Petra's reign period 3. Unknown Emperor Peter III (7 photos)

On the first channel - the premiere of the historical series.

Spectacular suits, large-scale scenery, famous actors - all this and much more waiting for viewers in the new historical drama "The Great", which comes out on the first channel this week. The series will take us in the middle of the 18th century - during the reign of Catherine II, the role of which was performed by Julia Snigir.

In particular, in the series the personality of Peter 3 was revised.

Slander through a century

In Russian history, there is no perhaps the ruler of more hula historians than the emperor Peter III

Even about the crazy sadist Ivan Grozny, the authors of historical Studium respond better than about the unfortunate emperor. As the epithets did not receive the historians of Peter III: "Spiritual Note", "Extension", "Drunka", "Holstetsky soldier" and so on, and the like.

Usually, in our textbooks, Peter 3 is represented as a half-water, spiting for the interests of Russia, summing up for the thought that Catherine 2 came correctly, overthrowing him and killing.

What is the emperor who reigned for only six months (from December 1761 to June 1762), was she kept before scientists?

Holstein Prince

The future emperor Peter III was born 10 (21 - on a new style) February 1728 in the German city of Kiel. His father was the duke of Karl Friedrich Hollytein-Gottorpsky - the ruler of the North German land of Holstein, Mother - daughter Peter I Anna Petrovna. As a child, Prince Karl Peter Ulrich Hollytein-Gottorpsky (so called Peter III) was declared the heir to the Swedish throne.

Emperor Peter III

However, at the beginning of 1742, at the request of the Russian Empress, Elizabeth Petrovna Prince was delivered to St. Petersburg. As the only descendant of Peter the Great, he was declared the heir to the Russian throne. Young Duke Hollytein-Gottorspsky accepted Orthodoxy and was inflicted by Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich.

In August 1745, the Empress married the heir to the German princess of Sofia Frederic Augustus, the daughter of Prince Anhalt-Crebstsky, held at the Military Service at the Prussian King. Having accepted Orthodoxy, Princess Anhalt-Zerbstskaya became called the Grand Duchet Catherine Alekseevna.

Great Princess Ekaterina Alekseevna - Future Empress Ekaterina II

The heir and his spouse could not endure each other. Peter Fedorovich had mistresses. The last passion was the Countess Elizaveta Vorontsov, the daughter of General-Anshuf Roman Illarionovich Vorontsov. Ekaterina Alekseevna had three permanent lovers - Count Sergey Saltykov, Count Stanislav Schnisovsky and Count Chernyshev. Soon the Favorite of the Great Princess was the officer of the Life Guard Gregory Orlov. However, she often entertained with other guards officers.

On September 24, 1754, Catherine gave birth to the Son, who was called Paul. At the court, they rumored that the real father of the future emperor is the lover of Catherine Count Saltykov. Petr Fedorovich himself bitterly grinned:
"God knows where my wife takes her pregnancy." I don't know too much, is it a child and should I take it to my account ...

Short reign

On December 25, 1761, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna revealed in the Bose. Peter Fedorovich entered the throne - Emperor Peter III.

First of all, the new sovereign stopped the war with Prussia and brought Russian troops from Berlin. For this, Peter hated guards officers who have thirsty of military glory and combat awards. Unhappy with the actions of the emperor and historians: scientists are neglected, which de Peter III "brought no results of Russian victories."

It would be interesting to find out which results do dear researchers mean?

As you know, the seven-year war of 1756-1763 was caused by the exacerbation of France's struggle and England for overseas colonies. For various reasons, seven other states were drawn in the war (in particular, Prussia, which conflicted with France and Austria). But what interests were pursued by the Russian Empire, speaking in this war on the side of France and Austria, is completely incomprehensible. It turned out, Russian soldiers for the right French robbing colonial peoples. Peter III stopped this senseless slaughter. For which he received a "strict reprimand with a letter" from grateful descendants.

Army Soldiers Peter III

After the end of the war, the emperor settled in Oranienbaum, where, according to historians, "indulged in drunkenness" with his Holstein companions. However, judging by the documents, from time to time Peter was engaged in state affairs. In particular, the emperor wrote and unveiled a number of manifestos about the transformation of the state system.

Here is a list of first events that Note Peter III:

First, it was secret Chancellery abolished - The famous secret state police, who visited the horror at all, without the exception of the subjects of the empire from prostrophin to hurriedly sponsor. For one denunciation, the agents of the secret office could grab any person, conclude it to the chamberis, to betray the most terrible torture, execute. The emperor freed the subjects from this arbitrariness. After his death, Catherine II restored the secret police - entitled "The Secret Expedition".

Secondly, Peter announced freedom of religion For all of their subjects: "Let them pray to whom they want, but - not have them in the crigngement or in the curse." It was almost unthinkable for that time step. Even in enlightened Europe, there was no complete freedom of religion. After the death of Emperor Ekaterina II, a girlfriend of French enlighteners and the "philosopher on the throne", canceled the decree on freedom of conscience.

Third, Peter canceled church supervision For the personal life of the subjects: "About the sin of adulterators not to have anyone to condemnation, because Christ did not condemn." After the death of the king, the church espionage was revived.

Fourth, implementing the principle of freedom of conscience, Peter stopped persecuting old goods. After his death, state power resumed religious persecution.

Fifth, Peter announced liberating all monastic fortress. He submitted to the monastic estates to the civilian colleges, gave an arable land in the eternal use of the former monastery peasants and laid them only by ruble lifts. For the content of the clergy, the king appointed a "own salary".

Sixth, Peter allowed nobles unimpeded leaving abroad. After his death, "Iron Giveno" was restored.

Seventh, Peter announced the introduction in the Russian Empire vowel court. Catherine canceled the publicity of proceedings.

In eighth, Peter issued a decree about " nepharanidity service", I forbid presenting senators and government officials with gifts with peasant souls and state lands. Signs of the promotion of higher officials were to be only orders and medals. Having entered the throne, Catherine was the first thing to do its associates and favorites with peasants and estates.

One of the manifests of Peter III

In addition, the emperor has prepared Mass other manifestos and decrees, including the restriction of the personal dependence of the peasants from landowners, about the optional service in the army, about the optional of respect for religious posts, etc.

And all this was done in less than six months of the reign! Knowing it, how can you believe to afford the "non-digestion" Peter III?
Obviously, the reforms that Petr intended to implement, ahead of their time for a long time. Could their author who dreamed of approving the principles of freedom and civil dignity, to be a "spiritual insignificance" and "Holstein soldier"?

Conspiracy

So, the emperor was engaged in state affairs, in between whom, if you believe historians, smoked in Oranienbaum.

And what did the young Empress make at this time?

Ekaterina Alekseevna with his numerous lovers and halters settled in Peterhof. There she actively intrigued against her husband: collected supporters, through lovers and their companions spread rumors, attracted officers to their side.

By the summer of 1762, there was a conspiracy, the soul of which became the Empress. In conspiracy, influential dignitaries and commander were involved:

Count Nikita Panin, a valid secret adviser, chamber, senator, teacher of Tsarevich Paul;

His brother Count Peter Panin, General-Annef, the hero of the seven-year war;

Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, in Maiden - Countess Vorontsova, the nearest girlfriend and the companion of Catherine;

Her husband is Prince Mikhail Dashkov, one of the leaders of the St. Petersburg Masonic Organization;

Count Cyril Razumovsky, Marshal, Commander of the Izmailovsky Regiment, Hetman, President of the Academy of Sciences;

Prince Mikhail Volkonsky, diplomat and commander of a seven-year war;

Baron Corf, Head of the Petersburg Police, as well as Numerous Leib Guard officers led by the Orlov Brothers.

According to a number of historians, influential Masonic circles were involved in the storage. In the nearest environment, Catherine "Volnaya Masonicov" represented a certain mysterious "Mr. Odar". According to an eyewitness of the events of the Danish Messenger A.Suummore, under this name, the famous adventurer and adventure seeker Count Saint-Germain was hidden.

Events accelerated the arrest of one of the conspirators of the captain-lieutenant Pastec.

Count Alexey Orlov - Killer Peter III

On June 26, 1762, Orlov and their pleasures began to make soldiers of the capital garrison. For money that Catherine took from the English merchant Felten supposedly to buy decorations, more than 35 thousand Vodka buckets were purchased.

On the morning of June 28, 1762, Catherine, accompanied by Dashkova and the Orlich brothers, left Peterhof and went to the capital, where everything was ready. The dead drunk soldiers of the Guards regiments brought the oath of "Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna", a strongly drunk crowd of the townsmen welcomed the "Lack of a new reign".

Peter III with a retinue was in Oranienbaum. Upon learning of the events in Petrograd, ministers and generals betrayed the emperor and fled to the capital. With Peter, there were only old Feldmarshal Minich, General Gudovich and somewhat close.
On June 29, the emperor, struck by the betrayal of the most trusted people and not having a desire to get involved in the struggle for an impaired crown, renounced the throne. He wanted only one thing: In order for him to be released into his native hand with the mistress of Ekaterina Vorontsova and the faithful Adutanth Gudovich.
However, by order of the new government, the depth king was sent to the Palace in Ropsch. On July 6, 1762, the brother of the lover of Empress Alexei Orlov and his companion Prince Fyodor Baryatinsky strangled Peter. It was officially announced that the emperor "died of inflammation in the guts and apoplexic strike" ...

Slander

So, the facts do not give any reason to consider Peter III "Nonignvance" and "Soldatina". He was heard, but not a dementant. Why are the historians so persistently housing for this sovereign? St. Petersburg poet Victor Sosna decided to figure out this problem. First of all, it was interested in the question: what sources were dragged (and they continue to draw!) Researchers dirty gossip about "dementia" and "insignificance" of the emperor?

And so it was found: it turns out to be sources of all the characteristics of Peter III, all these gossip and affection are the memoirs of the following persons:

empress Catherine II - which hated and despised her husband, who was inspiration of a conspiracy against him, which actually directed the hand of the murderers of Peter, who finally, as a result of the coup, became an autocracy government;

princess Dashkova - Girlfriend and the like-mindedness of Catherine, who still hated and despised Peter (contemporaries grew up: for the fact that Peter preferred her older sister - Catherine Vorontsov), who was the most active participant of the conspiracy, which after the coup was the "second lady of the empire" after the coup ;

count Nikita Panin - a close employee of Catherine, who was one of the leaders and the main ideologue of the conspiracy against Peter, and soon after the coup was one of the most influential ideels and was headed by the Russian diplomatic department for almost 20 years;

count Peter Panin - Brother Nikita, who was one of the active participants of the conspiracy, and then became a trusted and demanded monarch of grace by the commander (it was Peter Panin Ekaterina instructed to suppress the uprising of Pugachev, who, by the way, declared himself "Emperor Peter III").

Not even a professional historian and not being familiar with the subtleties of the sources and criticism of sources, it is possible to suggest that the person named above is unlikely to be objective in assessing the person they betrayed and killed.

The Empress and her "accomplices" had little to overthrow and kill Peter III. To justify their crimes, they had to wrap their victim!

And they diligently lied, cumbersome gossip and dirty fictions.

Catherine:

In his memoirs, the Empress put the killed by the spouse with a drunkard, a buddy, a coward, a fool, a slacker, a samboram, a slightly, empty, ignorant, a female ... "What a fear of her husband only for having killed him!" - Victor Sosna exclaims.

But, oddly enough, scientists who wrote dozens of volumes of the dissertations and monographs, did not doubt the murderers of the murderers about their victim. Until now, in all textbooks and encyclopedias, you can read about the "insignificant" emperor, which "brought no results of Russian victories" in a seven-year war, and then "dried up with Holsteins in Oranienbaum."

At lies - long legs ...

(Peter-Ulrich) - Emperor All-Russian, Son of the Duke of Hollytein-Gottornsky Charles Friedrich, Son Sestra Karl XII Swedish, and Anna Petrovna, daughter Peter the Great (Rod. 1728); He thus accounted for the grandson of two sovereign rivals and could be a contender and to Russian, and the Swedish throne.

In 1741 he was elected after the death of Eleonora Ulrikov's successor to her husband Friedrich, who received the Swedish throne, and on November 15, 1742 he was declared his aunt Elizabeth by Petrovna heir to the Russian throne.

Weak physically and morally, P. Fedorovich was brought up by Gofamarshal by the Bummer, who was rather soldier than a teacher. "The barmented order of life established by the latter for his pupil, in connection with strict and humiliating punishments, could not but weaken the health of P. Fedorovich and interfered with the development of moral concepts and sense of human dignity.

The young prince was taught a lot, but it was so ineptly that he received a complete disgust to the sciences: Latin, for example, he was tired so that later in St. Petersburg he forbade the Latin books in his library. He taught him, besides, preparing mainly to occupy the Swedish throne and, therefore, brought up in the spirit of Lutheran religion and Swedish patriotism - and the last at that time was expressed, by the way, in the hatred of Russia.

In 1742, after the appointment of P. Fedorovich, the heir to the Russian throne, he began to teach him again, but already in Russian and the Orthodox Lad. However, frequent diseases and marriages on the princess of the Anhalt Cerebst (future Ekaterina II) prevented the systematic management of education.

P. Fedorovich was not interested in Russia and superstitiously thought that she would find her death; Academician Schlyanin, his new educator, despite all the effort, could not inspire his love for his new Fatherland, where he always felt a stranger. The military business is the only thing that interested him was, it was not so much the subject of study, how much fun, and his reverence in front of Friedrich II turned into a desire to imitate him in trifles.

The heir to the throne, an adult is already a person, preferred the case of fun who became more strange and unpleasantly affected by everyone who surrounded him. "P. discovered all signs of unconditioned spiritual development," says S. M. Soloviev, "he was an adult child." The empress was amazed by the alertness of the heir to the throne.

The question of the fate of the Russian throne seriously occupied Elizabeth and its courtiers, and came to various combinations.

Some wished to make the empress, bypassing the nephew, handed over his son Pavel Petrovich, and appointed the regent to his adulthood. Princess Ekaterina Alekseevna, wife P. Fedorovich.

That was the opinion of Bestumev, nickname. Yves. Panina, Yves. Yves. Shuvalova.

Others stood for the proclamation of the heiress of the throne of Catherine.

Elizabeth died, did not have time to decide on anything, and on December 25, 1761 P. Fedorovich entered the throne under the name of the emperor P. III. He began its activities with decrees, which under other conditions could deliver a popular location.

This is a decree on February 18, 1762. On the liberty of the noblestry, who has filmed a mandatory service with the nobility and, as it were, a direct predecessor of Ekaterininskaya verminated diplomas of 1785. This decree will make a new government popular among the nobility; Another decree, on the destruction of the secret office, who made the political crimes, should have seemed to contribute to his popularity in the masses.

It happened, however, otherwise. Staying in the soul of Lutheranin, P. III, with disregard, belonged to the clergy, closed his household churches, appealed with offensive decions of the Synod; By this he opened the people against himself. Surrounded by Holsteins, he began to redo the Russian army to Prussian Prussian Ladu and armed against himself the guard, which at that time was almost exclusively noble in composition.

P. III immediately, after the advantage of the throne, he refused to participate in the seven-year war and at the same time from all Russian conquests in Prussia, and at the end of his reign began the war with Denmark because of Schlesvoy, which wanted to purchase for Holstery.

It was excited against him the people who remained indifferent when the nobility in the face of the guard was openly rebelled against P. III and proclaimed Empress Catherine II (June 28, 1762). P. was removed in Ropshu, where he had suffered death on July 7; Details about this event are in a letter to Catherine II Alexey Orlova.

Cf. Brikker, "History of Catherine Great", "Notes of Empress Ekaterina II" (L., 1888); "Memoirs of the Princessse Daschcow" (L., 1840); "Schedule Notes" ("Thu. Society. East. And the trees. Ros.", 1886, IV); Bilbasov, "History of Catherine II" (vol. 1 and 12). M. P - B. (Brockhauses) Peter III Fedorovich - Grandson of Peter the Great, Son of His daughter Anna, Hertz-Nego Golstein-Gottorpskaya (born 10 of the Fawn. 1728), Imp-r All-Russian (from 25 decades. 1761 until June 28, 1762 .). 14 liters From the genus P. was called from Holstein to Russia Imp-Tsei Elizabeth Petrovna and declared the heir to the throne. 21 Aug. 1745 His marriage with the prince took place. Sofia Frederic Anhalt-Crebst, challenged led. Kn. Catherine Alekseevna (subsequently imp. Ekaterina II). The imp-Centa Elizabeth soon was disappointed in P., since he obviously did not love Russia, he surrounded himself from Holstein and did not discover the abilities necessary for the future imp-row. countries.

All the time it was occupied by the military. fun with nebol. A squad of Holsteinsk. troops trained on the pir. Charter of Friedrich V., Soldy. The admirer of which P. showed himself well.

Assessing his nephew, Elizabeth lost all the hope of changing him for the better and by the end of his reign "fed to him sincere. Hatred" (N. K. Schilder.

Imp. Pavel I. P. 13). Choose a friend. She did not dare, because the approximate inspired to her that "to change without rebellion and poor. The means it is not possible that 20 years have been approved by all the oaths" (ibid, p. 14), and in the death of it P. III It was unimpeded, but proclaimed imp-rum. Began short-term, but the original. period of 6 months. Board of P. from measures relating to internal. Politicians were carried out: a) 18 FVR. 1762 Announced Manifesto on the Validity of the Nobility: every nobleman. Serve or not to serve at its discretion; b) 21 fvr. 1762 - Manifesto on the abolition of secretion. The Office and the prohibition to continue to pronounce the terrible "Word and Case", so many years older than Russia.

As far as these two acts had to cause gratitude to the contests and offspring, everything remained so much. The activities of P. III caused strong. Ropot people and prepared the success of the state. The coup on June 28, 1762 of these events deprived him of support from two important. Oporce state. Power: churches and troops. 16 FVR. A decree was made public about establishing a collegium of savings to which all the bishops should be proceeded. and monastic. Persecution, and the spirit and monasteries should have been issued to apply. States content already from this college.

This decree, deprived the clergy of huge material. funds, excited a strong displeasure among him.

In addition, the imp-p issued a disposal about the closure of houses. Churches, and then, calling against him.

Novgorod Dmitry Sechenov, a paraborn member of St. Synod, personally ordered him that all the images besides the images of the Savior and the Mother of God, they were taken out of churches and so that the Kam was prescribed to shave beard, and the Povest Rows replace Pastorsk. SURTUKS.

To People. The masses began to penetrate the consciousness that Ipt-R is not Russian, and the throne takes the "German" and "Luthor". White clergy over that was annoyed by the command to take in military. Service priestly. and Dyakonsk. Sons.

Having lost the support of the Spirit, P. in the same degree of displeasure and in troops.

Even in the reign of the impressed Elizabeth in Oranienbaum, Golstes appeared. Forces, and P. was provided by full. Freedom to exercise their exercises and prepare the conversion of Rus. Army on Pruss. sample.

With the entry into the throne, P. began to work with it inherent in unreasonable hobbies.

Life company was dissolved; In the guard of the former, given to her by Peter V., the form is changed to the pear. And the pear is introduced. Exercise, which troops were trained in the morning to Eve. Began daily. Washtarada in the presence of impressed. Fastened decree on the peating equestrian and infantry. PP. by the names of the chefs. Appeared in St. Petersburg, among other Holsteinsk. Rolly-Cove, Uncle Gosqi, Ave. Georg, who acquired a primary importance in the guard, was made by Feldm-scrap and, without having any merit and tissues, initiated himself. hatred.

Preferences provided by Golstein generally. Officers and soldiers, insulted all Rus. The army: not only Guard was humiliated, but in his face it was pent of the feeling of people. Pride.

As if, in order to finish, but to initiate Rus. societies. Opinion, P. III and external. Policy made anti-national.

By the time of the death of the imp-csy Elizabeth, Prussia was exhausted in unequal. Fight, and Friedrich V. was to prepare for full and inevitable. The collapse of their ambition. designs.

P. III immediately on topics, neglecting Russia's allies and existing treaties, concluded peace with Prussia and not only returned to her without any remuneration of all the conquests produced by Rus. Blood, but also our overseas. The army was departed to Friedrich.

In addition, he began to prepare hard for war with Denmark to win her Schleswig for her beloved Holt.

T. Ob., Russia threatened a new war that did not promise the empire any benefits. In vain, Friedrich V. warned his friend from the Album. Hobbies and pointed to the need to quarreled to strengthen the situation.

Imp-R answered that he as many work he as many works that they had no time to play a plot and that he was completely calm.

Meanwhile, the conspiracy was spelled, and at the head of movement directed to the deployment of P. III, the efforts of the events got up Ektska Ekaterina Alekseevna, offended as a woman, anxious for the fate and the future of the empire, from which she did not separate himself, and his son to which Imp-p showed a squeeze. Disappointment and which did not pay any attention.

In the guvard The shelves were already a lot of sympathetic coup and expressing the readiness to become the protection of her and the heir to the throne, but Naib. The Orlov brothers were active figures.

After a 3-day. celebrations. I marked the conclusion of the world with Prussia, P. III with great. The yard moved on June 12 to Oranienbaum.

After spending several Days alone in the city, Catherine on June 17 went to Peterhof, leaving Cescents with Hoffm-Rum Panin in St. Petersburg. in summer. Palace.

In Oranienbaum, P. III continued the same ragble. a life. In the morning, Washtarada Holstein took place. The troops interrupted by flashes is unreasonable. Anger, and then the boom began, during which the Imp-p quite definitely said that he decided to get rid of Catherine and marry his favorite Elizabeth Vorontsova.

Chain. Events accelerated the junction.

The support of the imp-tsy, Guard, received an order about a speech on a campaign against Denmark: not wanting to leave the Imp-Tsu defenseless, the adherents began to disclose that her life and the Hall in danger; At the same time, on June 27, one of the visible was arrested. Participants of the conspiracy, cap. Life Guard Transfiguration. Shepherd pockets.

Assuming that the plot is disclosed, they decided not to slow down.

On the night of June 28, Catherine was awakened by Alexey Orlov in Peterhof and brought to St. Petersburg, in the barracks Izmail. n., which all swore to her. From there, attaching Semenovsk. p., Catherine arrived in Kazansk. Cathedral, where and was proclaimed autocratic impot; Then she went to winter. The Palace, which was soon focused by the shelves Preobrazhensky and K.-Guards, and here she swelled the Senate and Synod. Head of 14-thousand The troops of the imp-Centa at about 10 a century. Moved to Oranienbaum, dressed in uniform the transformation. p-ka. Meanwhile, in the morning, at the very time, when Catherine was proclaimed by the autocratic impot of All-Russian in Kazansk. Cathedral, P. III in Oranienbauma did usual. Parade Holsteinsk. Forces, and at 10 o'clock in the morning he went with a retinue in Peterhof, intending to dinner at the Implace in MontPlezir.

Having learned here about the accomplished in St. Petersburg. GOSID. coup, P. in despair did not know what to do; At first he wanted with his Holsteinsk. The army move against Catherine, but, to create the recklessness of this enterprise, at 10 h. He went to Kronstadt on the yacht, hoping to rely on the fortress.

But here he topked the name of the impot Catherine ADM. Talyzin, who did not allow P. to land under the threat of the opening of fire. End, but losing the presence of the spirit, P. after several chimerich. Projects (eg, the project of minijah: Swang into Revel, transfer there to the military. The ship and go to Pomerania, from where with the army to go to St. Petersburg.) I decided to return to Oranienbaum and enter the negotiations with the Imp-Tsei. When the proposal of P. to divide the power with him was left Catherine unanswered, he signed a renunciation of the throne, asking for only it to let him in Holt, but was sent to the Zhody in the country. Palace in Ropshu. Holsteinsk. The troops were disarmed.

P. III, according to Friedrich V., "allowed to overthrow himself from the throne, as a child who was sent to sleep." On July 6, the former imp-p suddenly and, apparently, forcibly died in Ropshe from "Breather Colik", as was said in the manifesto about this. (Military. ENZ.) Peter III Fedorovich (Karl-Peter Ulrich), Duke of Holsteinsky, Imp. All-Russian; R. 10 Feb. 1728, † July 6, 1762 (Polovtsov)

Emperor Peter III Fedorovich was named Karl by Peter Ulrich, since the future Russian ruler was born in the port city of Kiel, located in the north of the modern German state. On the Russian throne, Peter III lasted half a year (official years of government are considered to be 1761-1762), after which it turned out to be a victim of the palace coup, arranged by his wife, who changed the deceased spouse.

It is noteworthy that in subsequent century, the biography of Peter III was supplied exclusively from a derogatory point of view, so his image in humans developed unequivocally negative. But recently, historians find evidence that this emperor had completely definite merits to the country, and the longer period of his rule would bring a tangible benefit to the residents of the Russian Empire.

Childhood and youth

Since the boy was born in the Duke of Karl Friedrich Hollytein-Gottorpsky, the nephew of the Swedish king Charles XII, and his wife Anna Petrovna, the king's daughter (i.e. Peter III was the grandson of Peter I), then his fate was predetermined from infancy. I barely appeared on the light, the child became the heir to the Swedish throne, and in addition, in the theory could claim the Russian throne, although on the idea of \u200b\u200bhis grandfather Peter I should not have happened.

The childhood of Peter the Third was not at all royal. The boy has lost her mother early, and the father, looked at the rest of the lost Prussian lands, brought up his son as a soldier. Already at 10 years old, Karl Peter was assigned the title of second lieutenant, and a later boy orphaned boy.

After the death of Karl Friedrich, his son got into the house to the bishop Adolf Eitinsky, his cousin uncle, where the boy turned into an object for humiliation, cruel jokes and where regularly satisfied the spanking. Nobody cared for the formation of the Crown Prince, and by 13 years he could hardly read. Karl Peter had a weak health, he was a sick and a frantic teenager, but at the same time good and innocent. He loved music and painting, although because of the memories of the father simultaneously adored the "Military region".

However, it is known that until the death of Emperor Peter III, I was afraid of the sound of cannon shots and rifle salts. Chronicles also celebrated the strange addiction of the young men to fantasies and inventions, often moved to a frank lie. There is also a version that, in the adolescence, Karl Peter acquired the dependence on alcohol.

The life of the future of the Emperor of All-Russian has changed when he was 14 years old. His aunt rose to the Russian throne, which decided to consolidate the monarchy for the descendants of his father. Since Karl Peter was the only direct heir to Peter the first, he was called to St. Petersburg, where the young Peter Third, who was already the title of Duke of Hollytein-Gottorpsky, adopted the Orthodox religion and received the Slavic name Prince Peter Fedorovich.

At the first meeting with the nephew of Elizabeth, his ignorance was amazed and put to the royal heir to the tutor. The teacher noted the excellent mental abilities of the ward, which annoys one of the myths about Peter III as a "weakly soldier" and "mentally defective".

Although there are evidence that the emperor behaved in humans is extremely strange. Especially in the temples. For example, during the divine service Peter laughed and speaking loudly. Yes, and familiarly behaved with foreign ministers. Perhaps such behavior and spawned a rumor about his "inferiority".

Also in his youth, he had a severe shape of the smallpox, which could cause deviations in development. At the same time, Peter Fedorovich was sacrificed in the exact sciences, geography and fortification, owned by German, French and Latin. But Russian practically did not know. But she did not seek to master it.

By the way, the Black Oypa strongly disappeared the face of Peter Third. But in any portrait this defect appearance is not displayed. And about the art of photography then no one thought - the first photo in the world appeared only after 60 years. So only his portraits written from nature reached contemporaries, but "embellished" artists.

Governing body

After the death of Elizabeth Petrovna on December 25, 1761, Peter Fedorovich joined the throne. But it was not crowded, it was planned after the military campaign to Denmark. As a result, Peter III was crowned posthumously in 1796.

He spent 186 days on the throne. During this time, Peter Third signed 192 of the law and decree. And even not counting ideas to awards. So, despite myths and rumors around his personality and activities, even for such a short period, he managed to express himself and in the external and internal policy of the country.

The most important document of the reign of Peter Fedorovich - "Manifesto on the liberty of the nobility." This legislative act liberated the nobles from the mandatory 25-year-old service and even allowed them to leave abroad.

From other Emperor's cases, it is worth noting a number of reforms about the transformation of the state system. He, being on the throne of only six months, managed to abolish the secret office, introduce freedom of religion, cancel the church supervision of the subjects of the subjects, prohibit state lands and most importantly to the private property - to make the court of the Russian Empire open. He also declared the forest with national wealth, established the state bank and introduced the first appointments into circulation. But after Peter Fedorovich, all these innovations were destroyed.

Thus, the emperor Peter III had intention to make the Russian empire of free, less totalitarian and more enlightened.

Despite this, most historians consider the short period and the results of his rule alone from the worst for Russia. The main reason for this is the actual annulment of the results of the seven-year war. Peter had bad relationships with military officers, as he stopped the war with Prussia and brought Russian troops from Berlin. Some regarded these actions as a betrayal, but in fact the victory of the guardsmen in this war brought fame or by him personally or Austria and France, whose side supported the army. But for the Russian Empire, there was no benefit from this war.

He also decided to introduce Prussian orders in the Russian army - the Guards appeared a new form, and the punishment was now also to Prussian manner - a wig. Such changes did not add to him the authority, but, on the contrary, they gave rise to discontent and uncertainty in tomorrow, both in the army and in court circles.

Personal life

When the future ruler was almost 17 years old, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna hurried him to marry. A German Princess Sofia Frederick Augustus chose to the wife of Sophia Frederick Augustus, which today the whole world knows under the name Catherine the second. The wedding of the heir was played with an unprecedented scope. Petra and Catherine were presented as a gift to Palaisi - Oranienbaum near St. Petersburg and Lyubertsy near Moscow.

It is worth noting that Peter III and Ekaterina II did not endure each other and were considered a family pair only legally. Even when the wife gave Peter the heir of Paul I, and then the daughter of Anna, he joked that he did not understand, "where she takes these children."

The heir to the baby, the future Russian emperor Paul I, after birth, was taken away from the parents, the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna itself was immediately engaged in her upbringing. However, Peter Fedorovich was not at all grieving. He was never particularly interested in his son. He saw the boy once a week, on it was the resolution of the Empress. Daughter Anna Petrovna died in infancy.

About the complex relations of Peter Third and Catherine The second says the fact that the ruler has repeatedly publicly quarreling with his wife and even threatened to divorce her. Once, after the spouse did not support the toast spoken on the feast, Peter III ordered to arrest a woman. From prison, Catherine was saved only by Uncle Peter's intervention, George Golstein-Gottorpsky. But with all the aggression, anger and, most likely, Zhugene jealousy to his wife Pyotr Fedorovich was experiencing respect for her mind. In difficult situations, more often and financial, Ekaterina's husband often turned to her for help. Data has been preserved that Peter III Catherine II called "Mrs. Beat".

It is noteworthy, on the personal life of Peter III, the lack of intimate relations with Catherine did not affect. Peter Fedorovich had mistresses, the main of which was the daughter of General Roman Vorontsov. Two his daughters were presented to the yard: Catherine, which will become a friend of the Imperial Spouse, and later the princes Dashkova, and Elizabeth. Here it fell fate to become a beloved woman and favorite Peter III. For her, he was even ready to dissolve a wedded marriage, but this happened to this.

Death

At the royal throne, Peter Fedorovich stayed a little longer than six months. By the summer of 1762, his wife Ekaterina The second inspired his minion to organize a palace coup, which occurred at the end of June. Peter, struck by the treacherism of the environment, renounced the Russian throne, who initially did not appreciate and did not want, and intended to return to his native country. However, by order of Catherine, the deplorable emperor was arrested and placed in the Palace in Ropsche near St. Petersburg.

And on July 17, 1762, a week after that, Peter III died. The official cause of death was the "attack of hemorrhoid colic", enhanced by the abuse of alcoholic beverages. However, the main version of the death of the emperor is the violent death from hand, the elder brother - the main thing at the time of Favorite Catherine. It is believed that the eagles strangled the prisoner, although neither the later medical examination of the corpse nor historical facts confirm this. This version relies on the "repentant letter" by Alexey, which in our time has been preserved in copies, and modern scientists are confident that this paper is a fake made by Fedor Mensor, the right hand of Paul first.

After the death of the former emperor, there was an incorrect idea of \u200b\u200bthe personality and biography of Peter III, since all the conclusions were made on the basis of the memoirs of his wife Catherine II, the active participants of the princess of Dashkina, one of the main ideologues of the conspiracy, Count Nikita Panin, and his brother - Count Peter Panin . That is, based on the opinions of those people who betrayed Peter Fedorovich.

Just "thanks" to the memories of Catherine II, the image of Peter III as a drunkard-husband, hanged rats. Allegedly a woman went into the office of the emperor and was amazed seen. Above his table was roving rat. The spouse she answered her that she had committed a criminal offense and in military laws underwestercable. According to him, she was executed and for 3 days will hang in front of the public. This "story" was repeated and, and describing the third Peter.

Was it in reality, or thus Catherine II on his "unsightly" background created his own positive image, now it is not possible to find out.

Rumors of death spawned a considerable number of impostors, calling themselves "surviving king." Such phenomena happened before, it is worth remembering at least numerous lzedmitriev. But by the number of people who gave themselves to the emperor, Peter Fedorovich has no competitors. At least 40 persons turned out to be "lzhetters III", among which and Stepan Small.

Memory

• 1934 - Feature film "Slutty Empress" (in the role of Peter III - Sam Jaffe)
• 1963 - Art Film "Katerina from Russia" (as Peter III - Raul Gracili)
• 1987 - The book "Legend of Russian Prince" - Sochnikov A. S.
• 1991 - Figure Film "Vivat, Marthemaryna!" (In the role of Peter III -)
• 1991 - the book "Temptation by Miracle. "Russian Prince" and impostors "- Sochnikov A. S.
• 2007 - Book "Ekaterina II and Peter III: The history of the tragic conflict" - Ivanov O. A.
• 2012 - the book "Heirs of Giant" - Eliseeva O.I.
• 2014 - TV series "Catherine" (as Peter III -)
• 2014 - Monument to Peter III in the German city of Kiel (Sculptor Alexander Taratynov)
• 2015 - Serial "Great" (as Peter III -)
• 2018 - TV series "Bloody Baryn" (as Peter III -)

Russian Emperor Peter III lived only 34 years and had the two name - German and Russian. Rarely, the sovereign of contemporaries and descendants gave so contradictory assessments. Some said: "Tupidaya soldier", "Holly Friedrich II", "Chronic drinker". But there are positive reviews of prominent figures of Russian culture and state husbands about him.

His name took advantage of the leader of the peasant movement of Emelyan Pugachev. But in People's Memory, he remained a victim of his royal wife - Catherine Great.

The Great Sovereign and Emperor All-Russian Peter III Fedorovich was awarded not only the title of "Idiota" and "unable spouse", siren "impotent", Catherine II, but also, as one of the pre-revolutionary Russian historians noticed, this king was assigned "some exceptional privilege for meaninglessness and stupidity. "

Ladies and gentlemen, I dare to assure you, there is no angels or demons. We are all human, and Peter Fedorovich, nee in the Lutheran faith Karl Peter Ulrich Golstein-Gottorpsky (and German: Karl Peter Ulrich Von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf), was not weighing hell. Another victim of the political intrigue of the court of Camarilla. Usually, Peter the third is considered in the context of domestic politics, most often not touching international issues. This is important because Peter love to blame in the conclusion of the treacherous separation world with Prussia, because he was a passionate fan of Friedrich the Great and all Prussian.

The participants of the conspiracy in order to overthrow the legitimate monarch diligently missed antinec moods in society to turn patriots against the emperor. Until now, very many domestic historians see a traitor in Petra Fedorovich, who abandoned all the brilliant victories of Russian weapons on the battlefield fields of the seven-year war and, betraying their allians - Austria and France - concluded a "meaningless" world. Note that not only the thin world is better than good quarrel.

The French king Louis XVI made the following remark about the relationship of Peter III to Friedrich II: "Europe, on the contrary, waited with admiration, so that Peter III rushed to the rescue of Prussia, which France with Austria brought to exhaustion and which was saved from the Lutsky miracle and friendly Emperor's support. For Russia, it was also advantageous, as for us now, so that Prussia and Austria did not merge into one state. Europe was desirable that Russia saved Prussia from the extermination by the United's two great powers. Intensifying by Prussian possessions, Austria got the opportunity to remember Power with Russia, when the world was watering thanks to the friendly assistance of Peter III, which proves that this state was a good politician. "

In addition, you can agree with the opinion of some Russian historians, which in the geopolitical situation of the mid-XVIII century, the benefit of the acquisition of Russia East Prussia was doubtful. By the way, the largest Russian historian Vasily Klyuchevsky criticized such a dubious acquisition as Poland - the core of the future revolutionary contagion. Unlike Königsberg province, the compolutence spectacle had at least a common border with Russia.

If you get distracted from the propaganda hype of the royal times and ideological stamps of the times of Soviet, it turns out that Catherine has signed the second year in two years in two years with Friedrich Prussum, a number of articles of which exactly repeated the points of the "treacherous" contract of its late spouse Peter III.

The positiveness of the look at Peter Fedorovich even in scientific circles reaches unthinkable vertices. "Modern art historian, even qualified, describing the portrait of Peter III brush of a wonderful Russian artist of the XVIII century A. P. Antropova, seemingly depicted on canvas quite ordinary model" Thick belly on thin legs, a small head on a narrow shoulders and long arms, thin, like Spider's paws. "The spectacle is not really pleasant, although it would seem strange to demand that Apollo simultane time at the Russian throne," the modern Russian historian is surprised by Alexander Soilnikov.

The grandson of the Great Peter Peter III turned out to be in the series of those figures of history, which we know more rumors and myths created by their political opponents than real historical facts. Still: One of the main sources of information about him are memoirs "Mother Empress Ekaterina". This intelligent woman is definitely wanting to justify in the eyes of subjects and descendants an awkward "elimination" of his wife, put it with a fool, able to except for a nomuzkal game on the violin and adored not Russia, but his phone and Freillan-mistress.

Peter III is not the only obolganic historical figure. And the speech is not at all about his "posthumous rehabilitation." Just it is meaningless. And even this to some extent explains the sad fate of the imperial house of the Romanovs, the last representatives of which brutally destroyed the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev house. The brutality struggling for the priority gave rise to later atrocities. The forerunners of Communist Varvarov were the noble shorters, who dealt with Peter III, Paul I and John Vi Antonovich.

If you continue to compare further, then the figure of Stalin will appear, which in the late 1930s brutally ending with Lenin colleagues. However, we were distracted. While the revolutions are still far away, Peter III, seeking to lean to his great grandfather, from the first days of joining the throne, paid special attention to strengthening the procedure and discipline in the highest premises, to streamline the competence of higher authorities. Peter the third was hardly the only one after Peter the first monarch, who personally visited the Synod - the Higher Church Office.

Not felt locating to Peter III Princess Ekaterina Dashkov, a member of the palace coup under the leadership of his namesake, frankly wrote in memoirs that "Peter III strengthened the disgust, which was fed to him, and caused deep contempt for his legislative measures." This particular opinion of a particular person is correctly displaced the opposition attitude towards the Russian monarch of some part of the highest nobility. It is from their environments and the environment of Catherine, many myths about the grandson of Peter the Great went through the light.

Here is one of them: Courtful, Say, convinced Peter III to eliminate the secret office, about which he drove the manifest after, in advance, consulting, during the feast of the Count K. G. Razumovsky shouted on one of the drinking books "Word and Case" for That he insulted the emperor without drinking his health glass to the bottom. The historians have a reasonable question, why didn't such a show with comrades played earlier before, when Elizabeth Petrovna? This is despite the fact that Kirill Grigorievich accounted for her for a long-time favorite and presumably the Morganotic spouse of Empress Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky.

For its short board from December 25, 1761 (after the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna) to June 29, 1762 (when, he was arrested, he signed a renunciation of the throne, and presumably July 3 was killed) Peter Fedorovich signed several important manifestos: "On Validity Given and freedoms of the Russian nobility, "" On the destruction of the secret search office "and a series of acts about the versoity and relationship between the state and the Orthodox Church.

Each of the Russian rulers had many unsolved enough secrets, however, Peter III Fedorovich was one of the most mysterious Russian emperors.

Young Years of the German Prince

Karl Peter Ulrich Golstein-Gottorpsky (just so called Peter from birth), born in the family of German Duke Charles Friedrich and daughter Peter I Tsearean Anna.

From the birth, Peter was a challenged at once on two European throne - he could become the king of Sweden as the grand-nephew of a childless Charles XII and, being the grandson of Peter I claimed the Russian throne. The prince wicked early and brought up his uncle Bishop Eytsky, who hated everything Russian and brought up a nephew on Protestant customs.

There was little about the formation of a child, so Peter owned only German language and spoke a little in French. The boy was growing very nervous and cowardly, fond of music and painting and adored everything connected with military affairs (while terribly afraid of the cannon shots).

In 1741, by order of Empress, Elizabeth, a thirteen-year-old heir comes to Russia, which at that time he hates with all his heart. After a year, Peter on the orders of the Empress moves in Orthodoxy under the name of Peter Fedorovich.

Married life

In 1745, Peter marries Sophia Augustus Frederic Anhalt Cerebst, future Catherine II. Their marriage from the first days was doomed to failure - too different were young spouses. Catherine was more educated and intellectual, and Peter except games in the soldiers did not interest anything. The spouses did not make an intimate relationship, they were not at all for a long time, and in the future Catherine had to wear a military German form to excite her husband.

At the same time, despite the cold in the relationship, Peter really trusted his wife, and in difficult situations often turned to her for help, for which he even came up with her nickname "Mrs. Beat".

The empress of Elizabeth, the Empress of Elizabeth, was laughed at the wiping of the Grand Duke, and the whole Russian know, so the prince played secretly, and the toys were hiding in a married bed, at night, when the spouses remained alone, he played over two hours.

Sophisticated treason of Peter

Not paying attention to your beautiful wife, Peter is surprisingly to all courtiers wounded his mistress - Elizavet Vorontsov, daughter of Graph Roman Vorontsova. The girl was ugly - Tolstoy, with a little walked and a wide face. Although Peter also stated that he loved and respects Vorontsov, but called her in society just "Romanovna". Surprisingly, Catherine was completely not offended by the spouse and called his mistress "Russian Pompadur".

Peter, not embarrassed, appeared in the society of Favoritsa, and after becoming the emperor immediately produced it in Camera Freilina and handed it to her Ekaterinin ribbon. Moreover, Peter almost openly declared that it divorced with Catherine, send it to the monastery, and he himself marries Vorontsova. It is these statements that have become an impetus to the future palace coup.

Spywareness of the heir

Hatering Russia, Peter Fedorovich adored Prussia and believed King Friedrich his idol, so during the seven-year-old war, the heir passed the secret documentation in which the number and location of Russian regiments was said.

When Empress Elizaveta Petrovna learned about it, he was furious, but in memory of the late sister Anna and, realizing that she had no other heir, forgave her nephew. The case was hushed up, and Peter himself convinced that the King Friedrich is looking for friendship with the Grand Duke.

Children Peter.

Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna had two children - the Grand Duke Paul and the Grand Duchess Anna. The first son was born in nine years of marriage, which gave rise to many rumors that Peter was not the father of the newborn Paul. When the court went rumors that the father of the child is Sergey Saltykov, although Paul was very similar to the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich.

The Grand Duchess Anna lived less than two years, and although he was recognized as the daughter of the Grand Duke, whether such an unknown. Peter himself stated that he did not know where his wife's pregnancy was taken from, he had nothing to do with them.

He did not engage in the upbringing of his son Paul, since he was immediately selected by the Empress Elizabeth, and Peter himself was not interested in the development of the Son.

Emperor Peter III

Emperor Peter stayed all 186 daysHowever, over these days, it was able to show themselves with the slightly and energetic ruler. So he abolished the secret office, began the secularization of the lands, created the state bank, stopped the persecution of old-handers, carried out quite wide amnesty for political prisoners.

Most of his documents became a foundation for the Catherine Epoch. The reason that was chosen for the state coup - the fantasy of Peter about the baptism of Russia on the Protestant rite, historians were not documented, and most likely, it was specially invented by the Environment of Catherine II.

Mystery of death

According to the official version, the Emperor Peter died of a disease, which in principle may be true, since the events of the palace coup have undermined the already weak health of the emperor. There is also a legend that Peter killed the favorite of Catherine Alexei Orlov.

Such a sustainable death gave rise to a lot of legends, that Peter escaped, therefore, for a long time in Russia and abroad, there were figures of the impostors of Lia-Petrov, one of which even became the king of Montenegro, and the second became the famous robber Emelyan Pugachev. The last of the impostors was arrested in 1802, already under the grandson of Peter Emperor Alexandra.

Coronation after death

Since the reign of Peter lasted, half a year of the official coronation ceremony did not have time, it was because of this that he was buried not in the tomb of the imperial family in the Petropavlovsky Cathedral, but in the Alexander-Nevsky Lavra without any honors. Only after 34 years later, his son Emperor Paul, having risen on the throne, suffered a dust of his father to the Petropavlovsky Cathedral and personally spent a coronation rite over the land of a dead father.