Composers of the 30s. Soviet painting - history of contemporary art

This lesson is devoted to the culture and art of the USSR in the 1930s. Despite the totalitarian monitoring of the state over all the areas of cultural development of society, the art of the USSR of the 1930s. not lagging behind the global trends of that time. The introduction of technological progress, as well as new trends from the West, contributed to the flowering of literature, music, theater and movies. During today's lesson, you will learn what factors influenced the USSR culture in the 1930s, which happened in the field of education, science, painting, architecture, literature, music, theater and cinema

Fig. 2. Tsvetaeva M.I. ()

Economic development also affects the development of culture, art. In the country in the 1930s, as well as in the 20s, educated people are required. The country needs competent highly qualified specialists in all sectors, in all areas. Education is developing as culture, science, art.

Interesting changes occur in the social sphere. The culture becomes more mass, that is, a larger number of people get an education, it is possible to join cultural, spiritual values. On the other hand, to please these masses of the population, cultural figures, arts are forced to reduce the bar, make art an affordable and understandable people. Art as a method of impact on a person, as a method of understanding the world can be a very important and powerful ally of power. Of course, the art of the 1930s. Not so much opposed the authorities as helped, it was one of the means of approving the Stalinist regime, the method of approving the communist ideology, the method of approving the cult of personality.

In the 30s. Contacts with other countries are not yet stopped. Mutual exchange of cultural ideas, trips, exhibitions occur not so intensively as in the 1920s, but, nevertheless, occur. The USSR was a multinational country, and in the 1930s. A high level reaches a national culture, a separate writing of the small peoples of the Soviet Union appears.

Culture and art continued to comprehend the events that took place in the 1930s. There were no bright events, but the impetus, this revolution, continued its action. In the 1930s. The Bolsheviks continued to talk about the cultural revolution, and the first task was to increase the level of education, the elimination of illiteracy. At the beginning of the 30s. An universal 4-year-old free education is introduced, at the end of the 30s. An obligatory becomes 7-pilot and also free. Total secondary school then included a program of 9 classes (see Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Soviet poster ()

Moreover, a huge number of new schools were built, many of these schools built in the 30s, with large spacious classes, corridors still stand in our cities.

In addition to the secondary education system, higher education is also developing. By the end of the 30s. In the USSR, there were several thousand higher educational institutions. A huge number of new educational institutions, branches of higher educational institutions opened. Almost a million people by 1940 had a higher education. Changes occurred in the structure of higher education. With gray 30s. A major role began to pay social sciences, primarily history. In the 20-30s. The continuity in the field of teaching mathematics, physics, other accurate and natural sciences remained, but everything was wrong with the humanitarian objects. It can be said that in the 1920s - early 1930s. There were simply no stories, the historical faculties in the Moscow and Leningrad institutes were eliminated. Since 1934, the tasks change.

In 1933, Adolf Hitler comes to power in Germany. The German national idea, patriotic, was perverted by the fascists. In this regard, the education system changes, more attention is paid to those sciences that are engaged in education and development in a person of patriotic feelings.

Great success in the 30s. Affairs, in particular, such famous Soviet physicists and chemists, like P.L. Kapitsa, A.F. Ioffe, I.V. Kurchatov, G.N. Fleers who worked in different areas. S.V. Lebedev, the famous Soviet chemist, spending his experiments, achieved a synthetic rubber (see Fig. 4, 5, 6).

Fig. 4. P.L. Kapitsa ()

Fig. 5. A.F. Ioffe ()

Fig. 6. S.V. Lebedev ()

In the humanitarian sciences, everything was not so good. In the 1930s. There are several discussions, in particular, on history. According to the results of these discussions, the opinion was established that the whole history of mankind, according to the theory of Karl Marx, is a consistently replacing five formations: primitiveness, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, smoothly passing into communism. The socio-economic formation is the central concept of the Marxist theory of society or historical materialism. Through the OEF, ideas about society as a specific system were recorded and at the same time the main periods of its historical development were allocated. It was believed that any social phenomenon can be correctly understood only in connection with a specific OEF, an element or product of which it is. The history of all countries and peoples began to be cooked under this scheme, under this template. The discussions were, the discussions could be carried out, but when the discussion was pumped, often at the direction of the top, continued to argue and was prescribed only one point of view. Live scientific life stored, because science is impossible without discussion. Also science was caused a grave damage by repression. Repressed scientists: N.I. Vavilov, P.A. Florensky, E.V. Tarla, S.F. Platonov, D.S. Likhachev. (See Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. D.S. Likhachev ()

Art and literature also develop in the 1930s. It must be said that more significant changes occur in the field of literature and art than in the development of science and education. Since 1934, there is a creative organization in the country, which unites all writers - the Union of Writers of the Soviet Union. Until 1934, there were several organizations: LeF (Left Front), the Union of Russian Writers, the organization of peasant writers, etc. In 1934, they all united, and under the leadership of Maxim Gorky, a new organization was created - the Union of Writers. At the beginning of 1929, the association of the LEF broke up, it did not enter the Union of Writers. After some time, a union of composers appeared, an union of architects. The Soviet government organized such unions in order to take literature figures, artists under control. Thus, control by power under the conditions of totalitarian regime is carried out by different methods. First, it is purely administrative control, secondly, through the unions of writers, journalists, artists, composers. Fit into this new organized literary life could not quite large number of excellent writers. Practically did not print MA Bulgakov, stopped printing A.P. Platonova, raised M.I. Tsvetaeva, died in O. E. camps Mandelshtam, N.A. Keys. Repressions touched many writers. At the same time, A.N. continued during these years. Tolstoy, M. Gorky, A.A. Fadeev, S.Ya. Marshak, A.P. Gaidar, KM Simonov, MA Sholokhov, k.I. Chukovsky, A.L. Barto, M.M. Svienne. On the verses of Soviet poets M.V. Isakovsky, V.I. Lebedeva-Kumacha composed amazing songs (see Fig. 8, 9, 10).

Fig. 8. Chukovsky's roots ()

Fig. 9. Aibolit. Chukovsky's roots ()

Fig. 10. Agnia Barto ()

Interesting processes occurred in other fields of art. Music is a difficult sphere for perception. 30th. - These are years of different music: on the one hand, S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich wrote a serious symphonic music. But the masses of Soviet citizens gladly sang songs A.V. Alexandrova, for example, his famous song "Katyusha", which became folk. Among the famous performers of that time - L.P. Orlova, L.O. Rocks. In 1932, the Union of Soviet composers was founded.

Art is always a struggle, this is the struggle of the artist with himself, this is the struggle of styles, the struggle of directions. In the 1930s. Socialist realism continues to be approved - theoretical principle and the main artistic direction that was dominant in the USSR in the mid-1930s. - early 1980s. In Soviet art and artistic criticism, in the late 1920s. There was an idea of \u200b\u200bthe historical design of art - to approve in the publicly available realistic form of socialist ideals, images of new people and new public relations. Gradually goes into the background of the Russian Avangard (P. Filonov, Robert Falk, Kazimir Malevich). At the same time, P. Corin, P. Vasilyev, M. Nesterov continued to create, began to write portraits of famous people, scientists, doctors, artists.

Interesting processes continue in architecture. There is a course of constructivism, avant-garde in architecture. One of the directions of the avant-garde said that the architecture should be functional. At home, besides the fact that they should be beautiful, should still be simple and comfortable. In the 30s. Soviet urban planning. Large, spacious, bright, possibly convenient cities, new cities of the future - their creation ranked in the first place from Soviet architects. A. Schusev, K. Melnikov, the brothers of spring - architects who created a new appearance of our country. In addition to houses, in addition to residential neighborhoods, there was an idea to show the beauty of the industrial world, to build beautiful plants to make a person looking at this industrial landscape, understood that the country goes to a bright future.

In the late 30s. In all branches of art: both in painting, and in sculpture, a big style begins to appear in the architecture - Soviet Ampire. This is an imperial style, it is characterized by large beautiful powerful houses, pictures depicting heroes. Stalinsky Ampire - a leading direction in Soviet architecture (1933-1935), replaced rationalism and constructivism and the distribution during the reign of I.V. Stalin (see Fig. 11, 12).

Fig. 11. Stalinsky Ampir. Hotel "Ukraine" ()

Fig. 12. Stalinsky Ampir. Ministry of Foreign Affairs ()

Sculpture V.I. became a symbol of an amp Mukhina "Worker and collective farmer" prepared for the World Exhibition in Paris in 1937 (see Fig. 13).

Fig. 13. Sculpture "Worker and collective farmer". IN AND. Mukhina ()

Movie

Cinema has carried an important ideological burden. It spoke about the revolutionary struggle ("Youth Maxima", "Return Maxim", "Vyborg Side" - directed by Kozintsev and L. Trauberg); about the fight against inner enemies ("Great Citizen" - director F. Ermler); about the lucky life of Soviet people (filmcoming director of Alexandrov with the participation of L. Orlova "Merry guys", "Circus", "Volga-Volga"); On overcoming difficulties ("seven bold" - director S. Gerasimov). In the film directed by M. Romma "Lenin in 1918", for the first time, Stalin appeared in the cinema. According to Stalin S. Eisenstein in 1938 put the film "Alexander Nevsky" with N. Cherkasov in the lead role. For the movie they wrote songs Composers I. Dunaevsky, N. Bogoslovsky, V. Solovyev-gray.

Theatre

In the area of \u200b\u200btheatrical life, a large theater was considered the main musical theater, and the Moscow Art Academic Theater (MCAT) was recognized as the main drama (MCAT). Chekhov. Galina Ulanova blisted in the ballet. Composers called on to create opera and ballet performances for heroic topics. In particular, Ballet R. Glyaer "Flame Paris" (about the French Revolution) and Opera A. Cesco "Bramenos Potemkin" were delivered.

Let's summarize. Creating a large number of educated people, institutions, the development and expansion of branches of the Academy of Sciences led to an increase in education, creating a new layer of Soviet intelligentsia. In education, in science, there were generally positive processes, with the exception of the tragic moments of repression. In the 1930s. Art developed, painting, music, literature, sculpture, architecture.

Homework

1. Describe the processes of development of enlightenment, science and artistic culture of the USSR in the 1930s.
2. What do you think in the 1930s. Special attention was paid to teaching history?
3. Expand the essence of the method of socialist realism in art. What works of socialism do you know?
4. Which of the 1930s repressed in the 1930s. Can you call science and culture figures? Prepare a report or message about their activities and work.

Bibliography

1. Shestakov V.A., Gorinov M.M., Vyazemsky E.E. Russian history,
2. XX - The beginning of the XXI century, 9 CL: studies. For general education. institutions; under. ed.
3. A.N. Sakharov; Ros. Acad. science, grew. Acad. Education, Publishing House "Enlightenment". -
4. 7th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2011. - 351 p.
5. Kiselev A.F., Popov V.P. Russian history. XX - The beginning of the XXI century. 9 CL: student. For general education. institutions. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, 2013. - 304 p.
6. Lena E.E. Poster as a means of political agitation in 1917-1930. Bulletin of Saratov State Socio-Economic
7. university. - Issue number 3. - 2013. - UDC: 93/94.
8. Braginsky D.Yu. Sports motifs in domestic art 1920-1930s. News of the Russian State Pedagogical University A.I. Herzen. - Issue No. 69. - 2008. - UDC: 7.

1. Mobile.studme.org ().
2. Nado5.ru ().
3. Countries.ru ().
4. Russia.rin.ru ().

The beginning of the 30s is marked by the emergence of the most important party documents stimulating the association and the development of creative forces. Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of April 23, 1932 has also affected the musical culture.

The Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians is eliminated (the Association of Modern Music actually broke up earlier), there are ways to further develop realistic music, the democratic traditions of Russian classical musical art are approved.

In 1932, the Union of Soviet composers was organized, which began the establishment of musicians based on the method of socialist realism. Soviet musical creativity switched to a new stage.

Huge scope gets song creativity. The mass song genre becomes the laboratory of new means of melodic expressiveness, and the process of "song update" covers all types of music - opera, symphony, cantat-no-oratorical, chamber, instrumental. The topics of songs are diverse, as diverse and their melodies.

Among the works of the song genre are especially allocated at this time, A. Aleksandrov's combat songs, songs I. Dunaevsky with their ringing fun, youthful energy, light lyrics (such as the world famous "song about the Motherland", "Song about Kakhovka", "Marsh Marsh Guys, "etc.), peculiar songs of V. Zakharov, dedicated to the new life of the collective farm village (" along the village "," and who knows it "," Sell "), songs of brothers Paint (" If tomorrow "," Karmeyskaya ") , M. Blanter (Katyusha et al.), S. Katsa, K. Listova, B. Mokrousova, V. Solovn-Eva-gray.

The song genre developed in close community of composers with Poets M. Isakovsky, V. Lebedev-Kumachh, V. Gusev, A. Surkov and others. The wide popularity of Soviet songs contributed to the emergence of sound cinema. Sowing from the screen, they survived the films to which they were written.

The Opera House in the 30s has been enriched with realistic works on a modern topic, affordable by language, truthful in content, although not always free from flaws (weakness of drama, incomplete use of wide vocal forms developed by ensembles).

Opera I. Dzerzhinsky "Quiet Don" and "raised virgin" was distinguished by the bright melodic start, the realistic characteristic of the heroes. The final choir "From the edge of the edge of the edge" from "Quiet Don" was one of the most popular mass songs. The opera T. Khrennikova "in the storm" is also filled with dramatic characteristics, original melody, expressive folk choirs.

Interesting refraction received elements of French folk music in Opera D. Kabalevsky "Cola Brynon", marked by great professional skills, the subtlety of musical characteristics.

For the opera S. Prokofiev "Semyon Kotko" were characterized by the refusal of mass pendencies and the predominance of a cleattee.

Different trends in the work of the Soviet composers became in 1935-1939. The subject of discussions on the ways of development of opera art.

The composers who worked in the Operetta genre, I. Dunaevsky, M. Blanter, B. Alexandrov treated the modern theme.

In the ballet genre, realistic trends were presented with such significant works as "Flame of Paris" and "Bakhchisarai Fountain" B. Asafieva, "Laurencia" A. Krune, Music-choreographic tragedy S. Prokofiev "Romeo and Juliet". The first national ballets in Georgia, Belarus, in Ukraine appeared.

Successes in the genre of symphonic music were also associated with the penetration of a song-melodic principle, democratization of images, filling them with specific life content, strengthening programming trends, appealing to the song-dance melodies of the peoples of the USSR.

In the 30s, the creativity of the largest Soviet symphonists of the older generation blooms, become mature talents of young. In symphonic music, realistic trends are enhanced, reflect the topic of modernity. N. Meskovsky creates ten symphony during this period (from the 12th to 21st). S. Prokofiev writes Patriotic Cantatant "Alexander Nevsky", 2nd concert for the violin, the symphonic fairy tale "Peter and the Wolf", D. Shostakovich - a grandiose and depth of the content of the 5th symphony, as well as the 6th symphony, piano quintet , quartet, music for the movie "Counter".

Many significant works in the symphonic genre were devoted to historical and revolutionary and heroic topics: 2nd Symphony D. Kabalevsky, Symphony-Cantata Y. Shaporin "On the field of Kulikov". A valuable contribution to realistic music was introduced by A. Khachaturian (1st Symphony, piano and violin concerts, Ballet "Gayane").

Large symphony works also wrote other composers, including composers of the Soviet national republics.

Performing art rose to a large height. Outstanding vocalists A. Nezhdanova, A. Pirogov, N. Obukhova, M. Stepanova, I. Patorzhinsky and another was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR.

Young Soviet musicians E. Gileels, D. Sistach, Ya. Flier, Ya. Zac in international competitions in Warsaw, Vienna, Brussels won the first awards. The names of G. Ulanova, M. Semenova, 0. Lepeshinsky, V. Chabukyani became the pride of Soviet and world choreographic art.

Large state executive groups were created - the State Symphony Orchestra, the State Dance Ensemble, the State Choir of the USSR.

The cultural revolution was aimed: the cultural revolution provided: in the USSR in E GG. XX century There was a cultural revolution. It was directed: 1. On the change in the social composition of the post-revolutionary intelligentsia, 2. on the gap with the traditions of pre-revolutionary cultural heritage. The cultural revolution provided: 1. Elimination of illiteracy, 2. Creating a socialist system of public education and education, 3. Development of science, literature, art under party control.

Fine art in the 30s there are significant changes in the visual arts. Despite the fact that the country of mobile exhibitions and the Union of Russian artists continue to exist in the country, and new associations in the Spirit of Time - Association of Artists of Proletarian Russia, Association of Proletarian Artists, Artist F. Shurpin 1930. Artist G. Kurcis

Socialist realism for the mid-30s. The method of socialist realism was generally obligatory for Soviet art (the image of reality is not the case, what it is, and what it should be from the point of view of the struggle for socialism). Decisive events in this sense were the creation of the Union of Soviet writers and a number of ideological campaigns in 1934. Nikolaev K. "Gasket of the railway track in Magnitogorsk"

M. Greek. "Trumpeters of the first equestrian army", 1934 Tikhova M. "Sculpture Laboratory of Lomonosovsky Porcelain Factory"

The art of a poster during the civil war and intervention political poster completely separated from other types of artistic graphics (advertising, posters, political drawing). The poster is typical of the visibility of the image, the response efficiency, the accessibility of the content. It was very important for the country in which most of the population was illiterate Kukryniksi Efimov B., Ioffe M., 1936

Stank painting Soviet steel painting is experiencing a craving for monumental significant forms and images. Painting is becoming more and more widely in a plot and less etude in a manner. "A heroic generalization penetrates into the machine picture" One of the most significant representatives of the easel painting of this period Boris Johanson. He contributes to his works "New revolutionary content, consonant era." The two pictures are especially popular: "Interrogation of the Communists" (1933) and "on the Old Ural Plant" (1937). "Interrogation of the Communists" "On the Old Ural Plant"

Monumental painting in the years Monumental painting has become the mandatory link of all artistic culture. It depended on the development of architecture and firmly was connected with it. Pre-revolutionary traditions continued at this time, Evgeny Lancer, the painting of the restaurant hall of the Kazan Station (1933) demonstrates him to the mobile baroque form. Deineka also makes a great contribution to monumental painting. His mosaic stations "Mayakovskaya" (1938) are created using a modern style: rhythm sharpness, dynamics of local colorful spots, angle energy, conventionality of the figures and objects. The Favorsky, a well-known schedule, also contributed to monumental painting: he applied its system for building a shape developed in a book illustration, to new tasks. His murals of the Museum of Maternity and Infancy (1933, along with Lvom Bruni) show an understanding of the role of the plane, the connection of the fresco with architecture with a support for the experience of the Old Russian painting.

The landscape is achieved by a variety of stylistic directions: in the years in the USSR, the epoch of the reasonable method of socialist realism in art began, and painting in particular. A variety of stylistic directions is achieved: 1. Lyrical line of landscape painting, 2. Industrial landscape.

Portrait genre Development of a picturesque portrait in the vanguard's "first wave" stylist has exhausted itself by the 1930th. In the portrait genre, the techniques and stylistics of the realistic solution of the appearance of the contemporary, and the ideological, propaganda function of the portrait were declared as one of the main tasks. M. Nesterov "Portrait of Academician I. P. Pavlova" 1930 Nesterov M. "Portrait of artists P.D. and A.D. Corinos. ", 1930

Outcome: The results of the transformation of the first years of Soviet power in the field of culture were far ambiguous. On the one hand, certain successes were achieved in the elimination of illiteracy, the activity of the creative intelligentsia was felt, which was expressed in organizing new and revival of old societies and associations, creating values \u200b\u200bin the field of spiritual and material culture. On the other hand, the culture has become part of the state policy, having occurred under the control of the party-government apparatus.

There was a qualitatively new stage of Soviet song culture. It is marked by a rapid flowering of mass song in the work of professional composers. This was facilitated by a number of reasons, and above all - rapprochement of composer thought with requests for wide sections of society. Emotional, catchy and memorable song melodies of these years testify to attentive listening to their authors into a massive musical life, its present and past. The traditions of revolutionary folklore, old and modern household music, musical grades are subjected to a new creative understanding.

Related features of this period - the pronounced independence of the author's songs. Works I. Dunaevsky, DM. and Dan. Poksov, A. Aleksandrov, V. Zakharova, M. Blanter And other classics of the Soviet song are marked by the seal of individual dating.

In these years, the arts and masters of a song poetic word bloom. Poetic strings V. Lebedeva-Kumacha, M. Isakovsky, M. Svellova, V. Guseva Perfectly remembered and picked up the people. The formation of leading those song creativity of the 1930s was accompanied by new, bright artistic techniques.

The main role of the topic of labor was determined by the atmosphere of time. The life of a young Socialist state unfolded in the tense rates of the first five-year plan, charged literature, the art of paphos of labor lifting. The spirit of combat cohesion, once gripped song images of revolution and civil war, is now implemented in the appearance of the people of the creator, the builder of a new peaceful life. The stormy energy of collectivism comes to replace the harsh revolutionary palaticle. Connecting with the images of youth, she defined the typical features of the song hero of the 30s - an optimistic, performed solid will and confidence in their own forces. First, truly mass in this veneer appeared "Song about the oncoming" D. Shostakovich - B. Kornilova.

The Song of the Song of the Song of the Song of the Song of the Song detects some resemblance to casual adhesions of fun French songs.

At the same time, it is inherent with obvious signs of hymnicity - a suspicious, encouraging tone arises from an energetic, call (reminding "Marcelase") a quarters of quarters. Thus, the melody of Seveva is literally "woven" from the quartile contours - they are formed by either jumps, or metricly supporting shares that stressed the hidden interval of quarts in the income movement. The combination of the march melody with a dancing accompaniment of accompaniment informs the song in the character of cheerfulness and youthful enthusiasm.

This composition was destined to play a praid role in the song culture of the 1930s. First, she anticipated the youth march - one of the main varieties of mass songs of subsequent years. Secondly - opened the story of the fruitful community of the song and Soviet cinema.

Among the best songs dedicated to the topic of labor, "Marsh enthusiasts" Dunaevsky (poems D "Aktil), his own "March of women's brigades" (poems Lebedeva-Kumacha), "Green expanses" V. Zakharov; Among lyrical - "Sleep the mounds are dark" N. Bogoslovsky - B. Laskinwritten in household waltovoy manner. Participants in festive demonstrations often performed "Marsh of Percussion Brigades" Hungarian composer-internationalist B. Reinitsa. From songs dedicated to a particular profession (a lot of them written in these years) is undoubtedly the best "March of tractor drivers" Dunaevsky - Lebedev-Kumacha.

It is difficult not to notice that the poster paints of songs of the 30s, splashing joy, fun and the celebration of labor victories, paint the life of Soviet people in the form of a certain ideal community, not subject to contradictions and any serious difficulties. The real life of the country - with all the difficulties of economic reinforcement, the tough circumstances of collectivization of agriculture, repression and camps, the severity of manifestations of the cult of personality - was far from being so cloudless, which was present in a variety of hymns and marches. And yet it would be unfair to perceive the songs of this time as a means of unconditional idealization of reality. After all, they passed the real atmosphere of mass enthusiasm. For millions of people of labor, ideals of peaceful creation were a revolutionary covenant, a solid moral support and a pledge of a happy future. Hence the optimism of the mass song, the famous joy of labor and the sincere faith of the people in the celebration of justice. These feelings and moods with a special force generalized the song images that came from movies.

Soviet song in the 1930s. Song in the movies. Creativity I. Dunaevsky

Soviet composer Isaac Osipovich Dunaevsky (1900-1955)

Sound cinema becomes active promoter of song creativity. The best songs of the 30s arose on the way of the acquisition of composers to the youngest art of our time. The figurative tasks of this or that movie was often determined by the emotional system and the genre solution of songs intended for him. Such, for example, the famous "Way, song, on the square" (V. Pushkov - A. Azalon) From the movie "Seven brave" (1936, director S. Gerasimov). Her rhythmic basis is taken from an old duet "Notice of our sea" K. VilboaAnd the radiant major flavor is inseparable from romance the film fees dedicated to the conquerors of the northern sea latitudes.

The overallity of thoughts and feelings allowed the songs from the screen to find an independent life. The best of them became a song symbol of a whole generation. Such as the "Favorite City" N. Bogoslovsky - E. Dolmatovsky, "Song about Moscow" T. Krennikova - V. Guseva From the films of the last predimentary years, closed the peaceful period in the life of Soviet people. Among the popular songs brought by cinema of the 1930s, "I accompanied you on the feat" (Bogoslovsky-Lebedev-Kumach), "Gull" (Y. Milyutin - Kumach Lebedev), "Tuchi over the city got up" (P. Armand), "Three tankers" (Dm. and Dan. Paints - B. Laskin).

Many work in the movie Composers D. Shostakovich, Yu. Milyutin, N. Kryukov, V. Pushkov, N. Bogoslovsky, Brothers DM. and S. Poksy. However, the biggest popularity fell out Isaac Osipovich Dunaevsky (1900-1955). The kinometer in every way promoted the comprehensive manifestations of his brilliant song gift. The main direction of creativity of this outstanding musician was the various genres of pop music. He turned to the operetta from the Soviet composers (Peru Dunaevsky owns music to thirty theatrical performances, twelve operetta, two canthamps, two ballets, a variety of plays for the pop orchestra). In the Commonwealth with Leonid Rockov, Dunaevsky creates pop programs, which includes its jazz transcription of the songs of the Peoples of the USSR, as well as classical music. This experience contributed to the development of harmonic, rhythmic and orchestral resources of jazz. The resulting skills were subsequently convincingly embodied in the song-style of the composer, connecting with the original traditions of domestic songing. Dunaevsky melodies show contact with many sources - the Russian and Ukrainian city songs, a domestic romance, various genres of dance pop music, hydropowing purchases. The internationalism of his composer thinking was amazing latitude and democraticity.

Dunaevsky participated in the creation of 28 movies. In the 30s this "Merry guys", "Circus", "Volga-Volga", "three comrades", "Children of Captain Grant", "Goalkeeper", "Rich Bride", "Fortoraries of Happiness", "Light Way" and etc.

Soviet song in the 1930s. Dunaevsky's song. Youth Songs

Movie "funny guys." Poster

Instant success came to Dunaevsky with the appearance on the screens of the film "Funny boys" (1934, director G. Aleksandrov). The center of musical drama is cheerful "Marsh fun guys" - a kind of manifesto, in the poetic slogan form, who said about the role of a song in the life of people. Melody "Marsham Merry Guys" absorbed heterogeneous intonations. So, as one of the images, the favorite song of the 20s of the song is guessed "Our locomotive". At the same time, the echoes and popular Mexican songs are heard here.

Chromatic sliding on the approach to the climax of Seats reminds about the characteristic features of the jazz melody and leggings of American music. Multiple intonation origins in no way cause sensations of differences or artificiality. The fact is that the coherence seemingly so distant in its origin of melodic elements was achieved by carefully detecting their internal (often such unexpected!) Rodance. Using the intonational material, the composer may somehow subordinate it to the laws of Russian song thinking. Take at least smooth, typical of the Russian household romance melodic roundings at the end of each eight of this. The organicity of the complex style alloy is the most important feature of the Dunaevsky's composer style, inherent in most of his song melodies.

"Marsh fun guys" The twinel valum of the many youth songs of Dunaevsky was. All of them, being subordinate to specific genre specifics, have a number of general accepts. At the same time, each of them has its own uniqueness. For example, "Song about having wind" From the movie "The Children of Captain Grant" or "Youth" From the movie "Volga-Volga" (both on poems Lebedeva-Kumacha). The first combined the youth enthusiasm and paphos courage. The palette of the youth song she enriched a pronounced romantic flavor. The second, based on the motor effect of the patter, is in a completely different spirit. It revives the old genre of passing songs in the guise of a modern youth march. Dunaevsky also owns one of the best (widespread in the 30s) physical cultural marches - "Sport march" (poems Lebedeva-Kumacha) From the movie "Goalkeeper". His elastic, rhythmically pointed melody is saturated with chandated declamation slogans. Own Word said Dunaevsky and in the field of pioneer songs to which belongs "Eh, good" (poems Lebedeva-Kumacha), who took a strong place in the concert practice of children's choral groups for many years.

It is difficult to go around the attention of the Dunaevsky melody as an attractive line, as a major major beginning in it. Composer draws colorful major resources from different sources. It is typical for the household song of the past burned on the sounds of major sober, and youth anthem of the early 20s, and a rich major arsenal of American jazz music. In the Language of Dunaevsky, romance intonations are firmly justified, not so long ago condemned as belonging to sensitive lyrics. At the same time, and here the preference is given to light major paints. For example, in the orbit of the cheerful marching rhythm "Songs about merry wind" One of the phrases of the well-known romance is involved. "Gate" (Beginning). Original genre rethinking has undergone an old song "On Don walks" - All three of her major waves, consistently rising one above the other, exist in the regain "Youth».

A significant contribution makes Dunaevsky in the development of many other genre varieties of the Soviet mass song.

Film "Circus". Poster

The Great and Solemn Gymnical Warehouse is inherent in many songs about the Motherland, about the work, the Soviet people. This genre was widespread in the song-choir works of the 30s. However, not all composers managed to achieve highly artistic results on the path of rapprochement of the high-grade began with mass song. Announced official functions attached to solemn chanting. Especially valuable the fact of the undoubted popularity of talented, emotional works dedicated to civic, public topics. Such. "Song about the Motherland" (from the movie "The circus"). This anthem conquers a combination of masculinity and sincere lyrical feeling. It sounds the pride of man for his land. A feature of the construction of the verses is that he first sounds choral chorus (solo sewing, respectively, it turns out in the middle). The nomination of a generalizing musical and poetic thought emphasizes the epic frequency of a song image. Interval dynamics in the inspection of the first two phrases (the stroke for a quart in the first, on the sext - in the second) reminds of the popular tradition of the city song, and above all about that of them, as "Because of the island on Strazhen". However, a significant strengthening of this dynamics is that the climax deflection in the subdominant sphere does not occur in the third phrase, as it was in the mentioned songs, but in the second. An important link of intonation dramaturgy (by the way, in the entire coincidence with the meaning of the text) become octave steps at the end of the chorus ( pE 1 -pE 2) and at the beginning of Seveva ( s. 1 -s. 2). The octave interval as if a bright beam highlights one for another two major functions, visibly enhancing the feeling of light and space.

In many ways close to youth songs Dunaevsky his "Marsh enthusiasts" (poems D "Aktil), chaging the joy of inspired labor. The effect of increasing solemnity will emphasize unusual for mass songs a two-volume interpretation of the population. Brief, energetic phrases, which offer the first thematic construction, are replaced by a smooth antimony. As a powerful choral outcome, the chorus sounds, and in its last, the parties of the soloist and the choir are oppunctantly combined.

The value of the anthemis song increases in connection with the scope, which was obtained in the 30s solemn demonstrations of workers, mass physiotherapy parades. Widely marked anniversary of October and May 1. A bright replenishment in the highness of the holidays was "Moscow May" Dm. and Dan. Poksov (poems Lebedeva-Kumacha). Her junctive and excited tones are truly consonant with bright festive moods. This song combined the traditions of combat Russian marches and household applied music for brass orchestras.

Soviet song in the 1930s. Songs - Memories of the Civil War

Matthew Blanter Matthew's Matthew Matve

Songs-memories of the Civil War occupy a special place in the song panorama of the 1930s. Along with the memory of the already in them, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe continuity of generations was originated, which was active in the Soviet Civic Song of the next decades.

Appeal to the heroic of the past led to the style of ballads, that is, songs with the plot start, leading narration from the face of the narrator. The events of civil war are refracted here through the images of heroes, hawed halo halo and courageous romance. Moreover, the genre appearance of songs-memories is set by rhythms of hiking marches, agitated lyrical tones prevail. About the diversity of these colors is evidenced by the famous "Kakhovka" (Dunaevsky-m. Svetles) I. "Orlenok" (V. white. Swedes). Each of the songs is brightly individual, despite the fact that in both both the same (up to Cesur) is a poetic size (combination of four-rescue and triple amphibrachia). By the way, exactly the same poetic size exists in another popular ballad - "Partizan Zheleznyak" M. Blanter on poems M. Hungry.

"Song about kakhovka" - This is a ballad about the front partnership, appeal to a friend of combat years. Here used intonation of a lifelong soldier song "The poor fellow in the hospital of the military". Subordination of familiar intonation of the solid rhythms of the campaign march, the composer simultaneously gives them the energy of an agitated conversational speech - by repetition or persistent metric focusing of melodic vertices. "Orlenok" - Dramatic narration about how he led to the shooting of a young Red Armyman. Wide interval strokes are consistently gaining height, as if reminding about the squeak of eagle wings. This sensation is enhanced by a characteristic syncope, underlining the vertices of phrases.

The character of the genre scene wears "Song about Shchors" Blanter (poems Hungry), built on an elastic cavalry rhythm. This rhythm acquires a straighteness and rapid pressure in "Tacanka" K. Lisov (poems M. Ruderman).

The basis of ballad songs was typical for military times and at the same time symbolic situations. How, for example, the farewell of the young man and girls who are leaving to fight in different directions of the world - from the song "Farewell" ("Dan an order to him to the West ...") Dm. and Dan. Poksov on poems M. Izakovsky . The heroic of the civil war Resurrects another well-known song brothers Poksov "Military road" (poems A. Surkov).

Songs-memories of the civil war are often counted for the defense topic. They walked the popular memory of the fighting past, thereby helping to educate the readiness for the protection of their depreciation in the new generations.

Wide distribution of defense songs is associated with an alarming atmosphere of the pre-war period. The threat of fascist invasion becomes more and more obvious. The consequence of intense situations at the countries of the country are fighting in the Far East (near Lake Hasan), the war with Belofinnami (1938-1939). Defense songs, combined the idea of \u200b\u200bprotection of the Motherland, talked about the readiness of the Soviet people to repulse with any hostile encroachment. At the "foreframe" of this direction turned out to be the work of the generics of the Soviet Military Song of Composers Dan. and dm. Poksov. Universal recognition brought them songs "If tomorrow war" (poems Lebedeva-Kumacha), "That's not clouds, thunderstorm clouds" (poems Surkov). The compositions of the paintings brothers are firmly traveled in everyday life. "Three tankers" From the movie "TRACTORIST" (poems B. Laskin) Sound what is called, from Mala to Great. In his headings, these composers cultivated the smallness of the pre-revolutionary working song (emotionally open, not deprived of sensitivity), having connected it with the rhythms of the hiking march and equipping the elements of dance music. Famous was during these years and "Far Eastern" Y. Milyutina - V. Vinnikova.

The lyrical start, noticeably the victims of the military content, especially affected the group of "Cossack" songs. The brightest representative becomes "Polyushko-field" Bookper - Gusev.

In the direction of the defense topic, the traditions of the Russian soldiers' song are laid.

Soviet composer Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov (1883-1946)

Songs about the Soviet Army began their origin from the Red Army themes of the Civil War. Their extensive reservoir is a song chronicle of the historic path of the world's first armies of workers and peasants. The leading role in the propaganda of military song belongs Red-known ensemble songs and dances of the Soviet Army (Later twice a red-known song ensemble and dance of the Soviet Army. A. A. Alexandrov). With this team, over the course of almost one and a half decades, the work of its organizer and a permanent manager was associated with Alexandra Vasilyevich Alexandrov (1883-1946).

Starting work in the ensemble, Alexandrov gives a lot of strength to popularize and processing Russian folk songs, as well as a song folklore of revolution and civil war. His choral interpretation "According to the valleys and on the spring" It became widely known not only in our country, but also abroad.

In the 1930s, a number of own songs of Alexandrov written specifically for the ensemble appear. The theme of the narrative is the Krasnoarmeysky Epos of the Civil War, as well as the glorification of the Red Army. All of them belong to various types of hiking marches. So melodic style "Echelon" (poems O. Kolychev) Trying to the old soldier folklore, with its remote, smeared phrases. Intonation is close to revolutionary songs lyrical Zabaikalskaya (poems S. Alymova). Big Chausthechnic fraction scattered in the song "Beit from the sky, airplanes" (poems Alosov). Clear, lapidalka melody of the mass army song, transmitted in the choral palette, often accomplished by the characteristic "soldier" prummacy (upper registers), are the expressive properties of the author's hand writing of Alexandrov. In the compositions of the composer, the thorough knowledge of the classical traditions of the Russian choral letter is manifested. It is not by chance that its melody sometimes wear echoes of the old tradition of choral glomers - Kant. In particular, this refers to such an important sphere of creativity Aleksandrov, as solemn choir songs-hymns. Created by composer in pre-war years Anthem Party Bolsheviks Subsequently became the basis. Initially, the choir consisted of the peasants of the central regions of Russia. Composing your own songs, Zakharov took into account the peculiar performing manner of folk singers - a complex choral polyphony with the inclusion of improvisational pegs. The natural continuation of the traditions of long folklore songs was the masterful epic "Roast" (for collective farmers P. Semenova), "It was a border guard" (the words M. Izakovsky).

Bright samples of juicy folk humor appear comic lyrical songs "Watching" , "Along the village" , "And who knows him" . They are all poems M. Izakovsky, permanent co-author Zakharov.

In the song "Along the village" It is told about electricity, together with which the Light of the New Life enters the life of the collective farmers. The festive mood is emphasized by intricate vocal ornament, which reproduces the effect of dashing harmonic hinds. By the way, in the spirit of harmonic improvisations, instrumental playments are built between the poples of many songs. Among them, the prominent place belongs to the songs in the style of lyrical chastushka - "Deviced suffering." Intonation of sigh inherent in this style is clearly heard in the song "Watching". Extremely interestingly embodied "suffering" in a popular song "And who knows him". Its power, leisurely-measured melody "returned" by the surges of questioning intonations. Quinting ups in the endings of phrases - by the way the rare example in lyrical melody, and also octave lifts corresponding to the words issues, are an example of expressive music approval with poetic text.

Using the language features of the peasant folklore, Zakharov often emphasizes its writings with modern techniques. These, in particular, include syncopes. Zakharova syncopes appear at the time of typical of the folk song of the sinking of a syllable. This feature, in particular, is clearly traced in the songs "Along the village" and "Watching".

A bright peculiarity is distinguished by the song "Green expanses" - The first youth march created on the basis of the speaker structure of peasant songs.

Edition of the song "Katyusha" of the 1930s

A noticeable strengthening of lyrical principle in the mass song indicates the increased democraticness of its musical language. This process associated with the approach of song creativity to the traditions of household music was actually affected by all spheres of Soviet songs of the 1930s. Lyrical intonations are refracted in marching youth songs, in heroic, patriotic, etc. It is completely natural that increasing interest in the lyrics encourages the appearance of actually lyrical songs, that is, those that are directly narrated about human feelings and relationships.

The sustainable admission of these years is a mass lyrical song based on the household Melosoe. It is inherent incessing, emotional openness and straightforwards. Feelings of lovers in these songs are sheaven with the purity of light, friendly mutual understanding. One of the central places in the song lyrics of the pre-war period is occupied by the theme of the love of the girl and the fighter, the defender of the Motherland. She passes through the red thread "Gull" Milyutina - Lebedeva-Kumacha, "I accompanied you on the feat" Bogoslovsky - Lebedev-Kumacha, "The guy is curly" G. Nosova - A. Churkin. The brightest sample of this line is "Katyusha" Blanter - Isakovsky. The "Katyusha" melody grows out of the TERSOD cell - its contours are unfolded in comparison of affectionate opposes with a fool (every second tact) with the captive. A hint of an intonation sphere of the soldiers' song contained in melodic circulation, quarto-quint throws, gives it a peculiar genre color, the lyric-beam start freely intertwined here with heroic.

The concepts of the song lyrics of these years cannot be exhausted only by the area of \u200b\u200bthe mass song. In parallel, the region existed, where the song images were entirely given to the power of a love experience. Such "Song of Anuti" and "Heart, you don't want to rest" Dunaevsky - Lebedev-Kumacha From the movie "Funny boys". The pop song was formed in the work of representatives of jazz art - composers A. Varlamova, A. Thasman, as well as representatives of the romance and dance line B. Fomina, I. Jacques, M. Volovaza and others. Great success fell to the share of songs in dance rhythms - such as Foxtrot Thasman, Tango "Tired Sun" St. Petersburg, "Going Evening" Varlamov, "Note" N. Brodsky and others who sounded performed by the jazz orchestra soloists.

The fate not submitted to the Communist Dictate was, as a rule, tragic. In the concentration camps, the tanks of the NKVD died the talented representatives of the Soviet Culture: O. Mandelstam, who wrote a poem "We live under no odd countries ...", I. Babel, which brightly described the events of the Civil War in the work of the first equestrian, director V. Meyerhold, Journalist M. Koltsov. Only from the members of the Union of Writers were repressed by 600 people. A lot of cultural figures, such as the writer A. Platonov, artists P. Filonov, K. Malevich and others, were deprived of the opportunity to publish their books, put pictures. Many outstanding works created in those years reached the reader and the viewer not immediately. Only in 1966 Roman M. A. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita" was published, in 1986-1988 they saw the light "Juvenile Sea", "Kotlovan" and "Cheving" A. P. Platonova, in 1987 published by "Requiem" A. A. Akhmatova.

The paths of ideologically political self-determination and the vital fate of many people of art were not easy to the turning era. For various reasons and in different years, large Russian talents were abroad, such as: I.A. Bunin, A.N. Tolstoy, A.I. Kubrin, M.I. Tsvetaeva, E.I. Zamyatin, F.I. Shatapin, A.P. Pavlova, K.A. Korovin et al. Previously, others realized the inability to live for themselves and work outside the Motherland A.N. Tolstoy, who returned from emigration in 1922

Literary and art magazines played a big role in the russian life of the country. Such new magazines have become popular as:

- "New world",

- "Red New",

- "Young guard",

- "October",

- "Star",

- "Printing and Revolution."

On their pages were first printed by many outstanding works of Soviet literature, critical articles were published, acute discussions were conducted. The release of newspapers, magazines, books has increased. In addition to the union and republican newspapers, almost every enterprise, factory, mines, in accordance with the state farm went out its own multi-light or wall newspaper. Books were published in more than 100 world languages. There was a radics country. Radio broadcasting was carried out 82 stations in 62 languages. There were 4 million radiots in the country. A network of libraries, museums have developed.

By the mid-30s, new works appeared. Roman M. Gorky "Life Klim Samgin" (1925-1936). In the novel of Sholokhov "Silent Don" (1928-1940) the problem of man in the revolution is narrated, his fate. The symbol of the heroism and moral purity was the image of Pavel Korchagin - the Hero of the Roman N. Ostrovsky "How Steel was tempered" (1934). The topic of industrialization is reflected in the works of L. Leonov "Sot", M. Shaginyan "Hydrocenter", V. Kataeva "Time Forward", I. Ehrenburg "without translating breathing." Many works were devoted to domestic history. This is "Peter I" A. Tolstoy, "Death of Vazir-Mukhtara" Yu. Tynyanova, Drama M. Bulgakov "Kabala Svyatosh" and "Recent Days" A.S. Pushkin.

The brilliant samples of poetry were given in their work S. Yesenin, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, B. Pasternak. In the genre, Satira successfully worked M. Zoszogenko, I. Ilf and E. Petrov. The works of S. Marshak, A. Gaidar, K. Chukovsky, B. Zhitkov became the classics of Soviet children's literature.

Cultural relations developed with abroad. Foreign trips committed S. Yesenin, V. Mayakovsky. Abroad were published works by M. Gorky, V. Mayakovsky, A. Tolstoy, V. Ivanov, K. Fedin, I. Ehrenburg, B. Pilnyak, I. Babel. In the work of the I and II World Congress Writers in Culture Protection in 1935 in Paris and in 1937, A. Tolstoy, B. Pasternak, M. Sholokhov, I. Erenburg, M. Koltsov, V. Vishnevsky, A. Fadeev participated in Valencia .

There are many theatrical teams. A large role in the formation of theatrical art was played by a large dramatic theater in Leningrad, the first artistic director of which was A. Block, theater them. V. Meyerhold, theater them. E. Vakhtangov, Moscow Theater. Mossovet.

By the mid-20s, the appearance of Soviet dramaturgy, which had a huge impact on the development of theatrical art. The largest events of theatrical seasons 1925-1927. Steel "Storm" V. Bill-Belotserkovsky in the theater. MGSPS, "Love Yarovaya" K. Treneva in the Small Theater, "Rift" B. Lavrenev in the theater. E. Vakhtangov and in the Great Drama Theater, "Armored Train 14-69" V. Ivanova in Mkate. The classic occupied a solid place in the repertoire of theaters. Attempts by her new readings were made by both academic theaters ("hot heart" A. Ostrovsky in Mkhate) and "Left" ("Forest" A. Ostrovsky and "Auditor" N. Gogol in the theater. V. Meyerhold).

If the dramatic theaters by the end of the first Soviet decade rebuilt their repertoire, then the main place in the activities of the opera and ballet teams was still classical. The only major success in the reflection of the modern theme was the formulation of the ballet R. Glyover "Red Mac" ("Red Flower").

In the countries of Western Europe and America made L.V. Sobinov, A.V. Nezhdanova, N.S. Golovanov, Mkhatov troupe, chamber theater, studio. E. Vakhtangova, Vintage Russian Tool Quartet

The musical life of the country in those years is associated with the names of S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian, T. Khrennikova, D. Kabalevsky, I. Dunaevsky, etc. The young conductors of E. Mravinsky, B. Haykin, were prompted. Musical ensembles were created, in the consequence of the most famous domestic musical culture: the quartet. Beethoven, the Big State Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestra of the State Philharmonic and others. In 1932, the Union of Composers of the USSR was formed.

The emergence of domestic sound films contributed to the popularity of the film, the first of which were in 1931 "Pourevka to Life" (director N. Ekk), "One" (directed by Kozintsev, L. Trauberg), "Child Mountains" (director S. Yutkevich). The best films of the 30s were told about contemporaries ("Seven Bold", "Komsomolsk" S. Gerasimov), about the events of revolution and civil war ("Chapaev S. and G. Vasilyev," We are from Kronstadt "E. Dzigan," Deputy Baltika "I. Haifez and A. Zarkha, the trilogy about Maksima directors of Kozintsev and L. Trauberga). By the same time, the musical comedies of Alexandrova "Funny guys", "Circus".

In 1936, the title of People's Artist of the USSR was established. It was first honored by K. S. Stanislavsky, V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, V. I. Kachalov, B. V. Schukin, I. M. Moskvin, A. V. Nezhdanov.

As in other art types in painting, a method of socialist realism was approved. Pictures B. Johanson ("Interrogation of Communist"), B. Grekov and his schools dedicated to military topics, portraits M. Nesterov, P. Corina, I. Grabar, works A. Deneki, Healthy, Strong Man, . Main portraits of the leaders of the people received tremendous distribution.

Soviet sculptors focused on creating monuments depicting V.I. Lenina, I. V. Stalin, other party leaders and the state. In each city there was a few monuments to leaders. The masterpiece of the monumental art of that time was considered to be created by V. Mukhina Sculpture group "Worker and collective farmers", depicting two steel giants.