Caution arguments. Arguments for the composition

Here we have selected for you popular problems related to lies from the texts for preparing for the exam in the Russian language. The arguments revealing them are selected from Russian literature. You can download all this in table format at the end of the article, or read them directly on this page with easy navigation on problematic issues.

1. One of the central themes in Gorky's play "At the Bottom" is the problem of “lying for good”. So, Luke and Satin represent two opposite points of view: to tell the truth, despite the mental anguish, or to lie, but with a design that presupposes compassion for "one's neighbor." The preacher consoled the inhabitants of the shelter, gave them hope, albeit not supported by real reasons. But the sharper opposed such a false healing, he spoke the truth head-on, without thinking about how the interlocutor would accept it. In his opinion, real man must live with open eyes, no illusion. Since Luke with his philosophy capitulated and left those who believed him to their fate, we conclude that the author is on the side of Satin, that is, a lie cannot be justified by the good.
2. Sometimes in life there are situations that suggest the presence of lies to save yourself, or loved one. A.S. Pushkin in the novel " Captain's daughter» opposes the usual deception "a lie for the good", which helped Masha Grineva to escape from Emelyan Pugachev. If not for the cunning move of Pyotr Grinev, the innocent girl could have been executed. Each of us must distinguish between cases when to twist our souls means to save a person from a terrible disaster. Then we can go against the truth. But in other situations, when it comes to personal gain, this trick is immoral and borders on a moral crime.
3. Comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" also contains the theme of pretense and deception. The main character assumes the presence of a lie, but only in those cases when it is necessary for the sake of salvation true love... So, for example, Sophia deceives Famusov in order to secretly meet with his secretary. Her intentions are pure, but with this crookedness, the girl approaches the hypocritical lifestyle of a society whose morals are far from ideal. Her feeling turns out to be an illusion exposed, her knight is a common swindler, and her lies are the first step in secular world falsehood and deceit. So even “a lie for the good” does not lead to good, because a person cannot always figure out what is good.

False values

1. False values ​​- a boat without a lifebuoy. Victims of circumstances suffer from not realizing their own mistake in time. Sofia Pavlovna - main character comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"- is a "hostage" of his own beliefs. So, Sophia's ideal is the modest Molchalin, while Chatsky, who loves her all her life, is a person "not of her type." The collapse of her hopes for a joint future with her father's secretary collapses after she learns about the non-reciprocity of Molchalin's feelings. This becomes a real tragedy, which Sophia cannot cope with due to her shock. Alas, her values ​​turned out to be excerpts from vulgar romances, not real truths guiding a person.
2. Often false values can play a "cruel joke" with the whole society. For example, in N. Gogol's comedy "The Inspector General" people are used to building their own future on greed, hypocrisy and self-interest. They were engaged in embezzlement long years... Their desire to appear before the auditor in the role of respectable managers is an opportunity to preserve their place, but, having given their savings to the impostor, they were captured by their own values. Because of them, they found themselves in a comic situation that turned out to be a complete failure for them.
3. A.S. Pushkin in the novel "The Captain's Daughter" opposes morality and ethics to false values. For example, Pyotr Grinev did not tarnish his honor even when he was threatened with execution. The same cannot be said about Shvabrin, who walked over the head for personal wealth - this suggests that false values ​​kill everything in a person that connects him with people. Alexey followed the path of selfishness and reached the collapse of desires and hopes, because society turned its back on him.

The problem of hypocrisy

1. One and the same person may contain both virtue and commercialism, but what exactly prevails in him? F. Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment" where Pyotr Luzhin simply plays the role of a "decent man", while in reality he is "low and disgusting." His desire to marry on the Duna is not explained by "love", but by the desire to have a pliable wife who will revere his every word. However, he strenuously pretends that this is not so. The hypocrisy and meanness in his behavior, fortunately, were noticed before Dunya's fatal mistake, so Peter was expelled in disgrace.
2. In A. Chekhov's story "Tears of a Crocodile" we can see both hypocrisy and duplicity. The main character- Polycarp Iudin - “suffers” from the injustice of the life of poor people, while he himself rips them off to the last thread. "Crocodile Tears" is a persistent expression that signifies the grief of an insincere person like Judah. His behavior cannot be justified in any way.
3. An outwardly wealthy person from a material point of view may not be the same “wealthy” in his soul. This is what L. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" where Prince Vasily does everything for his own benefit. Even coming to Anna Pavlovna did not mean "secular politeness", but the possibility of accommodating your children. He deceives Pierre, almost robbed him, miraculously not having time to intercept the will of the old count. But in words, the hero is always exquisitely courteous and kind, he has a high position and a good reputation.

The deceiver's remorse

1. The problem of remorse over the lies told is clearly visible in the story of V. Astafiev "Horse with pink mane» ... The main character, the boy Vitya, must collect a basket of berries to get the coveted gingerbread, but the guys persuade him to pick grass and put berries on top. The boy is tormented by his conscience for a long time, and he decides to confess to a deliberate lie - this suggests that Vitya is capable of admitting his own mistake, and this is an undoubted step towards the "highest moral ideal."
2. A similar example can be seen on the pages the story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov". Throughout history, the author introduces us to several characters, and here one of them recalls the case with his father's Mauser, from which he fired. Having admitted the mistake, he still feels remorse over the lie, which consisted in the fact that his mother pushed him to the "truth," and not his desire.

The consequences of lying

1. A similar example can be found on the pages of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" where Grushnitsky's slander against Princess Mary for the sake of revenge on Pechorin dissolves into justice. Deciding to substitute the duelist's weapon, the dishonest man becomes exposed. Gregory realized that his friend wanted to win the battle by fraud. Then the inactive weapon goes to the deceiver himself. Grushnitsky dies, and Pechorin draws disappointing conclusions.
2. In the play by A. Ostrovsky "Dowry" the main character wants to deceive herself by marrying an unloved person. She becomes his bride, mechanically prepares for an unwanted wedding. However, at a dinner in honor of the engagement, she is again seized by an attraction to Paratov, who invites Larisa to Swallow. She gives up her obligations and goes sailing towards destruction. The next morning, the offended groom killed her, and she only had to thank him for this, because she was disgraced and left to fend for herself. Alas, it is impossible to build happiness on lies.

Good day, dear reader! In this article we offer an essay on the topic ““. The following arguments will be used:

- N. M. Karamzin, “ Poor Lisa”
- A. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”

Each of us did things that we later regretted. Small missteps cause shame, and serious offenses sometimes make you repent for years. The feeling of sincere repentance is not able to correct the situation, however, it speaks of a certain nobility of a person's soul and his desire not to make past mistakes.

In the story "Poor Liza" by N. M. Karamzin, the author tells sad story young girl Lisa. She lives with an elderly mother, the girl's father died. Once, while selling flowers, Lisa meets a young man. Mutual sympathy arises between them. The time has begun for Lisa's frequent visits and young man, Erast. He is a wealthy nobleman, kind, intelligent, but windy and wasteful. Erast conquered innocent beauty Liza: he decided that he had found in her what he had been looking for for a long time. However, after their relationship ceased to be only platonic, Erast changed, and the girl felt it.

At one of the meetings, he told Lisa that he should go to serve in the army, but on his return he would not part with her anymore. After a couple of months, the girl meets Erast and finds out that he is engaged. Heartbroken, she can't stand it; finding herself on the bank of a deep pond, Lisa throws herself into the water. Erast learns about the death of the girl and blames himself for this all his life, never finding peace of mind.

In the novel by Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" we meet a young nobleman with a complex character Eugene Onegin. Eugene is a tough and selfish person: he can offend, sometimes not noticing it; he is indifferent to the feelings of other people. As the heir to a wealthy landowner, Eugene is accustomed to luxury and spends a lot of time in society. He enjoys attention from women, but in turn, he pretends to love. The hero is not without positive features but the selfish sides of nature take over.
When Tatyana confesses her love to Onegin in a letter, he rejects her confession, but at the same time instills hope in the girl's heart, talking with the usual “coquetry”.

After the duel with Lensky, Eugene wandered and changed. A few years later he meets Tatiana; she got married during this time. A feeling of love awakens in Onegin, he does not believe that this is “the same Tatiana” to whom he “once read instructions”. The hero goes to Tatiana every day and rejoices at the slightest manifestation of attention on her part, but Tatiana avoids him. After Onegin writes a letter in which he regrets and confesses his feelings. Later, he arrives and throws himself at her feet. Tatiana still loves Onegin, but remains faithful to her husband. The hero's remorse speaks of a serious change in his soul, but nothing can be changed.

Thus, the problem of repentance is relevant in life and literature. If a person is able to experience pangs of conscience and repent of what he has done, then he understands and admits his mistakes. The most important thing is not to forget this under any circumstances, to take responsibility for the actions committed and to recognize their consequences.

Today we talked about “ The problem of remorse. Arguments from literature“. This option you can use to prepare for the uniform state exam.

During the literature lessons for the entire period of study at school, we met wonderful and talented writers who, in their works, raised a variety of issues from people's lives. And among the popular topics that have been touched upon by the writers is the issue of remorse. And this is not an unfounded statement, because there are multiple arguments about the problem of repentance, which I will quote from the literature.

The problem of remorse arguments

In general, this topic was touched upon by many writers, among them Pushkin, and Goncharov, and Dostoevsky, and Shukshin, and Astafiev, and Ostrovsky. And this is just a small small part of all those whom I have now remembered. But this is enough to give arguments on the topic: The problem of remorse that was raised by the writers.

So, Dostoevsky in his work "Crime and Punishment" showed us how hard it is to live in peace among people, having committed a terrible act, in this case, it was murder. The main character could not stand the test of conscience, and repented of what he had done. He confessed everything to the investigator and accepted the punishment.

Further, we see the hero of Shukshin from the work "Kalina Krasnaya", where the hero is tormented by what he brought to a loved one, dear mother, so much grief. He repented, he admitted his mistakes and refused to help former "friends" with a criminal record, which led to his death.

One cannot but recall the remorse of the boy who deceived his grandmother in The Horse with the Pink Mane. Moral education does not allow the boy to live in peace and he came to his grandmother to confess his deception. The child sincerely repented, so the grandmother forgave and presented that long-awaited gingerbread. The very same situation described in the work, where you need to find the strength to admit guilt, became a lesson not only for the main character, but also for the milestones of us.

We see repentance in the work of Pushkin “ Captain's daughter", Where Petr Grinev admitted his mistakes made in teenage years, in Ostrovsky's work "The Thunderstorms", where the heroine repents of her betrayal.

The topic of repentance, which was touched and touched by writers, shows us that we need not only to admit guilt and repent, but also to take action in response in order to rectify the situation, or atone for sins, only then comes relief, life takes on colors and life becomes easier.

“Argumentation. Attraction literary material"- one of the main criteria for evaluating the final essay. Using wisely literary sources, the student demonstrates his erudition and deep understanding of the problem posed. At the same time, it is important not only to give a link to the work, but also to skillfully include it in the reasoning by analyzing specific episodes that correspond to the chosen topic. How to do it? We offer you, as an example, arguments from the literature in the direction of "Indifference and responsiveness" of 10 well-known works.

1. The heroine of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova is a man with a sensitive heart. Thanks to her intervention, carts, which were originally intended for moving and loaded with things, were given to transport wounded soldiers. Another example of a caring attitude towards the world and people is Platon Karataev. He goes to war rescuing younger brother, and, although the fight is not at all to his liking, even in such conditions the hero remains kind and sympathetic. Plato “loved and lived lovingly with everything that life brought him down to”, helped other prisoners (in particular, fed Pierre when he was captured), took care of a stray dog.
2. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, many heroes manifest themselves as pronounced altruists or egoists. The first, of course, includes Sonechka Marmeladova, who sacrifices herself to provide for her family, and then goes into exile after Raskolnikov, trying to save his soul. We must not forget about Razumikhin: he is poor and lives hardly better than Raskolnikov, but he is always ready to help him - he offers a friend a job, buys clothes for him, gives him money. In contrast to these noble people, for example, the image of Luzhin is presented. Luzhin “loved and appreciated his money more than anything else in the world”; he wanted to marry Raskolnikov's sister Duna, pursuing a base goal - to take a poor wife, who would be forever indebted to him. It is noteworthy that he does not even bother himself with worries so that the future bride and her mother can comfortably get to St. Petersburg. Indifference to the fate of the closest people translates into the same attitude to the world and characterizes the hero with negative side... As we know, fate paid tribute to the sympathetic characters, but punished the indifferent actors.
3. The type of person who lives for himself is drawn by I.A. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco". The hero - a certain wealthy gentleman whose name we never know - sets out on a journey "for the sole sake of entertainment." He spends time with his own kind, and divides other people into service staff and to the annoying "hindrance" to his enjoyment - such are, for example, the agents and ragamuffins on the embankment, as well as the inhabitants of the miserable houses that the gentleman from San Francisco has to contemplate on the way. However, after a sudden death, he himself from a supposedly respected and revered person becomes a burden, and the same people in whose loyalty he believed because he was “generous” send his corpse home in a soda box. With this gross irony I.A. Bunin illustrates the famous folk wisdom: as it comes around, it will respond.
4. An example of selflessness is the hero of the collection of stories by M.A. Bulgakov's "Notes of a Young Doctor". A young doctor named Bomgard, who recently graduated from university, goes to work in a rural hospital, where he is faced with harsh living conditions, human ignorance, terrible diseases and, finally, with death itself. But in spite of everything, he fights for every patient; goes to the sick day and night, not sparing himself; constantly learning and improving her skills. It is significant that Beaumgard is not a heroic person, he is often not confident in himself and, like everyone else, experiences fear, but at the decisive moment a sense of professional duty wins over everything else.
5. The indifference of people to each other is especially scary when it, like a virus, covers the entire society. Such a situation developed in the story of V.P. Astafieva "Lyudochka". It opposes life path the heroine and the attitude of others towards her, from the family to society as a whole. Lyudochka is a country girl who moves to the city in search of better life... She works hard at work, uncomplainingly does the housework instead of the woman from whom she rents an apartment, endures the rudeness of the surrounding “youth”, until last minute consoles a dying man in the hospital ... She is too different from the stupid, spoiled herd of people, in whose environment she is forced to be, and this time after time leads her to trouble. Alas, no one, not even her own mother, handed her a the right moment a helping hand, and the girl committed suicide. The saddest thing is that for society this situation is in the order of things, which is reflected in dry, but terrible statistics.
6. The image of a kind-hearted, sympathetic person is key in the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's "Matryonin Dvor". Matryona's fate cannot be called enviable: she is a widow, buried six children, worked for many years on a collective farm “for sticks of workdays,” did not receive a pension and remained poor in old age. Despite this, the heroine retained a cheerful disposition, sociability, love of work and a willingness to help another, without demanding anything in return. The climax of her self-sacrifice is the tragic incident in railroad, which ends with the death of the heroine. Surprisingly, her face, untouched terrible accident, it was "whole, calm, more alive than dead" - just like the face of a saint.
7. In the story "Gooseberry" by A.P. Chekhov, we meet a hero possessed by a base material goal. Such is the narrator's brother, Nikolai Chimsha-Himalayan, who dreams of buying an estate, and certainly with gooseberry bushes. For this, he stops at nothing: he lives sparingly, is greedy, marries an old rich widow and starves her. He is indifferent to people, so he is ready to sacrifice their interests for his own. Finally, his dream comes true, he feels happy and does not notice that the gooseberry is sour - to such an extent he has renounced real life... This terrifies the narrator, he with a fiery speech addresses “ happy person", Urging to remember," that there are unfortunate people, that no matter how happy he is ... trouble strikes ... and no one will see or hear him, as now he does not see and hear others. " The narrator discovered that the meaning of life is not in personal happiness, "but in something more reasonable and great." "Do good!" - this is how he ends his speech, hoping that young people who still have the strength and ability to change something will not follow the path of his brother and become responsive people.
8. It can be difficult for a person with an open and responsive soul to live in the world. So it happened with Chudik from the story of the same name by V.M. Shukshin. As a grown man, the hero thinks and behaves like a child. He reaches out to people, loves to talk and joke, strives to be with everyone in good relationship but constantly gets screwed up due to the fact that he does not look like the "right adult". Let us recall one episode: on the plane Chudik asks his neighbor to fasten his seat belts, as ordered by the stewardess; he perceives his words with obvious displeasure. The landing is not entirely successful: Chudik's neighbor falls from the chair, so much so that he loses the denture. The eccentric rushes to his aid - but in response he again receives a portion of irritation and anger. And so everyone treats him, from strangers to family members. The responsiveness of the Chudik and the unwillingness of society to understand someone who does not fit into the framework are two sides of the same problem.
9. The topic of indifference to one's neighbor is the subject of the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Girl Nastya, secretary of the Union of Artists, gives all her strength to the work. She cares about the fate of painters and sculptors, organizes exhibitions and competitions, and does not find time to see her old sick mother living in the village. Finally, having received a telegram that her mother is dying, Nastya sets off, but too late ... The author warns readers against making the same mistake, the guilt for which will probably remain with the heroine for life.
10. Wartime manifestations of altruism have special meaning, since we are often talking about life and death. T. Kenilli's novel "Schindler's Ark" is a story about a German businessman and NSDAP member Oskar Schindler, who during the Holocaust organizes production and employs Jews, thereby saving them from destruction. This requires a lot of effort from Schindler: he has to keep in touch with the right people, go to bribe, forge documents, but the result - more than a thousand lives saved and the eternal gratitude of these people and their descendants - is for the hero the main award... The impression of this selfless act is reinforced by the fact that the novel is based on true events.

Interesting? Keep it on your wall!

• Heartlessness manifests itself even in relation to very close people
• The lust for profit often leads to heartlessness and dishonesty.
• The mental callousness of a person complicates his life in society
• Parenting is responsible for the heartlessness of others.
• The problem of heartlessness, mental callousness can be characteristic not only of an individual person, but also of society as a whole.
• Heavy life circumstances can make a person heartless
• Often mental callousness manifests itself in relation to moral, worthy people
• The person admits that he was heartless when nothing can be fixed.
• Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy.
• The consequences of being callous about people are often irreversible.

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirill Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically because of the callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were definitely not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and the death of the hero. Kirill Petrovich did not regret his friend, although in the past they were connected by many good things. The landowner was guided by heartlessness, a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials burned down, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of mental callousness of just one person made the lives of many people unhappy.

A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades". Hermann, the protagonist of the work, acts heartlessly, makes the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he appears to be a fan of Lizaveta, although in fact he has no feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to reveal the secret of the three cards to him, and after her refusal, he pulls out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very much frightened, dies. The late old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals a secret, provided that Hermann will not bet more than one card a day, in the future he will not play at all and marry Lizaveta. But a happy future does not await the hero: his heartless actions serve as a pretext for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which makes him go crazy.

M. Gorky “At the Bottom”. Vasilisa Kostyleva has no feelings for her husband, except for hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit even an insignificant fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Ash to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person must be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married for love does not in the least justify her act. A person must remain human in any situation.

I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco". The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main themes in this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, and indifference towards each other. The sudden death of the Master from San Francisco is not compassionate, but disgust. During his life he is loved because of the money, and after death he is heartlessly removed to the worst room so as not to spoil the reputation of the institution. Even a normal coffin cannot be made to a person who has died in a foreign country. People have lost their true spiritual values, which were replaced by the thirst for material gain.

K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Life full of deeds and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is also glad that her mother is alive, but she does not think about more. Even a telegram from Tikhon about the poor state of Katerina Petrovna Nastya does not read and perceive immediately: at first she does not understand at all about whom in question... Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards her loved one was. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty towards her mother who loved her so much.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's yard". Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers, treated everyone with kindness and compassion. People did not respond in kind to her. After tragic death Matryona Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the woman's coffin only for duty. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to claim the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The heartlessness of Rodion Raskolnikov was expressed by his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old woman-pawnbroker, he tried to find out to whom he refers: to "trembling creatures" or "those who have the right." The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he had done as right, which means that he is not characterized by absolute mental callousness. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.

Yu. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”. The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a stray dog ​​to his apartment. His father does not like this: the man demands to drive the animal back into the street. The hero cannot do this, because "she was already kicked out." The father, acting completely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child's faith in the justice of this world.

ON. Nekrasov “Reflections at the front entrance”. The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. Contrasted with the life of ordinary men and officials, who spend their lives only in pleasure. Senior people are heartless because they are indifferent to problems. ordinary people... And for common man the decision by an official of even the most insignificant issue can be salvation.

V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow". Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad act, to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult for the girl was the test of loneliness, because it is difficult to be an outcast at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who actually committed this act did not muster the courage to confess. Two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere with the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of those around him made the person suffer.