Biography. Biography of Thomas Manna Beginning of writing career

(1875-1955) german writer

Thomas Mann was born in the old German city of Lübeck, where his family occupied a very prominent position. Father was the owner of a large bombing firm and an offacarious member of the city council. Thomas's mother, Julia da Silva Bruns, was from Brazil. She was born from the marriage of the German planter and Creoles with Portuguese roots.

Many years later, Mann wrote that he was inherited from his father, he inherited a pedanticity and severeness, and from Mother - a cheerful temper and an unfulfilled interest in everything beautiful.

The family had five children - three sons and two daughters. In winter, the family lived in a generic estate in the city, and on the summer months she moved to the small town of Tramenyund, who was on the shore of the Baltic Sea. Later, Thomas Mann will describe the first years of his life on the pages of the novel "Buddenbok".

At the seven-year-old age of Thomas Mann, Dr. Gusnius, known in the city, and then one of the best gymnasium "Catarinium" in Germany. The boy learned well, but his studies practically did not interest him. Already in the fourth grade of gymnasium, Thomas began writing poems, and a little later, together with Brother Heinrich began to produce a handwritten magazine.

Soon the circumstances have developed so that the position of the family suddenly staggered and with many planes had to part.

Father expected that after the end of the gymnasium, the sons will continue his trading. However, in 1891, he suddenly died, and, taking advantage of this, the competitors have brought him a firm for several months before bankruptcy. So that the children could get an education, the mother sold the house in Lübeck and moved to her parents in Munich. True, Thomas Manna had to stay in the city for several months to finish the gymnasium.

Having received a certificate, he comes to Mother to Munich and on the protection of his uncle begins to work as an employee in the insurance society. At the same time, Thomas Mann enters the Munich Polytechnic Institute, and after a while it becomes a university student. But technical sciences do not at all attract him, all the interests of Manna are concentrated on literature and art.

Tomasmann listens to lectures on the ancient German literature, reads a lot, trying to write. After some time, he begins to cooperate in the simplcyssimus magazine. So mann first falls into the literary environment, meets the German writers by S. Kuekindom and May Rynkom.

From time to time, Manna novels appear in the magazine, in 1898 he produces his first compilation - "Little Mr. Srideman", which receives benevolent reviews in criticism. Then Thomas Mann for the first time thinks about the professional career of the writer.

In its novels, the young writer is trying to figure out the questions that worry him and understand that she worries his contemporaries. Already in the first novel, Tonio Crherer, Thomas Mann shows a hero similar to Shakespeare Hamlet. Tonyo comes to the conclusion that because of its refinement, he is not capable of action, only love can save it from moral paralysis caused by supercharged mental work.

Thomas Mann is the final choice of his life path while traveling with brother in Italy. Then he begins work on the novel about the family of buddens. Initially, Thomas was going to write another novel about the history of Gunno Buddens. But gradually the idea expanded, and soon the writer realized that he had to write a big novel.

Mann believed in his strength after he read several heads of the novel with his relatives and acquaintances. Seeing that they were interested in the content of the work, he continues with enthusiasm to work on manuscript. In 1901, Thomas Mann produces his first novel. After the publication, his name becomes famous not only in Germany, but also beyond.

He was so vividly described the life and morals of the respectable German family that critics put a novice writer in one row with the classics of German literature.

Fame helped him to establish his personal life. For many years, he was passionately in love with the daughter of his Munich familiar Katya Princeheim. However, her father, a famous German mathematician, and did not want to hear about their union. After all, Tomas Manna had no behalf, but in addition, rumors had rumors about his homosexual hobbies in addition. Only after the release of "buddes", Princeheim gave his consent to marriage.

Mann lived with his wife more than fifty years old. In this marriage, six children were born - three sons and three daughters. Senior Son Klaus inherited the profession of his father and became a writer. The most famous of his works is the Roman "Mephistofel".

Over time, Thomas Mann, together with his family, moves to the suburban village of Bad Telts, where he could safely work. There, in rural solitude, he lived for about ten years and returned to Munich only with the beginning of the First World War. However, at the first opportunity, the writer again left the city and moved to the house bought by him in the town of Buguezen on the shore of the mountain lake Izar. It was there that the main works of Thomas Mann were written - the Roman "Magic Mountain" (1924), a few dozen novel, the first part of the tetralogy "Joseph and his brothers."

In the novel "Magic Mountain" writer spoke about the young man Hans Castorpe. He suffered from severe lung disease and drove for treatment with a high-powered sanatorium, lost in the Switzerland mountains. There, Castorp was in the medium of intellectuals, writers, artists and bankers, the will of the circumstances of the circumstances of the risen from the active life. The young man struggled to realize that intensive inner life could be no less interesting than that that boils outside the sanatorium.

In this work, Mann tried to show that even during severe tests there should be a place for intellectual labor. It is impossible to invade culture forcibly, otherwise the course of the development of the natural thought of mankind is disturbed.

The success of the novel was truly colossal. For four years after the first publication, one hundred editions were published only in Germany. In addition, it was translated practically to all European languages. Worried Thomas Manna's problems turned out to be close to artists from different countries. In particular, under the explicit influence of the German master he wrote his novel "The Sanatorium" Arktur "" Konstantin Fedin.

Especially memorable in the life of Thomas Mann was 1929, when the decision of the Nobel Committee, the writer received a premium in literature. Formally, she was awarded him for the novel "Buddenbokov", but Mann believed that this award was noted all that he wrote by then.

After that, the writer with his head plunged into work on the tetrallogy "Joseph and his brothers." His plan manna suggested brother during their travel in Italy. I encountered in one of the hotels on the Bible, Henry Mann suggested the younger brother to write a novel on the biblical plot. But Thomas fulfilled this idea only many years later, when he was already a prevailing writer with his creative handwriting. Work on the novel demanded great preparation from him. The writer had to gather an extensive library on mythology, biblical, Jewish literature.

When the work on the first book of the novel about Joseph, the twilight of fascism was thickened over Germany. Thomas Mann was one of the first to understand his danger and wrote about it in the story "Mario and Wizard". In August 1929, the writer, together with his family, rested in the Lithuanian place of Nida. There he acquired a plot of land and built a small house. In this house, a story was written in which Mann largely anticipated the coming tragedy. Now in the house is the Writer Museum.

After the release of the first novel, Joseph and his brothers Mann realized that he had to continue working. In 1930, he traveled through the countries of the Middle East, penetrating the spirit and atmosphere of biblical times.

Since 1933, Thomas Mann has been tensely working on the alert, for ten years he produces four novels: "Pedajoy James" (1933), "Young Joseph" (1934), "Joseph in Egypt" (1943 ).

However, biblical materials are only the background of the novel, and the myth of Joseph has become for the author only a reason to tell about the concerns of the problems of modernity.

Thomas Mann raised him to show that humanistic values \u200b\u200bshould stand above any public relationship. The problem assigned to them was particularly relevant at the time, because fascism in Germany was intensified.

Mann resolutely opposed the fascist ideology, and as soon as the Nazis came to power, the writer, together with his family he left his homeland and moved to Switzerland. There, he produces a novel "Lotta in Weimar" (1939), in which the mouth of his hero declares that he does not want to have anything to do with the "German hells" and the "spiritual Svukhoy" expected.

When the German seal began to publish the Tetrallogo Manna about Joseph, the writer was deprived of German citizenship, as well as all scientific degrees awarded with German universities. In response, Thomas Mann published an article "Correspondence with Bonn". He stated that fascism is a destroyer of culture, and urged all German writers to oppose the "dirty falsification of the German spirit, which Mr. Hitler is engaged."

In search of asylum for calm work Mann accepts the proposal of Princeton University and in 1938 moves with his family in the United States. He settles in California and divides his time between literary work and lectures in American universities.

The famous German writer voluntarily reflects on the causes of the tragedy that has suffered Germany. Thomas Mann writes several articles in which it tries to show that the true values \u200b\u200bof German culture have nothing to do with fascism.

In 1943, Thomas Mann completes the last novel of the tetralogy and begins work on the new book - Roman "Dr. Faustus". Collecting material for a book, it works a lot in libraries and complains that it is deprived of the opportunity to use German archives.

The plot about Dr. Faustus was interested in Manna because he allowed to tell about the inevitable destruction of a creative person, blindly obeying stranching pleasures. In order to more clearly express its position, Mann introduces the author's character, Professor Zeitbloma, who commented on everything that happens from the point of view of the XX century person. Work on the novel lasted for three years and eight months. Only in early 1947 the novel came out of print.

Although the war has long over, Mann did not hurry to return to his homeland. He was hard to experience the section of the German state, rightly consider that the communist regime would bring Germany almost as much harm as fascist.

To his homeland, the writer arrives only in 1949, after the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany. He performs on the anniversary of I. V. Goethe, but still not deciding to move here for permanent residence. Only a year later, when heavy losses occur in Lithuania, heavy losses occur: his son Claus's suicide ends, after a few months, the younger brother Victor, life in America begins to take a mann. He returns to Europe, but already in Switzerland he is overtaken by the new terrible news of the death of Senior Brother Henry.

Together with his wife Mann settled in Zurich. Now he begins to summarize his earthly affairs. In the novel "Selected" (1951), written in the plot of the medieval legend "About the good sinner", the writer as it would say a kind of epitaph in his untimely rested son.

At the same time, Thomas Mann adds the novel "Recognition of Aventurist Felix Cool", in which again returns to the time of the origin of fascism.

He writes memories, a lot of social activities: reads lectures, participates in the anniversary of F. Schiller. But Thomas Mann's forces are gradually melting, and in August 1955 he dies in a dream.

Paul Thomas Mann, the most famous representative of his family rich in famous writers, was born on June 6, 1875 in the family of the wealthy Lubeck merchant Thomas Johanna Henry Mann, who served as the city senator. Mother Thomas, Julia Mann, neborn da Silva-Bruns, took place from a family with Brazilian roots. Mann family was quite numerous. Thomas had two brothers and two sisters: the elder brother, a famous writer Henry Mann (1871-1950), younger brother Victor (1890-1949) and two sisters Julia (1877-1927, suicide) and Karla (1881-1910, suicide) . The mann family was wealthy, and Thomas Mann's childhood was carefree and almost cloudless.

In 1891, Father Thomas dies from cancer. According to his will, the Famine Family and the Mann House in Lübeck are sold. Children and wife had to be content with interest from the reversed amount of money.

Start writing career

After the death of the Father in 1891 and the sale of the family firm, the family moved to Munich, where Thomas lived (with little breaks) until 1933 in the middle of 1890, Thomas and Henry left for time to Italy, where for two years lived in Palestrine. However, in Lübeck Mann began to manifest himself at the literary field, as the creator and the author of the literary and philosophical magazine "Spring Thunderstorm", and later writing articles for the 20th century henry manna magazine published by his brother. Upon returning from Italy, Mann for a long time (1898-1899) works as the editor of the popular German Satyrian magazine Simplessimus, the annual army service is held and publishes the first novels.

However, fame to Mannu comes when in 1901 the first novel is coming out, "Buddenbokov". In this novel, the basis of which the history of his own kind was taken, Mannor describes the history of decline and degenerate the merchant dynasty from Lubeck. Each new generation of this family is less and less able to continue the case of his fathers due to the lack of burgher qualities inherent in him, like pastures, diligence and obligation and more and more leaves the real world in religion, philosophy, music, vices, luxury and debauchery . This is the result of this not only the gradual loss of interest in the commerce and the prestige of the genus Budden barcocks, but also the loss of not only the meaning of life, but also the will to life, turning around the ridiculous and tragic deaths of the last representatives of this kind.

Following the Budden barcasts, a publication was followed by a no less successful collection of Novel called Tristan, the best of whom was the novel "Tonio Cragher". The main character of this novella rents from love, as from what brings him pain and devotes himself to art, but encountering a random Hans Hansen and Ingerborg Holm - two different objects of their undivided feelings, he is again experiencing that the most confusion that once covered it at look at them.

In 1905, Thomas Mann marries the professorship daughter Kate Pringsheim (him. Katharina "Katia" Hedwig Pringsheim). From this marriage they had six children, three of whom - Eric, Claus and Golo - showed themselves subsequently on the literary field.

Political evolution of manna. New works

MANA's marriage contributed to the entry of the writer in the circles of a large bourgeoisie and this largely strengthened the political conservatism of Mann, which until time was not manifested in the public. In 1911, amell death appears in Venice about the lust of the elderly Munich artist Gustav Ashshbach, who sent to Venice to Venice to see the unknown boy named Tadzio, ending the death of the artist in Venice.

During the First World War, Mann acted in her support, as well as against pacifism and public reforms, the evidence of which his articles were later in the collection of prantens and this position leads to a gap with Brother Heinrich, who opposed the opposite goals. Reconciliation between the brothers came only when after the murder by the Nationalists of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Weimara Republic Walter Ratienau Thomas Mann revised his views and began to perform for democracy and even socialism.

Best days

In 1924, a large and successful work of Thomas Mann is new after Budden barcocks - Magic Mountain. The main character is a young engineer Hans Castorp arrives for three weeks to visit his patient with tuberculosis of the cousin Joachim Tsimsen and himself becomes a patient of this sanatorium.

In 1929, Manna awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for the Roman "Buddenbok."

Emigration

In 1933, the writer, together with his family, emigrates from Nazi Germany and settled in Zurich. In the same year, the first Tom of his novel-tetralogy Joseph and his brothers, where mann in his own way interprets the history of the Biblical Joseph.

In 1936, after unsuccessful attempts to persuade Mann Return to Germany, the Nazi authorities deprive Mann and his family of German citizenship and the writer becomes subjects of Czechoslovakia, and in 1938 the writer moves to the United States, where he earns a teacher at Princeton University. In 1939, Roman Lotta in Weimara, describing the relationship between the aged Goethe and his youthful love Charlotte Kestener, who became the prototype of the heroine of the suffering of a young verteter who met a poet again after many years.

In 1942, he moved to the city of Pacific Palisadez and leads anti-fascist transfer for German radio listeners. And in 1947 his novel, Dr. Faustus, the main character of which largely repeats the path of Faust, despite the fact that the effect of the novel occurs in the XX century.

Return to Europe

After the Second World War, the situation in the United States is taking less favorable for manna: the writer is beginning to blame the USSR in the amendment.

In June 1952, the family of Thomas Mann returns to Switzerland. Despite the reluctance to move into the split country, the mann nevertheless happens in Germany (in 1949, as part of a visit to the celebration of the Jubilee, he managed to visit Germany and in the GDR).

In the last years of life, he is actively published - in 1951 an informitious romance appears, in 1954 the last novel of the Black Swan appears and then Mann continues to be launched to them before the First World War. Roman's recognition of Aventurist Felix Cool (published unfinished), telling about modern Dorian Gray Who possessing talent, mind and beauty, nevertheless, chose a fraudster and, with the help of his scam, began to rapidly climb the public staircase, gradually losing the human appearance and turning into a monster.

Writing style

Mann - Master of Intellectual Prose. He called Russian Writers-novelists of Lion Tolstoy and Dostoevsky; Detailed, detailed, unhurried letter writing The writer really inherited from the literature of the century XIX. However, the topics of its novels are undoubtedly tied to the century XX. They are bold, lead to deep philosophical generalizations and at the same time expressingly inflamed.

The leading problems of the novels of Thomas Manna are the feeling of the fatal approach of death (the story "death in Venice", the novel "Magic Mountain"), the proximity of the Infernal, other world (the novels "Magic Mountain", "Dr. Faustus"), the premonition of the collapse of the old world order, collapse, Leading to the breakdown of human fate and ideas about the world, light homoermotism is often traced in the devils of the main characters. All these topics are often intertwined by Mann with the theme of fatal love. Perhaps this is due to the hobby of the writer with psychoanalysis (a pair of Eros - Tanatos).

Thomas Man:

strategist trade

The British are called London The Great Wen, that is, a big goiter, a big bump. As a tremendous thigh, London hangs, which several centuries were the greatest city in the world, on the ribbon Thames, and thousands of visible and invisible threads diverge from him.

For the history of political economy, London is a special city. The world trade and financial center was the most suitable place for the origin and development of this science. In London, Petty pamphlets were published, and his life is no less closely connected with him than with Ireland. After 100 years in London, Adam Smith's Book "Wealth of Peoples" was published. The genuine product of London, his boilers, political and scientific life, was David Ricardo. And in London, Karl Marx lived in London. There was written "Capital".

Thomas MAN, a characteristic expressant of the ideas of English mercantilism, was born in 1571. He took place from the old family of artisans and merchants. His grandfather was a chashanger on the London Mint, and his father was trading in Silkom and Velvet. Unlike his French contemporary Monkeyene, mans did not write tragedies, did not fought on duels and did not participate in the rebellion. He lived life calmly and with dignity as an honest dealers and a clever man.

Early losing his father, Thomas Mans was raised in the father's father's father, a rich merchant and one of the founders of the East India Trading Company, which arose in 1600 as a branch of the older Levant Company, which was trading with the countries of the Mediterranean Sea. Having passed training in the shop and office of the stepfather, he began eighteen or twenty service in the Leadant company and spent several years in Italy, went to Turkey and the country of Levant.

Mans quickly rich and acquired a solid reputation. In 1615, he was first elected to the Board of Directors of the East India Company and soon becomes a scene and most active defender of her interests in parliament and in print. But the man is careful and not too ambitious: he rejects the proposal to take the post of deputy manager of the company, refuses to travel to India as an inspector of the company's factories. Traveling to India in those days lasted at least three to four months in one end and was associated with considerable dangers: storms, diseases, pirates ...

But man is one of the most prominent people and in City and in Westminster. In 1623, the publicist and writer on the economic issues of Misselden gives him such a certification: "His knowledge of the East India Trade, his judgments about trade in general, his zealous works in their homeland and experience abroad - all this decorated it with such advantages as Just wish in every person, but which is not easy to find in these times among the merchants. "

Allowing the possibility of exaggeration and flattery, we can still not doubt that Man was by no means an ordinary merchant. As one of the new researchers said, it was a trading strategist. (The word "trade", by the way, in the XVII and XVIII centuries. The British is essentially equivalent to the word "economy".)

Maturity Mana accounts for the epoch of the first two kings from the steart dynasty. In 1603, after almost half a century, the childless Queen Elizabeth died. When she joined the throne, England was an isolated island state, torn by religious and political stripping. By the time of her death, England became a global power with a powerful fleet and extensive trading. Age of Elizabeth was marked by a large cultural lifting. The son of the executed Scottish queen Maria Stuart Jacob (James) I was afraid of the city of the Son of the Sonnaya Scottish Queen of Maria Stuart and needed him. He wanted to rule as an absolute monarch, but the money was from parliament and in London merchants. The financial and trade difficulties that have arisen in the early 20s forced the King and his ministers to call on the Council of Experts from City: a special state trade commission was formed. In 1622, Thomas May was entered in her. He was an influential and active member of this advisory body.

In the stream of pamphlets and petitions, in the discussions that were conducted in the Commission on Trade, in the 20s of the XVII century. The basic principles of the economic policy of English mercantilism were developed, which were carried out until the end of the century. The export of raw materials (especially wool) was banned, and the removal of finished products was encouraged, including by state subsidies. England captured all new and new colonies, which were given to industrialists cheap raw materials, merchants - arrived from transit and mediation trade with sugar, silk, spices, tobacco. Access of foreign industrial goods to England was limited to high import duties, which weakened competition and facilitated the growth of domestic manuffs (politics protecting). A lot of attention was paid to the fleet, which was to transport goods worldwide and defend English trade. The most important goal of these events was to increase the influx of precious metals to the country. But unlike Spain, where gold and silver went straight from the Ministers of America, in England, the policy of attracting money was beneficial, for the means of this policy was the development of industry, fleet and trade.

Meanwhile, thunderstorm gathered above the monarchy of Stuarts. The son of Jacob I is the short-sighted and stubborn Karl (Charles) I restored a bourgeoisie against himself, which relied on dissatisfaction with the wide masses. In 1640, a year before the death of Mana, a parliament was gathered, who opened openly against the king. Fight struggle. The English bourgeois revolution began. A nine years later, Charles was executed.

We are unknown by the political views of the old mana, who did not live to turn the revolutionary events. But at one time he opposed full absolutism, for the restriction of the power of the Crown, in particular in the tax area. Hardly he, however, would approve the execution of the king. By the end of the life, Mans was very rich. He bought significant land estates and was known in London as a person who can give a large cash loan.

From Mana left two small essays, which were held, speaking by a high syllable, in the Golden Fund of Economic Literature. Their fate is not quite common. The first of these writings was entitled "The reasoning about trade in England with Ost-India, containing an answer to various objections that are usually made against it" and came out in 1621 under the initials of T.M. This polemical composition is directed against the critics of the East India Company Standing on the positions of the old primitive mercantilism (monetary system) and arguing that the operations of the company are damaged by England, since the company exports silver to buy Indian goods and this silver is irretrievably lost by England. Delivito, with numbers and facts in the hands of Mans refuted this opinion, proving that silver does not disappear, but returns to England with a great increment: goods brought on the company's ships, otherwise I would have to buy Schridogoga from the Turks and Levancents; In addition, a significant part of them is resold to other European countries on silver and gold. The meaning of this pamphlet for the history of economic thought is, of course, not just in the protection of the interests of the East India Company, but in the fact that the arguments of mature mercantism were systematically presented here.

More than more than more than God's glory rests on his second book, the title of which, as Adam Smith wrote, hesitually expresses the basic idea: "England's wealth in foreign trade, or the balance of our foreign trade as a regulator of our wealth." This essay was published only in 1664, almost through a quarter of a century after his death. For many years of revolution, civil wars and republics, it lay down in Larz with papers and documents inherited by the son of Mana together with real estate and driven property of the Father. Restoration of Stuarts in 1660 and the revival of economic discussions prompted a 50-year-old rich merchant and landowner to publish a book and remind the public and authorities a pretty forgotten name Thomas Mana.

In this book, composed of quite heterogeneous chapters, written, obviously, in the period 1625-1630, compressed and accurately set down the essence of mercantilism. Manu alone all sorts of beauty style. According to his own words, "for lack of learning" he writes "without unnecessary words and eloquence, but with all the intense truth in every little thing." Instead of quotation from ancient writers, he operates folk sayings and calculations of Deltsa. Only once he mentions the historical character - the king of Philipp Macedonsky, and only because the latter recommended that the money is where the force does not take.

As a genuine mercantist, mans sees wealth mainly in its cash form, in the form of gold and silver. The point of view of commercial capital will take his thinking. As a separate trading capitalist, it allows money in turnover to extract them with increment, so the country should be enriched by trade, providing excess of the export of goods over the import. The development of production is recognized by it only as a means of expanding trade.

Economic compositions are always more or less definitely pursued practical goals: justify certain economic events, methods, policies. But mercantilists have these practical tasks especially prevailed. Mans, like other mercantilist authors, was far from the desire to create some "system" of economic views. However, economic thinking has its logic, and mans on the need operated on theoretical concepts reflecting reality: goods, money, profit, capital ... anyway, he tried to find a causal connection between them.

Trade Psychology To sell something, you must take some steps. First, you must attract the attention of a potential buyer. We all have their own problems, all events in our lives take all of us. You need to overcome as if