Reasoning The problem of the value of human life (USE in Russian). The problem of finding the meaning of life (Arguments of the exam)

• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Favorite heroes of Tolstoy do not speak lofty words about love for the motherland, they act in the name of it. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded in the Borodino field. Genuine patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" some of the heroes think of themselves as patriots and loudly shout about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives for the sake of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldier's greatcoats, fighters from the Tushin battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine holy feeling of love for their homeland.

NS. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S. Leskov, "racial", patriotic, consciousness. They are imbued with all the actions of the hero of the story "The Enchanted Wanderer", Ivan Flyagin. Being held captive by the Tatars, he never for a minute forgets that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives for his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily goes to recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He emerges from all life trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his publicistic articles, the writer V.P. Astafyev talked about how he rested in the southern sanatorium. Plants from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birches, which miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and recalled his village street. Love for one's small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The Legend of Pandora's Box.
The woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed on the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are simple people in the novel, who do their duty without high phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful Doctor".
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, the life of the hero and his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks volumes about the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the elder and younger generations... Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger and an older Kirsanov, and his parents. And, although, by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
Striving to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, realizes that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of elders, sometimes offends them (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the affairs that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it is too late: the mother is gone ...

V. G Rasputin "French Lessons".
The teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story of V.G. Rasputin taught the hero not only lessons French but also lessons in kindness, empathy, compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The great Emperor Alexander II was taught by the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, the desire to benefit his people, the desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V.P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of a Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandmother and grandfather.

V. G Rasputin "French Lessons"

• The formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude, self-esteem.

Leo Tolstoy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth"
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions.

Fazil Iskander "The Thirteenth Feat of Hercules"

A smart and competent teacher has a huge impact on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to study, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adulthood, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”. Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Improper upbringing disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training - the main aspects human life... Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited "regiment teachers" for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one "knew and did not study." Chatsky himself had a mind "hungry for knowledge", and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of the Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of wrong parenting.

B. Vasiliev "My Horses Are Flying"
Dr. Jansen died saving children who fell into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime, was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Self-sacrifice of Margarita for the sake of her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with a dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
The story tells about tragic fate a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole a silver dish from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of just power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders." If I tell my general to turn into a sea gull, - he used to say, - and if the general does not obey the order, it will not be his fault, but mine. " ...

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and leaves. Only music and love affirm the true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Minor"
They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the idler Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons of the fatherland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of man? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly what L.N. Tolstoy image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his beloved heroes away from the "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. "Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth," the writer argued. it famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no kindness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the mood and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only of his own greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the Tran.

Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter lot of a soldier, made society look differently at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of personality in history, one can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He has influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw, heard what he did not notice and did not understand ordinary person... The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art, and his high appointment was in the poems "The Prophet", "The Poet", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands." Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Chudik"
"Chudik" is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. Chudik reflects on the problems of concern to humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What are good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom".
Showed the drama " former people"Who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the flophouse and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought a gift of a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he mines this metal from the clay-sting earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that man suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to its opening, the yield has increased sharply, people have ceased to be afraid of hunger.
• Prominent scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died of blood poisoning.
• An English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons."
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: "It cannot be, because I already had cowpox." The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to an ingenious discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among the commoners, but also among the people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in humans. The same Charlemagne, during the campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he painstakingly inscribed letters.
• For millennia, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at the familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many calamities have been brought to people by their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: illness of a child, death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the origin evil spirits... A fierce witch-hunt began, and bonfires burned. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in human development. There is a curious legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once talking with a stranger young man, Socrates asked him where to go to get flour and butter. Young Xenophon replied briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: "What about wisdom and virtue?" The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" - promised Socrates. And he connected the long-term path to truth with a strong friendship between the famous teacher and his student.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for serf structures and physics, giving only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a difficult struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an annoying scientific misunderstanding" -
• At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery soon ran out, and the new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be supplanted by an electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed the horse than to change the zinc in the battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to contemplate the possibilities that will open before a person.
• In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clieu was carrying a stalk of coffee in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm nearly smashed it on the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the tackle was broken. Gradually, supplies began to run out fresh water... She was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely keeping his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco".
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
The inner conviction of the correctness of their moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul.

Zamyatin "The Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​perish. He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

V. Astafiev "The Tsar is a Fish".

• In V. Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish" the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on the hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing that how little he has done for other people. This meeting changes the hero morally.
• Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with morally punishing power, it is capable not only of defending itself, but also of not retribution. The fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish", serves as an illustration of the punishing power. This hero is not a punishment for arrogant cynicism towards people and towards nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it is not conscious of its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

• People forget that nature is their home and the only home that requires respectful attitude to himself, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The protagonist, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and a person is a worker in it." This is how the Author sees in him a "new" person: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• The novel by I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" raises the actual topic of the relationship between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic enjoyment of nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, a friend of Bazarov, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each character is tested by nature. Communication with the outside world helps Arkady to heal his emotional wounds, for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov felt bad, he "went into the forest and broke branches." She does not give him the desired comfort or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants a part of the human brain to the dog Sharik, transforming completely cute dog in the disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can't mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Block
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, you need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help in this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Vast distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. Such is Blok's Russia in the poems "Rus", "Autumn Day". The poet's true filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev "Don't Shoot White Swans"

• Now that explode Atom stations when oil flows along rivers and seas, entire forests disappear, a person is obliged to stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", the author's idea about the responsibility of man for nature is also expressed. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, worries about the behavior of visiting "tourists", the lake empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
• The main character, Yegor Polushkin, loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives quietly, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not violate the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and cherish native land.

V. Astafiev "Belogrudka"
In the story "Belogrudok", the children killed a brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on all the surrounding world, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a rifle charge

Ch.Aitmatov "Plakha"
Man destroys the multicolored and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatiana felt like a part of nature ("She loved to warn the dawn of the sunrise on the balcony ...") and therefore showed herself in a difficult life situation a person who is spiritually strong.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Forest in autumn"
Reading Tvardovsky's poem "Forest in Autumn", you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world, nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crackle of a broken knot. You see the light jump of the squirrel. I would like not only to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she has seen. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself to it, indulging in sad thoughts that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently took place in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V.I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
Writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village man with the natural world, therefore his story "Ivan's memory" is so touching. In this small piece, the Yurovskikh raises an important issue: the human impact on the environment. Ivan, the protagonist of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bush, the magpie every year began to make a nest, and the magpies began to hatch. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the telnik became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bushes you can take shelter from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
A close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov's story "A Hero of Our Time". The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by a change in the state of nature in accordance with the changes in his mood. So, considering the scene of the duel, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and the feelings of Pechorin is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue”, and the sun “shining brightly”, then after the duel, looking at the corpse of Grushnitsky, the heavenly body seemed to Grigory “dull”, and its rays “did not warm”. The nature is not only the experiences of the heroes, but is also one of actors... The thunderstorm becomes the reason for the long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that "the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love." With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the inner state of the heroes, but also denotes his own, author's presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina "We"
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite as an example the anti-utopian novel "We" by E. Zamyatin. Rejecting the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the One State become numbers, whose life is determined by the framework of the Hourly Tablet. The beauties of native nature have been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is possible only with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is acquired, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin tried to express the indissolubility of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin "Goy you, Russia, my dear"
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the XX century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem "Goy you, Russia, my dear" the poet renounces paradise for the sake of his homeland, her flock above the eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very realization of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real world that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin "Ginseng"
This theme is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets have turned to her. In M. Prishvin's story "Ginseng" the heroes know how to be silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock is crying, the stone has a heart. It is a person who must do everything so that nature exists and does not fall silent. This is very important in our time.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
I. S. Turgenev expressed his deep and tender love for nature in the Notes of a Hunter. He did this with keen observation. The hero of the story "Kasyan" traveled half of the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily recognizing and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with mother - nature and dreamed that "every man" would live in contentment and justice. It would not hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally, instead of large chickens, breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization. Such consequences can lead to thoughtless interference in the life of nature.

Ch. Aitmatov "Plakha"
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Plakha" showed that the destruction natural world leads to dangerous deformation of a person. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum Savannah is a global issue, not a local issue.

A closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the One State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "Resistance of human nature". In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who undergoes the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the personality and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to identify dystopian features in the most diverse works at first glance ... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped in its development, plunged into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B.Vasiliev "Not on the lists"
The works make you think about the questions that everyone seeks to answer: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, to show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
Despite the difficulties and trials that fell to the lot of the main character Andrei Sokolov, he always remained faithful to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke the spiritual strength in him or eradicated the sense of duty in him.

A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter».

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the hero's nobility. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrew always put the laws of honor in the first place, followed them, even if it required incredible efforts, suffering, pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Glukhoman"
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" are striving to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​have been lost because culture has gone from our lives. The society split, in it the bank account became the measure of a person's merits. Moral deafness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and being refused, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Helen Kuragina tricked Pierre into marrying himself, then lying to him all the time, being a wife, dishonoring him, making him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, to gain a good position in society.

NV Gogol "The Inspector General".

Khlestakov is deceiving officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he composes many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful"
D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," tells how he felt a daring feeling when he learned that in 1932 the cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration was blown up on the Borodino field. Then someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero - Tuchkov: "Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!" At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which, even during the war, our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual."

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolay, Petya - became really good people.They are responsive to other people's pain, they are able to understand feelings and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts, loaded with their family values, in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", his father's instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and to duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father's behest "to save a drink", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. He is with school years he valued only money, so in his life he never had faithful friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya's story "The Daughter of Bukhara", accomplished a maternal feat, devoting all of herself to the upbringing of her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to leave life.

Zakrutkin V. A. "Human Mother"
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became a Mother for them. And when the first entered the burnt farm Soviet soldiers It seemed to Mary that she gave birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute by the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive as life"
K.I. Chukovsky in his book "Alive as Life" analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and disfigure our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin shines again! Treat this powerful tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Protect the purity of the language as a sacred thing!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can work wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that cannot be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov "Death of an official"
The official Chervyakov in the story of A.P. Chekhov “The Death of an Official” is incredibly infected with the spirit of honor: sneezing and burping the bald spot in front of the sitting general Bryzzhalov (who did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened, that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", an official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolayevskaya railway and learned that he was a secret adviser, that is. in the service has moved significantly higher. In an instant, the "thin" turns into a slave creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it was affectionate." The need to tirelessly please gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maksim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells Chatsky, in order to win the Empress's favor, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim, Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be worse?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story "Biryuk" the main character, a forester, nicknamed Biryuk, lives poorly, despite the conscientious fulfillment of his duties. Social device life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov "Railway"
The poem talks about who built railroad... These are workers who have been mercilessly exploited. The arrangement of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the poem "Reflections at the front entrance": the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. Power does not consider the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy "After the ball"
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. Social world arranged unfairly towards the weak.

N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
There can be nothing sacred, nothing right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be "a full bowl". Another hero, a former worker, claims: "Those who fought have the right to rest by a quiet river." This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of spiritual growth contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
The personality of everyone is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev, there are people whose talents are not needed by the country. Jacob ("The Singers") drinks himself into a pub. The truth-seeker Mitya ("Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov") stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk is responsible for his service, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. This is not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One day of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the scary details camp life and the unfair structure of society, the works of Solzhenitsyn are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to keep a person in oneself.

A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
A person who is not accustomed to work does not find a worthy place for himself in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to. Society is such that it does not have a worthy place for an outstanding personality.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, could not overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people work. The heroes of the story "On Salt" found themselves in the same impasse. Around them - cars, salt dust, eating away the eyes. However, no one was embittered. In the souls of even such oppressed people, good feelings... The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in work. Everyone will begin to work conscientiously - you look, and we will all become richer and better together. After all, "the wisdom of life is always deeper and broader than the wisdom of people."

M. I. Weller "The Novel of Education"
The meaning of life is in the one who himself devotes his activity for the sake of the cause that he considers necessary. The Novel of Education by MI Weller, one of the most published contemporary Russian writers, makes one think about this. Indeed, there have always been a lot of purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted "to be quite good, to do good to people."
• All of Leo Tolstoy's favorite heroes were busy with an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to be sympathetic to Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, seeking person. He read a lot, knew about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of the love of the motherland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he kept the true human dignity... It is no coincidence that MI Kutuzov will say to the hero: "Your road is the road of honor." I also like extraordinary people who try to live not uselessly.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Even the failures and disappointments of an outstanding talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel Fathers and Sons, Evgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself unnecessary for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The problem of moral choice: which is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes it difficult moral choice: dies, retaining its human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"
Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents during the Great Patriotic War. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
The machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but the devotion of a friend, love for his chosen profession, perform a miracle: he, having got on his beloved steam locomotive, regains his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The main character all her life has been accustomed to working, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains pure soul, a righteous woman.

Ch. Aitmatov Roman "Mother's Field"
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working on a farm, in a melon, in a greenhouse since dawn. She feeds the country, people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. Story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev has chosen an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of persistence and perseverance made the once good doctor a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you need to keep yourself morally and morally in it.
• There comes a time when each of us faces the choice of a profession. The hero of the story, A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych", Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, settling in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation, inertia. The doctor has become a common man in the street who thinks little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who do their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." According to his theory, a person is capable of making history, like Mohammed, Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of "great goals". Raskolnikov's theory is failing. In reality, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"
The problem of freedom can be traced especially clearly in the story "Obelisk" by V. Bykov. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or perish with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free man.

A.M. Bitter "At the bottom"
Is there any way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in the play "At the Bottom". In addition, the writer posed another vital question: is it possible to consider someone who has resigned themselves to be a free person. Thus, the contradictions between the truth of the slave and the freedom of the individual is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Opposition to evil and tyranny attracted special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm". A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the situation of the "dark kingdom" and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Gulag Archipelago"
Pictures of bullying, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son, the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"
In the story of Nekrasov there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state have always been considered "cogs" in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to death, who shot for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people at bay.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, is to admire life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, "not thinking about time", only then will she "invite you to talk."

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you immersed your face in a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power. "

Y.Gribov
Modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."

V.Rasputin "Deadline"
Children from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the judgment seat. She sees that there is no previous understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna is leaving life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have to live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying on some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to endure such a terrible blow, she dies that very night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
KG Paustovsky's story "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, caring about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that one thing is to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and it is another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most holy being in the world, not limited only money transfers and short notes. Harmony between caring for the "distant" and love for oneself to a loved one Nastya could not be reached. This is the tragedy of her position, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness, which visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, has done many good deeds. He is a kind-hearted person who takes other people's pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunk girl from the men who stick to her, worries about her sister Dunya, seeks to interfere with her marriage to Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and regrets her mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman ruins herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonia's most beautiful act is to save Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she raises Raskolnikov to herself, helps him to overcome his sin and rise again. All the beauty of a human act is expressed in the actions of Sonya Marmeladova.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgust for the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after their duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What's wrong? What well? Why live, and what am I? " And when one of the cleverest Masonic leaders calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and orphanages, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of righteousness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshuya himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Raskolnikov killed the old woman-pawnbroker in order to prove to himself that he was a "superior" being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, the hero moves away from his relatives and friends. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder, embarks on the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man"
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, mean people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral deeds. So, for example, Helene deceives Pierre and uses his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

NV Gogol "Dead Souls".

Plyushkin subordinated his whole life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by thrift, then his desire to save went beyond all boundaries, he saved on the bare essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she was claiming his “wealth”.

Role of colors

IA Goncharov "Oblomov".

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero's spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in the hands of Margarita, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feelings through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to get an education, so it was from books that he drew knowledge, an idea of ​​the world, knowledge of the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Tatyana Larina grew up on love affairs. The books made her dreamy, romantic. She created for herself the ideal of a lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

From the texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, we have identified the most pressing and common problems regarding the meaning of life. For each of them we have selected interesting arguments from literature. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the article.

Helping people

1. The problem of the meaning of life is fully revealed in the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's "Matryonin Dvor"... It is in this work that the main character, not sparing herself, helps people. Throughout her life, Matryona always gave everything that she had, and did not demand anything in return. Despite the fact that many simply took advantage of the heroine's kindness, she enjoyed every day and was grateful for her life. According to the author himself, it is Matryona who is the real righteous man, on whom absolutely everything is held.
2. Natasha Rostova, heroine the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", sees his meaning in family life and love for people. Since childhood, she didn’t care for her parents, brothers and sisters. As a married woman, Natasha gave all her love to her husband, Pierre Bezukhov, and children. Rostova also did not forget about help. to strangers... Let us recall the episode after the Battle of Borodino, when the heroine disinterestedly helps the wounded soldiers and places them at home. Natasha Rostova lives in order to sow kindness, love and affection around herself.

In material values

1. Famus society, known for omedia A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", considered only material values ​​as the meaning of life. Fame, rank, money, position in society - all this plays a major role for them. And in order to achieve this, they are not afraid to be hypocritical, do mean things, do dirty tricks and gossip. For example, Molchalin deceives the daughter of his boss, pretending to be love, just to get promotion and protection. Only one Chatsky understands that these are false values, but the secular society refuses to believe in this and simply does not accept his point of view.
   2. Perhaps the story of I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" is a real example, in which the meaning of the hero's life is material wealth. The Nameless Master worked all the time to ensure a happy existence for himself and his family. Precisely existence, since their every day was similar to the previous one. The hero did not see the meaning of life in love or family, so their only joint rest turns into a routine vegetation on the deck, when there is nothing to even talk about. No wonder, because for the hero the most important thing is money, but his wife and daughter cannot talk about it. It is on the example of his hero that the author wants to show how insignificant such a set is. life values... It is not for nothing that all passengers obsessed with wealth sail on a ship called "Atlantis" - they are doomed to death.

Serving the Motherland

1. For many heroes of Russian literature, the meaning of life lies in serving the Fatherland. For example, for Andrey Sokolov from the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"... Upon learning of the beginning of the war, he unconditionally went to the front. Yes, it was difficult for him - several wounds, captivity, but Andrei never once thought about betraying his homeland. Even the thought of it sickened him. Sokolov also behaved bravely in the camp. Let us recall the episode when the hero refused to drink together with the German commandant Müller. As we can see, the meaning of life for Andrey is his homeland and love for it.
2. For Vasily Tyorkin, the hero poems by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Turkin", Homeland is the meaning of life. He is an ordinary soldier who is not afraid to give own life for the sake of defeating the enemy. Turkin is brave, dexterous, courageous and strong. He is not afraid of difficulties, since with the help of his ingenuity he is able to find a way out of any situation. The hero is worthy of real respect. Vasily Turkin is an example of a true patriot of his country, who is ready for anything for her.

In love

1. main character dramas by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm", Katerina considered love to be the meaning of her life. It was this feeling that was inextricably linked with her freedom, which she lacked. All her life, the heroine wanted to love and be loved. However, her husband, Tikhon, did not pay attention to Katerina. Every day the heroine felt more and more unhappy and unhappy. Only after the appearance of Boris did the heroine realize that she was capable of love. This forbidden relationship weighed down Katerina, but she could not do anything, because she so wanted to be loved and in this feeling to find the long-awaited freedom. However, the conflict of feeling and duty led her to the fact that she could not live, abandoning one of the conflicting parties. The woman chose death, since she had lost the meaning in life.
2. The hero saw the meaning of life in love novels by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet". Despite the fact that these feelings were doomed from the very beginning, Zheltkov continued to love Vera with all his heart. He did not demand anything in return. For him, the most important thing is her happiness. Zheltkov never allowed himself to cross the line, knowing that Vera - married woman... By his example, the hero proved that love is stronger than death. When he was forced to give up his feelings, he left this world, because he lived only for the sake of love.

Search for the meaning of life

1. In the novel by Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" the hero has been looking for his destiny all his life. However, any business brought only boredom and frustration. He was tired of the empty chatter in the world, he set about organizing the economy in the inherited village. But this activity soon ceased to interest him. Friendship and love did not inspire Eugene either. As a result, he realized too late that it was in them that he could find himself. Pushkin leaves the ending open in order to emphasize that the hero has only monotonous lonely wanderings ahead of him, which there is no point in describing. He lost his meaning in life due to satiety and laziness of the soul.
2. In the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" Pechorin is looking for the meaning of life, but does not find it because of his vices: selfishness, fear of feelings and indifference. Many people go to him with kindness, affection and love, but in return they receive only coldness. Because of this, Grigory Alexandrovich is lonely and powerless to find a destination. He got lost in the labyrinths of fate and lost hope of a successful outcome. Neither in the service, nor in the family, nor in creativity, the hero could not get the satisfaction of his ambitions. Therefore, critics called him "an extra person" who fruitlessly disappeared into oblivion, never using his skills and knowledge.
3. In the epic novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy one of the heroes was looking for himself throughout the story. Pierre Bezukhov tried to find his place in high society, but became convinced of his falsehood and hypocrisy. Then he found love, but he was disappointed in it, having received deception instead of devotion and affection. He even entered a secret society in order to benefit society. However, none of these roles suited him, each of them did not bring complete satisfaction. Only in the bosom of the family, after all his wanderings, did he find himself and the meaning of being. Children, marriage, honest work for the good of the people - this is what became for Pierre a real destiny.

The false meaning of life and the consequences of a mistake

1. In the work of N. V. Gogol "The Overcoat" the hero lived without realizing why. His existence was only an insignificant vegetation of a small man in a big city. Therefore, he found his likeness in the recognition of the environment. He wanted to deserve it not by merit, but by appearance. New overcoat, as it seemed to him, became a reason to respect his person. Because of this, he unnaturally became attached to this thing, and even died of grief, having lost it. If a person is mistaken in choosing life guidelines, they are waiting for him tragic consequences errors.
2. In the play by A. Chekhov "Uncle Vanya" the hero has worked all his life in the name of false ideals. He and his niece worked for minimal remuneration, and all the remaining money was sent to the girl's father, the husband of Uncle Vanya's late sister. He is a professor, and in his person modest people saw the science itself, which they willingly served. However, a personal meeting with the idol showed them that they sacrificed everything for the sake of smug nonentity. The psychological crisis of Ivan Voynitsky after realizing the falsity of ideals led to the fact that a quiet and timid man tried to kill a relative. However, in the finale, he resigned himself to fate and his deep misfortune.
3. In the work of A. P. Chekhov "Ionych" the main character rejects Startsev's offer in order to go to the capital and enter the conservatory. The girl sees the meaning of her life in music. Everyone praised her piano playing, no one doubted her success. But Mademoiselle Turkina turned out to be a mediocre pianist. She returned to hometown with nothing, but just as diligently studied music, although it no longer mattered. Catherine was disappointed in herself and did not find the strength to find a new incentive to develop.

Composition of the exam:

Probably, each of us will someday think about why he was born, try to determine his purpose. For example, your neighbor sees the meaning of his life in a vacation abroad, a car of a certain brand, a wife - a model ... Does it mean that your priorities should be set in this way? How to live, in the words of the author of the text proposed for reasoning, "the time allowed by nature"? The famous writer B.L. Vasiliev, raising the problem of the meaning of life.

Analyzing this issue, the author compares the life of an animal and a person and finds out that if the "sum of the stored energy" is correlated with the life span of the animal, then the time allotted to a person "does not fit into the dates on the tombstone." It is important for B. Vasiliev to show that a person, unlike an animal, lives not only the “time released by nature” - absolute time, but also relative time, when seconds can drag on like hours, and a day can fly by like moments. In the central part of the text, the writer deduces the dependence of the time allotted to a person on his spiritual culture. Indeed, the higher the culture, the more opportunities. This, from the author's point of view, explains why everyone has different relative times. The key, from my point of view, is the final part of the text, in which the hero-narrator refers to his childhood memories: it was then that he heard from his father important words about the role of labor, which “became the main commandment, alpha and omega” of the worldview.

I would like to substantiate my point of view by referring to the work of Fyodor Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Before us is the main character - a former student Rodion Raskolnikov. Analyzing the article in which his idea of ​​dividing people into two groups is outlined, you understand that the meaning of life for Rodion was the desire to make sure whether he could cross the blood for the sake of a great goal. Dostoevsky convincingly shows that the goals of the protagonist are destructive not only for himself. Alienated from the people, Raskolnikov, the unhappy mother and sister, who followed him to hard labor, Sonya Marmeladova - these heroes became hostages of that immoral idea, which Raskolnikov took for the meaning of life.

I would like to substantiate my position by referring to the work of Khaled Hosseini "The Runner with the Wind". One of the main characters is the son of an influential aristocrat Amir. Using his example, the author shows that the path to a correct understanding of the meaning of life can go through mistakes. The protagonist sacrifices a measured family life, a successful career as a writer, tranquility, and fame in order to fulfill his duty as a brother and friend, to wash away the stain of shame - this is what Amir sees as the meaning of his life. The story of the protagonist leaves no room for doubt: it is important that moral values ​​take the main place in life.

Making a search engine query "what is the meaning of life?", You will receive thousands of very different answers. Referring to the texts of B.L. Vasilieva, F.M. Dostoevsky, H. Hosseini helped me to understand: no matter how we define the purpose of our life, it is important to remember the laws of morality and not to overstep them.

Text by F.M.Dostoevsky

(1) Man is created for centuries, judging by the huge, incomparable waste of energy. (2) The lion, having killed the antelope, rests in a well-fed slumber for a day. (3) A mighty elk after an hour's fight with a rival for half a day defended in the thicket, convulsively reeling with his fallen sides. (4) Aitmatov Karanar spent a year accumulating strength to rage, rage and triumph for half a month. (5) For a person, such feats are the brilliance of the moment, for which he pays with such a small fraction of his reserves that he does not need rest at all.

(6) The purpose of the beast is to live the time allowed by nature. (7) The amount of energy stored in it is correlated with this period, and a living creature spends not as much as he wants, but as much as necessary, as if it provides for some kind of dosing device: the beast does not know desire, it exists according to the law of necessity. (8) Is this not why the beasts do not even suspect that life is finite?

(9) The life of animals is the time from birth to death: animals live in absolute time, not knowing that there is also relative time, in this relative time only man can exist. (10) His life never fits the tombstone dates. (11) It is larger, it contains seconds that are only known to him, which dragged on like a clock, and a day, flew by like moments. (12) And the higher the spiritual structure of a person, the more opportunities he has to live not only in absolute, but also in relative time. (13) For me, the global super task of art is its ability to prolong human life, saturate it with meaning, teach people to actively exist in relative time, that is, to doubt, feel and suffer.

(14) This is about spirituality, but even in ordinary, physical life, a person is obviously given more "fuel" than is needed in order to live according to the laws of nature. (15) Why? (16) For what purpose? (17) After all, in nature everything is reasonable, everything is verified, tested for millions of years, and even the appendix, as it turned out, is still needed for something. (18) And a huge supply of energy that is many times greater than the needs is given to a person?

(19) I asked this question in the fifth or sixth grade, when I got to elementary physics, and decided that it explains everything. (20) And she really explained everything to me then. (21) Except for man. (22) But I could not explain it. (23) It was here that the straightforward logic of knowledge ended and the frighteningly multivariate logic of understanding began.
(24) At that time, of course, I did not imagine this, but the energy balance did not converge, and I asked my father why a person was given so much.

- (25) For work.

- (26) I see, - I said, not understanding anything, but did not ask.

(27) This property - to agree with the interlocutor not when I understood everything, but when I did not understand anything - is apparently inherent in me by nature. (28) In everyday life, it always bothered me, because I did not crawl out of triplets, composing my theories, hypotheses, and often laws. (29) But there was one graceful side in this strangeness: I remembered without understanding, and dug myself to the answers, now it is not so important that most often the answer was wrong. (30) Life requires from a person not answers, but desires
look for them.

(31) I am writing about this only for the sake of two words from my father, which determined the whole meaning of existence for me. (32) This became the main commandment, the alpha and omega of my worldview. (33) And I became a writer, probably not at all because I was born with such a brilliance in my eyes, but only because I firmly believed in the need for persistent, daily, frenzied labor.

(According to B.L. Vasiliev *)

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, AT Tvardovsky in the poem "By the Right of Memory" calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in AA Akhmatova's poem “Requiem”. The verdict of the state system based on injustice and lies is passed by A.I.Solzhenitsyn in the story "One Day of Ivan Denisovich"
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and respect for them .
The problem of respect for cultural heritage has always remained in the center of attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. The Tula people are also distinguished by the care for the monuments of antiquity: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the churches and the Kremlin are preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of their historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (AS Pushkin). A person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called a mankurt ("Burannyi halt"). Mankurt is a person who is forcibly deprived of his memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were interviewed on the streets of our city whether they know about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the beginning of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, does not respect his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a manor, but the whole Earth... All nature, where in the open space he could manifest all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches her, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance ("stout, flabby ... - just look, he grunts into the blanket"). A false goal, obsession with the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...
I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
5) The meaning of human life. Finding the path of life.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a person who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the flophouse and ends there.
N. Gogol, the accuser human vices, persistently looking for a live human soul... Portraying Plyushkin, who has become a "hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, entering adulthood, to take with him all "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is movement along an endless road. Some travel along it "with the official need", asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others get scared of this road, run to their wide sofa, for “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them, Pierre Bezukhov, is the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to gross flattery, the reason for which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helene, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What to love and what to hate? Why live and what am I? " - these questions are scrolled countless times in my head until a sober comprehension of life comes. On the way to it and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the popular philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, the former siege soldier recalls that he, a dying teenager, during a terrible famine saved his life by a living neighbor who brought a can of canned meat sent by his son from the front. "I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live," the man said. He soon died, and the boy he saved for the rest of his life retained a grateful memory of him.
The tragedy took place in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire broke out in the nursing home where the sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burnt alive was the 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them to escape. But she didn't save herself - she didn't have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude to the person.
“People who are satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with small-property interests - these are the same Chekhov's heroes, “people in cases”. This is Doctor Startsev in "Ionych", and teacher Belikov in "Man in a Case". Let us recall how the plump, red, three-piece, with bells rides, Dmitry Ionych Startsev, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep the truth!” “Keep the truth” - after all, this is aloofness from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their safe path of life. And in Belikov's “no matter what happens,” we see only indifferent attitude to other people's problems. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - the bourgeoisie, the townsfolk, who imagined themselves to be "masters of life."
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Frontline service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. Literary examples there are many. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the heroes exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...” both the anti-aircraft gunners and the captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel "The Living and the Dead," Captain Sintsov takes out a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be conquered completely. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this devil-death turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal rural way of life. The problem of charm, beauty morally healthy
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his cabinet. ON. In his poem and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. Much has been said about the originality of the farm structure in Sholokhov's epic novel “ Quiet Don”. In Rasputin's story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with a historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment of meaningful activity.
The topic of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by IAGoncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she refers to work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay "My" She "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
Many poets and writers touched upon the topic of the future of Russia. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, in his lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls", compares Russia with "a brisk, unattainable troika." "Russia, where are you rushing?" He asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so indestructible forever. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! ”. He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop her.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that Bach's works increase and develop intelligence. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleans the thoughts and feelings of a person from negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
The Seventh Symphony by Dmitry Shostakovich has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the city's residents were greatly influenced by the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anti-culture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Another example is literature. The topic of “de-culture” is well disclosed in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. Employees of MASSOLIT write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have summer cottages. They are admired and their literature is revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
For a long time in Moscow, a gang operated, which was distinguished by its particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they confessed that they had a huge impact on their behavior, on their attitude to the world. american movie"Natural Born Killers", which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes, when they were children, watched TV and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through TV broadcasts, they got to know the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person acquired an addiction to television, and he had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in native language only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into the Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word - condensation. "
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who held the post of Minister of Education for some time, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym invented by him - water cannon. Exercising in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested talking instead of an alley - a drawdown, billiards - a ball-roll, he replaced a cue with a ball, and called the library a scribe. To replace the word galoshes that he did not like, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.
18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov back in the 70s in his story "After the Tale" (" White steamer") spoke about this problem. He showed the destructive, hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration, lack of spirituality. The writer continues the same theme in his subsequent works:" And the day lasts longer than a century "(" Storm Stop "), "Plaha", "Brand of Cassandra".
The novel "Plakha" produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed death wildlife from economic activity person. And how scary it becomes when you see that when compared with humans, the predators look more humane and "human" than the "crown of creation." So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower ...” The main character - Vasily Ivanovich - a modest employee who won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We do not want their families to undergo the ordeal of war. War! These five letters bring with them a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. Always the hearts of people were overwhelmed with the pain of loss. Wherever there is a war, we can hear the groans of mothers, the cry of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
Many tests of the war have befallen our country. V early XIX century Russia was shaken by the Patriotic War of 1812. Leo Tolstoy showed the patriotic spirit of the Russian people in his epic novel War and Peace. Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy narrates that for many, the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) commit heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice. For them, war is a job that they must do in good faith. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigned to it. Sevastopol was such a city in 1855. Leo Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “ Sevastopol stories”. The events taking place are especially reliably described here, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed at the courage of their spirit, willpower, tremendous patriotism. Their wives, mothers and children lived with them in this city. They became so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought meals to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy an entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows ... occupied by the bed, on which, with open eyes and saying, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words , lies wounded under the influence of chloroform ”. For Tolstoy, war is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they stand up to defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism Soviet people will perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that in the ranks of the Red Army, women fought on an equal basis with men. And even the fact that they are the fairer sex did not stop them. They fought with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...”. Five girls and their military commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhin ridge with sixteen fascists, who are heading for the railway, absolutely sure that no one knows about the course of their operation. Our soldiers found themselves in a difficult situation: you cannot retreat, but stay, so the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war ?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Airplanes, tanks, cannons, shots, shouts, groans ... But they did not break down and gave up the most precious thing they had for victory - life. They gave their lives for their homeland.
But on earth there is a civil war in which a person can give his life without knowing why. The year is 1918. Russia. A brother kills a brother, a father kills a son, a son kills a father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the extreme rate! For the third year already Abel fights with Cain ...
People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives - forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work "Cavalry". The stories of the Cavalry tell about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories, we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, more horribly, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He reserves the right to speculate for his reader.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is harsh everyday life, filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on the earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the period Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to rip a bone from a skeleton and go with it to a fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the "time of grief", their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - that's true reason victory. Yuri Bondarev's novel "Hot Snow" reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the grouping surrounded in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, with inhuman efforts are holding back the onslaught of the fascists. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned underfoot, but the Russian soldier held out - did not let the tanks break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” - he says bitterly, going up to the next soldier. The general could, but the power? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments in history?
The problem of the moral strength of the common soldier
The bearer of popular morality in war is, for example, Valega, an orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from V. Nekrasov's story "In the trenches of Stalingrad". He is barely familiar with literacy, confuses the multiplication table, does not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a lopsided shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last patron. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes to the point, he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate.
The expression "folk character" is most consistent with Valega. He volunteered for the war, quickly got used to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life there was no honey. In between battles, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything in silence, quietly. A simple peasant guy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is an episode in V. Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad"): a dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this for the hero of the novel is simply unbearable ...
But even in war, soldiers do not live like a “single bullet”: during short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming with shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not betray their spiritual preferences. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them over the Volga, and draining their souls and minds.
21) The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in his poem "Motherland" says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and why.
It is impossible not to start with such a great monument Old Russian literature as "The Word about Igor's Regiment". All the thoughts, all the feelings of the author of "Lay ..." are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his homeland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of "Lay ..." is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. This is primarily the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsi "for the Russian land." His warriors are "Rusichi", Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus, they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “O Russian land! You are already over the hill. "
In the friendly message "To Chaadaev", the poet's fiery appeal to the Fatherland to devote "beautiful impulses" is heard.
22) The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual habituation to danger", that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea was so bare that the coast from the seaports went for tens of kilometers. The climate changed very sharply, the extinction of animals occurred. All these troubles greatly influenced the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers pondered and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship of man with environment... “Today, there is no need to guess,“ whose groan is heard over the great Russian river. ”Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, pulled over by the dams of hydroelectric power stations,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work "Plakha". He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything on his way, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was just difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "The fear reached such proportions that it seemed to the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation ..." In this tragedy, Akbar's children die, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire, in which five more Akbara wolf cubs perish. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf reaches out to people, wants to transfer her motherly love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred of the she-wolf's incomprehensible behavior, shoots at her, but hits his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our life.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become her master, her protector, and her clever transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man actively invades the natural processes of the Earth's shells: he extracts millions of tons of minerals, destroys thousands of hectares of forests, pollutes the waters of seas and rivers, and releases toxic substances into the atmosphere. Water pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems of the century. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot but affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will have an impact on people's health for a long time to come.
Thus, as a result of economic activity, a person causes great damage to nature, and with it to his health. How, then, can a person build their relationship with nature? In his activity, each person should take good care of all life on Earth, not cut himself off from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is a part of it.
23) Man and State.
Zamyatin “We” people - numbers. Had only 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of 20th century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the "care" of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out writer's biography A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the period of the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after the award of Nobel Prize for the novel. The Writers' Union expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a man denigrating the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way of the creator's immortality. "For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or a neck" - this is A.S. Pushkin ("From Pindemonti") became the determining factor in the choice creative path true artists.
Emigration problem
The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. For example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region walk in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immense and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous odors, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some sort of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that, according to the recollections of the writer's wife, many cried during Bunin's reading of "Kostsov" in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people). It was a lament for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
The emigrant of the third wave S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - with which he went to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: on top was a double-breasted suit, under it was a poplin shirt, then, in turn, a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, chauffeur's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories of the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but only life... Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of account of the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category”. An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by the heroes B. Pasternak (Doctor Zhivago) and Y. Dombrovsky (The Faculty of Unnecessary Things). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own consciences. They do not accept violence in any form, be it Civil War or Stalinist repression. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high rank. One of them is the hero of the story "Exchange" by Y. Trifonov Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not develop in the best way. Dmitriev is at first indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things, food, expensive headsets in the apartment: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, I recall another work - "Suitcase" by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the "suitcase" with rags, taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America, would have caused only a feeling of disgust in Dmitriev and his wife. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov things have no material value, they are a reminder of the past youth, friends, creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of the difficult relationship between parents and children is reflected in the literature. Leo Tolstoy, and I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to refer to the play by A. Vampilov "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before our very eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.
25) The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin's story “Dubrovsky,” a casual abandoned word led to enmity and many troubles for his former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the feud between families ended in the death of the protagonists.
"The Word about Igor's Regiment" Svyatoslav pronounces the "golden word", condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack by the Polovtsy on the Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans"

Usually it is written as part of the final essay. Accordingly, it is not enough to express your opinion, it is necessary to provide arguments, achieve consistency in the presentation, and, if possible, give examples from life and literature. It is advisable to build a picture of the "happy end" and reflect the picture of what is happening in a positive way. That is, not to talk about how bad life is for people without a goal in life, but to write how well a goal is for those who have it. However, contrasting examples can be cited. The recommended length is 350 words or more. Next, we will talk about how to write an essay, what arguments to use and give examples of ready-made essays.

Criteria for evaluation

A good essay must meet the evaluation criteria. Your eloquence and strong authorial position will not play a special role if the review does not meet the criteria. If you think that the goal in life is not only not important, but also harmful, you should not write about it. You may be right, many psychologists would agree with you. But you will not get a high rating. Therefore, in this case, be a hypocrite and write the work according to all the rules. And you will still have the opportunity to express your true opinion, believe me.

According to the FIPI, the criteria for evaluating the final essay are:

• Relevance to the topic.
• Argumentation using literary material.
• Composition and logic of reasoning.
• The quality of written speech.
• Literacy.

The basic criteria are the first and second. Here the pass or fail is set. Accordingly, the essay should reveal the topic, have a communicative intention. As an argument, it is important to use literature, preferably the one that you passed through the school curriculum. Quotations and examples from literary works must be cited correctly, as if finding confirmation of your arguments in the words of the author.

You cannot write an essay without attracting literary material.

The composition and logic of reasoning is actually the sequence of presentation, as well as the ratio of theses and evidence.

They put forward the thesis - provide evidence, support with examples.

The quality of speech design is understood as a variety of vocabulary. Try to avoid clichés and use appropriate terms. Not sure about the interpretation - do not use.

As for literacy, a failure is given in the case when grammatical errors make it difficult to perceive the text. Usually, no more than 5 errors are allowed per 100 words. We advise you not to use words that you are not sure of literacy. The Russian language, as you remember, is rich, flexible and picturesque - find synonyms.

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Arguments and examples from literature

About unattainable goals... R. Gallego's novel "White on Black" confirms the idea that there are no insurmountable obstacles. The main character is sick, separated from his mother, leads a difficult and joyless life. But, in spite of everything, he continues to study and does not give up, as a result he becomes a famous, recognized writer. By the way, the novel is autobiographical.

Great purpose... It is aimed at achieving good not only for yourself, but also for the people around you. Moreover, it is not a utopia, but quite real from the point of view of common sense. An example is V. Aksenov's story "Colleagues", where three friends become doctors and, realizing the importance of their lives, get the opportunity to save people's lives.

Lack of purpose... The heroes of the play "At the Bottom" by Maxim Gorky have no purpose in life. They live, guided by vital desires - to drink, to eat, and so on. One of the heroes, it seems, wants to find a goal and find a hospital, to return to the past (possibly fictional) glory and bright life, but does not find the strength in himself and eventually hangs up.

The end does not justify the means... Azamat from "A Hero of Our Time" M. Yu. Lermontov wanted by any means to get the horse Karagez, which belonged to Kazbich. Obsessed with this desire, he enters into a deal with Pechorin and steals for the sake of this venture Belu. As a result, he is forced to leave his home forever. His act leads to the death of Bela and the ruined life of Kazbich, who, possessed by grief, kills the kidnapped lover.

True and false... True Purpose Helps Become happy man, false makes a person unhappy or does not bring him any satisfaction. So Pechorin's goals are false - whatever he passionately desires, what he has achieved does not please him. He regrets that he has violated the everyday life " honest smugglers", Loses interest in Bela's love, kills Grushnitsky in a duel.

Above all, try to achieve a coherent narrative. It should be based on the main idea and logic of reasoning. Designate main idea at the beginning, for example "The purpose of life is important for a person." Next, provide evidence: what does aimless existence lead to and, conversely, what does the presence of meaningful desires lead to. Support what has been said with examples from literary works, provide quotes.

What is important to consider while writing:

• Articulate thoughts clearly - there should be no vague wording in the text.
• Argument and support each thesis with evidence, avoid arguments.
• Do not go against public opinion, do not use sarcasm.
• Use at least 2 examples from literature.
• Express your position and correlate it with the position of the authors of the works.
• Reread what you have written to avoid mistakes.
• Keep track of the length of the essay, it should include about 350 words.
• Do not use terms that you are not completely sure of the interpretation.
• Do not use quotes and works, in the names of the authors and heroes of which there are doubts.

It is very important that you can draw on a literary base. Usually, the direction in which the final essay will be written is known long before the exam itself.

Do not be lazy to look for as many relevant examples as possible and memorize some quotes. Practice shows that the same example from a literary work can be used in an essay on any topic from a given direction. Because the wider your literary base is, the better.

Examples of essays

Option 1. Why is it important to have a purpose in life?

Having a purpose in life means understanding what you really want to achieve. A goalless existence leads to the absence of aspirations, and sometimes to the absence of desires. A person does not understand what he really wants to achieve. He "rushes", quickly loses interest in what he is doing. He chooses a job that he then hates. He wastes time and, as a result, remains at the “broken trough”, realizing that his life was wasted.

A terrible lack of purpose in life is the setting of false goals that do not bring happiness either to a person or to those around him.

A vivid example of this is the hero of M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time" Warrant Officer Grigory Pechorin. His goals are spontaneous and more like impulsive desires.

He destroys Bela's life, gaining her favor and cooling off to her. He destroys the life of the inhabitants of Taman, forcing the girl to abandon the blind boy, whose fate can only be guessed at. Pechorin even understands this, saying: "And why was fate to throw me into a peaceful circle of honest smugglers?" At the same time, he does not find satisfaction in achieving the set goals in any of the situations.

Gregory's goals are not only false - they hurt the people around him. Bela's brother Azamat had the same goal, but no longer false. By all means, he wanted to get Kazbich's horse, which Pechorin promised to get him in exchange for Bela. Azamat was so obsessed with his desire that he did not think about the consequences. As a result, he received a horse, but was forced to leave his family forever. It is partly his fault that Bela dies at the hands of Kazbich - it is obvious that he was annoyed by stealing a horse more than by the impossibility of marrying his beloved girl.

And we see a completely different example in V. Aksenov's story "Colleagues". There are three heroes, three young doctors, at first they do not even realize the purpose of their life. Until one of the main characters, Alexander Zelenin, is seriously injured. Then his friends manage to snatch him from the clutches of death, and they understand how important and noble their work is - to save the lives of other people. She becomes their goal in life.

It seems to me that a man should find great purpose- aimed at creation. The one that makes his life and the lives of those around him better. At the same time, it is not so important whether it will be global. I may never be able to become a president or a billionaire to change the lives of thousands of people in better side... But I will be able to become a doctor and be able to save dozens of lives. My goal will be noble, I will feel its value for other people and for myself. I will be really happy.

Option 2. Why is purpose in life important?

FM Dostoevsky wrote: "Life suffocates without a goal." And indeed it is. We see many people around us who spend their lives aimlessly. They don't want anything other than watching TV shows on the weekend. They strive for nothing but acquisition new car on credit. The goal makes a person better, his thoughts are kinder and cleaner. Of course, if it is aimed at creation and development, it does not harm a person and the people around him.

The end does not justify the means. No matter how much it means to a person, and no matter how good it is in the end. The hero of FM Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov was obsessed with the idea of ​​killing an old woman who was a money lender. On the one hand, his goal was good - he wanted to distribute her money to those in need. But it was achieved in a vile way - by murder. The abomination of this goal gave rise to an insane theory in Raskolnikov's head about "trembling creatures and having the right." This goal destroyed the life of Rodion, who was immersed in remorse and simply could not live normally until he found meaning in God.

Although it does not seem to me that the purpose and meaning of life should be identified with each other. The meaning of life is in life itself, and the goal sets the vector of our movement, directs life in the right direction. It forces us to act when our hands are lowered.

Suffice it to recall Alexei Meresiev from BN Polevoy's "The Tale of a Real Man". The pilot is seriously injured, as a result of which his legs are amputated. He believes that his life is over - he will never be able to fly again, and the woman he loves will marry him only out of pity. But his goal is so important to him that he does not give up - he believes in himself to the end, trains and eventually achieves desire. Overcoming pain, Meresiev trained to walk on prostheses. As a result, he was able to fly and during the first flight he could not hold back his tears. The commander, who only after the flight learned that Alexei had no legs, told him: "You yourself do not know what a wonderful person you are!"

A well-chosen goal is the foundation of a happy life. When we set the right vector for her, we are doing what we love and love everything that surrounds us. We are happy when we do what we really walk, and when the people around us are happy. I have chosen a goal that will change for the better not only my life, but also the lives of hundreds of people. I want to be a teacher. It will be a pleasure for me to understand that the destinies of hundreds of children - hundreds of small personalities - are in my hands, too. And I will do my best to achieve my goals and become a teacher with a capital letter.

Conclusion

If you want to get a high mark on the exam, then remember the assessment criteria in advance. They are simple and logical. But even successful students often get carried away with reasoning and forget to support their thoughts with examples from literary works. The result is a failure. Be careful and try not to run counter to public opinion. Be sure to say that a purpose in life is necessary and important. Otherwise, you run the risk of falling out of favor and getting “failed” on the exam results.

Composition: "Why is it important to have a purpose in life"