Russian names of Jewish origin.

In modern society, Slavs is considered to be Russian familiar and widespread names, such as Alexander, Nikolay, Sergey, Natalia, Olga, Anna, and the like. Only few know that the names of Russian origin are different, and the above - borrowed from other nations. In the names of each nation, its culture and traditions of many generations are displayed. The loss of generic names and own names turns around the loss of independence of the ethnos and the people's consciousness. A society that does not store its ethnic and nominal symbolism has no roots.

Vintage Russian names

The name of the person is the key to the inner "I", it affects the fate of a person. In Russia, each had two names: the first is false for strangers, and the second is secret, only for a person and his close environment. The names were homemade, communal, spiritual, secret, fraudulent, charms. Slavs tried to defend themselves from the influence of unkind perfumes, which were captured by embittered people, so they chose the names stored from the "gaze and nature, from things or parables."

In order to scare from ourselves, everything is unclean, the initial fraudulent name-Obereg could have an unattractive importance, for example, Nekras, Nonor, Curve, Scoundrel, Dick, Fool, Rabb, Spit, Slora, Sold, Evil and Other Interpretations negative qualities or exterior flaws. With age, they changed, it was believed that the man "grows" from them from both short pants.

In adolescence, when the main features of the person were formed, re-name was carried out. It completely corresponded to the nature of the owner, therefore it was very easy, knowing the name of a person, to determine his essence and purpose in life. For this reason, it was customary not to apply to the secret name in order not to disclose their individuality before unauthorized.

Secret name man not only served him defense in him loving father And the mother invested wishes for a prosperous future. It could reflect the dreams of parents about who they want to see their child in life. The name is pronounced every day, so it has such a big impact on the fate of a person - this is a kind of life program laid in the image. The diverse value of Russian names depends on the classification of them by groups:

• buses: Men's (Mirolyuba, Bogolyub, Boxhar, Velibor, Velzeslav, Gremslav, Dragomir, Yaroslav, etc.); Women's (Lubomira, Knislavlav, Zlatotzet, Sold, Milan, Radmir, Radosvet, etc.);
• in the order of birth (senior, Menshk, Firstha, the second, the third, fourth, fifth, the sixth, sway, the ax, and nine);
• on moral qualities (styard, brave, delets, kind, proud, mountain, cry, etc.);
• according to the peculiarities of behavior (jumpers, balagen, etc.);
• in external distinctive traits (Svetlana, Chernava, Chernysh, Kudryash, Mal, Bel, Dry, Verned and everything in such a kind);
• gods and goddesses (Yarilo, Lada);
• in relation to the birth of a child of parents and relatives (wants, love, waiting, Drugan, unexpected and others);
• by occupation (Blacksmith, Melnik, Kozhemyak, Selinin, Mazay and other craft options);
• from the animal of the world (Pike, Ersh, Hare, Wolf, Eagle, Raven, Lark, Swan, Bull, etc.).

Children in Russia could call the month or time of the year, and even depending on the weather at the moment of birth. From here, in the old chronicles, you can meet such as May or weighing, frost (cold-blooded), winter (stern, merciless), etc. There were "semi-annuity" of a decreasing-derivative formed by adding suffixes to the personal names. An example of such abbreviations serve Svyatoslav (saint), Yaropolk (Yarlka), Dobromir (Dobrynya), Vadimir (Vadim), Miloslav (Milong), Ratibor (Ratish) and others.

Names carry an important part of the culture, heritage and traditions of the people. With the arrival of Christianity slavic names began to replace Greek, Roman or Jewish. The ministers of the Old Testament cult were even lists of prohibited Russian names. The intention of priests was to strike out of the memory of their gods and glorious ancestors. Slavic magic and heroes did everything possible to preserve Russian culture and their efforts brought their fruits. Modern parents, obeying the hidden call of the heart, are increasingly calling their children with their relatives with relative names.

Christian

With baptism of both children and adults, churchmen give new names. They are selected at the request of the parents of a baptized baby or the person himself if the rite occurs in adulthood. The priest can recommend to choose a name according to the day of the saint from the month or translating secular in the church form. So, Angela can become Angelina, and Oksana renamed Ksenia, there are many options.

Greek origin

Many names that Slavs are accustomed to the Russians came simultaneously with Christianity. The prevailing majority of them greek origin. Christianity originated in Palestine at the turn new era (I century) during the time of prosperity of the Roman Empire. The functions of official languages, due to geographic differentiation, was performed by the ancient Greek and Latin, who had an ancient written tradition. Hence some religious features, for example, the predominance among the Russian Christianized population of Greek names.

Roman origin

From the moment of coming to Kievan Rus In 988, the Mediterranean Old Testament cult was widely distributed by the people of Greek and Roman names. Trying to eradicate slavic culture And to put new things religious representation, Old Testament Priests, perfectly aware of the importance of invalid Russian names, began to rename the local population when baptism.

To date, it is possible to observe large-scale fruits of this activity - many people consider Greek, Roman or jewish names Genuinely yours.

Jewish origin

The basis of modern Christianity is a Jewish religion dedicated to the Lord Yahweh. Since the time of the Roman Empire, the Jews followed the cult described in Old Testament- the book that is the Jewish Tana (includes Torah). Religion is closely intertwined with the lifestyle of the people, so the mixing of the events of the past was reflected in the worldview of Russ. Alien names the current Slavs were accustomed to the Russians, began to forget the teachings and beliefs of the ancestors, and it was time to return to their native sources.

Each era imposes its mark on the worldview of the people, but there are so rapid periods that they are called turnstanding moments in history. So it was with the arrival Soviet power After the October Revolution in 1917, the leader of which was V. I. Lenin. The symbolism of the USSR was present in all, even children were called in honor of the main events and leaders of that time. Here is a brief list of Russian names of Soviet origin:

• Aviation (revolutionary name);
• Vilen (abbreviated from V.I. Lenin);
• Owned (Vladimir Lenin);
• Kim (main);
• Lenar (Lenin Army);
• Octobrine (October Revolution);
• Rem (revolution world);
• Stalin (Stalinist).

Modern Russian names with Slavic roots

An expression is known: "As you call the yacht, it will break down." This statement is fully applicable to the name of the person. Names with Slavic roots carry deep meaning Intuitively understandable and close to each Russian. You can distinguish the Slavic name from a foreign one, if you find out if it is part of it in native words. Most of the most truly Russian names in one of the roots are "Slav" (famous), "Loubting" (loving), "peace" (peaceful), which eloquently characterizes high morality and peaceful spirit slavic people.

Popular

The spirit of the Slavic people is powerful. Despite the alien influence, Russian culture is constantly reborn. No matter how you widen the attention of the young generation to Western values, with age, each Slavs starts to get into touch with its true roots. This explains the desire to call children by their native names invented by our nice ancestors. Although there should be time that now popular Russian names of foreign origin, such as Artem, Alice, Alexander, Varvara, Veronica, Ivan, Mark, Eve, Gleb and others ceased to be used among Slavs.

Video

The Russian name is a complex formula, in whose history is not all unambiguous. How did they give names in Russia, what is the phenomenon of "semi-student", and what were the real names of the Russian kings? We'll figure out.

Nickname names

The tradition of giving names in Russia was still in pre-Christian times. Any word associated with custom, habits, external species, the environment, could "stick" to man and become his name. There were several thousand nicknames of such names, but there was no more than a hundred in broad use. Conditionally, they can be divided into a dozen groups.

Here is some of them. Numeric names - first, spin, Tretyak. Associated with external signs - Chernyava, Belyak, Malyuta. With the features of character - silence, lamb, source. With wildlife - bull, pike, oak. Or with craft - spoon, blacksmith, fur coat. However, with age, such names could be replaced with others - a more suitable person.

As a special category of nickname names is to highlight protective names. In order to avoid the detrimental effect of evil spirits or other people, a person often gave a second name, which everyone knew - Nekras, anger, a curve. Such a non-commodity name on belief and protected its carrier from the evil eye or damage.

After the appearance of Christian names, the nicknames did not disappear, but became an addition to the main name. They were used both in the low-class environment and rooded people. As an example, Alexander Nevsky, Simeon Polotsk or Ivan Kalita can be called.
Nickname names in Russia were going up to XVIII centuryuntil Peter I were completely banned by Peter I. However, since the XV century, the other process was actively gaining momentum in which the nickname names began to be converted to the surname.

Direct name

In the XIV-XVI centuries in Russia, at birth, it was customary to give direct names in honor of the Holy, whose memory was celebrated on this day. Unlike the public Christian name, the direct name was usually used in a narrow circle of loved ones and native people. So, Vasily III wore the direct name of Gabriel, and his son Ivan the Terrible - Tit.

Sometimes there was a paradoxical situation when the native brothers could be complete theses - wearing the same public and direct name. For example, senior and junior sons Ivan the Terrible was publicly called Dmitriyi, and in a close circle - Uarai.

The tradition of the Direct name originates in the early pedigree Rurikovich, when the great princes were simultaneously pagan and christian name: Yaroslav-George (wise) or Vladimir-Vasily (Monomakh).

Names in Rurikovich

In the Rurikovsky dynasty there were two categories of names: Slavic dioxide - Yaropolk, Svyatoslav, Ostromir and Scandinavian - Olga, Gleb, Igor. The names were fixed high status, and therefore, they could exclusively with a grand permanent person. Only in the XIV century such names are included in the overall use.

Interestingly, the generic name could not be free: if the grandfather died, his name was called a newborn grandson, however, the appearance of simultaneously living brothers-forzok in the Domongolian period was not allowed.
Later after the canonization of Russian Orthodox Church The carriers of both Slavic and Scandinavian names such names began to be considered christian, for example, Vladimir or Gleb.

Christianization of names

As it strengthened in Russia, Christianity gradually, Slavic names went into the past. There were even special lists of prohibited names, in which a special ban was imposed on those who were associated with pagan religion, for example, Yarilo or Lada.

From dynastic preferences in favor of Christian names, I had to gradually refuse Rurikovich. Already Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, when baptism, was given the name of Vasily, and Knyagin Olga - Elena. Interestingly, the sons of Vladimir Boris and Gleb, whose names in the consequence were canonized, were named in baptism, respectively, Roman and David.

With the distribution of typography in Russia great importance It became like writing names. A distorted writing of the name could entail an accusation of dishonor. However, the royal decree from 1675 was clarified that mistakes in the spelling of the names of ignorance "Nature of those peoples in which those who were born" are not a crime, and therefore "ships are not given and not to search."

Half-student

The official use of half-sized in a decreasing-derived tone was distributed in Russia from the XVI to the XVIII century. Often it was called the state criminals - the strip of Razin or Emetela Pugachev. It also mandatory was the use of semi-sufficient when contacting the higher authorities. So, for example, Grigory was supposed to be called "Grishka, Tsarist Halop." It is known that during the "Political Masquerade" - the renunciation of Ivan Grozny from the throne - the "former" king appeared as "Ivana Vasilyev".

Romanov's names

During the reign of the Romanov dynasty, quite large chronological discrepancies between the birthday and thesis are observed - up to two months. This is due to the careful selection of the name of the saint, which was determined by genealogical and dynastic preferences.

In the very "name" of Romanov, first of all were guided by the customs of their ancestors. This is connected, for example, a ban on the names of Peter and Paul after the murder Peter III And Paul I. It was completely natural to give names in honor of the older relatives. Following this rule, Nicholas I called my four sons the same names and in the same order as his father Paul I.
The update of the namesal of the Romanovs occurs under Catherine II. It introduces new names into a dynastic succession, calling their grandchildren by Nikolai (in honor of Nicholas of the Wonderworker), Konstantin (in honor of Konstantin Great) and Alexander (in honor of Alexander Nevsky). True, over time, during the expansion of the Romanov's Trev, there are also subsidized dynastic names - Nikita, Olga, and even those who are absent in the saints - Rostislav.

"Ivan, without remembering kinship"

The name Ivan has practically become nominative for a Russian person, and no accident: until 1917, this name was carried every fourth peasant in Russian Empire. Moreover, the invalid tramps who came across the police were often called themselves by Ivan that it was the emergence of a sustainable expression "Ivan, without remembering the kinship."

For a long time, having a Jewish origin name Ivan did not apply to ruling dynastyHowever, since Ivan I (Kalita) they are called four sovereign from Rurikovich Rurikovich. Using this name and Romanov, however, after death in 1764 Ivan VI, it turns out to be prohibited.

Food continuity

Eating in Russia of patience as part of the generic name is a confirmation of human connections with his father. Noble I. simple people They called themselves, for example, "Mikhail, Petrov Son." A special privilege was considered to add to the patronymic of the end of the ending "-", which was allowed to people with high origins. So called Rurikovich, - for example, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich.

In the "table of ranks" under Peter I, and then in the "Chinovnaya Mural" with Catherine II, various forms of patient graduation were strictly fixed (for example, "-OVICH or" -OV ") depending on human belonging to a specific class.

Since the XIX century, patronymic begins to use the emerging intelligentsia, and after the cancellation of serf right, it is allowed to wear and peasantry. The life of a modern person is no longer conceivable without patronymic, and this is not only the strength of traditions - the official respectful form of appeal, but also the practical need - the distinguishes between people having the same name and surname.

Patronymic is characteristic feature, distinguishing Russian anthroponymics system from most modern European: in Europe, it is represented only from other Eastern Slavs (Belarusians and Ukrainians), as well as the Bulgarians and Icelanders (the latter has practically no surnames). Adaptation by Russian names of other peoples is usually accompanied by those or other phonetic changes, and often the appearance of patronymic.

Names, patronymic and nicknames were known from ancient times. At the same time, ancient sources do not always help clearly delimit the pre-Christian names (given since birth) and nicknames (purchased in more late age). The surnames appeared in Russia fairly late and, as a rule, they were formed from names and nicknames. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. acquired the names of the princess and boyars. However, in the XVI century. The inheritance of nexian boyars surnames was very unstable. Then they began to acquire the names of the merchants and clergy. In the middle of the XIX century. Especially after the cancellation of serfdom in the city, the names of the peasants are formed. The process of acquiring surnames, mainly ended to the 30th of the 20th century.

Name formula

Structure

There are the following traditionally used components of the Russian anthroponym, from which various human naming models may be:

• Name - Personal name given at birth, usually one, but several names could be given in antiquity. Reductive (hypocorous) The name is the unofficial form of the name, formed from the personal with the help of certain suffixes or truncations (Maria - Masha - Mashka - Manya - Musya, etc., Alexander - Sasha - Sashura - Shura - Sanya - Schurik - Iskander; Nikolai - Kolya - Porusik - Nick, etc.). In a new time, such formations, bordering nicknames, are made of surnames (sour, panov - pan), which is a process, historically reverse education.
• middle name - Patronizing, instruction in the name of the Father. Has the end - (c) IC, - (B) on; in antiquity also -One, -in similarly modern names (In Bulgarian, it has been preserved).
• Surname - It is inherited from generation to generation on the male line. Usually, the original Russian surname ends on -Os / -Ev (from the basics of the second decline: Petrov, Konev) or -in (from the basics of the first decline: Fomin, Koshkin); less often / -th (christmas, garden); (Petrov); less characteristic of Russians (unlike other eastern Slavs) names with zero ending (beaver, sparrow, etc.).
• Nickname - Individual name that is not given at birth and is associated with those or others. characteristic features or events. For ancient times, it is characterized by a very sustainable and almost official use of many nicknames (for example, Ivan Kalita, Vasily Esifovich Nose - Novgorod Postener), but now the nicknames are informally widely used, especially in the youth social groups, where they can act as actually the main means of the human nomination.

Models

In the most full form russian namelike I. full names Other peoples are more often used in official documents and much less - in other situations. In Russia for its citizens (not only ethnic Russians) these three elements of anthroponym in obligatory indicated in official documents.

The two-component model of the naming was obtained the greatest distribution. It can be:

• name + patronymic - It is more often used in relation to adults and older people or with an emphasicated human appeal ( Vladimir Vladimirovich, Alla Borisovna).
• name + Surname - stereotypical form when mentioning a person in the third person ( Vasily Kudryavtsev or Vasya Kudryavtsev, Tatyana Smirnova or Tanya Smirnova).
• name + nickname - more often informal naming of man ( Olga Redhead, Zhora Hamster).

With informal communication and the family is often used simply a personal name, without any additions, or a decreasing name (hypocorism). The appeal is only by patronymic, it is integral (at the same time, patronymic is usually pronounced in the intentionally simplified form: Mikhalych, Sanych etc.). Handling only by name is distributed in schools, educational institutions (Applying students to students) and paramilitary organizations and is often not pleasant to the owner of the surname. Also used as a distribution method.

Personal name

The name, which is assigned to a person at birth and under which he is known in society. In ancient Russia, canonical and non-canonical names were distinguished.

In the pre-Christian era, that is, almost until the end of the X century. In the environment of eastern Slavs (the ancestors of modern Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians), only personal names were used, which were given to children at birth.

middle name

Patronymic in the composition of the nominal formula performed a triple function: complemented the name, distinguishing its owner (in addition to the name) from T-azki, clarified the relationship in the family of the family (father - son) and expressed respect (form of courtesy).

The patronymic name arose as a sign of respect, honoring, first, in relation to the princes (the chronicles of the XI century.) - Boyarin Prince Yuri Alekseevich Dolgorukov, then to famous boyars, nobles, and in Petra I and distinguished merchants; In the XIX century Representatives of the highest layers of society acquired a form on -vich. Patronymic at "EV", "OV", "Ying" - received merchants, at the "Et" - the youngest in the family. Along with this there are records: Pushkar Timoshka Kuzmin Son Rodkin, a suit of Ivashka Grigoriev, who's walking Timoshka Ivanov. Molds of type Grigoriev, Ivanov - not yet surnames. They are sometimes called "semi-whales", because it is not Grigorievich and not Ivanovich. Poor, as a rule, did not have the patientity.

The patronymic formed from both Russians and non-Russian names was met in the oldest Russian written monuments - Wed. Burchevich, Berendeich (from the Turkic British name and from the breeding name of Berendia). With numerous censions of the population, it was necessary to record all "by name from the fathers and nicknames."

Historically, the middle name was divided as if several discharges. Hopes did not have it at all. Just noble people received half-day: Peter Osipov Vasilyev. As for the patronymic of the middle name, it became a sign that his man wearing belongs to a class, aristocratic top. Thus, it was released from patronyfactory, ceased to be a suffix fully and began to be used independently, turning into a special term of the privilege, birdlikeness of persons or classes. -Is began to be perceived as title, as indicating the name of the word "de" (in French), "Background" (in German), "Van" (in Dutch). In accordance with such a position, it was possible to reward that the Russian kings did.

However, the forms of middle name for --s / -Ev in the XIX century. We used only in the stationery speech, in official documents. In the unofficial situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other and on the names and patches in such a form, which is familiar to us now: the Music of Naschich, -Evich, -One, -Evna, -Is, was not limited to. Sometimes it was used even instead of a name (as sometimes now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize the special respect for the person, showing the shade of the location, love.

Surname

Russian surnames are inherited official names, indicating the person's belonging to a certain family.

The surname undoubtedly was the main component of the nominal formula, since it served, in particular, a clearer awareness of the generic affiliation, its expression. As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed only on the male line (although there were exceptions).

Surnames were usually formed using suffixes from their own and none names, and most - from pretty adjectives With suffixes - Oh (-Ev), -in (Ivan - Ivanov, Sergey - Sergeyev, Kuzma - Kuzmin, etc.).

In Russia, the names were formed on behalf of ancestor and patronymic (Ivanov, Petrov); from the place or from the epithet at the place of residence ancestor (draft, zarechny); from the name of the city or the location, from which the person took place (Moskvitin, Tveritin, Permitine); From the profession, positions of ancestor (shoemakers, Laptev, Clausers, Bondar); from the order of birth of ancestor (Tretyak, Sheack); from ethnic origin Ancestor (Khokhlov, Litvinov, Polyakov, Tatarinov, Moskalev). More often the names in its foundation had a nickname or the patronymic of any member of the family, something distinguished, who had moved to another locality, who became the owner of the estate or the head of a particularly large family.

In various social layers, the names appeared in different time. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. acquired the names of the princess and boyars. Usually they were given by the names of their patients of possessions: Tverskaya, Zvenigorodsky, Vyazemsky. Among them are quite a few foreign names, especially eastern OriginSince many nobles arrived at the service to the king from other land. Methods of education noble names (The names of ancient noble childbirth and childbirth, who sent the nobility by the ranks after the introduction of a table of ranks) were diverse. The small group was the names of the ancient princely clans originating from the names of their princes. Before end XIX. in. From among these clans who lead their origin from Rurik, five were preserved: Mosalsky, Yeletsky, Zvenigorodsky, Rostov (the latter usually had double surnames) And Vyazemsky. From the name of Votchin, the names of Baryatinsky, Belosel, Volkonsky, Obolen, Proorovskiy, Ukhtomskiy and some others occurred.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Surnames began to appear in serve and trading people. They often reflected geographical concepts on the fact of birth. The clergy began to acquire the names only with mid XVIII c., usually formed from the names of parishes (Preobrazhensky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky, etc.).

IN mid XIX. B., especially after the cancellation of serfdom in 1861, the surnames of the peasants (from the names of the landowners, the names of settlements, nickname, patientities), and some have appeared only in the 30s of the 20th century.

Nickname

Nicknames, unlike names, always reflect not desirable, but real properties and qualities, territorial or ethnic origin, place of residence of their carriers and denote, therefore, a special meaning that these properties and quality for others have. Nicknames were given to people in different periods Their lives and were usually known a rather limited circle of people.

Nicknames and pagan ancient Russian names should not be confused. But not always between them passes a clear difference. This is due, in particular, with the usual to give children the names formed from ethnonyms, names of animals, plants, fabrics and other items, "protective" names. Apparently, it was about such papers at the beginning of the XVII century. English traveler Richard James in its diary:

However, and in currently People can get a semi-official nickname, or come up with himselves.

Sometimes it is estimated and today is officially used, for example, Alexander Pankratov-White and Alexander Pankratov-black.

Literature

• Yu. A. Rylov Romanesque and Russian anthroponymik
• N. I. Sheiko Russian names and surnames
• V.P. Berekov 2005. Russian names, patronymic and surname. Rules of use.
• N. I. Forman sociocultural space of the Russian personal name and modern means Mass media
• N. M. Tupikov is a dictionary of ancient Russian own names. St. Petersburg, 1903.
• A. V. Superan dictionary of Russian names
• M. Moroshkin Slavic namesloval or a collection of Slavic personal names in the Alphabetic Porde. St. Petersburg., 1867.
• B. O. UNBEGUN Russian surnames / lane. from English / Society. ed. B. A. Uspensky. M., 1989; 2nd ed. 1995; Same: Unbegaun B.O. Russian Surnames. Oxford, 1972.

Footnotes

Links

• Tupikov N.M. Dictionary of ancient Russian personal own names. - M.: Russian Way, 2004.
• Women's names, male names. Full Orthodox calendar.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

(The latter has almost no surnames). Adaptation by Russian names of other peoples is usually accompanied by those or other phonetic changes, and often the appearance of patronymic.

Names, patronymic and nicknames were known from ancient times. At the same time, ancient sources do not always help clearly delimit the pre-Christian names (given from birth) and nicknames (purchased at a later age). The surnames appeared in Russia fairly late and, as a rule, they were formed from names and nicknames. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. acquired the names of the princess and boyars. However, in the XVI century, the inheritance of certain unstable boyars was very unstable. Then they began to acquire the names of the merchants and clergy. In the middle of the XIX century, especially after the abolition of serfdom in the city, the names of the peasants are formed. The process of acquiring surnames, mainly ended to the 30th of the 20th century.

Name formula

Structure

There are the following traditionally used components of the Russian anthroponym, from which various human naming models may be:

• Name - Personal name given at birth, usually one, but several names could be given in antiquity. Reductive (hypocorous) The name is the unofficial form of the name, formed from the personal with the help of certain suffixes or truncations (Maria - Masha - Mashka - Manya - Musya, etc., Alexander - Sasha - Sasha - Shura - Sanya - Shurik - Iskander; Nikolai - Kolya - Porusik - Kolialya, etc.). In a new time, such formations, bordering nicknames, are made of surnames (sour, panov - pan), which is a process, historically reverse education.
• middle name - Patronizing, instruction in the name of the Father. Has the end - (c) IC, - (B) on; In antiquity, there are also -s, -in similarly to modern names (in Bulgarian it is preserved).
• Surname - It is inherited from generation to generation on the male line. Usually, the original Russian surname ends on -Os / -Ev / -Ev (from the basics of the second decline: Petrov, Konev) or --in / -yn (from the basics of the first decline: Fomin, Sinitsyn); -sk / -tskaya (Christmas, Vysotsky); (Tolstoy); less frequently / th (Russian, Petrov); less characteristic of Russians (unlike other eastern Slavs) names with zero ending (beaver, sparrow, etc.).
• Nickname - Individual name, which is not given at birth and is associated with those or other characteristic features or events. For ancient times, it is characterized by a very sustainable and almost official use of many nicknames (for example, Ivan Kalita, Vasily Esifovich Nose - Novgorod Posadani), but now the nicknames are informally widely used, especially in the youth social groups, where they can act as actually the main means of the human nomination.

Models

In the most complete form (FULL NAME), the Russian name, as well as the full names of other peoples is not used in oral speech, but used in official documents. In Russia for its citizens (not only ethnic Russians), these three elements of anthroponym are necessarily indicated in official documents. For residents, patronymic is not indicated (in the absence of such), and in the column name Specifies both personal and average name. In most cases, a two-component model is used. Different forms Show different degree of respect for communication:

Previous options relate to familiar people (with the exception of pseudonyms, for example, Dima Bilan, Natasha Korolev). The following is more often used when we are talking About third parties:

• name + nickname + surname - American version, popularized gamble-club shows and the way of writing Nick in contact ( Timur Kashtan Batrudinov, Dmitry Goblin beams)
• name + Patronymic + Surname - respectfully calls a person who was not mentioned earlier (for example, represents it in front of the audience) ( Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, Sergey Yuryevich Belyakov)
• surname + name + patronymic - Similar to the previous option, but it sounds more officially and is mainly used in official documents and alphabetical lists (for example, telephone directories or encyclopedias)

Personal name

The name, which is assigned to a person at birth and under which he is known in society. In ancient Russia, canonical and non-canonical names were distinguished.

In the pre-Christian era, that is, almost until the end of the X century, in the environment of the eastern Slavs (the ancestors of modern Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians), only personal names were used, which were given to children at birth.

The correct naming attached great importance. Incorrect or in a humiliating form, writing "someone or nickname" could entail the accusation of "dishonor". In the city of Tsarsky Decree, it was clarified that the mistake in the spelling of names for ignorance "Nature of those peoples in which who was born is" is not a crime, and therefore "ships are not given and not to search."

middle name

Main article: Russian patronymic

Patronymic in the composition of the nominal formula performed a triple function: complemented the name, distinguishing its owner (in addition to the name) from T-azki, clarified the relationship in the family of the family (father - son) and expressed respect (form of courtesy).

Patronymic name arose as a sign of respect, reading decent; First, in relation to the princes (in the annals from the XI century), then to famous battles, nobles, and in Petra I - and distinguished merchants. In the XIX century, representatives of the highest layers of society acquired the form on -vich. The middle name for "Ev", "Ov", "In" - the merchants received, to the "Et" - the youngest in the family. Along with this there are records like: "Pushkar Timoshka Kuzmin Son Rodkin", "Sowder Ivashka Grigoriev", "Walking Timoshka Ivanov"; Where forms Grigoriev and Ivanov - Not yet surnames (t. n. semi-puzzling).

The patronymic formed from both Russians and non-Russian names was met in the oldest Russian written monuments - Wed. Burchevich, Berendeich (from the Turkish Türcian name and from the breeding name of Berendia). With numerous censions of the population, it was necessary to record all "by name from the fathers and nicknames."

Historically, the middle name was divided into several discharges. Hopes did not have it at all. Just noble people received half-day: "Peter Osipov Vasilyev". As for the patronymic of the middle name, it became a sign that a person who was wearing, belonged to a class, aristocratic top. Thus, it was released from patronyfactory, ceased to be a suffix fully and began to be used independently, turning into a special term of the privilege, birdlikeness of persons or classes. -Is began to be perceived as title, as indicating the name of the word "de" (in French), "Background" (in German), "Van" (in Dutch). In accordance with such a position, it was possible to reward that the Russian kings did.

Starting from the Board of Peter I - Count "Patronymic" becomes mandatory in all documents.

However, the forms of patronymic of NA / -EP in the XIX century were used only in the stationery speech, in official documents. In the unofficial situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other and on the names and patrons in such a form that we are familiar to us now: the Music of Nashevich, -Evich, -One, -Evna, -Ych, -Is, - inn limited. Sometimes it was used even instead of a name (as sometimes now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize the special respect for the person, showing the shade of the location, love.

The archaic feature that remains today is the patronymic founded by the direct addition of suffix -yr / --ich ( Power, Titych t. n.). The same form is present in the conversational simplified version ( Nikolaichi, Mikhalych). Similarly, in the conversation, you can simplify women's patronymic: Nikolavna, And bath (Mary Ivanna).

Surname

Russian surnames - inherited official names, pointing to human belonging to a certain family.

The surname undoubtedly was the main component of the nominal formula, since it served, in particular, a clearer awareness of the generic affiliation, its expression. As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed only on the male line (although there were exceptions).

Surnames were usually formed with the help of suffixes from their own and nominal names, and most - from the most attractive adjectives with suffixes -s (-Ev), -in (Ivan - Ivanov, Sergey - Sergeev, Kuzma - Kuzmin etc.).

In Russia, the names were formed on behalf of ancestor and patronymic (Ivanov, Petrov); from the place or from the epithet at the residence of the ancestor ( Zadorozhnaya, Zarechny); From the title of the city or the location, from which man took place ( Moskvitin, Tveritin, Permitin); from the kind of classes or the positions of the ancestor ( Sapozhnikov, Laptev, Customers, Bondarev); From the order of birth of ancestor ( Tretyakov, Shestakov); from ethnic origin of ancestor ( Khokhlov, Litvinov, Polykov, Tatarinov, Moskalev). Most often, the surname in its foundation had a nickname or patronymic of any member of the family, something distinguished, who had moved to another locality, who became the owner of the estate or chapter of a particularly large family.

In various public seams, the names appeared at different times. The first in the XIV-XV centuries acquired the names of the princess and boyars. Usually they were given the names of their patients: Tver, Zvenigorodsky, Vyazemsky. Among them are a lot of the names of foreign, especially Eastern origin, since many nobles arrived at the service to the king from foreign land. Methods for the formation of noble surnames (the names of ancient noble childbirth and childbirth, who served the nobility by the ranks after the introduction of a table of ranks) were diverse. The small group was the names of the ancient princely clans originating from the names of their princes. Until the end of the XIX century, five of these births, which leaded their origin from Rurik, preserved five: Mosal, Yelets, Zvenigorodsky, Rostov (the latter usually had double surnames) and Vyazemsky. From the name of Votchin, the names of Baryatinsky, Belosel, Volkonsky, Obolen, Proorovskiy, Ukhtomskiy and some others occurred.

IN XVIII-XIX centuries Surnames began to appear in serve and trading people. They often reflected geographical concepts on the fact of birth. The clergy began to acquire the names only from the middle of the XVIII century, usually formed from the names of the parishes ( Preobrazhensky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky etc.).

In the middle of the XIX century, especially after the abolition of serfdom, the surnames of the peasants are formed (from the names of landowners, the names of settlements, nicknames, patientities), but some have appeared only in the 1930s.

Nickname

Nevertheless, and at the moment, people can get a semi-official nickname, or come up with him themselves.

Sometimes the nickname and today it is used officially, becoming the name (for example, Alexander Pankratov-White and Alexander Pankratov-black).

see also

Literature

• Bondaletov V.D. Russian border, its composition, statistical structure and features of change (male and women's names) / V. D. Bondaletov // Onomastics and the norm. - M.: Science, 1976. - P. 12-46.
• Yu. A. Rylov Romanesque and Russian anthroponymik
• N. I. Sheiko Russian names and surnames
• V.P. Berekov 2005. Russian names, patronymic and surname. Rules of use.
• N. I. Forman Sociocultural Space of the Russian Personal Name and Modern Media
• N. M. Tupikov is a dictionary of ancient Russian own names. St. Petersburg, 1903.
• A. V. Superan dictionary of Russian names
• M. Moroshkin Slavic nameslas or a meeting of Slavic personal names in the Alphabetical Porde. St. Petersburg., 1867.
• B. O. UNBEGUN Russian surnames / lane. from English / Society. ed. B. A. Uspensky. M., 1989; 2nd ed. 1995; Same: Unbegaun B.O. Russian Surnames. Oxford, 1972.

Notes

Links

• Tupikov N. M. A dictionary of the ancient Russian personal names. - M.: Russian Way, 2004.
• Women's names, male names. Full Orthodox calendar.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

), as well as the Bulgarians, Greeks and Icelanders (in the latter there are practically no surnames). Adaptation by Russian names of other peoples is usually accompanied by those or other phonetic changes, and often the appearance of patronymic.

Names, patronymic and nicknames were known from ancient times. At the same time, ancient sources do not always help clearly delimit the pre-Christian names (given from birth) and nicknames (purchased at a later age). The surnames appeared in Russia fairly late and, as a rule, they were formed from names and nicknames. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. acquired the names of the princess and boyars. However, in the XVI century, the inheritance of certainly unstable boyars was very unstable. Then they began to acquire the names of the merchants and clergy. In the middle of the XIX century, especially after the abolition of serfdom in the city, the names of the peasants are formed. The process of acquiring surnames, mainly ended to the 30th of the 20th century.

Name formula [ | ]

Structure [ | ]

There are the following traditionally used components of the Russian anthroponym, from which various human naming models may be:

• Name - Personal name given at birth, usually one, but several names could be given in antiquity. Reductive (hypocorous) Name - an unofficial form of the name, formed from personal with the help of certain suffixes or truncations (Maria - Masha - Mashka - Manya - Musya, etc., Alexander - Sasha - Sasha - Shura - Sanya - Schurik - Sanёk; Nikolai - Kolya - Porusik - Kolyan, etc.). In a new time, such formations, bordering nicknames, are made of surnames (sour, panov - pan), which is a process, historically reverse education.
• middle name - Patronizing, instruction in the name of the Father. Has the end - (c) IC, - (B) on; In antiquity, there are also -s, -in similarly to modern names (in Bulgarian it is preserved).
• Surname - It is inherited from generation to generation on the men's line (or for female). Usually, the original Russian surname ends on -Os / -Ev / -Ev (from the basics of the second decline: Petrov, Konev, Zhuravlev) or --in / -yn (from the basics of the first decline: Fomin, Sinitsyn); -sk / -tskaya (Christmas, Vysotsky); - (Tolstoy, Summer, Lanova); Less frequently - and /x (Russian, Petrov); less characteristic of Russians (unlike other eastern Slavs) names with zero ending (beaver, sparrow, etc.).
• Nickname - Individual name, which is not given at birth and is associated with those or other characteristic features or events. For ancient times, it is characterized by a very sustainable and almost official use of many nicknames (for example, Ivan Kalita, Vasily Esifovich Nose - Novgorod Posadani), but now the nicknames are informally widely used, especially in the youth social groups, where they can act as actually the main means of the human nomination.

Models [ | ]

In the most complete form (FULL NAME), the Russian name, as well as the full names of other nations, is not used in oral speech, but is used in official documents. In Russia for its citizens (not only ethnic Russians), these three elements of anthroponym are necessarily indicated in official documents. For residents, patronymic is not indicated (in the absence of such), and in the column name Specifies both personal and average name. In most cases, a two-component model is used. Different forms show different degrees of respect when communicating:

Previous options relate to familiar people (with the exception of pseudonyms, for example, Dima Bilan, Natasha Korolev). The following are more often used when it comes to third parties:

• name + nickname + surname - American version, popularized gamble-club shows and the way of writing Nick in contact ( Timur Kashtan Batrudinov, Dmitry Goblin beams)
• name + Patronymic + Surname - respectfully calls a person who was not mentioned earlier (for example, represents it in front of the audience) ( Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, Sergey Yuryevich Belyakov)
• surname + name + patronymic - Similar to the previous option, but it sounds more officially and is mainly used in official documents and alphabetical lists (for example, telephone directories or encyclopedias)

Personal name [ | ]

The name, which is assigned to a person at birth and under which he is known in society. In ancient Russia, canonical and non-canonical names were distinguished.

In the pre-Christian era, that is, almost until the end of the X century, in the environment of the eastern Slavs (the ancestors of modern Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians), only personal names were used, which were given to children at birth.

The correct naming attached great importance. Incorrect or in a humiliating form, writing "someone or nickname" could entail the accusation of "dishonor". In 1675, the tsarist decree explained that the mistake in the spelling of names for ignorance "Nature of those peoples in which who was born is" is not a crime, and therefore "ships not to give and not to search", but the penalties did not manage to avoid: For this, they were subjected to "trade execution".

middle name [ | ]

Patronymic in the composition of the nominal formula performed a triple function: complemented the name, distinguishing its owner (in addition to the name) from T-azki, clarified the relationship in the family of the family (father - son) and expressed respect (form of courtesy).

Patronymic name arose as a sign of respect, reading decent; First, in relation to the princes (in the annals from the XI century), then to famous battles, nobles, and in Petra I - and distinguished merchants. In the XIX century, representatives of the highest layers of society acquired the form on -vich. The middle name for "Ev", "Ov", "In" - the merchants received, to the "Et" - the youngest in the family. Along with this there are records like: "Pushkar Timoshka Kuzmin Son Rodkin", "Sowder Ivashka Grigoriev", "Walking Timoshka Ivanov"; Where forms Grigoriev and Ivanov - Not yet surnames (t. n. semi-puzzling).

The patronymic formed from both Russians and non-Russian names was met in the oldest Russian written monuments - Wed. Burchevich ". With numerous censions of the population, it was required to record all" by name from the fathers and nicknies. "

Historically, the middle name was divided into several discharges. Hopes did not have it at all. Just noble people received half-day: "Peter Osipov Vasilyev". As for the patronymic of the middle name, it became a sign that a person who was wearing, belonged to a class, aristocratic top. Thus, it was released from patronyfactory, ceased to be a suffix fully and began to be used independently, turning into a special term of the privilege, birdlikeness of persons or classes. -Is began to be perceived as title, as indicating the name of the word "de" (in French), "Background" (in German), "Van" (in Dutch). In accordance with such a position, it was possible to reward that the Russian kings did.

Starting from the Board of Peter I - Count "Patronymic" becomes mandatory in all documents.

However, the forms of patronymic of NA / -EP in the XIX century were used only in the stationery speech, in official documents. In the unofficial situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other and on the names and patrons in such a form that we are familiar to us now: the Music of Nashevich, -Evich, -One, -Evna, -Ych, -Is, - inn limited. Sometimes it was used even instead of a name (as sometimes now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize the special respect for the person, showing the shade of the location, love.

The archaic feature that remains today is the patronymic founded by the direct addition of suffix -yr / --ich ( Power, Titych t. n.). The same form is present in the conversational simplified version ( Nikolaichi, Mikhalych). Similarly, women's patrimonies can simplify in the conversational version: Nikolavna, And bath (Mary Ivanna).

Surname [ | ]

Russian surnames - inherited official names, pointing to human belonging to a certain family.

The surname undoubtedly was the main component of the nominal formula, since it served, in particular, a clearer awareness of the generic affiliation, its expression. As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed only on the male line (although there were exceptions).

Surnames were usually formed with the help of suffixes from their own and nominal names, and most - from the most attractive adjectives with suffixes -s (-Ev, -Ev), -in (Ivan - Ivanov, Sergey - Sergeev, Kuzma - Kuzmin etc.).

In Russia, the names were formed on behalf of ancestor and patronymic (Ivanov, Petrov); from the place or from the epithet at the residence of the ancestor ( Zadorozhnaya, Zarechny); From the title of the city or the location, from which man took place ( Moskvitin, Tveritin, Permitin); from the kind of classes or the positions of the ancestor ( Sapozhnikov, Laptev, Customers, Bondarev); From the order of birth of ancestor ( Druzhinin , Tretyakov, Shestakov); from ethnic origin of ancestor ( Khokhlov, Litvinov, Polykov, Tatarinov, Moskalev). Most often, the surname in its foundation had a nickname or patronymic of any member of the family, something distinguished, who had moved to another locality, who became the owner of the estate or chapter of a particularly large family.

In various public seams, the names appeared at different times. The first in the XIV-XV centuries acquired the names of the princess and boyars. Usually they were given the names of their patients: Tver, Zvenigorodsky, Vyazemsky. Among them are a lot of the names of foreign, especially Eastern origin, since many nobles arrived at the service to the king from foreign land. Methods for the formation of noble surnames (the names of ancient noble childbirth and childbirth, who served the nobility by the ranks after the introduction of a table of ranks) were diverse. The small group was the names of the ancient princely clans originating from the names of their princes. Until the end of the XIX century, five of these births, which leaded their origin from Rurik, preserved five: Mosal, Yelets, Zvenigorodsky, Rostov (the latter usually had double surnames) and Vyazemsky. From the name of Votchin, the names of Baryatinsky, Belosel, Volkonsky, Obolen, Proorovskiy, Ukhtomskiy and some others occurred.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, the names began to appear in serve and trading people. They often reflected geographical concepts on the fact of birth. The clergy began to acquire the names only from the middle of the XVIII century, usually formed from the names of the parishes ( Preobrazhensky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky etc.).

Nevertheless, and at the moment, people can get a semi-official nickname, or come up with him themselves.

Sometimes the nickname and today is used officially, becoming the name (for example, Alexander Pankratov-White and Alexander Pankratov-black).

see also [ | ]

Literature [ | ]

• Bondaletov V.D. The Russian named, its composition, statistical structure and features of change (male and female names) / V. D. Bondaletov // Onomastics and the norm. - M.: Science, 1976. - P. 12-46.
• Yu. A. Flylov. Romanesque and Russian anthroponymik
• N. I. Sheiko. Russian names and surnames
• V.P. Berekov. 2005. Russian names, patronymic and surname. Rules of use.
• N. I. Formanovskaya. Sociocultural space of the Russian personal name and modern media.
• N. M. Tupikov. // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons. (82 t. And 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• N. M. Tupikov. Dictionary of ancient Russian own names. - St. Petersburg, 1903.
• A. V. Superanskaya. Dictionary of Russian names.
• M. Moroshkin. Slavic nameslines or a meeting of Slavic personal names in alphabetical order. - SPb., 1867.
• B. O. Unbaugun. Russian surnames / lane. from English / Society. ed. B. A. Uspensky. - M., 1989; 2nd ed. 1995; Same: Unbegaun B. O. Russian Surnames. Oxford, 1972.