stances< ит. stanza - остановка) - небольшое стихотворение из строф по четыре стиха, причем конец строфы обязательно служит концом предложения.

Stylization- deliberate imitation of an artistic style characteristic of any author, genre, trend, art and culture of a particular social environment, nationality, era.

Versification- a way of organizing the sound composition of poetic speech, opposing it to prose. Verse-addition is based on a given division of speech into correlated and commensurate segments - verses. Depending on what units the lines are measured in (syllables, accents, feet), versification systems differ among themselves.

Foot- a repetitive combination of strong and weak points in a poetic meter, a group of syllables consisting of one stressed and one or several unstressed ones; a conventional unit by which the verse size and length of the verse is determined.

Stropic - a section of poetry that studies the patterns of combining verses into stanzas, types of stanzas and their history; as well as a set of types of stanzas found in the works of a particular poet, in poetry of a certain period, etc.

Plot(French sujet - subject) - the course of narration about events in a work of art, a way of developing a theme or presenting a plot.

Story line- a relatively complete part of the plot, associated with any one hero of the work or with a group of heroes (characters).

Creative inspiration- the rise of all the creative forces of the artist, the moment of the highest concentration and concentration on the object of creativity.

Textology(from Latin textus - fabric, connection and Greek logos - science) is a literary discipline that studies literary works in order to critically check and establish their original texts for further research and publication. The most important task of textual criticism is a historically meaningful and critical reading of the text based on the study of sources (manuscripts, printed publications, historical evidence), identifying the genealogy of the text and its possible distortions.

Theme(Greek thema - the main idea) - an object of artistic representation, a circle of events, phenomena, objects of reality, reflected in the work and fastened together by the author's intention.

Subject- a system of interrelated themes of a work of art.

The bias of a literary work- a biased or one-sided disclosure of a topic, problematic or character of a work, or an open manifestation of a tendency (general thought, idea) that the author seeks to instill in readers.

Trend(from late Lat. tendentia - orientation) - an integral part of an artistic idea; the ideological and emotional orientation of the work, the author's understanding or assessment of the problems and characters, expressed through the system of images; in a narrower sense - the social, political or moral predilection of the artist openly expressed in a realistic work.

Literary theory- a science that studies: 1) the originality of literature as a special form of spiritual and artistic activity; 2) the structure of the literary text; 3) factors and components of the literary process and the creative method.

Tercet(from Lat. tres - three) - a stanza consisting of three verses for one rhyme.

Terza rima(from lat.terra rima - third rhyme) - a stanza of three verses rhyming in such a way that the row of the third forms a continuous chain of triple rhymes: aba bvb vgv, etc. and closes with a separate line, rhymed with the middle verse of the last term.

Tetralogy(from the Greek tetra - four and logos - a word) - an epic or dramatic work, consisting of four independent parts, united into one whole by a common ideological and artistic concept.

Typing- the process of artistic generalization of life phenomena (human characters, circumstances, actions, events), in which the most significant, socially significant features of reality, the laws of development of the individual and society are revealed.

Typical(from the Greek. typos - imprint, form, sample) is an aesthetic category that serves to determine the most general and essential aspects of actual phenomena, leading trends in the development of real life.

Tragedy(from the Greek tragodia) - a dramatic genre. The tragedy is based on a particularly tense, irreconcilable conflict, which most often ends in the death of the hero.

Trilogy(from the Greek. trilogia, tri - three and logos - word) - an epic or dramatic work, consisting of three independent parts, united into one whole by a common ideological concept, plot, main characters.

Trails(from the Greek tropos - turn, turn of speech) - turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative meaning in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The trope is based on the comparison of two concepts that seem close to the speaker (writer).

Conventions in art- 1) non-identity of reality and its image in literature and art (primary convention); 2) a deliberate, open violation of plausibility, a method of detecting the illusory nature of the artistic world (secondary convention).

Utopia(from the Greek u - no and topos - a place, that is, a place that does not exist) - a work depicting a fictional picture of an ideal life arrangement.

Fable(lat. fabula - narration, history) - a chain of events, which are narrated in the work, in their logical cause-time sequence. In other words, the plot is something that lends itself to retelling, that "what really happened", while the plot is "how the reader found out about it." The plot may coincide with the plot, but it may also differ from it.

Farce(from French farce) - one of the forms of the comic, manifested in buffoonery, rude jokes (a comedy of light content with purely external comic devices).

Feuilleton(from French feuilleton, from feuille - leaf) - satirical genre of journalism; a feuilleton can denounce both specific carriers of evil and negative in a "non-address" form.

Figures of speech- turns of speech, syntactic constructions that enhance the expressiveness of the statement.

Futurism(from lat. futurum - future) is an avant-garde trend in European and Russian art of the 10-20s. XX century The Futurists were united by a spontaneous feeling of the inevitable collapse of traditional culture and the desire to realize through art the features of an unknown future. Poets-futurists proclaimed the rejection of the usual artistic forms up to the destruction of natural language ("words on the loose" or zaum).

Characteristic in art(from the Greek charakter - sign, trait) - a feature of a work of art or a type of performing art, which consists in deliberately emphasizing or exaggerating certain aspects of the depicted characters and phenomena.

Artistic detail- one of the means of creating an artistic image, helping to present the phenomenon depicted by the author in a unique individuality, a memorable feature of appearance, clothing, setting, experience or deed.

Artistic truth- display of life in works of art in accordance with its own logic, penetration into the inner meaning of what is depicted.

Art form(Latin forma - external view) - internal and external organization, structure of a work of art, created with the help of pictorial and expressive means to express artistic content.

Artistic imagination is the ability, as well as the very process of creating artistic images on the basis of creative processing by consciousness of sensations, perceptions, ideas, feelings, impressions, etc.

Artistic generalization- a way of reflecting reality in art, revealing the most essential and characteristic aspects of what is depicted in an individually unique figurative art form.

Artistic fiction- the result of the creative activity of the artist's imagination; arises on the basis of generalization of real realities and understanding of personal experience, is embodied in a work of art.

Artistic method- a set of the most general principles and features of the figurative reflection of life in art, which are consistently repeated in the work of a number of writers and thus can form literary trends (directions) in a particular country or a number of countries.

Artistic image- the method and form of mastering reality in art, characterized by an inseparable unity of sensual and semantic moments. This is a concrete and at the same time generalized picture of life (or a fragment of such a picture), created with the help of the artist's creative imagination and in the light of his aesthetic ideal.

Art type(from the Greek. typos - image, imprint, sample) - an artistic image endowed with characteristic properties, a bright representative of a group of people (in particular, class, class, nation, era). The embodiment of the aesthetic category of the typical.

Caesura(from Latin caesura - dissection) - an intra-personal pause dividing a line of poetry into two hemistichs - equal or unequal.

Cycle(from the Greek kyklos - a circle) - a series of works united by some commonality: theme, genre, place or time of action, characters, narrative form, style, etc.

Eclogue(from the Greek. ekloge - selection) - an old genre of bucolic poetry, displaying pictures of rural and shepherd life.

Exposition(lat. expositio - explanation) - the prehistory of the event or events underlying the literary plot. Located at the beginning, less often in the middle or at the end of the piece.

Epigram(Greek epigramma, lit. - inscription) - a genre of satirical poetry, a small poem that ridicules a person or a social phenomenon.

Epigraph(from the Greek epigraphe - an inscription) - a quote, a dictum, a proverb placed by the author before the text of an artistic (publicistic, scientific) work or part of it. The epigraph explains the main conflict, theme, idea or mood of the work, contributing to its perception by the reader.

Episode(from the Greek epeisodion, lit. - insert) - a part of a work of art (epic, dramatic), which has a relatively independent meaning in the development of artistic action.

Epitaph(from the Greek epitaphios - gravestone) - a genre leading its origin from the gravestone inscription. Most often, a short poetic work of a commendable or tragic nature.

Epithet(from the Greek epitheton - appendix) is a figurative definition that gives an artistic description of an object (phenomenon) in the form of a hidden comparison. With a broad interpretation, the epithet is called not only the adjective that defines the noun, but also the noun-application, as well as the adverb that metaphorically defines the verb ("frost-voivode", "vagabond wind", "the Petrel soars proudly").

Epic genres- a set of genres that have arisen and develop within the epic as a literary genre.

Epic(from "epic" and Greek poieo - I create) - the largest epic genre. The ancient epic (heroic epic) depicts, as a rule, a heroic event of public interest. In the literature of modern times, a novel is called an epic, which is distinguished by its special monumentality: the scale of the events depicted, a highly ramified plot, and many characters.

Epos(from the Greek epos - word, narration) - one of three literary genders, the main feature of which is the narration of events external to the author.

Essay(from the French. essai - experience, sketch) - a prose genre, a composition of a small volume, free composition, in which the main role is played not by the reproduction of a fact, but by the image of impressions, thoughts and associations. It is used both in fiction and - mainly - in literary criticism and journalism.

Aesthetics(from the Greek aisthetikos - feeling, sensual) - the science of beauty in society and nature and its role in human life.

Humor(from the English humor - humor; temper, mood, complexity) - a special kind of comic that combines mockery and sympathy, assumes a soft smile and a gentle joke, which are based on a positive attitude towards the depicted.

Phenomenon- part of an act in a dramatic work, during which the composition of the actors on the stage remains unchanged.

The language of a work of art- the totality and system of linguistic means used in a given work of art.

The language of fiction- the totality and system of linguistic means used in works of art. Its originality is determined by the special tasks facing fiction, its aesthetic function, the specifics of constructing verbal artistic images. One of the main features of the language of fiction is special attention to the structure of the linguistic sign, the imposition of aesthetic functions on this structure.

Iamb(from the Greek jambos) - a two-syllable poetic meter in which the stress falls on the second syllable of the foot.

Autology - artistic method of figurative expression of a poetic concept not with poetic words and expressions, but with simple everyday ones.

And everyone looks with respect,
As again without panic
Slowly put on his pants

And almost new

From the point of view of the foreman,

Tarpaulin boots ...

A.T. Tvardovsky

Acmeism - current in Russian poetry of the first two decades of the 20th century, the center of which was the "Workshop of Poets" circle, and the main tribune was the "Apollo" magazine. Acmeists contrasted the social content of art with the realism of material mother nature and the sensual plastic-material clarity of the artistic language, rejecting the poetics of vague allusions and mysticism of symbolism in the name of a "return to the earth", to the subject, to the exact meaning of the word (A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky , N. Gumilev, M. Zenkevich, O. Mandelstam).

Allegory - allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a concrete image; personification of human properties or qualities. The allegory consists of two elements:
1. semantic is any concept or phenomenon (wisdom, cunning, kindness, childhood, nature, etc.), which the author seeks to portray without naming it;
2. figurative-objective - this is a specific object, a being depicted in a work of art and representing the named concept or phenomenon.

Alliteration - repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same consonant sounds in order to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech; one of the types of sound writing.
Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.
The majestic cry of the waves.
The storm is near. Beats on the shore
A black canoe alien to enchantment.
K. D. Balmont

Alogism - an artistic device, using phrases that contradict logic, emphasizing the internal inconsistency of certain dramatic or comic situations - to prove, as it were, from the contrary, some logic and, therefore, the truth of the position of the author (and after him - and the reader), who understands the illogical phrase as a figurative expression (the title of the novel by Yu. Bondareva "Hot Snow").

Amphibrach - a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the second syllable - stressed among unstressed - in the foot. Scheme: U-U | U-U ...
The midnight blizzard was rustling
In the forest and wilderness side.
A.A. Fet

Anapaest - a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the last, third, syllable in the foot. Scheme: UU- | UU- ...
People have cleanliness, sweat in their homes,
And in our house - cramped, stuffy ...
N.A. Nekrasov.

Anaphora - consonance; repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of several phrases or stanzas.
I love you, Peter's creation,
I love your strict, slender look ...
A.S. Pushkin.

Antithesis - a stylistic device based on a sharp opposition of concepts and images, most often based on the use of antonyms:
I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!
G.R.Derzhavin

Antifraz (is) - using words or expressions in a clearly opposite sense. "Well done!" - as a reproach.

Assonance - repeated repetition of homogeneous vowel sounds in poetic speech (less often in prose). Sometimes an inaccurate rhyme is called assonance, in which the vowel sounds coincide, but the consonants do not coincide (hugeness - I'll come to my senses; thirst - it's a pity). Enhances the expressiveness of speech.
It became dark in the room.
Shields the slope of the window.
Or is it a dream?
Ding-dong. Ding-dong.
I.P. Tokmakova.

Aphorism - a clear, easy-to-remember, precise, concise expression of a definite completeness of thought. Aphorisms often become individual lines of poetry or prose phrases: “Poetry is everything! - riding into the unknown. " (V. Mayakovsky)

Ballad - a narrative song with a dramatic plot development, the basis of which is an unusual case, one of the types of lyric-epic poetry. The ballad is based on an extraordinary story that reflects the essential moments of the relationship between a person and society, people among themselves, the most important features of a person.

Bard - a poet-singer, usually a performer of his own poems, often set to his own music.

Fable - a short poetic story-allegory of a moral orientation.

Blank verse - non-rhymed verses with a metric organization (i.e. organized through a system of rhythmically repeating accents). Widespread in oral folk art and was actively used in the 18th century.
Forgive me, maiden beauty!
I will part with you forever,
The young woman will pay off.
I will let you go, beauty,
I will let you go with ribbons ...
Folk song.

Epics - Old Russian epic songs-legends, chanting the heroic deeds of heroes reflecting the historical events of the 11th - 16th centuries.

Barbarism - a word or turn of speech borrowed from a foreign language. The unjustified use of barbarisms pollutes the native language.

Vers libre - the modern system of versification, which is a kind of border between verse and prose (it lacks rhyme, size, traditional rhythmic ordering; the number of syllables in a line and lines in a stanza can be different; there is also no equality of accents inherent in white verse. of speech, division into lines with a pause at the end of each line and a weakened symmetry of speech (the stress falls on the last word of the line) are preserved.
She came from the cold
Flushed
Filled the room
The scent of air and perfume
In a clear voice
And completely disrespectful to classes
Chatter.
A. Blok

Eternal image - an image from the work of the classics of world literature, expressing certain features of human psychology, which has become a common name of one type or another: Faust, Plyushkin, Oblomov, Don Quixote, Mitrofanushka, etc.

Internal monologue -the announcement of thoughts and feelings that reveal the inner experiences of the character, not intended for the hearing of others, when the character speaks as if to himself, "to the side."

Vulgarism - simple, even seemingly rude, seemingly unacceptable in poetic speech expressions used by the author to reflect a certain nature of the described phenomenon, to characterize a character, is sometimes similar to vernacular.

Lyrical hero- the image of the poet (his lyrical "I"), whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in the lyric work. The lyrical hero is not the same as the biographical person. The idea of ​​a lyrical hero is of a summary nature and is formed in the process of familiarizing with that inner world, which is revealed in lyric works not through actions, but through experiences, mental states, and the manner of speech self-expression.

Literary hero -character, protagonist of a literary work.

Hyperbola - a means of artistic representation based on excessive exaggeration; a figurative expression, consisting in an exaggerated exaggeration of events, feelings, strength, significance, size of the depicted phenomenon; outwardly effective form of presentation of the depicted. Can be idealizing and derogatory.

Gradation - stylistic device, arrangement of words and expressions, as well as means of artistic depiction in increasing or decreasing importance. Types of gradation: increasing (climax) and decreasing (anticlimax).
Ascending gradation:
The bipod at the orai maple,
Omeshiki on a bipod damask,
Silver bipod attachments,
And the stag at the bipod is red and gold.
Epic about Volga and Mikula
Downward gradation:
Fly! less fly! destroyed to a grain of sand.
N.V. Gogol

Grotesque - a bizarre mixture in the image of the real and the fantastic, the beautiful and the ugly, the tragic and the comic - for a more impressive expression of the creative idea.

Dactyl - a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the first syllable in the foot. Scheme: -UU | -UU ...
Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
Azure steppe, pearl chain
You rush as if, like me, exiles,
From the lovely north to the south.
M.Yu.Lermontov

Decadence - a phenomenon in literature (and art in general) of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, reflecting the crisis of the transitional stage of social relations in the minds of some exponents of the sentiments of social groups, whose ideological foundations are crumbling by turning points in history.

Artistic detail -detail that emphasizes the semantic reliability of the work with the material, event-related reliability - concretizing this or that image.

Dialectisms - words borrowed by the literary language or by a specific author in his work from local dialects (dialects): "Well, go - and okay, you have to climb into the hole, the house is nearby" (F. Abramov).

Dialogue - exchange of replicas, messages, live speech of two or more persons.

Drama - 1. One of three kinds of literature, defining works intended for stage implementation. It differs from the epic in that it has not a narrative, but a dialogical form; from the lyrics - by the fact that it reproduces the world external to the author. Subdivided into genres : tragedy, comedy, and also the actual drama. 2. Drama is also called a dramatic work that does not have clear genre features, combining the techniques of different genres; sometimes such a work is simply referred to as a play.

Uniformity - reception of repetition of similar sounds, words, language constructions at the beginning of adjacent lines or stanzas.

Wait for the snow to sweep

Wait when it's hot

Wait when others are not expected ...

K. Simonov

Literary genre -a historically developing type of literary works, the main features of which, constantly changing along with the development of the diversity of forms and content of literature, are sometimes identified with the concept of "species"; but more often the term genre defines the type of literature on the basis of content and emotional characteristics: satirical genre, detective genre, genre of historical essay.

Jargon, also argo - words and expressions borrowed from the language of internal communication of certain social groups of people. The use of jargons in the literature makes it possible to more clearly define the social or professional characteristics of the characters and their environment.

Lives of the saints - a description of the life of people numbered among the saints by the church (The Life of Alexander Nevsky, The Life of Alexy the Man of God, etc.).

Stitch - an event that determines the occurrence of a conflict of a literary work. Sometimes it coincides with the beginning of the piece.

Conception - the beginning of the work of Russian folk literary creativity - epics, fairy tales, etc. ("Once upon a time ...", "In the distant kingdom, in the thirty state ...").

Sound organization of speech- purposeful use of elements of the sound composition of the language: vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed syllables, pauses, intonation, repetitions, etc. It is used to enhance the artistic expression of speech. Sound organization of speech includes: sound repetitions, sound writing, onomatopoeia.

Sound writing - a technique for enhancing the pictoriality of the text by means of such a sound construction of phrases, poetic lines, which would correspond to the scene being reproduced, the picture to the expressed mood. Alliterations, assonances, and sound repetitions are used in sound writing. Sound writing enhances the image of a certain phenomenon, action, state.

Onomatopoeia- a kind of sound writing; the use of sound combinations capable of reflecting the sound of the described phenomena, similar in sound to those depicted in artistic speech ("thunder rumbles", "horns roar", "cuckoo crows", "echo laughter").

The idea of ​​a piece of art isthe main idea that summarizes the semantic, figurative, emotional content of a work of art.

Imagism - the literary movement that appeared in Russia after the October 1917 coup, which proclaimed the image as an end in itself of the work, and not as a means of expressing the essence of the content and reflecting reality. It broke up by itself in 1927. At one time S. Yesenin adjoined this stream.

Impressionism - a trend in art of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, which asserts the main task of artistic creativity to express the artist's subjective impressions of the phenomena of reality.

Improvisation - direct creation of a work in the process of execution.

Inversion - violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; rearrangement of parts of the phrase, giving it special expressiveness; an unusual sequence of words in a sentence.
And the song of the virgin is barely audible

Valleys in deep silence.

A.S. Pushkin

Interpretation -interpretation, explanation of ideas, themes, figurative systems and other components of a work of art in literature and criticism.

Intrigue - system, and sometimes the mystery, complexity, mystery of events, on the unraveling of which the plot of the work is built.

Irony - a kind of comic, bitter or, conversely, a kind mockery, ridiculing this or that phenomenon, exposing its negative features and thus affirming the positive aspects provided by the author in the phenomenon.

Historical songs -the genre of folk poetry, reflecting the folk idea of ​​the true historical events in Russia.

Literary Canon -a symbol, an image, a plot, born of centuries-old folklore and literary traditions and which has become, to a certain extent, normative: light is good, darkness is evil, etc.

Classicism - an artistic direction that developed in European literature of the 17th century, based on the recognition of ancient art as the highest example, an ideal, and works of antiquity as an artistic norm. Aesthetics is based on the principle of rationalism and "imitation of nature." The cult of the mind. A work of art is organized as an artificial, logically constructed whole. Strict plot-compositional organization, schematism. Human characters are outlined in a straightforward manner; good and bad characters are contrasted. An active appeal to public, civic issues. Emphasized objectivity of the story. A strict hierarchy of genres. High: tragedy, epic, ode. Low: comedy, satire, fable. Mixing high and low genres is not allowed. The leading genre is tragedy.

Collision - generating a conflict, underlying the action of a literary work, the contradiction between the characters of the heroes of this work, or between the characters and circumstances, the collisions of which constitute the plot of the work.

Comedy - a dramatic work, by means of satire and humor, ridiculing the vices of society and man.

Composition - arrangement, alternation, correlation and interconnection of parts of a literary work, serving to the fullest embodiment of the artist's intention.

Context - the general meaning (theme, idea) of the work, expressed in its entire text or in a sufficiently meaningful passage, a cohesion with which a quotation, and indeed any passage in general, should not lose connection.

Artistic conflict -figurative reflection in a work of art of the actions of the forces of the struggle of interests, passions, ideas, characters, political aspirations, both personal and social. The conflict sharpens the plot.

Climax - in a literary work, a scene, an event, an episode where the conflict reaches its highest tension and a decisive collision occurs between the characters and aspirations of the heroes, after which a transition to the denouement begins in the plot.

Legend - narratives that originally told about the lives of the saints, then - that entered the mundane use of religious-didactic, and sometimes fantastic biographies of historical, and even fairytale heroes, whose deeds express a national character.

Leitmotif - an expressive detail, a specific artistic image, repeated many times, mentioned, passing through a separate work or all of the writer's work.

Chronicle - handwritten Russian historical narratives telling about events in the life of the country over the years; each story began with the word: "Summer ... (year ...)", hence the name - chronicle.

Lyrics - one of the main types of literature, reflecting life through the image of individual (single) states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person caused by certain circumstances. Feelings, experiences are not described, but expressed. The center of artistic attention is the image-experience. The characteristic features of the lyrics are the poetic form, rhythm, the absence of a plot, small size, a clear reflection of the feelings of the lyrical hero. The most subjective kind of literature.

Lyrical digression -deviation from descriptions of events, characters in an epic or lyric-epic work, where the author (or a lyric hero, on whose behalf the narration is being conducted) expresses his thoughts and feelings about what is being described, his attitude to it, addressing directly to the reader.

Litota - 1. The method of understating a phenomenon or its details is an inverse hyperbole (a fabulous "little boy with a finger" or "a little man ... in big mittens, and he himself with a fingernail" N. Nekrasov). 2. Acceptance of the characteristics of this or that phenomenon not by direct definition, but by negation of the opposite definition:

The key to nature is not lost

Proud work is not in vain ...

V. Shalamov

Memoirs - the author's memories of real events in which he took part or was a witness.

Metaphor - a figurative meaning of a word based on the use of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast; hidden comparison, built on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words "as", "as if", "as if" are absent, but implied.
Bee for a tribute to the field
Flies out of the wax cell.
A.S. Pushkin
Metaphor increases the accuracy of poetic speech and its emotional expressiveness. A kind of metaphor is personification.
Varieties of metaphor:
1. lexical metaphor, or erased, in which the direct meaning is completely destroyed; "it is raining", "time is running", "clock hand", "doorknob";
2. a simple metaphor - built on the convergence of objects or according to one common feature they have: "hail of bullets", "talk of waves", "dawn of life", "table leg", "dawn is blazing";
3. realized metaphor - literal understanding of the meanings of the words that make up the metaphor, accentuation of the direct meanings of the words: "You don't have a face on you - only a shirt and trousers are on you" (S. Sokolov).
4.extended metaphor - the spread of a metaphorical image to several phrases or to the entire work (for example, the poem by A.S. Pushkin "The Cart of Life" or "He could not sleep for a long time: the remaining husk of words clogged and tormented the brain, pricked in the temples, in no way it was to get rid of her "(V. Nabokov)
The metaphor is usually expressed by a noun, a verb, and then other parts of speech.

Metonymy - rapprochement, juxtaposition of concepts by contiguity, when a phenomenon or an object is designated with the help of other words and concepts: "a steel orator sleeps in a holster" - a revolver; "led swords to the plentiful" - led soldiers into battle; "the little owl began to sing" - the violinist began to play his instrument.

Myths - works of folk fantasy, personifying reality in the form of gods, demons, spirits. They were born in ancient times, preceding the religious and even more scientific understanding and explanation of the world.

Modernism - designation of many trends, trends in art that determine the desire of artists to reflect modernity with new means that improve, modernize - in their opinion - traditional means in accordance with historical progress.

Monologue - the speech of one of the literary heroes, addressed either to himself, or to those around him, or to the public, isolated from the replicas of other heroes, which has an independent meaning.

Motive - 1. The smallest element of the plot; the simplest, indivisible element of the story (the phenomenon is stable and endlessly repeating). Numerous motives make up various plots (for example, the motive of the road, the motive of the search for the missing bride, etc.). This meaning of the term is more often used in relation to works of oral folk art.

2. "Stable semantic unit" (BNPutilov); "a semantically rich component of the work, akin to the theme, idea, but not identical to them" (V.E.Khalizev); a semantic (meaningful) element essential for understanding the author's concept (for example, the motive of death in "The Tale of the Dead Princess ..." by A.S. Pushkin, the motive of cold in the "light breath" - "Light Breath" by I.A. Bunin, the motive full moon in "The Master and Margarita" by Mikhail Bulgakov).

Naturalism - a trend in the literature of the last third of the 19th century, which asserted an extremely accurate and objective reproduction of reality, sometimes leading to the suppression of the author's individuality.

Neologisms - newly formed words or expressions.

Novella - a small prose work comparable to the story. The short story is more saturated with events, the plot is clearer, the plot twist is more distinct, leading to the denouement.

Artistic image -1. The main method of perception and reflection of reality in artistic creation, a form of knowledge of life specific to art and the expression of this knowledge; the goal and result of the search, and then the identification, highlighting, emphasizing with artistic techniques those features of this or that phenomenon that most fully reveal its aesthetic, moral, socially significant essence. 2. The term "image" sometimes denotes one or another trope in a work (the image of freedom is the "star of captivating happiness" in A.S. Pushkin), as well as one or another literary hero (the image of the wives of the Decembrists E. Trubetskoy and M. Volkonskaya in N. Nekrasov).

Oh yeah - a poem of an enthusiastic character (solemn, chanting) in honor of some
either person or event.

Oxymoron, or oxymoron- a figure based on a combination of words opposite in meaning with the aim of an unusual, impressive expression of any new concept, representation: hot snow, a stingy knight, magnificent wilting of nature.

Impersonation - the image of inanimate objects as animate, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings: the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.
What are you howling about, the night wind,
What are you madly complaining about?
F.I. Tyutchev

Onegin stanza -stanza created by A.S. Pushkin in the novel "Eugene Onegin": 14 lines (but not a sonnet) of iambic tetrameter with rhyme ababvvggdejzh (3 quatrains alternately - with cross, paired and sweeping rhymes and the final couplet: designation of the theme, its development, culmination , ending).

Feature article - a literary work based on facts, documents, observations of the author.

Paradox - in literature - the method of an assertion that clearly contradicts generally accepted concepts, either to expose those of them that, according to the author, are false, or to express their disagreement with the so-called "common sense" due to inertia, dogmatism, and ignorance.

Parallelism - one of the types of repetition (syntactic, lexical, rhythmic); compositional technique, emphasizing the connection between several elements of a work of art; analogy, the convergence of phenomena by similarity (for example, natural phenomena and human life).
In bad weather the wind
Howls - howls;
Exuberant head
Evil sadness torments.
V. A. Koltsov

Parceling - dividing a single statement into several independent, separate sentences (in writing - using punctuation marks, in speech - intonationally, using pauses):
Well? Can't you see that he's out of his mind?
Say seriously:
Insane! what nonsense he was talking about!
Low admirer! father-in-law! and about Moscow so menacing!
A.S. Griboyedov

Paphos - the highest point of the rise of inspiration, emotional feelings, delight, reached in a literary work and in the perception of it by the reader, reflecting significant events in society and the spiritual rise of heroes.

Landscape - in literature - the image in a literary work of pictures of nature as a means of figurative expression of the author's intention.

Periphrase - using a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, turn of speech, substitute word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition, or carry the meaning of allegory.

Pyrrhic - auxiliary foot of two short or unstressed syllables, replacing the foot with iambic or chorea; no stress in iambic or chorea: "I am writing to you ..." by A.S. Pushkin, "Parus" by M.Yu. Lermontov.

Pleonasm - unjustified verbosity, the use of words that are superfluous to express thoughts. In the normative style, Pleonasm is considered as a speech error. In the language of fiction - as a stylistic figure of addition, serving to enhance the expressive qualities of speech.
"Elisha had no appetite for food"; "some boring peasant ... lay down ... between the deceased and personally died"; "Kozlov continued to lie in silence, being killed" (A. Platonov).

Story - a work of epic prose, tending to a consistent presentation of the plot, limited to a minimum of plot lines.

Repetition - a figure consisting in the repetition of words, expressions, song or poetic line in order to draw special attention to them.
Every house is alien to me, every temple is not empty,
And everything is the same and everything is one ...
M. Tsvetaeva

Subtext - meaning hidden "under" the text, i.e. not expressed directly and openly, but arising from the narration or dialogue of the text.

Permanent epithet- a colorful definition that is inextricably combined with the word being defined and at the same time forms a stable figurative-poetic expression ("blue sea", "white stone chambers", "red maiden", "clear falcon", "sugar mouth").

Poetry - a special organization of artistic speech, which is distinguished by rhythm and rhyme - a poetic form; lyrical form of reflection of reality. Often the term poetry is used in the meaning of "works of different genres in poetry." Conveys the subjective attitude of the individual to the world. In the foreground is the image-experience. It does not set the task to convey the development of events and characters.

Poem - a large poetic work with a plot and narrative organization; a story or a novel in verse; a multi-part work in which epic and lyrical beginnings merge together. The poem can be attributed to the lyric-epic genre of literature, since the narrative about historical events and events in the lives of the heroes is revealed in it through the perception and assessment of the narrator. The poem deals with events of universal human significance. Most of the poems celebrate some kind of human deeds, events and characters.

Tradition - oral narration about real persons and reliable events, one of the varieties of folk art.

Foreword - an article preceding a literary work, written either by the author himself or by a critic or literary critic. The preface can provide brief information about the writer, and some explanations about the history of the creation of the work, an interpretation of the author's intention is offered.

Prototype - a real person who served the author in kind to create the image of a literary hero.

The play - general designation of a literary work intended for stage performance - tragedy, drama, comedy, etc.

Interchange - the final part of the development of a conflict or intrigue, where it is resolved, the conflict of the work comes to a logical figurative conclusion.

Poetic size- consistently expressed form of poetic rhythm (determined by the number of syllables, accents or feet - depending on the versification system); scheme for constructing a poetic line. In the Russian (syllabo-tonic) versification, there are five main poetic sizes: two-syllable (iambic, trochee) and three-syllable (dactyl, amphibrachium, anapest). In addition, each size can vary in the number of feet (4-foot iambic; 5-foot iambic, etc.).

Story - a small prose work mainly of a narrative nature, compositionally grouped around a separate episode, character.

Realism - artistic method of figurative reflection of reality in accordance with objective reliability.

Reminiscence -the use in a literary work of expressions from other works, or even folklore, which evoke some other interpretation from the author; sometimes the borrowed expression is slightly changed (M. Lermontov - "A magnificent city, a poor city" (about St. Petersburg) - by F. Glinka "A wonderful city, an ancient city" (about Moscow).

Refrain - repetition of a verse or a series of verses at the end of a stanza (in songs - a chorus).

We were ordered to go into battle:

"Long live freedom!"

Freedom! Whose? Not said.

And only - not the people.

We were ordered to go into battle -

"Allied for the sake of nations"

But the main thing is not said:

Whose for the banknotes?

D. Poor

Rhythm - constant, measured repetition in the text of the same type of segments, including minimal ones, - stressed and unstressed syllables.

Rhyme - sound repetition in two or more verses, mainly at the end. Unlike other sound repetitions, rhyme always emphasizes rhythm, dividing speech into verses.

A rhetorical question is a question that does not require an answer (either the answer is fundamentally impossible, or is clear in itself, or the question is addressed to a conditional "interlocutor"). A rhetorical question activates the reader's attention, enhances his emotional reaction.
"Rus! Where are you rushing?"
"Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol
Or is it new for us to argue with Europe?
Or has the Russian lost the habit of victories?
"Slanderers of Russia" A.S. Pushkin

Genus - one of the main sections in the systematics of literary works, defining three different forms: epic, lyric, drama.

Novel - an epic narrative with elements of dialogue, sometimes with the inclusion of drama or literary digressions, focused on the history of an individual in a social environment.

Romanticism - the literary trend of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, which opposed itself to classicism as a search for forms of reflection that were more consistent with modern reality.

Romantic hero- a complex personality, passionate, whose inner world is unusually deep, endless; it is a whole universe full of contradictions.

Sarcasm - a caustic, stinging mockery of someone or anything. It is widely used in satirical literary works.

Satire - a kind of literature that in specific forms denounces and ridicules the vices of people and society. These forms can be very diverse - paradox and hyperbole, grotesque and parody, etc.

Sentimentalism -literary movement of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. It arose as a protest against the canons of classicism in art that had turned into a dogma, reflecting the canonization of feudal social relations, which had already turned into a brake on social development.

Syllabic versificatione - the syllabic system of versification, based on the equality of the number of syllables in each verse with the obligatory stress on the penultimate syllable; equipoise. The length of a verse is determined by the number of syllables.
It's hard not to love
And it's hard to love
And the hardest
Loving love is not available.
A.D. Kantemir

Syllabo-tonic versification- syllabic versification system, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in the line of poetry. Based on the equality of the number of syllables in the verse and the orderly change of stressed and unstressed syllables. Depending on the system of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, two-syllable and three-syllable sizes differ.

Symbol - an image that expresses the meaning of a phenomenon in an objective form. An object, an animal, a sign become a symbol when they are endowed with an additional, extremely important meaning.

Symbolism - literary and artistic direction of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Symbolism strove through symbols in a tangible form to embody the idea of ​​the unity of the world, expressed in accordance with its most diverse parts, allowing colors, sounds, smells to present one through another (D. Merezhkovsky, A. Bely, A. Blok, Z. Gippius, K. Balmont , V. Brusov).

Synecdoche - an artistic method of substitution for the sake of expressiveness - one phenomenon, object, object, etc. - correlated with it by other phenomena, objects, objects.

Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh's hat!

A.S. Pushkin.

Sonnet - a fourteen-line poem, folded according to certain rules: the first quatrain (quatrain) represents the exposition of the theme of the poem, the second quatrain develops the provisions outlined in the first, in the subsequent then tercet (three-line) the denouement of the topic is outlined, in the final tercet, especially in its final line, the completion of the denouement follows expressing the essence of the work.

Comparison - a pictorial technique based on comparing a phenomenon or concept (object of comparison) with another phenomenon or concept (means of comparison), I aim to highlight any feature of the object of comparison that is especially important in artistic terms:
Full of goodness before the end of the year,
Like Antonov's apples, days.
A.T. Tvardovsky

Versification - the principle of the rhythmic organization of poetic speech. Verse composition can be syllabic, tonic, syllabo-tonic.

Poem - a small work created according to the laws of poetic speech; usually a lyrical piece.

Poetic speech- a special organization of artistic speech, which differs from prose by a strict rhythmic organization; measured, rhythmically organized speech. A means of conveying expressive emotions.

Foot - a stable (ordered) connection of the stressed syllable with one or two unstressed ones, which are repeated in each verse. The foot can be two-syllable (iambic U-, trochaic -U) and three-syllable (dactyl -UU, amphibrach U-U, anapest UU-).

Stanza - a group of poems repeated in a poetic speech, connected by meaning, as well as by the arrangement of rhymes; a combination of verses, forming a rhythmic and syntactic whole, united by a certain system of rhyming; additional rhythmic element of the verse. Often has a complete content and syntactic structure. The stanza is separated from one another by an increased interval.

Plot - a system of events in a work of art, presented in a certain connection, revealing the characters of the characters and the attitude of the writer to the depicted life phenomena; subsequence. The course of events that constitutes the content of a work of art; the dynamic aspect of the artwork.

Tautology - repetition of the same words that are close in meaning and sound.
All mine, said gold,
All mine said damask.
A.S. Pushkin.

Theme - the range of phenomena and events that form the basis of the work; object of artistic image; what the author is talking about and what he wants to draw the main attention of readers to.

Type of - a literary hero who embodies certain features of a particular time, social phenomenon, social system or social environment ("extra people" - Eugene Onegin, Pechorin, etc.).

Tonic versification- a system of versification, based on the equality of stressed syllables in verses. The length of the string is determined by the number of stressed syllables. The number of unstressed syllables is arbitrary.

The girl sang in the church choir

About all the tired in a foreign land,

About all the ships that have gone to sea

About all who have forgotten their joy.

A.A. Blok

Tragedy - a kind of drama that arose from the ancient Greek ritual praise in honor of the patron saint of viticulture and wine, the god Dionysus, who was presented in the form of a goat, then - like a satyr with horns and a beard.

Tragicomedy - a drama that combines features of both tragedy and comedy, reflecting the relativity of our definitions of the phenomena of reality.

Trails - words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to achieve artistic expressiveness of speech. At the heart of any path is the juxtaposition of objects and phenomena.

Default - a figure that provides the listener or reader with the opportunity to guess and reflect on what could have been discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.
But is it me, me, the sovereign's favorite ...
But death ... but power ... but the disasters of the people ....
A.S. Pushkin

Fable - a series of events that serve as the basis of a literary work. Often, the plot denotes the same as the plot, the differences between them are so arbitrary that a number of literary scholars consider the plot as the plot, and vice versa.

The final - the part of the composition of the work that ends it. It can sometimes coincide with the denouement. Sometimes the epilogue serves as the ending.

Futurism - artistic movement in the art of the first two decades of the 20th century. The birth of futurism is considered to be the Futurist Manifesto published in 1909 in the Parisian magazine Figaro. The theorist and leader of the first group of futurists was the Italian F. Marienetti. The main content of futurism was the extremist revolutionary overthrow of the old world, its aesthetics in particular, right down to linguistic norms. Russian futurism opened with I. Severyanin's "Prologue of ego-futurism" and the collection "Slap in the face to public taste", in which V. Mayakovsky took part.

Literary character -a set of features of the image of a character, a literary hero, in which individual characteristics serve as a reflection of the typical, conditioned both by the phenomenon that makes up the content of the work, and by the ideological and aesthetic intention of the author who created this hero. Character is one of the main components of a literary work.

Horay - two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the first syllable.
The storm covers the sky with darkness, -U | -U | -U | -U |
Whirling snow whirlwinds; -U | -U | -U | -
Like a beast, she will howl, -U | -U | -U | -U |
It will cry like a child ... -U | -U | -U | -
A.S. Pushkin

Quote - the statement of another author, literally cited in the work of one author - as a confirmation of his thought by an authoritative, indisputable statement, and even vice versa - as a formulation that requires refutation, criticism.

Aesopian language - various ways to allegorically express a particular thought that cannot be directly expressed, for example, due to censorship.

Exposition - the part of the plot immediately preceding the outset, presenting the reader with initial information about the circumstances in which the conflict of the literary work arose.

Expression - the emphasized expressiveness of something. To achieve expression, unusual artistic means are used.

Elegy - a lyric poem that conveys deeply personal, intimate feelings of a person, imbued with a mood of sadness.

Ellipsis - a stylistic figure, omission of a word, the meaning of which is easy to recover from the context. The substantive function of the ellipsis is to create the effect of lyrical "reticence", deliberate negligence, and accentuated dynamics of speech.
A den for the beast,
To the wanderer - the road,
The dead are dear
To each his own.
M. Tsvetaeva

Epigram - a short poem that makes fun of a person.

Epigraph - expression pre-sent by the author to his work or part of it. The epigraph usually expresses the essence of the creative intention of the author of the work.

Episode - a fragment of the plot of a literary work, describing a certain integral moment of the action that constitutes the content of the work.

Epilogue - the conclusion made by the author after the presentation of the narrative and its completion with a denouement - to explain the intention by a message about the further fate of the heroes, asserting the consequences of the phenomenon described in the work.

Epistrophe - focusing the reader's attention on the repetition of the same word or expression in a long phrase or in a period, in poetry - at the beginning and end of the stanzas, as if surrounding them.

I won't tell you anything

I will not alarm you at all ...

A. Fet

Epithet - an artistic-figurative definition that emphasizes the most significant feature of an object or phenomenon in this context; is used in order to evoke in the reader a visible image of a person, thing, nature, etc.

I sent you a black rose in a glass

As golden as the sky, Ai ...

A.A. Blok

An epithet can be expressed by an adjective, adverb, participle, numeral. Often the epithet is metaphorical. Metaphorical epithets highlight the properties of an object in a special way: they transfer one of the meanings of a word to another word on the basis that these words have a common feature: sable eyebrows, warm heart, cheerful wind, i.e. the metaphorical epithet uses a figurative meaning of the word.

Epiphora - a figure opposite to anaphora, repetition of the same elements at the end of adjacent segments of speech (words, lines, stanzas, phrases):
Baby,
We are all a little bit of a horse
Each of us is a horse in his own way.
V.V. Mayakovsky

Epic - 1. One of three types of literature, the defining feature of which is the description of certain events, phenomena, characters. 2. This term is often called heroic legends, epics, tales in folk art.

Essay - a literary work of a small volume, usually prosaic, free composition, conveying individual impressions, judgments, thoughts of the author about a particular problem, topic, about a particular event or phenomenon. It differs from the essay in that the facts in the essay are only a reason for the author's reflections.

Humor - a kind of comic, in which vices are not mercilessly ridiculed, as in satire, but benevolently emphasized the shortcomings and weaknesses of a person or phenomenon, recalling that they are often only a continuation or the wrong side of our merits.

Iamb - two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the second syllable.
The abyss has opened, the stars are full of U- | U- | U- | U- |
The stars are endless, the abyss of the bottom. U- | U- | U- | U- |

Fragment from the book.
Antique versification- the system of versification in ancient Greece, where it arose in the VIII century. BC e., and in ancient Rome, where in the III century. BC NS. she came from Greece.
In the ancient world, poets did not read their poems, but sang; the poet was at the same time a singer, and they portrayed him with a musical instrument - a lyre (hence the name of the lyrics, see).
We can only roughly imagine the sound of ancient poems: their sound recording has not reached us. But the surviving poetic works of the poets of the ancient world, the works of the ancients about poetry, the reports of historians and writers of that time give us the opportunity to more or less definitely imagine the system of ancient versification.
Antique versification is also called metric (from the Latin metron-measure).
The poetic dimension of ancient versification is based on short and long syllables. The time it took to utter a short syllable was called mora; pronouncing a long syllable took two moors. Long and short syllables were combined into feet. The repetition of such feet formed a verse - a poetic line. There is no rhyme in antique versification.
Marking a long syllable with a conventional icon and a short syllable with a w, we give the main feet in ancient versification:

The language of fiction... Language is a means of communication between people.
Language is as ancient as human consciousness and is inextricably linked with the life of society.
As a means of communication between people, language has always been common and uniform for a clan, tribe, nationality, nation - for all members of the society to which it belongs, and in a class society equally serves all its classes.
During the life of the people, gradual changes take place in the language: some words become obsolete and die off (see Archaism), others acquire a different meaning and meaning, new words are created (see Neologism) to define new life phenomena, social institutions, new achievements in the field culture, science, technology, and so on. But the language is invariably preserved in its foundation - in the basic structure of its grammar and its basic vocabulary.

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Date of publication: 25.03.2015 18:04 UTC

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