What does the term Soviet people mean? Soviet people, but not the Soviet nation

1.3 The concept of the Soviet people

The stability of the multinational Soviet state and society largely depended on the strength of interethnic relations. They were regulated by the national policy of the party and government. The 1961 CPSU program set the task of ensuring, in the process of building the material and technical base of communism, an accelerated convergence and merging of Soviet nations and nationalities into a new historical community - the Soviet people.

In fact, having curtailed the course of building communism in the short term, the new leadership of the USSR after 1964 preserved the continuity of its national policy. The XXIV (1971) and XXV (1976) Congresses of the CPSU, the Constitution of the USSR in 1977 consolidated the provision that a new historical community of people was formed in the USSR - the multinational Soviet people. According to the 1979 census, a single community united 123 private communities, incl. 36 nations, 32 nationalities, 37 national and 18 ethnic groups. The main features of the new historical community were a single territory (USSR), a single language of interethnic communication (Russian), a single economic basis (a single national economic complex), a community of socialist in content and national in form of culture and character foundations. Soviet people expressed in their patriotism and internationalism.

Recognizing the Soviet people as a really formed community, the country's leadership in 1972, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, came to the conclusion that the national question in the country in the form in which we inherited from the past has been resolved. This meant that national antagonisms in the USSR were overcome. Their relapses were strictly suppressed, but more often they were ignored, officially ranked among everyday ones.

In order to strengthen a single community, they were encouraged interethnic marriages and the study of the Russian language. If, according to the 1959 census, there were 103% of nationally mixed families in the USSR, then in 1979 - 14.9%, in 1989 - 17.5%. Russian language as a native language was recognized in 1959 by 10.2 million, in 1979 by 13 million, and in 1989 by 18.7 million people of non-Russian nationality. At the same time, according to the 1989 census, 141.5 million (49.4%) non-Russians lived in the USSR, with a total population of 286.7 million.

The friendship and cohesion of the peoples of the USSR in a single community did not prevent interethnic conflicts and national unrest. From the second half of the 60s to the early 80s, there were more than 20 of them, in each of which several thousand people took part. The largest of them were the performances of the Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan in 1966 and 1967. for the rehabilitation and restoration of autonomy. In 1967, there were protests by the Abkhaz for the expansion of rights. Abkhazia as a part of Georgia, In 1973, the Ingush movement began with a demand to return the Prigorodny region, which is part of North Ossetia, to the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. In 1977, Vilnius was shocked by a youth revolt demanding the expulsion of the Russians and the withdrawal of Lithuania from the USSR. In 1978, performances of Georgians took place for giving Georgian language state status throughout the territory of the Georgian SSR and the simultaneous movement of the Abkhaz to give this status to their language. In 1981, the Ossetians opposed the Ingush in North Ossetia. In the second half of the 70s in, the USSR began a movement of Soviet Jews for freedom of emigration. The United States was actively involved in this movement, condemning the USSR for violating human rights and increasing discrimination against the Soviet Union in trade.

1.4 Dissident movement

Difficulties and contradictions in the socio-economic and political development of the country and society, the discrepancy between the words and deeds of the ruling party, the curtailment of the reformist course of N.S. Khrushchev and the strengthening of conservative tendencies led to the emergence of dissent in the mid: 60s, which resulted in the 70s in the dissident movement. Anti-communism and anti-Sovietism became its characteristic features.

The movement was attended mainly by intellectuals, mainly figures of science and culture. They were far from the people, did not enjoy their support and sympathy. Defending civil and political human rights, dissidents, as a rule, ignored the socio-economic rights of the broad masses. However, since the mid-1980s, their interests have surprisingly intersected with the interests of a part of the nomenklatura (administrative apparatus), who wanted to throw off the burden of caring for the people, while maintaining a dominant position.

The dissident movement was united in defining a strategic goal - removing the Communist Party from power, eliminating communist ideology and Soviet power. But it was not united in matters of tactics, means of achieving the goal. Some focused on internal resources people, especially the Russian, hoped to revive in him the feeling of national pride of the Great Russian, to break the "shackles" of internationalism on him. They relied on national patriotism, which was synonymous with nationalism. Others hoped for help from the West, with its liberal-democratic traditions, promoted cosmopolitan views of the unity and indivisibility of the world, and in fact, the need for the country's transition to the world of Western bourgeois civilization.

Researchers see a certain continuity of views of various currents of the dissident movement with the Slavophiles and Westernizers in the 19th century. They distinguish two main trends in it - Russophile (soil, national), in its conservative and liberal forms, and new Westernizers, in liberal-democratic, social-democratic and Euro-communist forms.

The origins of the first went to the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK), created in 1966. Organizations that defended the national interests of Russia and the Russians emerged from it. Their ideologists relied on the views of Russian scientists, artists, writers - B.A. Rybakova, I. V. Petryanova-Sokolova, P.D. Korina, I.S. Glazunova, L.M. Leonova, V.A. Soloukhin.

The largest representative of the national-liberal dissidents' movement was the writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who became widely known after the publication in 1962 at the initiative of the editor-in-chief of the magazine "New World" A. T. Tvardovsky and with the approval of N. S. Khrushchev the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", about the life, morals, orders and destinies of people in Stalin's concentration camps. In 1969 he was expelled from the Writers' Union of the USSR, and in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 1974 Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the USSR and stripped of his Soviet citizenship for publishing abroad the first part of a three-volume exposing study "The Gulag Archipelago", in which "one day" began in October 1917 and ended with Stalin's death. Solzhenitsyn presented it as a "black day" of thousand-year Russian history, the convulsions of which continued after 1953.

On the eve of the expulsion from the USSR A.I. Solzhenitsyn published in samizdat "A Letter to the Leaders of the Soviet Union" (1973). In it, he proposed avoiding a war with China and common death with the West in an ecological catastrophe by rejecting the communist ideology. As a supporter of an authoritarian regime, he turned to the "leaders" because he believed in the power of the government, not the people. Sensing subtly the apostasy of the "leaders" in building communism, Solzhenitsyn tried to convince them to turn the programmatic turn they had outlined into a turning point. However, the material and social prerequisites for this are not yet ripe. Ahead of his time, the writer became an exile.

The origins of the second stream of dissidents are associated with the organized by the poet A.S. Yesenin-Volpin unauthorized demonstration on December 5, 1965 on Pushkinskaya Square, in Moscow, demanding an open trial of the writers Yu.M. Daniel and A.D. Sinyavsky. They were arrested in September 1965 for "especially dangerous crimes against the state", expressed in the publication of satirical stories about life in the USSR abroad. More than 60 members of the Writers' Union spoke out in defense of Daniel and Sinyavsky, t.ch. V.P. Aksenov, G.N. Vladimov, A.A. Voznesensky, V.N. Voinovich, A.T. Gladilin.

1970-1973 new Westernizers united in the Committee for the Protection of Human Rights with the participation of Academician A.D. Sakharov and Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.R. Shafarevich, then to the Russian section of Amnesty International, which was headed by Moscow physicists V.F. Turchin and A.N. Tverdokhlebov. After the All-European Conference in Helsinki in 1975, this current of the dissident movement began to be called human rights, Helsinki.

The most famous representative of the human rights movement was Academician A.D. Sakharov, three times awarded the title of Hero Socialist Labor for his contribution to the creation of Soviet hydrogen bombs. Feelings of remorse for creating weapons of mass destruction made him a dissident. In 1968, his first socio-political work was published in samizdat. Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom, 1974 - Anxiety and Hope. In them, Sakharov developed the concept of convergence - the unification of two opposite socio-economic systems by preserving the best achievements of each - the liberal-democratic freedoms of the West and social guarantees in the USSR. In 1975 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1980 A.D. Sakharov was exiled to Gorky for harsh criticism of the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan.

Peoples. Under the influence of Khrushchev's "thaw", a whole generation of "sixties" was formed, who accepted the struggle against the cult of the individual as the beginning of a social revival. Under N.S. Khrushchev was dealt the first blow to the administrative-command system. The development of the political process in the country in the late 50s and early 60s. The Hungarian events of 1956 and the subsequent attempt in 1957 to displace N.S. ...

All countries of the world. However, this unique chance to create a lasting peace for many generations remained unused. The Second World War was replaced by the Cold War. The term "cold war" itself was coined by US Secretary of State DF Dulles. Its essence is political, economic, ideological confrontation of two systems, balancing on the brink of war. It makes no sense to argue about who ...

The Black Sea saved the Ukrainians and Moldovans from the threat of Turkish domination. In 1775-1783 During the US War of Independence, Catherine II proclaimed the so-called "policy of armed neutrality" to protect the maritime trade of neutral powers. II Characteristics of the political system of the state 1956 -1964. 1 Form of government (monarchy or republic) Form of government - republic. ...

Soviet people
Einars Graudinsh Georgy Gachev Rudolf Livshits Dmitry Sukharev Zhores Alferov Vsevolod Emelin
Number of
2002 (according to the census of the Russian Federation):
2010 (according to the census of the Russian Federation):
Settlement area
Union State:
Union republics:	Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Uzbek SSR Kazakh SSR Georgian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Lithuanian SSR Moldavian SSR Latvian SSR Kyrgyz SSR Tajik SSR Armenian SSR Turkmen SSR Estonian SSR
Language
Language of interethnic communication:
Worldview
Official ideology:

The Soviet people is a new historical, social and international community of people that arose in the USSR on the basis of victory, in whose moral, political and spiritual appearance such common features as socialist patriotism and, high social, political and labor activity, intransigence towards exploiters and oppression were consolidated , national and racial prejudices, class solidarity with the working people of all countries. The Soviet people are one of the transitional communities to the future world, universal human community under the conditions of the victory of communism. The experience of the formation and development of the Soviet people as a social-class and international community is an invaluable asset of mankind, illuminates its path to unity, to communist brotherhood

During the civil war

Whole families went to the Red Army and partisan detachments. For example, a detachment of 18 people fought near Vladikavkaz - members of the family of the Ingush Dalgiev Kerim-Sultan from the village of Dolakova ...: 63

By the end of 1920, the main forces of the interventionists and White Guards were defeated. VI Lenin on February 6, 1920 said that in the struggle against international capital it was possible to win a victory that the world had never seen. The correct national policy of the Soviet government ensured active participation in the war against the interventionists of all the peoples of the country, led by the Russian working class. The Russian people, the Red Army rendered fraternal assistance to the peoples of Russia in liberating them from the interventionists and White Guards. The Russian people and the Red Army came to the aid of the Azerbaijani, Armenian and Georgian peoples and together with them liberated Transcaucasia from the interventionists and White Guards. The Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR were formed. The fight lasted only in Central Asia and in the Far East. : 82

The Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Soviet government sent a plenipotentiary commission to help the workers of Central Asia. MV Frunze and VV Kuibyshev headed the Turkestan Front, whose troops helped the peoples of Turkestan to clear the territory of the republic of enemies. As a result of the people's revolution that began in August 1920, in Bukhara, as well as in Khiva, the people's Bukhara and Khorezm Soviet republics were created, recognized by the Soviet government as sovereign states. : 82-83

The People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic and the partisans of Primorye at the end of October 1922 completely liberated the Far East from the interventionists and White Guards. : 83

The Bolshevik Party sent the best forces to the front: in 1918 there were up to 30 thousand communists in the Red Army, in 1919 - 120 thousand, and in 1920 - 300 thousand, that is, half of the entire composition of the party. The communists displayed unparalleled staunchness and heroism, captivating millions of non-party people with their example. The party united the working class and the laboring peasantry in an unbreakable alliance that played a decisive role in achieving victory over the enemy. : 85

The Soviet people displayed massive heroism and dedication. For military exploits during the war years, the republic's highest award - the Order of the Red Banner - was awarded to 14 thousand soldiers and commanders, 36 military units and formations. : 85

The struggle against Russian counter-revolution and world imperialism was of a "deeply international character." Thousands of fighters from many countries heroically fought in the ranks of the Red Army, and the workers of England, France and other countries participating in the intervention protested against the policies of their governments, went on strike, refused to load weapons for the armies of the White Guards, and organized committees under the slogan "Hands off Soviet Russia." : 85

Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War

Socialism gave the Soviet people powerful forces, which in the course of the war surpassed the forces of Nazi Germany and its allies and led to a world-historic victory. This victory was achieved thanks to the inviolable socio-political and ideological unity of the Soviet people, thanks to the fraternal friendship of all the peoples of the USSR, their devotion to the socialist system. : 7

To break the spirit of the Soviet people, the Nazis established a regime of bloody terror in the occupied regions. More than one million Soviet citizens were brutally tortured or driven into fascist slavery. : 582 Main form resistance to the enemy was a massive partisan movement, an armed struggle of the people. Party organizations have created a huge partisan army. During the years of the war, about a million armed partisans acted behind enemy lines. They were workers, peasants, intellectuals. A large force was women, whose number in some detachments reached 10-25% of the total number of partisans. Representatives of many nationalities of the Soviet Union took part in the partisan movement and in the activities of the underground in the occupied territory. For example, Russians, Belarusians, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Estonians, Moldovans, Tatars, Bashkirs, Jews, Adygeis, Mordvins, Chuvashs, Maris and others fought in the partisan detachments of the Krasnodar Territory. The same multinational was the composition of partisans and underground fighters in other regions, territories and republics. This clearly showed military community the peoples of the socialist state. : 584

During the years of occupation, the Nazis tried to poison the consciousness of the Soviet people with the poison of fascist propaganda. The majority remained loyal to the Soviet government and the Communist Party, but some, especially those from the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois strata of the western regions of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic republics, to some extent succumbed to the influence of the enemy. The most widespread and effective form of work in the villages of the liberated regions was meetings and conferences of residents, at which issues were discussed about the return of the land taken from them to the peasants, about the bourgeois nationalists as the worst enemies of the people, about the events at the fronts, international situation... Party and Soviet workers, as well as peasants made reports. : 445

Heroes of the Soviet Union - representatives of all 15 republics

Representatives of all the peoples of the USSR fought on the fronts of the Patriotic War in the ranks of the Red Army. There were and national formations: Azeri, Armenian, Georgian, Latvian, Estonian and others, acting in a common formation with all formations. : 578

The awarding of orders to them testifies to the massive heroism of soldiers, officers and generals. In total, 5 million 300 thousand were awarded orders of the Soviet Union, including the Order of Lenin - 8.8 thousand, the Red Banner - 238 thousand, the Patriotic War of the 1st degree - 324 thousand, the 2nd degree - 951 thousand. , Red Star - 2 million 811 thousand, etc. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers, officers and generals were awarded not one, but many orders. Representatives of a hundred nations and nationalities became heroes of the Soviet Union: 7998 Russians, 2021 Ukrainians, 299 Belarusians, 161 Tartars, 107 Jews, 96 Kazakhs, 90 Georgians, 89 Armenians, 67 Uzbeks, 63 Mordvins, 45 Chuvashes, 43 Azerbaijanis, 38 Bashkirs, 31 Ossetians, 16 Turkmens, 15 Lithuanians, 15 Tajiks, 12 Kyrgyz, 12 Latvians, 10 Komi, 10 Udmurts, 9 Estonians, 8 Karelians, 8 Kalmyks, 6 Adyghes, 6 Kabardians, 4 Abkhazians, 2 Moldovans, 2 Yakuts, 1 Tuvinians and other. Among the Heroes of the Soviet Union there are 73 women: military pilots, nurses, partisans, underground workers, etc.: 573

Cold War. 1953 - 1985

Perestroika period. 1985 - 1991

According to the point of view of the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Congress of Citizens of the USSR, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Tatyana Mikhailovna Khabarova, after 1991, “the Soviet people have not gone anywhere, they continue to exist, and they have a great future, they just need to get out of the state of shock that they are immersed in thanks to information -psychological war ". After the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War over Nazi Germany, a new "cruel exterminating, sabotage psycho-information war ... a real third world war" began. The main weapons in this war are deception, imitation, the ability to pretend to be what you really are not. "We suffered a severe defeat in this war, which resulted in the occupation."

The result of this occupation was the formation of a triad: firstly, over the past 20 years, a regime that is completely illegitimate in its origin has been operating, which successfully imitates legitimate power, and secondly, at the same time, the criminal community imitates the bourgeoisie, being in reality only the so-called “transit owners ”, successfully selling natural and intellectual resources abroad, thirdly, there is an imitation of resistance to the regime in the form of a pseudo-communist movement, one of the main figures of which is the chairman.

The origins of pseudo-communism, according to the scientist, should be sought in when, under Nikita Khrushchev, those who were justly condemned for aiding the enemy in the Great Patriotic War were rehabilitated and fully restored in their rights. It was these persons who later joined the ranks of the intellectual and party bureaucratic elite, who committed sabotage against the Soviet state. To date, the main rhetoric of the pseudo-communists, according to T.M. Khabarova, boils down to the following theses:

As a result, the main enemy should be considered not so much the occupation regime as the pseudo-communist movement, which, firstly, prevents the people from organizing for a real struggle, secondly, paints a perverted picture of reality and, thirdly, offers dead-end options for action, for example “ endless elections ”.

T. M. Khabarova claims that the ideology of Soviet patriotism has been developed since the time of the Great Patriotic War, and today it is presented as “the ideology of modern Soviet patriotism”, the main elements of which are the following:

The views of bourgeois politicians

Similar thoughts were expressed in a number of interviews by a member of the general council of the bourgeois party "United Russia", candidate of economic sciences Yevgeny Alekseevich Fedorov:

“In 1991, one side was defeated in relation to the other. Soviet Union lost the war because the enemy studied us well and used the operation of promoting his agent Gorbachev, who in six years managed to create a mechanism for the elimination of the country. The road was cleared for Gorbachev. On him, the special services also had military incriminating evidence on his relatives, which got to the Americans through the Gestapo. They have been leading him since his youth. "

The war was initially directed "against the Soviet people, of which the Russian people were then." "Created an artificial, allegedly national conflict between the regions, which did not exist at all in principle, and those who lived in the Soviet Union understand that this could not be by definition."

As a result of the collapse of the USSR, the Americans created a new state - "", which is doomed to pay "tribute" to the winner - the United States. According to E. A. Fedorov, at first the winners ran the new state directly, and "Kozyrev and Gaidar were just figures covering the American government, which worked in Moscow through a system of advisers." Later, since 1996, "American advisers" created a special oligarchic mechanism ("seven-bankers"), through which they controlled the bureaucratic apparatus of the controlled state. Finally, due to the awareness of the fictitiousness of his rule, he elected V.V. Putin as his successor, who "outlined his position as a national leader - the leader of the national liberation movement." The new president began to restore the country's sovereignty, but "he did not change the system of American influence on Russia, but removed the excesses of external control." The politician admits:

“America is the master of the situation in Russia: political, economic, strategic, ideological — not Putin, not the Kremlin, not Medvedev, not United Russia. This is a play in which these are the artists, and the directors are there. This is a consequence of the lack of sovereignty since 1991. Someone gives in to this direction because of manipulation, while someone understands that this is force and you cannot trample against force. "

The industry is 95% owned by foreign offshore companies. The information space and the media are not controlled by the Russian state due to the absence of two factors that were in the Soviet Union - the national ideology and the censorship body.

E.A.Fyodorov sees the origins of such a defeat in geographical and national factors that led to a special type of power system:

“The Americans have found our weak point - the vertical of power. Russian system power, due to its ethnic composition, geographical and northern location, geography in general, combines real power, in contrast to Europe, with public power. This is due to the bureaucratic nature of the Russian historical statehood. On this weak spot they have been gouging for the last 200 or 300 years. And then they launched people like Gorbachev, several hundred people. He ran to the very top, led the country, and through his lever they liquidated the country. "

In addition, the bourgeois politician is far from a negative assessment of American politics:

“The Americans do not carry any evil in their decisions. They do not have the task of Russia to worsen something. Just as Moscow did not have a task to worsen the situation in Poland during the Soviet Union ... It's just that these are the adult games of nations. Just like the adult games of people. It is, if you will, an ambitious competition of nations that is thousands of years old. And the forms of this competition are as follows. Nobody says why countries spend money on weapons? Because they are obliged to do this, due to the competition with other countries. This is how they spend their money on politics.<…>This system, as it is arranged, is a thousand years old. "

A number of statements about the Soviet people and their fate were made by another bourgeois politician, candidate of legal sciences Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev. So, in an interview Russian to the Izvestia newspaper, he acknowledged the importance of the Soviet people in the Second World War:

“If it were not for the role of the Red Army, if not for the colossal sacrifice that the Soviet people brought to the altar of war, Europe would have been different. There would be no modern, prosperous, prosperous, rich, well-developing Europe - this is quite obvious. "

Also at a meeting with Russian citizens - pensioners and veterans - he highly appreciated the Soviet model of community of people and expressed regret that such a community no longer exists:

“We very often criticize, for example, some previous order. Everyone does it: young people do it, and middle-aged and older people. But there are undeniable values ​​that, in my opinion, should be timeless. In our country, a single community was created - the Soviet people. Someone spoke about this with enthusiasm, someone made fun of it, but nevertheless this model worked, we were all friends, communicated. This is absolute correct installation. <…>Unfortunately, for known reasons, this model has failed. This is the saddest thing that can be imagined ... We, it seems to me, should not hesitate to return those ideas that will be of a unifying nature. "

However, in an interview European Dmitry Medvedev told the Euronews news channel that the Soviet people existed only in theory:

“In Soviet times, let me remind you, even such a term was used:“ a single community - the Soviet people ”. In many ways, these turned out to be theoretical constructions. "

Special look

Comparison of people of the Soviet and modern eras, expressed by the science fiction writer E.I. Parnov (1935 - 2009) in the last interview during his lifetime:

“I don’t believe at all in the death of the great Russian people, the great country. I didn’t like the regime that was. I did not join the party, but this was my government, my country, and I tried to serve it without crawling. I existed as best I could, somewhere I did useful things, somewhere they tortured me, destroyed, somewhere they lifted me up and gave me an order ... True, neither the Union nor the magazines congratulated me on my 70th birthday. And only "Literaturka" gave a note with a portrait. Anything was ... I was proud of the Soviet Union. It was a great experiment, and to destroy it like this ... It could still exist and exist. We began to tear apart a country that could have been the standard of the future world... And as literature and science have shrunk, so have politicians - insignificant people, puppets.<…>The consumer society came - money came to the fore. And the fact that even scientists have slipped into quackery for the sake of money speaks volumes. Doctors who were free before, now they won't take a step without money, university professors began to take bribes ... What to expect next, when in the country no one talks about such things as self-esteem, conscience - there are no such concepts... And how can one exist without it!<…>The history of Russia shows that the pendulum begins to swing when something drives it out of its extreme point, in this case a crisis. Everyone already understands that something needs to be done. It will go the other way for sure - there is no other way out. Great country, great people with great culture it cannot perish - there is a way out. "

National composition

The Soviet Union was one of the most multinational states in the world; it was inhabited by over a hundred large and small peoples, different in origin, language and culture. According to research by Dr. geographical sciences, Deputy Director of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR S. Brook, in the development of the peoples of the USSR, two interrelated tendencies are revealed: on the one hand, there was a rapid and all-round development of each nation and national culture, and on the other, an increasing convergence of all socialist nations.

Since studying national processes was of paramount importance for social and cultural development in the USSR, then among the main tasks of the Soviet population censuses were the determination of the national and linguistic composition. In the post-war censuses of 1959, 1970 and 1979, the definition of nationality was recorded from the words of the respondents. The nationality of the children was determined by the parents. If the mother and father belonged to different nationalities, and it was difficult for them to determine the nationality of the child, then they were advised to make a choice in favor of the mother's nationality.

Comparison of censuses showed significant changes in the number of peoples and in the ratio between nationalities:

• in the first decades of Soviet power, consolidation processes took place - small ethnic groups united into larger peoples: “... So, in the early 1920s, about 20 such groups united into two nationalities - the Altai and the Khakass”. By the end of the 1970s, it became obvious that such processes had ceased to play an essential role;
• before the Second World War, fluctuations in the birth rate and the rate of population growth in the republics were small. Only after 1950 did the differentiation in the birth rates of the population of the republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia (with the exception of Georgia) begin, on the one hand, and the rest of the republics, on the other. As of the beginning of the 1980s, the birth rate in the republics of Central Asia is at least 2 times higher than the birth rate in the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the BSSR and the Baltic republics, and also one and a half times higher than in other republics (see table 1) ;
• the overall growth of the population of the USSR from 1959 to 1979 was 25.7%, the growth of the population of various nationalities ranges from about 10 to 100%. Less than 10% growth was recorded among Estonians, Latvians and Shors. The number of Mordovians, Karelians, Jews, Poles and Finns, on the contrary, has decreased;
• the highest rates of average annual growth are characteristic of the peoples of the Central Asian republics - from 3.0 to 3.5% per year. Growth rates among Russians and other peoples are also "higher than those of most peoples living in developed countries";
• nevertheless, the average annual growth rate for the period from 1970 to 1979 decreased slightly in comparison with 1959: for the country as a whole, this indicator of the decrease in the average annual growth rate was 31.3%;
• the total share of Slavic peoples in the country's population decreased: 77.1% in 1959, 74.6% in 1970, 72.8% in 1979 (Table 1).

Table 1. Share of peoples in the population of the USSR (in%)

The factors behind such changes are as follows:

• unequal birth rates;
• population migration;
• dissolution processes in a foreign environment.

The processes of mixing different ethical groups are accelerated in conditions of close economic and cultural ties, which is most noticeable in cities where inter-ethnic marriages and the transition from one language to another are not uncommon. “As a result, the dynamics of the number of some peoples of the Volga region and the European North has changed significantly ... as well as Jews and Poles. They mix especially actively, mainly with neighboring ethnic groups. " As a result, in some union republics the share of indigenous peoples increased (the republics of Central Asia and the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Lithuania), in others, on the contrary, it decreased (Table 2).

Table 2. Share of peoples in the population of the union republics in 1979 (in%)

	Indigenous people	Russians	Ukrainians	The largest of the rest of the peoples
	82,6	-	2,7	3.6 - Tatars
Ukrainian SSR	73,6	21,1	-	1.3 - Jews
Byelorussian SSR	79,4	11,9	2,4	4.2 - Poles
Uzbek SSR	68,7	10,8	0,7	4.2 - Tatars
Kazakh SSR	36,0	40,8	6,1	2.1 - Tatars
Georgian SSR	68,8	7,4	0,9	9.0 - Armenians
Azerbaijan SSR	78,1	7,9	-	7.9 - Armenians
Lithuanian SSR	80,0	8.9	0,9	7.3 - Poles
Moldavian SSR	63,9	12,8	14,2	3.5 - Gagauz
Latvian SSR	53,7	32,8	2,7	4.5 - Belarusians
Kyrgyz SSR	47,9	25,9	3,1	12.1 - Uzbeks
Tajik SSR	58,8	10,4	0,9	22.9 - Uzbeks
Armenian SSR	89,7	2,3	-	5.3 - Azerbaijanis
Turkmen SSR	68,4	12,6	1,3	8.5 - Uzbeks
Estonian SSR	64,7	27,9	2,5	1.6 - Belarusians

Russians are an important component in the population of the republics. According to the study of population dynamics in the union republics, which was carried out by S. Brook, in all republics, with the exception of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the Transcaucasus, the share of Russians has increased. Only in the RSFSR did the share of Russians decrease. The 1979 census also showed that in recent years there has been almost no influx of Russians into the Transcaucasian republics.

Language

According to the doctor philological sciences Magomet Izmailovich Isaev, “Soviet power inherited from tsarism an extremely neglected and confused“ linguistic economy ”. Of the 130 peoples of our country, only 20 had a more or less developed writing system. Most of the peoples were completely illiterate, and nothing was known about the existence of many of them. "

Only Russians, Georgians and Armenians had developed literary languages. Representatives of other peoples, to one degree or another, used Cyrillic, Latin, Arabic, Old Uigur-Mongolian and Hebrew scripts.

“However, it should be noted that this writing was practically inaccessible to the people, although it was used outstanding writers of the past…"

The percentage of illiteracy among the "written" and non-literate peoples was very high. If we add to this backwardness Russian Empire in the field of economics and culture, as well as economic devastation in the first years after the October Revolution, the solution of the language problem seemed "extremely difficult".

To build socialism, it was required to solve two main tasks:

As a result of "hard organizational work" in the 1920s, a number of peoples switched to the Latin alphabet, and new literary languages ​​were created for 50 peoples of the Soviet Union. According to the scientist, "romanization" brought unconditional benefits to peoples who did not have a written language - it contributed to the development of literacy, the emergence of written literary tradition". There was an idea of ​​Latinization and the Russian language: "... In the early 1920s, the intelligentsia lived with the idea of ​​a world revolution with which the Latin alphabet was associated." However, already in the 30s, almost all the alphabets were translated into Cyrillic: “In 1937-1940, the peoples of Central Asia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, Azerbaijan switched from the Latin alphabet to the Russian script, the Armenians and Georgians kept their alphabets, which had centuries-old traditions. The peoples of the Baltic States have long been using the Latin alphabet ”.

The total number of languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR is approximately 128-132. It is difficult to determine a more precise number for the following reasons:

In the process of rapprochement of the peoples of the USSR, the Russian language played an important role, which became the language of interethnic communication. According to the 1979 census, 62.1% of the non-Russian population of the Soviet Union is fluent in Russian.

Moral and psychological traits

Doctor of Philosophy Ibragim Melikov asserts that the historical reality - the Soviet people - reflected not the political and economic, but the human component of the socialist system: "The Soviet people are, in fact, Soviet people." According to the scientist, there are four main distinguishing features of the Soviet people that make it a unique phenomenon in history:

"Ideology, romanticism and morality were the basis of the Soviet character, which ensured the stability of Soviet society and victory in the Great Patriotic War."

Lifestyle

The culture

The culture of the Soviet people, which, according to Doctor of Historical Sciences V. Sherstobitov, was socialist in content and national in form, reached a high level of development: more than 40 nationalities acquired their written language during the Soviet regime (according to philologist M.I. Isaev, 50 peoples ), developed developed literary languages; teaching in the schools of the USSR was carried out in 57 languages; the culture of the Soviet people absorbed everything valuable and progressive that was in every national culture, and festivals of friendship, exchange of tours of theater groups and other cultural events contributed to the mutual development of positive artistic experience by peoples.

The broad scope is indicative creative activity Soviet workers: in just 10 years (1970-1980) the number of innovators and inventors in the country doubled and reached 9.6 million. Another 25 million Soviet people participate in amateur performances, many thousands are members of creative associations. “As one of the manifestations of human social activity, amateur creativity expands the interests and horizons of workers, contributes to the identification of individual inclinations and abilities, the formation of new spiritual needs, and above all - the need for creative self-realization and creative communication, which are a decisive factor in the development of culture, in personality formation ".

Upbringing and education

In the first months after the October Revolution, decisive measures were taken to create necessary prerequisites cultural revolution: firstly, the material base of culture (publishing houses, libraries, museums, theaters) was nationalized, and secondly, measures were taken to eliminate illiteracy. In December 1919, the Decree "On the Elimination of Illiteracy among the Population of the RSFSR" was adopted, in July 1920 the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Elimination of Illiteracy was created. Education in schools and universities became free, the children of workers and peasants received significant benefits, and the non-Russian population received the opportunity to study in their native language.

Literature and art

Traditions and holidays

An important role in overcoming religious vestiges belongs to Soviet holidays, rituals, traditions, which with their entire content affirm the moral and ethical values ​​of the socialist way of life - humanism, respect for the working person, a truly atheistic worldview.

Soviet ritualism was formed in the process of the class struggle of the proletariat as the military and labor traditions of the working class accumulated. The first general proletarian, and later a state holiday, was May 1, which was declared as early as 1889 by the decision of the constituent congress as a holiday of international workers' solidarity. The anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Victory Day on May 9, also received the status of national holidays. The guarantee of the steadfastness and strength of socialist ideology and morality is the immeasurable respect and love of the Soviet people for the legacy of V.I.

Found in labor activity the feeling of collectivism, comradely mutual assistance in production teams gave rise to holidays and ceremonies glorifying the working man: initiation into the working class, the holiday of labor glory, the holiday of the Hammer and Sickle, the first bell and many others.

An important role in the upbringing of the younger generations, in the formation of a worldview free from religious and other prejudices, is played by civil and household holidays associated with events in a person's personal life - his birth, acquiring civil status - obtaining a passport, sending him to the Soviet Army, marriage ... Soviet family and household rituals, which absorbed the best of folk traditions, firmly entered the life of Soviet people, became an integral part of socialist spiritual culture.

Physical education and sports

Science and technology

Atheism and religion

A visit by Soviet citizens to the Lviv Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism. 1980s.

However, religious organizations often acted as a fierce enemy of the world's first socialist state, an active preacher of nationalist ideas. Thus, A. Sheptytsky, Metropolitan of the Uniate Church, called on faithfully to serve the German fascist invaders, with whom the spiritual pastors actively collaborated. A number of documentary materials also testify to the role of the Uniate clergy in the creation of the SS Galicia division in Western Ukraine. For example, in 1943, the Uniate chaplain Vasil Laba swore in the recruits of this division. Close cooperation of the Greek Catholic clergy with the German fascist invaders, the gangs of Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists finally compromised the Uniate Church, exposing its anti-people essence. As a result, in March 1946 in Lvov, the Council of the Uniate clergy decided to liquidate the Brest Church Union and transfer all parishes to the Russian Orthodox Church. Two years later, in 1948, the Greek Catholic priest, writer and publicist Gabriel Kostelnik, who took an active part in the 1946 cathedral, was killed by an "agent of the Vatican." In 1949, the Ukrainian Soviet writer Yaroslav Galan, who debunked fascism, Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism, Catholicism and Uniatism, was killed at the hands of Uniate-OUN extremists.

An important role in the process of the departure of Soviet people from religion was played by the examples of former clergymen who resigned from themselves and decisively broke with religious views and took the path of re-evaluating illusory values. For example, the former archpriest of the Orthodox Church A.K.Samostyak became the head of the department of the Kabardino-Balkarian Museum of Local Lore, and the former Jehovah's Witness G.K.

Achievements

Hyman George Rickover, Admiral of the United States Fleet, stated in 1960:

"The seriousness of the challenge the Soviet Union has thrown at us is not that it is militarily stronger than us, but that it threatens us with its education system."

Unresolved problems

Party populism

Information war

In his open letter to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Dean Reed noted the following:

“It is true that the Soviet Union has its own injustices and shortcomings, but everything in the world is relative. In principle and in practice, your society strives to create a truly healthy and just society. The principles on which your society is built are healthy, clean and just, while the principles on which our society is built are cruel, self-serving and unjust. Obviously, there can be mistakes and some injustices in life, but there is no doubt that a society built on just principles has more prospects to come to a just society than a society that is built on injustice and exploitation of man by man. The society and government of my country are behind the times because their the only goal is the desire to maintain the status quo throughout the world. It is your country that seeks to take progressive steps in the name of humanity, and if it is imperfect in some way and sometimes stumbles, then we should not condemn the entire system for these shortcomings, but should welcome it for its courage and desire to blaze new paths. "

Interethnic relations

National policy

According to Doctor of Philosophy Konstantin Petrovich Matveyev, during the existence of the Soviet Union, "many contradictory and acute issues have accumulated in interethnic relations, in the development of nations and nationalities." The scientist finds one of the reasons for this state of affairs in the "deep discrepancy" between V. I. Lenin and I. V. Stalin on the question of the nature of the USSR:

"Lenin, as you know, defended the principle of a federation of equal republics against the Stalinist principle of" autonomization ", which implied the entry of the republics into the RSFSR as the main," first among equals "- only on the basis of some autonomy, very limited independence."

And despite the concession made by JV Stalin on this issue, loyalty to Lenin's behests turned out to be formal. Another reason is Stalin's theory on the national question:

“According to his concept, a nation is a community of people who have a single territory, a single literary language, a single economic market, a community of culture. But, for example, there is no common territory, a single market - for example, thousands of Koreans live in Uzbekistan - should they be considered a nation or not? "

55 million people, that is, a fifth of the population of the Soviet state lived outside their republics or did not have any national-territorial formations at all, which did not mean that they did not have their own national interests. However, only those nations and nationalities that had their own republics, autonomous regions and districts had the right to send their deputies, for example, to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. K.P. Matveev cites several consequences of neglecting such problems of national policy:

Upbringing and education

Religion

see also

Notes (edit)

1. Belonuchkin G. Goskomstat has counted 27 thousand people of Soviet nationality in Russia // SCILLA. - June 26, 2012
2. Sherstobitov V. Soviet people - a new historical community of people // Knowledge is power. - 1972. - No. 8.S. 4.
3. Soviet people // Scientific communism: Dictionary. - 4th ed., Add. - M .: Politizdat, 1983.S. 278.
4. Sherstobitov V. Soviet people - a new historical community of people // Knowledge is power. - 1972. - No. 8. S. 5.

Building communism; emerged in the USSR as a result of the socialist. transformations and the emergence of a lasting socio-political. and the ideological unity of all classes and strata, nations and nationalities. S. n. is a multinational. workers of the city and countryside, united by the community of socialist. building, Marxist-Leninist ideology, communist. the ideals of the working class, the principles of internationalism. S. n. unified supreme bodies state authorities and state governing the USSR, the USSR Constitution for all owls. people established union citizenship. The common language of internat. communication in the USSR is Russian language, which is an expression of the role played Russian people in the fraternal family of the peoples of the USSR.

In S.'s education of N. crucial role belongs to The Communist Party- parties, intern. in its ideology, politics, composition and structure. By uniting in their ranks the most conscious. part of friendships. classes and groups, nations and nationalities, The Communist Party expresses the vital interests of the entire S. of N., cements the community owls. people in all walks of life.

Material and Spiritual Community owls. people received all-round in the conditions of mature socialism. Strengthening social homogeneity owls. society, its sociopolitical. unity, the growth of the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat into the general public. led to an even greater strengthening of the alliance and friendship of all classes and social groups, nations and nationalities of the USSR, whose representatives are becoming more and more all-Soviet, international features. In the conditions of mature socialism and the building of communism, the internat became stronger. economical community, the all-Union economy has reached a high level - an integral national economy. including bunk bed economy of all republics and developing according to a single state plan in the interests of the whole country and each republic.

Based on economical and socio-political. community socialist. nations and nationalities, their spiritual community is growing, there is a further rapprochement nat. cultures. Strengthening internats. damn in nat. culture and character does not mean that the national is supposedly sacrificed to the international, but that what is changing, the national itself is enriched. Greatest result revolutionary reorganization of society was the birth of a new spiritual and psychological. appearance owls. people who, while keeping their nat. especially, in the main have internationalist features. Nat. the community is in organic. unity with a higher, internat. community, and representatives of any nation and nationality of the USSR consider themselves primarily owls. people, which found in the emergence of feelings of the community. pride owls. person. S. n. as a new social and internat. community became the most important factor in the further progress of developed socialism in the USSR and the prototype of future wider internats. communities of people.

K. Marx, F. Engels, German, Works, T. 3; them, About Poland, in the same place, T. 4; Lenin V.I., To the Jewish workers, PSS, T. ten; his, Position and tasks of the socialist. International, in the same place, T. 26; his, Theses for the II Congress of the Communist. International, in the same place, T. 41; Materials of the XXIV Congress The Communist Party, M., 1971; Materials of the XXV Congress The Communist Party, M., 1976; Materials of the XXVI Congress The Communist Party, M., 1981; By the roads of friendship, M., 1972; The Soviet people are the builders of communism, T. 1-2, Frunze, 1977; The development of the Soviet people - a new historical community, M., 1980.

Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Ch. edition: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

SOVIET PEOPLE- SOVIET PEOPLE, new history, social and internat. community of people formed in the USSR as a result of socialist. transformations and rapprochement of the working classes and strata, nations and nationalities, having a common homeland and territory, united, based on ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

- ... Wikipedia

A new historical, social and international community of people with a single territory, economy, culture, socialist in content, a union state of the whole people and a common goal of building communism; originated in the USSR in ... ...

Soviet people- a new historical, social and international community of people that arose in the USSR on the basis of the victory of socialism, overcoming class and national antagonisms, rapprochement of various classes, social groups, nations and nationalities as a result ... ... Scientific Communism: Vocabulary

1) in the broad sense of the word, the entire population is defined. country. 2) The term used to refer to various forms of ethnicity. communities (tribe, nationality, nation). In the process of development, socialist. of society in the USSR, a new historical. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

PEOPLE, people, m. 1. Population united by belonging to one state; residents of the country. "The Red Army is the armed Soviet people." Voroshilov. “Persons encroaching on public, socialist property are enemies ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Contents 1 The main positive features of the Soviet man ... Wikipedia

people-, a, m. == Happy peoples of the Soviet country. pathet. Kupina, 51. == Genuinely free peoples. pathet. About the peoples of the Soviet Union. ◘ Within the framework of the commonwealth, it is true free peoples the complete victory of socialism is assured. M ly XXII Congress ... ... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Soviets

1) in the broad sense of the word, the entire population of a particular country. 2) In historical materialism, N., the popular masses, a social community that includes at various stages of history those strata and classes that, in their objective position ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

App., Up. often Morphology: Nar. in the Soviet way 1. Soviet was called what was based on the management of the Soviets as bodies of state power. Soviet authority. | Soviet state. | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. | ... ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

(HISTORIOGRAPHY)

The historiographic study of the course of working out the problem of the formation and development of the Soviet people as a new historical community is, in essence, still at the very beginning. Until now, only a few attempts have been made to analyze the literature on the problem, and most often they were either very general in nature, or related to particular issues 1. The need for a thorough analysis of all this literature is caused primarily by the social need for a deeper understanding of the essence of the new historical community, a conscious consideration of its objective role in solving the problems of building communism. Of all the literature on this topic, only that part of it is analyzed below that left the most noticeable mark in the development of the problem. The purpose of the article is to identify the process of understanding by scientists of the fact of the formation and development of the Soviet people as a new historical community in the process of establishing mature socialism, an increase in knowledge on this most important issue of the theory and practice of the development of our society. It touches upon the following aspects of the consideration of the problem: the formulation of the question of the Soviet people as a new historical community in the documents of the CPSU and special studies; reflection in the literature of the history of the development of the question of the stages of the formation of this community; party documents and works of scientists about its essence. Analyzing these questions, the author is guided by a theoretical and methodological proposition formulated in the Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the XXV Party Congress: “We proceeded and continue to proceed from the fact that we have a new historical community - the Soviet people, based on the inviolable alliance of the working class, the peasantry and the intelligentsia with the leading role of the working class, friendship of all nations and nationalities of the country "2.

1 See R. Rzayev. The concept of "multinational Soviet people" in Soviet and bourgeois sociology. "On some concepts of the theory of the nation". Frunze. 1968; A.I. Kholmogorov. United and multinational. Riga. 1970; M.N. Rosenko. The formation and development of the Soviet people is a triumph of the principles of Lenin's nationality policy. "Questions of theory and practice of the development of national relations". L. 1974; A. V. Likholat, N. V. Komarenko. The main problem is "The Radianskiy people - a new historical spirituality of people". Ukrainian Historical Journal ", 1976, N 1; V. P. Sherstobitov, E. A. Zaitseva. Some historiographic problems of the formation and development of a new historical community in the USSR - the Soviet people." Problems of the history of social thought and historiography. M. 1976, and etc.

2 "Materials of the XXV Congress of the CPSU". M. 1976, p. 81.

The emergence of socialism, associated with a stage of unprecedented acceleration of world development, inevitably should have led to the emergence of new historical communities of people. Shortly before the victory of the Great October Revolution, which opened a new era in the history of mankind, V.I. any nationalities will for the first time be satisfied in international unity, provided the current national barriers are destroyed. "3 Even at the stage of maturation of the socialist revolution in Russia, he stated that in the interests of a successful struggle against all kinds of nationalism, life puts on the agenda" upholding the unity of the proletarian struggle and proletarian organizations, the closest merging them into an international community, despite the bourgeois aspirations for national isolation. " soldered the working class and the peasantry, that the policy of the Communist Party strengthens and unites all the "peoples of the Land of Soviets" into one great powerful family "," forming one great whole "5. In the conditions of the struggle for the victory of the revolution and the building of socialism, the working people rallied, according to Lenin's assessment, "by indissoluble chains of living interests, class consciousness."

Lenin repeatedly noted the international character of socialism and the Soviet system, stated the unifying nature of such new concepts as "Soviet revolution", "Soviet forces" 7. The very title “Soviet” rallied the builders of the new world, and the leader of the revolution, even in the first years of the revolution, spoke more than once about the duties of a “Soviet citizen”. Especially important is Lenin's statement of the great significance of the fact that the new life was built by "really Soviet people", that collectivism, patriotism and proletarian internationalism became their distinguishing features. This was a guarantee that along with the transformation of people, new communities would appear, capable of ensuring the building of socialism and communism. For the first time in history, such a community represented by the Soviet people has developed in a country that has begun to pave the way for a bright future for all nations and peoples of the world.

The concept of "Soviet people" was applied back in the 1920s and 1930s, but it did not mean then a new community, but simply the population of our country, rallied around the Leninist party in the process of building socialism. At the beginning of 1936, the newspaper Pravda wrote: "The Soviet people represent that unity that has served and continues to be the object of dreams of every government." As the unity of society was strengthened, it was more and more realized that, on the basis of this unity, qualitative changes were taking place in all class and national communities, in their relationships. It is characteristic that the figures of Soviet culture already then noticed the deepest changes in the consciousness and psychology of people, in their social relations, and through

3 V.I. Lenin. PSS. T. 26. p. 40.

4 V. I. Lenin. PSS. T. 25, p. 319.

5 V. I. Lenin. PSS. T. 45, p. 440; vol. 52, p. 301.

6 V.I. Lenin. PSS. T. 35, p. 287.

7 V.I. Lenin. PSS. T. 38, p. 68; vol. 41, p. 417.

8 See V. I. Lenin. PSS. T. 38, p. 63, 235.

9 Pravda, 4.II.1936.

them - and throughout society. A notable manifestation of the gradual realization by the Soviet people of the deepest shifts in the socio-political and ideological-cultural life of the country was P. Tychina's poem "The Feeling of a Single Family" (1938).

The success of the formation of the Soviet people as a community already by the end of the 30s is evidenced by the conclusion of the XVIII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks that by that time the foundations of socialism had been built in the USSR, that moral and political unity, friendship of peoples and Soviet patriotism. At the same time, it is characteristic that the congress, which for the first time introduced the concept of "Soviet people" into party documents and noted the growing monolithic character of our society, nevertheless, on such an important issue of its life and development as moral and political unity, quite definitely stated that only its foundation had been created. ten . At that time, some of the previously backward peoples were still in the process of forming new classes; socialist nations and nationalities in a number of regions of the country have formed only in the main.

The Great Patriotic War... The new historical community that took shape during the years of building socialism, strengthened and hardened in battles with the enemy, playing a huge role in achieving victory. During the war years, as well as in the course of the restoration of the destroyed national economy, social relations developed even more, the unity of all class and national communities became truly indestructible, and Soviet people rose to new heights of maturity. It is especially important that in those years the economic, ideological and political bonds of unity of social and national communities, of all Soviet people became immeasurably stronger.

The concept of "Soviet people" in the sense of a single and indivisible whole came into circulation already during the war years and the post-war period. On the basis of the successes achieved in the restoration and further development of the national economy in the country, the implementation of the Leninist program of building a socialist society was completed. The social ties formed during the years of socialist construction have become even deeper and more multifaceted, testifying to the monolithic nature of Soviet society, the indissolubility of the bonds that unite its constituent classes and social strata, nations and nationalities, and all working people. Extremely essential in the matter of an in-depth analysis of the changes that have taken place in terms of strengthening the social-class and international unity of Soviet society, the 21st Congress of the CPSU concluded that "socialism has won a complete and final victory in our country." The decisions of the Congress stated that the most remarkable achievement of the socialist system is the education by the Party of millions of conscious builders of communism. The historic victories of the Soviet people in building socialism have led to the further consolidation of our system and its unshakable foundation - the alliance of the working class and the peasantry; friendship became even closer and the political unity of all the nations and nationalities of the Soviet country became stronger, showing the world "an example of the communist community of free and equal peoples" 12.

10 See "The CPSU in Resolutions and Decisions of Congresses, Conferences and Plenums of the Central Committee." Ed. 8th. T. 5.M. 1971, p. 336.

11 "Extraordinary XXI Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Verbatim report". T. II. M. 1959, p. 443.

12 Ham, p. 433.

In connection with the preparation the new Program The party was faced with the task of further studying the changes that have taken place in our society in order to determine the immediate tasks and prospects for the country's development. The Central Committee of the party, presenting the draft Program for discussion at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU, considered it necessary to state: "In the USSR, a new historical community of people of different nationalities has developed, having common characteristics - the Soviet people. They have a common socialist homeland - the USSR, a common economic base - a socialist economy , a common social and class structure, a common worldview - Marxism-Leninism, a common goal - the construction of communism, many common features in the spiritual image, in psychology "13. Attention is drawn to the fact that, firstly, this provision was still not included in the Party Program, and, secondly, that the main emphasis in defining the essence of the new community - the Soviet people - was also placed on its international character (to unite in this community of "people of different nationalities"). At the same time, the CPSU Program included the thesis that the emergence of the USSR and then the world system of socialism "is the beginning of the historical process of the all-round rapprochement of peoples." At the same time, the Party's conclusion that the working people of all nationalities, rallied around the Leninist Party, "have common characteristics," a common homeland, common foundations of economic, social and spiritual life, a common goal was extremely important. Soviet people of different nationalities, the Program said, "have developed common features of the spiritual image, generated by a new type of social relations and embodied the best traditions of the peoples of the USSR."

In subsequent party documents, the idea of ​​forming a new historical community in our country was further developed. The Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the 23rd Party Congress contained the concept of "multinational Soviet people" and stated the strengthening of friendship and unity of its constituent nations and nationalities. In the Theses of the CPSU Central Committee for the 50th anniversary of the Great October Revolution, it was noted that on the basis of economic and social community, international features are actively developing among socialist nations, common Soviet traditions are being established - the unity of goals and Marxist-Leninist ideology, dedication to the cause of communism, deep internationalism and Soviet patriotism, respect national dignity, friendship and brotherhood 17. In the Theses of the Central Committee of the CPSU for the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. ... "The Soviet people," the Theses said, "a fundamentally new, international community of people, a socialist union of all working people of the USSR - workers in industry, agriculture and culture, physical and mental labor, constituting the social basis of a multinational nationwide state." This provision was the first to emphasize - along with the previously recorded international unity

13 "XXII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Verbatim report". T. I. M. 1962, p. 153.

14 Ibid. Vol. III, p. 244.

15 Ibid., P. 312.

16 "Materials of the XXIII Congress of the CPSU". M. 1966, p. 89.

17 See "50 years of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Documents and materials." M. 1967, p. 59.

18 "To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin". Theses of the Central Committee of the CPSU. M. 1970, pp. 32 - 83.

a new historical community - also its fundamentally new character and socio-political essence.

Of decisive importance for the elaboration of the problem of the education and development of the Soviet people as a new historical community was played by the inclusion of a provision about it in the Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the 24th Party Congress: “During the years of socialist construction in our country a new historical community of people - the Soviet people. V joint work, in the struggle for socialism, in the battles for its defense, new, harmonious relations were born between classes and social groups, nations and nationalities - relations of friendship and cooperation. "19 This was the most complete of all provisions on the formation and development of a new historical community.It contained answers to questions about the time of its formation, about the combination of social-class and international factors in its essence, about the methodology for analyzing the new community among other historical communities.

It clearly follows from the conclusions of the 24th Congress of the CPSU that the formation of the Soviet people is a natural phenomenon arising from the nature of socialism, from the development trends of a multinational socialist society, in which the working class plays the leading role. Consequently, the formation and development of a new historical community is determined, along with objective factors, also subjective, and above all the leading role of the CPSU. Its constant and tireless concern for rallying all working people around the working class, for strengthening its alliance with the working peasantry, for the all-round strengthening of friendship and international unity of all the nations and nationalities of the country made it possible to make full use of the objective conditions generated by socialism so that in the process of the steadily growing social-class and international unity of our society, a new historical community, the Soviet people, could emerge, take shape and gain strength.

Development for the period from XXII to XXIV Congress of the CPSU of the views of the party on the issue of education and essence of the Soviet people as a new historical community served as the initial basis for further analysis of those drastic changes, which marked the complete and final victory of socialism in the USSR, its entry into new stage building a socially homogeneous society. It became more and more obvious that the idea of ​​Soviet society as a sum of social-class and national communities no longer reflected all the diversity and strength of ties that had developed under the leadership of the party and played such an invaluable role in establishing socialism and defending its gains. On the basis of party documents, there was a gradual, but every year more and more profound understanding of new phenomena in the process of strengthening the social unity of Soviet society. Simultaneously with its further progress, new, even deeper changes took place, the realization of which merged with the process of comprehending the previously achieved successes in bringing together classes and social groups, nations and nationalities of the USSR, all workers regardless of their nationality and profession. For about ten years, based on the conclusion of the XXII Congress of the CPSU that a new community had already formed, the party and Soviet scientists carefully analyzed the results of strengthening the social, class and international unity of our society, until this situation, developed and recorded in the documents of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, did not reflect in itself new conclusions about the time of formation and the essence of the Soviet people as a community, the methodology of its analysis.

19 "Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU". M. 1971, p. 76.

The first attempts by scientists to understand the essence of the achieved stage of the unity of Soviet society almost entirely followed the path of comprehending new aspects of the international unity of the peoples of the USSR, while the results of the convergence of classes and social groups, in general, the social-class foundations of this unity fell out of the field of view of researchers for some time. Meanwhile, it became more and more obvious that even the concept of "friendship of peoples", which had come into use in the pre-war years, undoubtedly retaining its meaning and even absorbing new results of life and relations between nations and nationalities, still did not reflect all the successes of their steady rapprochement. ... The first attempt to comprehend new phenomena and processes in the development of the unity of Soviet society was the opinion that in our country "a single Soviet nation is being forged." Researchers and propagandists immediately drew attention to this thesis. Moreover, he is still criticized. In the matter of fixing the results of strengthening the unity of society, it is undoubtedly wrong: no "forging a single Soviet nation" is taking place in our country, and there can be no talk of it in the future either. At the same time, one cannot but take into account the positive, to a certain extent, nature of this thesis - it reflected the search for ways and means of comprehending that new thing that has happened in the field of strengthening Soviet society during all the years of the formation and consolidation of socialism.

During the preparation of the draft Program of the CPSU, the researcher of the problem of the development of nations and national relations, MD Kammari, formulated a conclusion about the emergence of a new historical community in our country. Speaking in Lviv on May 23, 1961 with a public lecture "The flourishing of socialist nations and their rapprochement during the transition from socialism to communism" (the text of this lecture was soon published as a separate brochure), he said: "Such a stable historical community, such a people as ethnic formation, consisting of many socialist nations, at the same time unified in its social, spiritual, moral appearance, has not yet been known by the history of mankind. community (economic, political, cultural and even linguistic) than a people and a nation "21.

Today, from the height of the conclusions made by the party, domestic science about the time of formation and the essence of the Soviet people as a new historical community, a certain vagueness of the conclusion formulated by M. D. Cammari is clear. Inaccuracy, for example, was the characteristic new historical community as ethnic, although this inaccuracy was partially weakened by the simultaneous characterization of the same community as consisting of many socialist nations, and at the same time, united "in its social, spiritual, moral appearance." And yet, the shortcomings of M. D. Cammari's formulation are particulars in comparison with the importance of the very conclusion about the emergence of a new historical community in our country, which, by the way, he did not yet designate with the now generally accepted concept of "the Soviet people". It was also positive that M. D. Cammari objected to the identification of a new historical community with a "new nation."

Guided by the documents of the party and analyzing the processes of strengthening the social and international unity of the Soviet people more and more deeply, the researchers took more and more steps towards disclosing its essence. I. E. Krainev, when characterizing the new historical community, paid special attention to the general features

20 "Communist", 1960, No. 6, p. 39.

21 M.D. Cammari. The flourishing of socialist nations and their rapprochement during the transition from socialism to communism. Lviv. 1961, p. 14.

there the nations rallied in it. “The Soviet people consists of a multitude of socialist nations and at the same time it is one in its social, spiritual, moral appearance,” he wrote. “An economic, political, cultural and even linguistic community has formed. rallying them into a single Soviet people "22. In this definition of a new historical community, the author, highlighting the common features of nations, pointed to the commonality of their economic LIFE. Almost simultaneously with I. Ye. Kravtsev, the same feature of the new historical community was emphasized with even greater persistence by M. D. Kammari. Together with the national economic ties and the community of people under socialism and the extensive construction of communism, he wrote, a broader, more powerful, progressive and stable interethnic or international, economic community of people of all nations and nationalities is growing and gaining strength. And already on the basis of an economic community (national and international), in his opinion, a political, cultural, spiritual community corresponding to it develops.

However, in the early and mid-1960s, an in-depth and methodologically correct approach to the analysis of the Soviet people as a new historical community was inherent only to individual researchers. Many of them have not yet fully taken into account the Party's conclusions about the general features of the working people of all nationalities united in a new historical community. In assessing it, the main emphasis was placed not on the class aspects of its unity, but on its interethnic character. At the same time, MS Dzhunusov wrote: "The Soviet people are an interethnic community of people ... Gradually, elements of an international community of people begin to take shape." Such a distinction between the interethnic and international character of a community is hardly justified, especially considering that Lenin, in the notes to one of his works, explained: "International - international, international" 25. At the same time, MS Dzhunusov was one of the few researchers who already in 1966 noted that "the Soviet people embody the unity of diverse formations (social and national)" 26.

A number of authors in the same years, in essence, repeated in relation to a new historical community the above erroneous thesis about the formation of a single nation in our country. One of them wrote that the process of "creation of a single nation with a single language" was taking place in the USSR. Another said that, in his opinion, the development of the Soviet people as a new historical community means the manifestation of a tendency towards the formation of a "single Soviet nation." The third in 1965 expressed, and in 1970 repeated the idea that in our country "the appearance of a new ethnic community, born of the practice

22 I. E. Kravtsev. Development of national relations in the USSR. Kiev. 1962, p. 27.

23 M.D. Cammari. To complete unity. M. 1962, p. 14.

24 M.S.Dzhunusov. On the dialectics of the development of national relations during the construction of socialism and communism. M. 1963, p. 45. And later M. Dzhunusov wrote: "The statement that the Soviet people is an international community of people ... is not quite accurate, in our opinion, the statement." (" Scientific basis Lenin's national policy of the CPSU ". Chisinau. 1968, p. 44).

25 V. I. Lenin. PSS. T. 24, p. 120

26 M.S.Dzhunusov. Dialectics of the formation of the Soviet people as a multinational social community of people. "The multinational Soviet people - a new historical community of people." M. 1966, p. 66.

27 A. A. Isupov. National composition of the population of the USSR. M. 1964, p. 9.

28 A. V. Efimov. About directions in the study of nations. "New and Contemporary History", 1967, N 4, p. 35.

communist construction - the Soviet nation. "29 In addition, he formulated another incorrect position: the new community allegedly had not yet formed, but was just being born. Chebaksarov, who wrote that “the Soviet people are, of course, not an ethnic community.” True, he also called the Soviet people, without due reason, “a national-political community.” 30

It is not surprising, of course, that during the period when the essence of the new historical community was being comprehended, the most contradictory judgments were expressed. Another thing is important: such judgments were proof that in many cases the study of the processes of formation and development of the Soviet people had not yet taken on a sufficiently deep character.

A number of researchers back in the mid-1960s resolutely opposed the slanderous distortions of imperialist propaganda of the essence of the CPSU's struggle to strengthen the unity of Soviet society. The fact is that in bourgeois literature the provisions of the new Program of the CPSU were interpreted as leading to the formation of a "single nation of the Soviet-Russian type." Criticizing this kind of exercise of Sovietologists, E. A. Bagramov wrote that there are no grounds for such statements, since “the formation of a new, international community of people, such as the Soviet people is, does not mean the absorption of nations, but the achievement of a certain level of their unity, conditioned by social -economic and ideological and political factors "31. A.I. Kholmogorov at the same time noted with good reason, having in mind above all the inaccuracies made by some of our scientists: "Ignoring the national specifics, reasoning about the" extinction "of the essential features of socialist nations, their" mutual assimilation "," denationalization "of national statehood , about the imminent approach of the "complete state-legal merger" of nations, etc. are premature, theoretically untenable, politically harmful "32.

The gradual deepening of the analysis of the new historical community can be judged, in particular, by its description of M.D. Cammari, which is already somewhat enriched in comparison with the one cited above. Now he wrote that the new community is international in its type and character, that it "is growing and will continue to grow, more and more fully embracing all aspects of the social life of people and entire nations, without eliminating national units, but acting as the basis for their development and rapprochement. "33. It was then that the definition of the Soviet people was formulated by Yu. Yu. Weingold. The Soviet multinational people, he wrote, is a new historical form of community of people, which is a stable association of people of different nationalities, an association characterized by the unity of the Fatherland and territory, economic life, social structure, unity of goals and the struggle to build communism, unity of spiritual life

29 M. Ichilov. From fragmentation to unity. "Soviet Dagestan", 1970, N 1, p. 8.

30 N.N. Cheboksarov. Problems of the typology of ethnic communities in the works of Soviet scientists. "Soviet Ethnography", 1967, N 4, p. 108.

31 E. A. Bagramov. The national question and bourgeois ideology. M. 1966, p. 295.

32 A.I. Kholmogorov. The ratio of the national and new historical community of people. "The multinational Soviet people - a new historical community of people", p. 47.

33 "Building communism and the development of social relations". M. 1966, p. 288.

and will 34. Other authors, in one form or another, repeated the characteristics of the Soviet people given by M.D.Kammari. This, in particular, can be judged by the materials of the first scientific conference held at Moscow University on the problem "The multinational Soviet people - a new historical community of people." In one of the speeches, it was said, for example, that the correlation of two tendencies in relations between nations and nationalities corresponding to socialism "led to the formation of a community of the Soviet people." In another, the opinion was expressed that the Soviet people were a form of a multinational social collective, and the processes of the formation and rapprochement of socialist nations into such a collective were going on simultaneously.

In the second half of the 60s, the attention of researchers to the study of a new historical community continued to grow. A significant place in this problem was given, for example, by P.M.Rogachev, M.A.Sverdlin and S.T. MP Kim characterized the all-round development of the interethnic historical community - the Soviet people - with its new international features as a synthetic expression of the achievements of all its constituent individual nations. A. M. Yegiazaryan followed this up with the following definition of the essence of the Soviet people: “On the basis of a common economic base, a common worldview, and a common goal of building communism, finally, based on the commonality of many features of the spiritual image of socialist nations, a new the social category is the Soviet people. This is a new historical formation based on the flourishing socialist nations and nationalities of the USSR "39.

An important role in summing up the first results of the elaboration of the problem of education and development of the Soviet people as a new historical community was played by the scientific conference on the topic "The Soviet people - a new historical community of people" held in October 1968. Ts. A. Stepanyan's report emphasized the embodiment in the Soviet people as a new historical community of the ideas of proletarian internationalism 40. The report of P.M.Rogachev and M.A.Sverdlin examined the place of the Soviet people among the historical communities of people. They rightly noted that the Soviet people are "a social-class and interethnic, internationalist in nature community, embracing the entire population of the country, state-constituted in the form of a federation and based on a single economy, diverse, but the same content of culture, a single worldview and a single language of interethnic

34 Yu. Yu. Veingold. On the question of the social and volitional moments of the emergence and development of a new historical community - the Soviet people. Frunze. 1966, p. 17.

35 M.R.Bulatov. The Soviet people are the result of the all-round development and close rapprochement of the socialist nations. "The multinational Soviet people - a new historical community of people", p. 6.

36 See A.A. Nurullaev. The Soviet people as a form of a multinational social community. "The multinational Soviet people - a new historical community of people", p. 14.

37 P. M. Rogachev, M. A. Sverdlin. Nations - people - humanity. M. 1967, p. 87; S. T. Kaltakhchyan. Socialist nations are their present and future. M. 1967, p. 36.

38 See M. P. Kim. On the development of the national problem in the modern era. "Actual problems of the history of nation-building in the USSR". Dushanbe. 1970, p. 23.

39 A. M. Egiazaryan. Socialism and nations. Lenin's national policy of the CPSU in action. M. 1969, p. 39.

40 See Ts. A. Stepanyan. The sociological law of the development of nations is the objective basis for combining the international and national tasks of the Soviet people. "The Soviet people - a new historical community of people." Volgograd. 1969, p. 28.

communication, functioning along with national languages. "41 In this definition, the new historical community is characterized not only as international, but also as social-class, and it is social-class factors that are rightfully put in the first place. This point of view was supported at the conference and other speakers 42. PN Fedoseev, ST Kaltakhchyan and AI Kholmogorov also proceeded in their works from the social-class character of the new historical community.

Such, in the most general outline, is the history of the formulation and solution by the Party and Soviet science of the question of the emergence in our country of a new historical community - the Soviet people.

To clarify the essence, place and role of a new historical community, it is important to correctly understand the time and initial foundations of its formation, stages of formation and development. Unfortunately, methodological criteria for the periodization of the history of the Soviet people as a community, an approach to the analysis of the processes of its formation, have not yet been properly developed. This led to the fact that researchers approached, and often still approach, to distinguish these stages largely without due regard to real life processes. Meanwhile, Lenin, as you know, taught that the definition of the periods of a given phenomenon depends not on our desires, but on the objective factors of its development.

Let us take, first of all, the question of the preconditions for the formation of a new historical community. IP Tsameryan has already correctly drawn attention to the fact that in a number of works an excessive enthusiasm is manifested in the search for the "historical roots" of the Soviet people 44. Some researchers even attribute the beginning of its formation to the period of territorial expansion of the Russian state and its transformation into a multinational state, proceeding from the fact that even then a single territory, a single language of interethnic communication, the consciousness of a single international community, the beginnings of friendship between peoples, etc. began to take shape. 45. With a deep understanding of the essence of a new historical community, it is difficult to imagine the possibility of the existence of such "historical roots" in it. The reference to the fact that the new historical community is a continuation of the revolutionary people who fought against tsarism and capitalism in the pre-October period is also not entirely correct. The fact is that distinctive feature revolutionary people - not so much the inner integrity of its nature, as

41 P. M. Rogachev, M. A. Sverdlin. The place of the Soviet people among the historical communities of people. "The Soviet people - a new historical community of people", p. 44.

42 See N.M. Kiseleva. On the question of the concept of "Soviet people". "The Soviet people - a new historical community of people", p. 94; L. N. Knyazev. Self-awareness of the international community of Soviet people. Ibid, p. 370; Yu. L. Vorobiev. Social activity is a characteristic feature of the Soviet people. Ibid, p. 397.

43 See S. T. Kaltakhchyan. Leninism about the essence of the nation and the way of forming an international community of people. M. 1969; A.I. Kholmogorov. United and multinational; P.N. Fedoseev. Great international feat of the Soviet people. M. 1973.

44 See I. P. Tsameryan. The unity of the international and the national in the new international spirituality - the Radiansk people "Fsosofskaya Dumka", 1977, N 6, p. 12.

45 M. A. Andreev. The socialist nation in the USSR - component of the Soviet people. "The Soviet people - a new historical community of people", p. 179.

46 See N.K. Garifullin. Stages of development of the multinational Soviet people as a new historical community of people. "The Soviet people -: a new historical community of people", p. 105; V.I. Zateev. National relations under socialism. Ulan-Ude. 1975, p. 165, etc.

the direction of his actions against class enemies. The main thing in the Soviet people as a new historical community is its completely new, never before existed, inherent quality features.

In a detailed disclosure of the prehistory of the new historical community, which was given by M.P. Kim, the characteristics of the essence and historical role the class and international traditions of the proletariat and all its allies in the labor camp 47. As you know, these traditions played an extremely important role in ensuring the victory of the October Revolution. They are precisely the real precondition that laid the foundation for the birth of the Soviet people as a new historical community. A comprehensive definition of this premise is also contained in the collective monograph "The Soviet people - a new historical community of people" (Moscow, 1975), published under the leadership of MP Kim and VP Sherstobitov, and in the collective monograph "The Great Soviet People" (Kiev, 1976 ). Other researchers also characterize the victory of the October Revolution as a prerequisite for the formation of the Soviet people. At the same time, P.M. Rogachev and M.A. "48. In essence, the same idea was expressed by E. V. Tadevosyan, who considers the multinationality of the Leninist party in the pre-October years a prerequisite for the formation of the Soviet people. However, while recognizing the truly invaluable role of the party in the emergence and development of the Soviet people, one must nevertheless take into account that these are diverse social phenomena, with different patterns of development, with mismatched social functions.

The most contradictory opinions are still expressed in the literature on the stages of the formation of a new historical community and the time of its completion. Now there are three points of view, according to which the Soviet people a) formed by the middle or by the end of the 30s, b) with the victory of socialism, it was formed only "in the main", c) is a category of mature socialism, that is, it was finally formed at the turn of 50 - 60s.

NK Garifullin, summarizing the already existing points of view on the question of the time of the formation of a new historical community, made an attempt to periodize it. In his opinion, the beginning of the formation of the Soviet people belongs to the period of the victory of the October Revolution, while its education should be attributed to the time of building socialism in the USSR. In the future, he believes, there is already a process of development of the previously formed new historical community of people 50. MP Kim wrote in the already mentioned monograph that "by the end of the transitional period, with the construction of a basically socialist society in the USSR, a new historical community of people, the Soviet people, had basically taken shape." Later, noting the difference in points of view on the time of the formation of the Soviet people, MP Kim confirmed his position: "Some authors believe that this community

47 See M. P. Kim. The Soviet people are a new historical community. M. 1972, pp. 45 - 46.

48 P. M. Rogachev, M. A. Sverdlin. The place of the Soviet people among the historical communities of people. "The Soviet people - a new historical community of people", p. 42.

49 See E. V. Tadevosyan. The Soviet people are a new historical community of people. "Questions of the history of the KPSS", 1972, No. 5, p. 23.

50 See N.K. Garifullin. Decree. cit., pp. 104 - 107.

51 M. P. Kim. The Soviet people - a new historical community, p. 145.

developed only under the conditions of developed socialism. According to another point of view, which the author of these lines also adheres to, the Soviet people, as a new historical community of people, basically took shape by the end of the transition period, when a basically socialist society was built in the USSR. ”52 The same opinion is shared by V.P. Sherstobitov, who he expressed it initially in the summer of 1972, then, in a slightly revised version, at the end of 1976. “As you know,” he writes, “by the end of the 1930s, socialism had basically triumphed in the USSR. At that time, basically, a new historical community of people was also formed "53.

In subsequent years, the development of the question of the stages of formation and the time of formation of a new historical community continued. E. V. Tadevosyan, in particular, reasonably revealed the position that its emergence is a natural result of building a developed socialist society 54. Yu. Yu. Weingold expressed the opinion that 1917 - 1937. were the time of the formation of the Soviet people as a new historical community. He believes that the inclusion of the concept of "Soviet people" in the Charter of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted by the 18th Party Congress is evidence of its final consolidation as a new historical community, and this process continued in 1938-1959, after which it was further strengthened and development 55. MN Rosenko took a completely different position, stating that the beginning of the emergence of a new community of people was laid only "with the creation of the USSR", and this process was completed by the mid-1930s 56. In another work, she wrote: "The Soviet people were formed

52 M. P. Kim. Formation and development of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people. "Questions of international education of workers". M. 1977, p. 253. It is necessary to make a reservation that MP Kim, speaking about the authors, in whose opinion the new community "took shape only in the conditions of developed socialism", does not mean at all the denial of its formation before the establishment of developed socialism , nor the fact that it is supposedly formed only after this statement, since no one has expressed such views in the literature.

53 V.P. Sherstobitov. The Soviet people are a new historical community of people. M. 1972, p. 31; its the same. The Soviet people are a monolithic community of the builders of communism. M. 1976, p. 17. The position of the author of this article on the stage of formation and the time of formation of the Soviet people as a new historical community, also set out in 1972, differs in some details from the one described above: "The formation of the Soviet people as a new historical community community took place in two stages. The first stage covers the period from the victory of the October Revolution to the building of basically socialism, the second - the time of the formation of a developed socialist society "(MI Kulichenko. The Soviet people - a new community of people." The Soviet Union and modern world"Prague. 1972, p. 215). This position was confirmed in the autumn of the same year, when the idea was expressed that with the construction of socialism a new historical community was formed" in its essence "(see also M. I. National relations in the USSR and tendencies of their development, Moscow, 1972, p. 364) that “at the second stage, the Soviet people finally take shape as a new historical community of people and, as socialism enters the developed period, it acquires developed forms; a number of qualitatively new features of this community are being formed "(see Multinational Soviet State. M. 1972, p. 336). In our opinion, in relation to the history of the formation of a new historical community, there is a difference between the concepts" basically "and" basically "The first means that the Soviet people have already been fully formed and are further developing on their own basis. (This is how MP Kim characterizes the process, who writes that" with the end of the transitional period, the process of further development of the existing new community of people continued. the victory of socialism in the USSR, the Soviet people began to develop already on their own socialist basis "- MP Kim. Soviet people - a new historical community, p. 146). In the second case, it means that only the foundations, the foundation of the Soviet people and in the future, its formation will still continue, this process is to be completed.

54 See E. V. Tadevosyan. The Soviet people are a new historical community of people. M. 1973, pp. 10 - 24.

55 Yu. Yu. Veingold. The Soviet people are a new historical community of people. Frunze, 1973, pp. 7 - 11.

56 M.N. Rosenko. The Soviet people are a new historical community. L. 1973, pp. 6, 9, 11, 18.

by the mid-1930s, when the process of the formation of socialist nations was completed "57.

G. T. Kikalov, repeating the opinion of other researchers that "by the time of the victory of socialism, basically a new historical community of people had formed in our country - the Soviet people," completely unreasonably reproaches M. the Soviet people as a new community is not envisaged "58. Meanwhile, MP Kim, highlighting two stages of the formation, formation of the Soviet people as a new historical community, the second of them directly characterized as its development on its own, socialist basis. Returning later to this issue, he not only singled out "a period of full maturity and lasting unity in the conditions of developed socialism," but also emphasized: "Great tasks arise in connection with the further strengthening of the unity of the Soviet people. Special attention and care requires the further strengthening and development of the international unity and brotherhood of the Soviet people, all-round internationalization of the life of Soviet people "60. M. S. Dzhunusov, in essence, joined the above point of view of N. K. Garifullin: “In our literature, opinions are expressed that the Soviet people were formed in connection with the construction of a developed socialist society. There is reason to believe that a new historical community developed somewhat earlier, during the construction and victory of socialism "61. But he did not provide additional arguments for this point of view and practically did not add anything to the previously stated provisions. In connection with the discussion of the draft of the new Constitution of the USSR, he again repeated that the new historical community "arose during the years of socialist construction."

An analysis of the literature and the actual processes of the formation of the Soviet people as a new historical community gives grounds to conclude that this process encompasses two stages: a) the formation of the foundation of a new historical community in the process of building the foundations of socialism and b) the completion of its formation during the years of the establishment of mature socialism. In the future, the strengthening and development of the Soviet people takes place, and their social role grows. Sometimes in literature the development of a new historical community is mechanically separated from its formation - this, in particular, suffers from the already mentioned work of G. T. Kikalov. In fact, the formation, of course, is at the same time the development of already established features and the emergence of new ones.

Disputes about the time of completion of the formation of the Soviet people as a community should now, apparently, disappear. As you know, in his report on the draft Constitution at the session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, LI Brezhnev united the establishment of developed socialism in our country and the formation of a new historical community. Developed socialism has been built in the USSR, he said, “hence the growing convergence of all classes and social groups, all nations and nationalities and

57 M. N. Rosenko. Cooperation and rapprochement of the nations of the USSR in the conditions of a developed socialist society. (Economic and sociological research). L. 1974, p. 153.

58 G. T. Kikalov. The leading role of the working class in the formation of a new historical community - the Soviet people. "Questions of social sciences". Issue 19. Kiev. 1974, pp. 26 - 27.

59 M.P. Kim. The Soviet People - a New Historical Community, p. 146.

60 M. P. Kim. Formation and development of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people, p. 254.

61 M.S.Dzhunusov. Patriotism of a new historical community. "Communist", organ of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party, Vilnius. 1975, No. 11, p. 41.

62 M.S.Dzhunusov. We are the Soviet people. "Komsomolskaya Pravda", 2.VII.1977.

the formation in our country of a historically new social and international community of people - the Soviet people. "63 The preamble to the 1977 USSR Constitution also states that our society is" a society of mature socialist social relations, in which, on the basis of the convergence of all classes and social groups, the legal and the de facto equality of all nations and nationalities, their fraternal cooperation, a new historical community of people has developed - the Soviet people. "

Thus, an analysis of the periods of the formation and strengthening of a new historical community, the development of our entire society during the years of building socialism gives grounds to conclude that the Soviet people are a specific product and result of the formation of the first phase of the communist formation. In full measure, however, this phenomenon is inherent only in mature socialism, and before its final approval, only the processes of the birth and formation of a new historical community of people took place. Academician A.G. Egorov rightly notes that the new historical community "corresponds in essence to the stage of mature socialism" and that although it took shape in the process of socialist construction, nevertheless, in 1936, when the previous Constitution was adopted, this community "did not yet exist "65.

Consideration of the question of the stages of the formation of a new historical community leads to the following criteria for the analysis of this process. The Soviet people are a qualitatively new entity, and therefore they do not have any prototypes in the pre-October period. The new community, although it took shape during the period of building socialism, still not fully simultaneously with its victory. Forming as a result of the implementation of fundamental socialist transformations on the basis of the victory of socialism, the Soviet people took shape somewhat later than this victory took place, being, so to speak, its final result. Socio-economic, ideological-political and cultural-moral transformations of class communities, strengthening of the social unity of Soviet society under the leadership of the working class were of decisive importance in the formation of the Soviet people. These transformations took place, of course, simultaneously and inextricably linked with the formation of socialist nations and nationalities, the strengthening of their friendship and brotherhood. However, it would be wrong to believe that only the formation of socialist nations and nationalities, their steady rapprochement, as sometimes asserted by some researchers, was of decisive importance for the formation of a new historical community. The formation and development of the Soviet people is primarily an objective process, which at the same time is greatly influenced by subjective factors. It is especially important that all the theoretical and practical activities of the party, the working class led by it, to unite society, improve social relations, educate the builders of a classless society, at the same time represented an active participation in the formation of a new community. The end of the process of forming a new historical community was possible only on the basis of the complete victory of socialism (and not just its construction in general), as a result of reaching a high level of maturity on all aspects of the development of Soviet society.

63 L. I. Brezhnev. Lenin's course. T. 6.M. 1978, p. 536.

64 "Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". M. 1977, p. 4.

65 A.G. Egorov. The constitution of developed socialism, building communism. "Questions of the history of the CPSU", 1977, N 11, p. 85.

The central question in the history of the study of the problem of education and development of the Soviet people is the elucidation of how the essence of this new community was revealed in our literature.

In addition to a number of definitions of the essence of a new historical community, already cited above, let us dwell on a few more. Of great interest is the characterization of the new historical community given by Academician P. N. Fedoseev: “The Soviet people are not a special nation or ethnic category, but a new historical form of social and international unity of people of different nations. This community harmoniously combines, on the one hand, general Soviet - socialist and international in nature - features, and on the other - national characteristics of peoples, the specific interests of which are carefully taken into account by the Communist Party and the Soviet state in solving the problems of all nations and nationalities, our entire Soviet society. between classes and nations, on the basis of the alliance of the working class, the peasantry and the intelligentsia, on the basis of the flourishing and rapprochement of the Soviet nations "66. Later, PN Fedoseev specially singled out as one of the aspects of the characterization of the Soviet people that it acts as "a form of consolidation of nations and nationalities inhabiting our country" 67. When we talk about the Soviet people, A.G. Yegorov rightfully emphasizes, we are talking about the commonality of the peoples of the USSR, which is based on internationalist unity and cooperation of friendly classes, established by the leadership of the Communist Party in the course of transforming all aspects of the life of our society. It is obvious from the above characteristics of the Soviet people as a community that the fact that Soviet society is multinational occupies an important place in its essence. And at the same time, both scientists use a single methodological approach to the analysis of the new historical community: they consider it both as a social-class and as an international community. Such an approach did not take shape in our literature at once; moreover, it still meets with objections to this day. However, now the overwhelming majority of researchers adhere to it. Since, however, there are objections to it, we should dwell on them.

The actual denial of the social and class foundations of the Soviet people is manifested primarily in the fact that it is viewed as a continuation of that historical series of communities, which includes the tribe, nationality, and nation 68. MN Rosenko, not joining this point of view, nevertheless objects to the characteristics of the Soviet people expressed in the press as a social-class, socio-political community. Having in mind P.M. Rogachev and M.A. According to her, any historical community, including the Soviet people, has its basis

66 "Izvestia" of the Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz SSR, 1975, No. 6, p. 22.

67 P.N. Fedoseev. The Soviet people are the builders of communism. "Questions of Philosophy", 1977, N 7, p. 22.

68 See N.P. Ananchenko. From a nation to an international community of people. "Questions of history", 1967, N 3, p. 87; V.V. Pokshishevsky. Geography of the population, M. 1971, p. 76; N. A. Berkovich. The Soviet people as a fundamentally new social and international community of people. "The formation of the USSR - the triumph of Lenin's nationality policy." Pyatigorsk. 1972, p. 276.

69 M.N.Royenko. Formation and development of the Soviet people - the triumph of the principles of Lenin's nationality policy, p. 7.

a specific class structure, but its content, determined by the class base, is not reducible to it and is not a feature of it. MN Rosenko, therefore, essentially does not accept the conclusion that the Soviet people as a community is the result of the development of not only one series of historical communities - national, but also another - social-class communities. The presence of social-class ties, and as the fundamental principle of a new historical community, and not only because nations include classes and social strata, gives ample reason to consider the Soviet people also a socio-political community, which M.N. Rosenko. Referring to the presence of this provision in one of the existing definitions of a new historical community 70, she writes that "the Soviet people is a historical multinational community, but not a socio-political one." Since, however, it is generally recognized that the Soviet people is a union of classes and social strata, nations and nationalities, the harmonious nature of their social ties, can these ties be encompassed only by the concept of a "historical multinational" community? It seems that there are no grounds for two opinions here. By the way, the concept of "international" rather than "multinational" community is more suitable for characterizing the Soviet people. The concept of "international" community emphasizes that we are not talking about the sum of national relationships, but about the fact that in a new community they also become new, that is, they rise to a higher level of development.

The defining nature of social-class ties in the education and development of the Soviet people (and not only as an element of internal life and relationships that are part of the new historical community of nations and nationalities) must be emphasized also because it is the development of social-class ties that underlies the processes of formation social homogeneity of Soviet society. PN Fedoseev in a number of his works has already drawn attention to the fact that the main direction of rapprochement between the nations and nationalities of the USSR is determined precisely by the progressive strengthening of their social homogeneity, the deepening of their economic and cultural integration, and the development of their common features 72. "The decisive feature of the formation and development of the Soviet people," he emphasizes, "was that it is carried out on the basis of the movement of society towards social homogeneity and, at the same time, towards the unity of nations." The formation of social homogeneity and the movement towards the complete unity of nations are predetermined, of course, by the development and convergence of two forms of socialist property, including also overcoming significant differences between town and country, mental and physical labor. At the same time, these are not isolated processes of the internal life of nations and nationalities, but, on the contrary, a single process for the entire Soviet society, embodied primarily in strengthening the monolithicity of the Soviet people as a new historical community. One cannot but agree with E. A. Bagramov, who, speaking about the unity of the Soviet people, draws attention to the fact that "he marks a new high level of socio-political unity of nations and nationalities", that his education

70 See M.I.Kulichenko. National relations in the USSR and trends in their development, p. 390.

71 M.N. Rosenko. The formation and development of the Soviet people - the triumph of the principles of Lenin's nationality policy, p. 10.

72 See P.N. Fedoseev. On the social and ideological foundations of the rapprochement of nations and nationalities. "Science of the USSR". M. 1972, p. 72; its the same. Marxist-Leninist philosophy at the present stage. M. 1974, p. 41; its the same. Theoretical problems of developed socialism and communist construction. "XXV Congress of the CPSU and the development of Marxist-Leninist theory". M. 1977, pp. 35 - 36.

73 P.N. Fedoseev. The Soviet people are the builders of communism, p. 23.

"can only be understood by considering the growing importance of the internationalization of our lives."

From all the variety of forms social phenomena, which are reflected in the essence of the new historical community, socio-political still occupy a special place. This in no way diminishes, of course, the socio-economic essence of the Soviet people, the economic foundations of its emergence and development. The characterization of the Soviet people precisely as a socio-political community is also necessary because in this case there is no need to consider it as a state community as well. Various opinions on this issue have already been expressed in the press. AF Dashdamirov, for example, believes that an indication of the state character of a new historical community is obligatory 75, and MN Rosenko, not without reason, disputes this 76. It seems that since the state is primarily an instrument of political power, it is possible to confine oneself to the characterization of the Soviet people as a socio-political community.

Strong objections to the exclusion of references to social-class, socio-political factors from the definition of "Soviet people" are caused not only by the fact that this definition will be incomplete and one-sided without taking them into account. Another thing is more important - a departure from the class foundations of this definition, which are emphasized in almost every recent party document on this issue. The reference only to the multinational character of the new historical community by some researchers is accompanied by an exaggeration of ethnic factors in the national, which is part of the content of the new community as an element of national relations. Some researchers (I. S. Kon, M. Ikhilov, V. V. Pokshishevsky, and others) call the Soviet people an ethnic community 77. In some cases, it is characterized as a super-ethnic or supranational community 78. Meanwhile, it is obvious that in this case it is more correct to proceed not from the usual understanding of the ethnic as inherent in the ethnos, the people, but from the nature of the ethnic, which in the life of peoples (including nations) has almost always acted and acts as non-class. And since the Soviet people are a socio-political community, there is not and will not be anything extra-class that would be akin to the ethnic that is the basis of the ethnic traits of nations and nationalities. This, however, does not mean that there are no grounds for the opinion expressed by Academician Yu.V. Bromley and V.I. It is quite obvious

74 E. A. Bagramov. The development of the CPSU of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of national relations. "Communist", 1973, No. 4, pp. 44 - 45; its the same. Soviet nationality policy and bourgeois falsifiers. "International life", 1978, N 5, p. 90.

75 See A.F.Dashdamirov. The Soviet people as the unity of socialist nations. "The Soviet People and the Dialectics of National Development". Baku. 1972, pp. 56 - 63.

76 See M.N. Rosenko. Formation and development of the Soviet people .., pp. 7 - 8.

77 See I.S.Kon. National character - myth or reality? "Foreign Literature", 1968, N 9, p. 229; M. Ichilov. Decree. cit., p. 8; V.V. Pokshishevsky. Decree. op. Ed. 2nd. M. 1978, p. 193.

78 See V.I. Kozlov. Nation and national statehood (On the history of nation-building in the USSR). "Questions of the Marxist-Leninist theory of the nation and national relations (To the 50th anniversary of the USSR)". Permian. 1972, p. 20; S.I.Bruk, N.N. Cheboksarov. Meta-ethnic communities. "Races and peoples", 1976, N 6, p. 39.

79 See Yu. V. Bromley, V. I. Kozlov. Lenin and the main tendencies of ethnic processes in the USSR. "Soviet Ethnography", 1970, N 1, pp. 13 - 14; them e. To the study of modern ethnic processes in the spiritual culture of the peoples of the USSR. "Soviet Ethnography", 1975, N 1, pp. 3 - 16.

but that such processes in one way or another affect the new community, and that, in turn, on the development of these processes 80.

In the literature about the Soviet people as a new historical community, those researchers who characterized this community as ethnic have already been justly criticized. It seems that this criticism is justified, especially in connection with the fact that part of the researchers, from recognizing that the Soviet people have ethnic traits, then goes to the conclusion that it is inevitable that it will grow into a single nation 82. On the question of the essence of the Soviet people, the press also expressed the point of view of N. Dzhandildin, who actually excludes the class foundations of the formation and development of a new historical community and reduces these foundations to a peculiar and ascending triad: personality - nation - Soviet people. This point of view can also be accepted 83.

In general, the international character of the Soviet people was revealed in literature much deeper and more thoroughly than the social-class, socio-political. The international content of the new historical community has been analyzed, in addition to the already mentioned works of P. N. Fedoseev, S. T. Kaltakhchyan and A. I. Kholmogorov, in a number of other collective and individual monographs 84. An attempt at a truly comprehensive analysis of the new historical community, primarily its formation and development, social-class and international character, was also undertaken in collective labors"A new historical community of people: essence, formation, development" (M. 1976), "The Soviet people - the builder of communism" (Frunze. 1977) and in the editions of materials of scientific conferences that specially discussed this problem 85. Scientific conferences devoted to the theoretical problems of the 25th Congress of the CPSU, the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution, the adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR, as well as other works published in the most recent years were of great importance for the study of various aspects of the formation and development of the Soviet people, the disclosure of its essence and historical role. 86.

80 See "Contemporary Ethnic Processes in the USSR". 2nd edition. M. 1977.

81 See A. M. Korolev. Nation-building after the October Revolution and the Soviet people. "Bulletin" of the Leningrad University, series "Law", 1972, N 17, p. 122; R.F. Its. The Soviet people are a new type of historical community of people. "Bulletin" of the Leningrad University, series "History, language, literature", 1972, no. 4, No. 20, p. 33; "Development and development of nationalities in the SRSR at the current stage". Kiev. 1975, p. 93; "The Formation and Development of the Soviet People and the Development of Socialist Nations". Kiev. 1978, p. 119, etc.

82 See V.I.Kozlov. Nation and National Statehood, pp. 20 - 21; Yu. I. Semenov. The place of the Soviet people among the historical communities of people. "Peoples of Asia and Africa", 1973, No. 5, p. 45.

83 See N. Dzhandildin. Monolithic unity. Alma-Ata. 1975, pp. 58 - 59. For criticism of N. Dzhandildin's views, see MI Kulichenko. XXV Congress of the CPSU on strengthening the unity of the Soviet people. "Scientific Communism", 1976, N 5, pp. 54 - 55.

84 "Multinational Soviet State"; "The Soviet People and the Dialectics of National Development"; "Leninism and the national question in modern conditions". M. 1974; N. Dzhandildin. Decree. cit .; V.P.Sherstobitov. The Soviet people are a monolithic community of the builders of communism; E. A. Bagramov. Lenin's National Policy: Achievements and Prospects. M. 1977.

85 "The multinational Soviet people - a new historical community of people." M. 1966; "The Soviet people - a new historical community of people." Volgograd. 1969; "Regularities of the formation of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people." In 2 vols. M. 1975.

86 P.N. Fedoseev. The Soviet people are the builders of communism; A.G. Egorov. The CPSU is the party of scientific communism, creative Marxism-Leninism. "Questions of Philosophy", 1978, NN 3, 4; T. Usubaliev. The leading role of the CPSU in the development of the Soviet people along the path to communism. Frunze. 1977; G.E. Glezerman. Classes and nations. Ed. 2nd. M. 1977; "National relations in a developed socialist society". M. 1977; V.S.Semenov. Improving the social structure of a developed socialist society. M. 1978, etc.

Many specialists of the most diverse profile - historians and philosophers, economists and sociologists, lawyers and ethnographers, philologists and psychologists - have already joined in the elaboration of the problem of the education and development of the Soviet people as a new historical community. Not having the opportunity here not only to analyze all the works, but even to list them, we will limit ourselves to indicating those aspects of the problem on which each of the researchers contributed to the increment of knowledge about the new historical community: (characterization of the theory and methodology of studying the Soviet people, its main features - P. N. Fedoseev, A. G. Egorov, E. A. Bagramov, M. P. Kim, Ts. A. Stepanyan, A. I. Kholmogorov, V. P. Sherstobitov; disclosure of the patterns of its development - A. G Agaev, A. F. Dashdamirov, V. I. Zateev, K. N. Khabibulin; the leadership of the Communist Party and the leading role of the working class - T. Yu. Burmistrova, L. S. Gaponenko, V. E. Malanchuk, T. U. Usubaliev; analysis of economic factors - L.I.Bulochnikova, Yu.F. Vorobiev, V.F. Panibudlaska; the role of social-class factors - Yu.V. Arutyunyan, G.E. M.N. Rutkevich; the importance of socialist statehood - E.V. Tadevosyan, I.P. Tsameryan, S.I. nalny, the role of friendship of peoples - Zh. G. Golotvin, F. Ya. Gorovsky, LV Metelitsa, VK Sulzhenko; the formation of spiritual foundations - A. I. Arnoldov, L. M. Drobizheva, S. T. Kaltakhchyan; the formation of patriotic and internationalist consciousness, national pride - I. F. Anoshkin, M. S. Dzhunusov, G. O. Zimanas, M. N. Rosenko, N. I. Tarasenko; elucidation of the moral and psychological aspects of the consciousness of the Soviet people - S. M. Arutyunyan, A. I. Goryacheva, N. Dzhaldildin; analysis of linguistic processes - IK Beloded, Yu. D. Desheriev, MN Guboglo, MI Isaev, K. Kh. Khanazarov; analysis of ethnic processes - Yu. V. Bromley, S. I. Brook, V. I. Kozlov, N. N. Cheboksarov; coverage of the problem "the Soviet people and fraternal unity of the countries of the socialist community" - F. T. Konstantinov, A. P. Sertsova, V. F. Samoilenko; exposing the falsifications of anti-communism on the question of the Soviet people - E. D. Modrzhinskaya, L. A. Nagornaya, M. Kh. Khalmukhamedov.

In their study of the essence and social role of the Soviet people as a new historical community, Soviet scientists are guided by party documents, primarily the decisions of the 24th and 25th CPSU congresses and decisions of the Party Central Committee. Particularly important in this respect is the provision of the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU on preparations for the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR that the Soviet people "was formed on the basis of public ownership of the means of production, the unity of economic, socio-political and cultural life, Marxist-Leninist ideology, interests and communist ideals of the working class "87. LI Brezhnev, in his report on the 50th anniversary of the USSR, called the formation of the Soviet people as a new historical community our great achievement. “We have the right to consider it,” he stressed, “as a kind of generalized result of those economic and socio-political changes that have taken place in our country over half a century.” 88 Much attention is paid to the analysis of the essence of the Soviet people as a new historical community in the documents of the May (1977) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in the reports of Leonid I. Brezhnev on the draft Constitution of the USSR, in its preamble and articles.

87 "On preparation for the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU. M. 1972, p. 16.

88 L.I.Brezhnev. Lenin's course. T. 4. M. 1974, p. 61.

The Soviet people are a new historical socio-political and international community, which is an indissoluble unity of classes and social groups, nations and nationalities on the basis of mature socialism, Marxism-Leninism and its inherent internationalism, on the basis of the unity of interests and goals, economic, socio-political and cultural life, general character traits, morality, life and traditions of the builders of communism. The new community has developed as a result of the operation of the laws of socialism and visibly embodies its advantages over capitalism. It acts as a historically necessary factor in the movement of Soviet society along the path to communism, while exerting at the same time a significant impact on the development of the world socialist community, on the progress of mankind in general.

The theory and methodology of the study of the Soviet people at the present stage of the development of a new historical community and its research make it possible to formulate a number of criteria for the interpretation and disclosure of its essence. The Soviet people are a completely new, born of the era of socialism, a historical community, and one cannot approach its analysis like other, already existing communities. The new community, embracing all aspects of the life of Soviet society, is nevertheless not identical with it, since it mainly reflects the results of its socio-political development. The education and development of the Soviet people can be understood only in inseparable connection with the social nature of ownership of the means of production, the socialist economic relations generated by it and the merger of the economies of all Union republics into a single national economic complex in the process of internationalization of their economic life. Socio-class factors play a decisive role in the socio-political content of the Soviet people, which, however, does not mean diminishing the importance of international and national factors in the generality of economic and political life, in spiritual and moral-psychological unity. One of the important features of the Soviet people is that the features and traits of the communities that make up it cannot become its features if they do not become, as is the case with the features of the working class, the common property. The strengthening and development of the Soviet people does not lead to a weakening of the social role, or, moreover, to the disappearance of the communities that make it up; on the contrary, their entry into the Soviet people means that they acquire a new source for their further and all-round progress.

In the light of these criteria, it is obvious that the new historical community is an extremely complex and multifaceted historical phenomenon of the era of mature socialism. The Soviet people, if we consider it among other historical communities and in comparison with them, is a community of a higher level of development - in the nature and scale of social ties, in their degree of maturity, in the level of cohesion, in their role in social progress. It differs from those that preceded it, as well as the communities included in it, in that, firstly, it represents the final formation not of some "single historical series of development" of communities, but mainly of two of them - social-class and national. Secondly that is why it organically combines a certain independence of development of classes, nations and their unity, as well as the union of workers, regardless of belonging to a particular community.

The Soviet people took shape as a natural consequence of the new in the social development of our country that brought with them the victory of socialism, its consolidation and development. At the same time, the influence of the democratic

and - in the elements - of the socialist traditions of the unity of working people of all classes and social strata, nations and nationalities, their liberation struggle against external and internal enemies. The transformation of intra-class and intra-national ties, inter-class and inter-ethnic relations under the conditions of a socialist system, the formation of a new person served as the foundation for the formation and development of the Soviet people. A decisive role is played by the general features of classes, nations, and Soviet people arising on this basis, which are manifested in all spheres of life and the struggle for the establishment of a new society. It is at the same time, about qualitatively new, harmonious relations between classes and social groups, nations and nationalities - relations of friendship and cooperation that have developed in joint work, in the struggle for socialism, in the battles for its defense. The new social ties are characterized by the unity of the objective and the subjective, the international and the national, the public and the personal.

The new historical community is a living, constantly evolving social organism. As this development progresses, its role in ensuring the progress of Soviet society and its impact on the improvement of social relations in other socialist countries will also increase. At the same time, the Soviet people are a historical category. Its existence and social significance are limited to the period until its constituent class and national communities wither away.

Despite the great work already done by researchers in the course of working out the problem of the education and development of the Soviet people as a new historical community, there are still significant gaps in a number of aspects of its study, which have already been partially mentioned above. First of all, such theoretical and methodological issues as the place of the Soviet people among other communities, their relationship with them, criteria for analysis, etc. deserve special attention. It is also important to study in more detail the role of objective and subjective factors, the importance of the leadership of the CPSU, the leading role of the Soviet working class in all stages of the formation and development of the Soviet people. At the same time, it is obvious that the main thing now is to shift the focus of research from the analysis of the formation of a new historical community and its essence to a more detailed disclosure of the processes of its development in modern conditions, to an in-depth study of its significance in strengthening and improving a mature socialist society. Here the questions about the laws of development of a new historical community and their place in the system of laws of a mature socialist society are brought to the fore. All phenomena and processes in development under the influence of a new community of classes and social groups, nations and nationalities, the formation of their common features, the reflection of these features in the consciousness and behavior of Soviet citizens deserve serious development. Among the issues requiring study, as before, there should be an analysis of the forms and methods of the CPSU's leadership in the development of the Soviet people, the relationship in this development of class and national, international and national, an increase in the role of the new historical community in solving the problems of communist construction.

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Society of Developed Socialism. The Soviet people - a new historical community

In the early 60s, the USSR entered the stage of a developed socialist society. At the stage of developed socialism, when, as written in the Constitution of the USSR (1977), “socialism develops on its own basis, the creative forces of the new system, the advantages of the socialist way of life are more fully revealed, the working people are increasingly enjoying the fruits of the great revolutionary achievements.

Under developed socialism, unprecedented in the history of

Main conveyor of Pavlodar Tractor Plant

ry opportunities for the development of productive forces. Based on scientific technical progress almost completely reconstructed and re-equipped new technology industry and agriculture. The economy of mature socialism is characterized by more harmonious development all branches of the national economy, the convergence in the rates of development of heavy (group "A") and light (group "B") industry.

Capital investments and fixed assets are sharply increasing. Kazakhstan is an integral part of the unified national economic complex of the USSR - a clear example of this. In the Kazakh SSR in 1961-1965. the volume of capital investments (17,809 million rubles) was almost equal to the amount of capital investments for all the previous five-year plans (18,752 million rubles), while the eighth and ninth five-year plans exceeded capital investments for all previous years of Soviet power by almost one and a half times. Fixed assets also grew rapidly: in 1961-1965. they were introduced in the amount of 16323 million rubles. against 15002 million in the fourth, fifth and sixth five-year plans, and in the ninth - in the amount of 29,679 million rubles.

The most important characteristic feature the economy of mature socialism is that the growth of industrial and agricultural production is achieved mainly not in an extensive way (expansion of production areas, the introduction of new capacities, an increase in the number of labor force), but through intensification, due to technical progress and an increase in the productivity of social labor: an increase in industrial production due to increased labor productivity in Kazakhstan increased from 48 percent. in the seventh five-year period up to 61 percent. in the eighth five-year plan and up to 76 percent. in the ninth five-year plan.

The intensification was responsible for the high dynamics of industrial development. If 1940 is taken as a unit, then 20 years later, in 1960, the total volume of industrial production of the republic as a part of the USSR increased 7.3 times, and 15 years later (1976) under the conditions of developed socialism - 26 , 7 times, and in some industries even more (for example, electricity production in 1960 increased by 28.6 times, and in 1975 - by 150.6 times). At the same time, the dynamism of development is determined not only by the percentage of growth, but also taking into account the absolute value of 1 percent. increase in production: in the eighth five-year period it amounted to 81 million rubles, and in the ninth - 126 million.

Qualitative changes also occur in agriculture... During the period of mature socialism, there is a process of intensification of the production of grain, industrial and vegetable crops, meat, milk and other agricultural products on the basis of the introduction of the achievements of science and technology, mechanization and chemicalization, and land reclamation. Large investments, continuous electrification, an influx of highly productive machines and mechanisms, an increase in the production of mineral fertilizers, the construction of large and small canals, reservoirs contributed to the gradual development of labor in agriculture, primarily in field cultivation, into a kind of industrial labor, further blurring the distinctions between town and country.

The economy of a developed socialist society in the USSR is inextricably linked with the economic organism of the entire world socialist system, primarily with the CMEA countries. Socialist integration, specialization and cooperation on the CMEA scale, joint work to solve important national economic problems and scientific problems contribute to higher rates of development of all members of the community. Soviet Kazakhstan takes an active part in economic integration and cultural ties with the fraternal socialist countries.

Developed socialism with its powerful economic potential corresponds to the maturity of socialist production relations. By the time Soviet society entered the zone of developed socialism, socialist public property existed in our country in two forms: state (public) and group (cooperative collective farm). Under developed socialism, there is a further improvement of both forms of ownership with a predominant increase in the share and role of state property, and the level of socialization of production and labor in both forms of socialist property rises.

In 1960, in Kazakhstan, 76 percent. fixed assets were in state ownership, 9 percent - in the cooperative-collective farm and 15 percent. - in the personal property of citizens. At the end of the ninth five-year plan, state property was already 92.2 percent, cooperative-collective farm — 4 percent, and personal — 3.8 percent, although in absolute terms the fixed assets of collective farms and the personal property of citizens increased significantly: the first in comparison with 1965 in 2.8 times (in value terms), the second - by 20 percent.

If in 1960 there were 879 state farms and 1355 collective farms in the republic, then at the end of the ninth five-year plan the state farms became 1864, and the number of collective farms decreased to 422. socialist property, its rapprochement with the state (public).

The process of improving production relations proceeds along the line of further socializing production by creating production associations that create conditions and prerequisites for specialization, cooperation, combination and concentration of production, and the fullest use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

By the mid-70s, 120 such associations were operating in Kazakhstan (against 32 in 1970), which gave 42 percent of the total. the volume of sales of all industrial products and 55 percent. arrived. An important indicator of the all-round growth of the level of socialization of collective farm property is the steady growth of indivisible funds in the fixed and circulating assets of collective farms: from 1960 to the end of the ninth five-year period, they grew (excluding fishing ones) from 1,358.6 million rubles. up to 2,043.6 million rubles.

An even more convincing indicator of an increase in the level of socialization of collective farm production, deepening of social relations, and further convergence of the two forms of socialist property is specialization, concentration of agricultural production on the basis of inter-collective farm cooperation and agro-industrial integration for the production of agricultural products, animal husbandry, construction, production of building materials, etc. Kazmezhkolkhozstroy is successfully operating. Specialized farming associations for animal feeding became widespread.

The powerful upsurge in the national economy and the growth of the economic potential of developed socialism are based on the growing enthusiasm of the working people, which is manifested in socialist competition.

Mature socialism is characterized by further improvement of the social structure of society. On the basis of class and national equality, a community of spiritual interests and a single ideology, there is an accelerated rapprochement of the working class, collective farm peasantry, and the people's intelligentsia.

At the end of the ninth five-year plan, the urban population amounted to 54 percent. Detachments of workers associated with industries that played a decisive role in the scientific and technological revolution - the electric power industry, the chemical industry, mechanical engineering, metallurgy and others - grew especially rapidly. The qualifications, educational and cultural level of workers are constantly being improved. There is a process of convergence of the educational, cultural and technical level of the working class, engineering and technical workers .. The workers actively participate in social and political life. Serious changes are taking place in the conditions of developed socialism in the collective farm peasantry. The number of collective farmers is significantly decreasing, and in Kazakhstan faster than in the Union as a whole: in 1973, collective farmers employed in material production accounted for 14.1 percent of the country, and in Kazakhstan, back in 1971, only 5.5 percent. ... In such areas as Karaganda, Dzhezkazgan, Maigyshlak, the collective farm peasantry by the 70s completely joined the ranks of the agrarian detachment of the Soviet working class. At the same time, the collective-farm peasantry is increasingly drawing closer to the working class. Scientific and technological progress, saturation of the village with modern technology, penetrating into all spheres of agricultural production (an electrical mechanic, an engineer became on the collective farm the same necessary and common figure as an agronomist, milkmaid, veterinarian), the general growth of culture (general secondary education, an extensive network libraries, houses and palaces of culture, clubs, cinemas), the success of healthcare, the construction of comfortable apartments with all amenities, the growth of consumer services in the countryside, the expansion and improvement of communications and transport, the ubiquity of radio and television have significantly accelerated the overcoming of significant differences between the city and the countryside ...

Changes in the sphere of social distribution, in the system of guaranteed wages and the organization of pension provision for collective farmers, also contributed to the acceleration of the rapprochement between the working class and the collective farm peasantry. The political activity of the collective farm peasantry has also increased.

The ranks of the Soviet intelligentsia are growing rapidly under conditions of developed socialism. By number and specific gravity in the composition of the population, it came to the second place (after the working class).

“This process is natural, - noted in the Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the XXIV Congress. "It is the result of the party's policy aimed at accelerating scientific and technological progress in every possible way, at further enhancing the culture and education of the people."

Thus, in the conditions of developed socialism, a process of further strengthening of the unity and rapprochement of all social groups and strata of our society is taking place. At the same time, there is a process of maximum rise and prosperity of all Soviet national republics and the rapprochement of all the nations and nationalities of the USSR. "Summing up the heroic deeds of the past half century," Leonid Brezhnev said in his report on the 50th anniversary of the USSR in December 1972, "we have every reason to say that the national question is in the form in which we got it from the past." , resolved completely, resolved finally and irrevocably. This is an achievement that can rightfully be put on a par with such victories in building a new society in the USSR as industrialization, collectivization, and the cultural revolution. "

Soviet Kazakhstan is called the laboratory for solving the national question, the forge of friendship of peoples, because in the republic people of more than a hundred nations and nationalities live, work, build communism as a brotherly family. The collectives of all plants, factories, construction projects, state farms, collective farms, institutes, technical schools, schools and colleges in Kazakhstan are multinational.

International unity and community are manifested primarily in the production sphere, but not only in it. The value of the disinterested assistance of the fraternal peoples, especially the great Russian people, in the development of science and culture in the training of national personnel, as well as the assistance of the Kazakh SSR to all Soviet republics, is invaluable to this day.

The indestructible socio-political and ideological unity of Soviet society, of all its strata, complete equality, legal and actual, which ensured an unprecedented flourishing of the economy, living standards and culture of all nations and nationalities, fraternal friendship and international cohesion, joint work and common goals of all working people led to the fact that a new historical community of people has developed in the USSR - the Soviet people. This community is based not on ethnic, racial or religious characteristics, but on social homogeneity, legal and economic equality, the commonality of Marxist-Leninist ideology and a common goal and ideals - the building of communism.

The Soviet people have a common economy for all republics, a single, all-Union territory and a common language of interethnic communication - Russian. The first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan D. A. Kunaev emphasized that "Russian gradually became the second native language of the Kazakh people", that "this process is natural, and it should take place in parallel with the flourishing of national languages."

In accordance with the enormous socio-economic changes in the course of the progressive development of the country and the establishment of a society of developed socialism, the Soviet state also evolved. Having emerged as an organ of the dictatorship of the proletariat, as a result of changes in the social structure of Soviet society and profound economic transformations, it has become a state of the whole people, expressing the interests of all members of society. At the same time, the leading role of the working class, which occupies key positions in the economy, is the most organized, has retained the richest experience of class battles, political struggle, economic and state; construction.

In the ninth five-year plan, the strengthening of the Soviet state and the improvement of its apparatus continued. “In carrying out this work,” Leonid Brezhnev said at the 25th Congress of the CPSU, “the party and its Central Committee proceeded and proceed from the fact that a developed socialist society has been built in our country, which is gradually developing into a communist one, from the fact that our state is the state of the whole people, expressing the interests and will of the entire people. We proceeded and continue to proceed from the fact that we have formed a new historical community - the Soviet people, which is based on the unbreakable alliance of the working class, peasantry and intelligentsia with the leading role of the working class, friendship of all the nations and nationalities of the country. "

The rights and material capabilities of local Soviets have significantly expanded. Legislative provisions on nature protection and health care were adopted. Great importance in raising the role and authority of the elected representatives of the people, the Law on the Status of a Deputy had.

The further expansion of the rights and competences of the Union republics continued, their role in solving the most important economic, social, and legal issues within the republics and participation in the management of the entire Union increased. Kazakhstan, like other republics, is represented in all the highest legislative and executive bodies of the country and the Supreme Court of the USSR.

In 1974, in an atmosphere of great labor and political upsurge, elections were held to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, to which 71 deputies were elected from the republic. Of these, 61 deputies became members of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, standing commissions and the Committee of the Parliamentary Group of the USSR. Senior shepherd-mentor S. Sh. Zhaksybaev was elected deputy chairman of the Council of Nationalities.

In the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR, elected in June 1975, 490 deputies were represented, half of them were workers and collective farmers, more than a third were non-partisan, 35.5 percent. deputies are women. Out of 121 thousand deputies in local Soviets of Kazakhstan, there are over 84 thousand workers and collective farmers, more than 57 thousand women.