Albrecht Durer his works. Albrecht Dürer Pictures
Durer Albrecht (1471-1528), German painter, draftsman, engraver, art theorist. The founder of the art of German Renaughter, Dürer studied the jewelry case at his father, a leaving from Hungary, painting - in the workshop of the Nuremberg artist M. Rolgemut (1486-1489), who took the principles of the Netherlands and German Latestone Art, got acquainted with the drawings and engravings of the worst Italian masters Renaissance (including A.Menty). During the same years, Durer experienced a strong influence of M.Shongauer. In 1490-1494, during the obligatory for the workshop, the wanderings on Rhine, Durer fulfilled several stack engravings in the spirit of late Gothic, illustrations to the "ship of fools" S. Branta and others. Impact on Dürer of humanistic teachings, increased as a result of his first trip to Italy (1494-1495), manifested in the desire of the artist to master the scientific methods of knowledge of the world, to an in-depth study of nature, in which his attention was attracted as the most seemingly minor phenomena ("Herb Kush", 1503, Albertin, Vienna), So and complex communication problems in the nature of color and light-air ("house at the pond", watercolor, about 1495-1497, the British Museum, London). A new Renaissance understanding of the personality of Durer argued in portraits of this period (Self-portrait, 1498, Prado).
"Holiday of all saints"
(Altar Landauer) 1511,
Museum of Art History, Vienna
"Christ among the books" Meeting of Tissan-Bornemian, 1506, Madrid
"Adam and Eva" 1507, Prado, Madrid (the most beautiful image of Adam and Eve !!)
"Self-portrait" 1493
"Self-portrait" 1500
"Madonna with a pear" 1512, Museum of Art History, Vienna
"Praying Maria"
The mood of the predeformation era, the eve of the powerful social and religious battles Dürer expressed in a series of engravings on the "Apocalypse" tree (1498), in the artistic language of which the techniques of German late-day and Italian Renaissance art organically merged. The second trip to Italy (1505-1507) even more strengthened the desire of Durera to clarity, the ordering of composite constructions ("Holiday of Rolls", 1506, National Gallery, Prague; "Portrait of a Young Woman", Museum of Arts, Vienna), attentive study of nude proportions Human body ("Adam and Eve", 1507, Prado, Madrid). At the same time, Durer did not lose (especially in the chart) of the view of observation, subject expressiveness, vitality and expressivity of the images inherent in the art of late Gothic (cycles engraving in the "Large Passion" tree, about 1497-1511, "Life of Mary", about 1502-1511, "Small passions", 1509-1511). The amazing accuracy of the graphic language, the thinnest development of light-air relations, the clarity of the line and the volume, the most complex philosophical substitution of the content is distinguished by three "workshops" on the copper: "Rider, death and the devil" (1513) - an image of unshakable debt, durability before testing of fate; as the embodiment of the internal conflict of the merbyss of the creative spirit of man; "Saint Jerome" (1514) - the glorification of humanistic inquisite research thought.
"Melancholy I" (1514)
"Knight, Death and Devil" 1513
"Four riders of the apocalypse"
"Holiday rosary" 1506, National Gallery, Prague
"Saint Jerome" 1521
By this time, Dürer won the honorary position in his native Nuremberg, gained fame abroad, especially in Italy and the Netherlands (where he made a trip in 1520-1521). Dürer was friends with the prominent humanists of Europe. Among his customers were rich budgets, the German princes, and the emperor Maximilian I himself, for which he among other major German artists fulfilled the drawings with pen to the prayer room (1515).
In a series of portraits of the 1520s (I.Muffel, 1526, I. Holzhuer, 1526, - both in the art gallery, Berlin-Dale, and others) Dürer recreated the type of man of the Renaissance era, imbued with the proud consciousness of self-personality, charged intense spiritual energy and practical purposefulness. An interesting self portrait of Albrecht Dürer at 26 years old in gloves. The hands of the model lying on the pedestal is a well-known reception of creating the illusion of the proximity between the portrait and the viewer. Durer could learn this visual trick on the example of such works, such as Leonard Mona Lisa, - he saw her while traveling to Italy. The landscape, which is visible to the open window, is a feature characteristic of northern artists, such as Jan Wang Ayke and Robert Campen. Durer revolutionized North European art, uniting the experience of the Netherlands and Italian painting. Multilateral aspirations manifested itself in the theoretical works of Durera ("Guide to the measurement ...", 1525; "Four books on the proportions of man", 1528). Dierer's artistic quest has completed the painting "Four Apostles" (1526, the old Pinakotek, Munich), in which the four character temperaments of people connected by the general humanistic ideal of independent thought, willpower, resistance in the struggle for justice and truth are incarnated.
Ecce Homo (Son of Man)
About 1495, Kunsthalla, Karlsruhe
"Four Apostles"
"Portrait of Dürer's father at 70 years old" 1497
"Magic worship" 1504
"Emperor Maximillian I" 1519
"Altar Pumenger" 1500-1504
"Seven seals of the Virgin" 1497
"Emperors Karl and Sigismund" 1512
"Portrait of a young man" OK. 1504.
"Portrait of a young Venetian" 1505
"Maria and Baby and St. Anna" 1519
"Portrait of a woman" 1506
"Portrait of Jerome Holzhuer" 1526
Altar Yabach, the outer side of the left sash "Job, tolerating the humiliation from his wife" about 1500-1503
"Portrait of an unknown in red mantle" (sv. Sebastian) about 1499
"Portrait of Oswald Cream" 1499
"Alliance Coat of Arms of the Dure and Holpe Families" 1490
"Portrait of Felicitas Tucher" diptych, right side 1499
"Portrait of Hans Tukhetor" Diptych, left side 1499
"Mailing of Christ"
"Portrait of a man on a green background" 1497
"Portrait of Michael Wolgemut" 1516
"Apostle Philip" 1516
"Madonna with an apple" 1526
"Kuste Grass" 1503
"Maria with a baby in front of the arche of the gate" 1494-97
"Portrait of Friedrich Wise, Saxon Kurfurst"
"Two musicians"
"Furious St. Jerome"
"Madonna with Schegul"
"Portrait of Barbara Durer, neborn holper" 1490-93
"Portrait of Albrecht Dürer" Father of the artist 1490-93
Quote communication
German painter, draftsman, engraver, art theorist. The founder of the art of German Renaissance.
German painter and schedule, one of the greatest masters of the Western European Renaissance. Recognized by the largest European master of xylography, which raised it at the level of this art. The first theoretical art among North European artists, the author of the practical guidance on visual and decorative and applied arts in German, promoting the need for the versatile development of artists. The founder of comparative anthropometry. In addition to the listed, left a noticeable trace in the Military Engineering Art. The first of the European artists who wrote autobiography.
Durer was born on May 21, 1471 in Nuremberg, in the family of Jeweler Albrecht Dürer (DE), who came to this German city from Hungary in the middle of the XV century, and Barbara Holper. Doubriers had eighteen children from which eight survived. The future artist was the Third Baby and the Second Son. His father, Albrecht Durer Senior, Golden Affairs Master, his Hungarian surname Auntoshi (Weng. Ajtósi, from the name of the village of Auntos, from the word ajtó - "door"), literally transferred to German as Türer; Subsequently, she was transformed under the influence of Frankish pronunciation and began to write Dürer. Albrecht Durer Jr. remembered about his mother as a pious woman who punished his children "hard" and often. Perhaps weakened by frequent pregnancies, she hurt a lot. The famous German publisher Anton Coberger became the shameful father of Durera.
From 1477, Albrecht visited Latin school. At first, the father attracted her son to work in a jewelry workshop. However, Albrecht wished to engage in painting. In these years, he created a self-portrait (1484, Albertina, Vienna) and "Madonna with two angels" (1485, Gravy Cabinet, Berlin). Senior Durer, despite the regret of the time spent on the training of the Son of Time, lost his requests, and at the age of 15 Albrecht was sent to the workshop of the leading Nuremberg artist of the time Michael Volhegemut. This was told by Durer in the "Family Chronicle" created by him at the end of life.
Wolgemut Durer mastered not only painting, but also engraving on wood and copper. Wolgemut, together with his stepmaking Wilhelm Pleidenvurf, performed engravings for the book Chronicles of Hartman Sedeli. In work on the most illustrated book of the XV century, which experts of the "Chronicle" experts are considered, His students helped Wolgemut. One of the engravings for this publication, the "dance of death" is attributed to Albrecht Dürer.
Study in 1490 by tradition ended with a journey (it. Wanderjahre), during which the apprentice adopted the skills from the masters from other locations. The student's student trip continued until 1494. Its exact route is unknown, he traveled a number of cities in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, continuing to improve in visual art and processing materials. In 1492, Dürer was lingering in Alsace. He did not have time, as he wanted to see Martin Schongauer who lived in Colmar, whose work was greatly influenced by the young artist, since he died on February 2, 1491. Durer with honorable accepted brothers late, and Albrecht had the opportunity to work for some time in the workshop of Schongauer. Later, Durer moved to Basel.
Soon the young artist returns to Nuremberg. Now he already has a reputation as a famous artist, so not only receives orders, but also opens his own school. Durer performs a number of engravings on copper - "sale love" (1495-1496), "St. Family with grasshopper "(about 1494-1496)," Three peasants "(about 1497)," the prodigal son "(1498), as well as engraving on the tree -" Hercules "," Men's Bath ".
"These engravings opens a brilliant Pleiad of the graphic works of Durera ... The artist now freely owns a cutter, applying a sharp, angular and nerve barcode, with the help of which wind-up, intense contours are created, the form is placable, light and shadows are placed, the space is constructed.
With special intensity and persistence, Dürer worked in the engraving (about 350 drawings for the wood engravings and about 100 engravings of copper cutter), creating many masterpieces of world chart. In a series of engravings on the "Apocalypse" tree (1498), he turned to the theme of the end of the world, which was represented by public moods of the turning point. Here Durer embodied in exciting fantastic images his expectation of formidable retaliation, world-historical change. In subsequent cycles "Large Passion" (about 1497-1511), "Life of Mary" (about 1502-11) and "Small Passions" (1509-11) he brought to perfection Rhythmic line of lines, then gentle and fragile, then full forces and internal speakers.
The cutting engraving on copper was manifested by Dürer to clarity line and volume, to the wealth of plastic forms and black and white transitions. Having reached the amazing subtlety of the graphic language already in engravings created about 1500-03, Durer came in three so-called "workshops" engravings 1513-14 to its highest achievements: "Rider, death and the devil" (1513) - the image of unshakable following his debt, resistance in front of any temptations; In "Melancholy" (1514), internal conflicts and anxiety of the creative spirit of man are embodied; "St. Jerome "(1514) was a humanistic glorification of the inquisitive thought of the researcher, and in the image illuminated by the sun room there is a captivating poetry of peaceful comfort.
In 1498, the artist began working on the illustrations of the Holy Scriptures. Durer has released his best book - illustrated apocalypse. A series of engraving from eighteen sheets is still considered an unsurpassed masterpiece of printing art.
Durer was supposed to appeal to the images embodying life in the spirit of a strange metaphorical religious vision, which as if challenged the pencil of the artist. The medieval wizard expressed them through the great characters in the timeless environment. Durer also made this cosmic and timelessness to his work. His composition was raised, like a steep wall, into the space of the universe. Heaven and the Earth merged into one great whole. However, the entire experience of studying the reality acquired by him during this time could not be discarded. The huge achievement of Durera was that by the power of his imagination and realistic skill, he embodied these gigantic visions with their spells and ecstasy in images that had vital persuasive.
At the same time, Dürer began working on the cycle of engravings of "big passions", and in 1502 - over the cycle "Life of Mary", completing them only in 1511. All three cycles belong to the greatest achievements of religious art in the field of wood engravings.
At the beginning of the century, Durer fulfilled several monumental customs: Puumgarter's altar, "mourning Christ",
In 1505, Durer again interrupts work in his workshop and departs to Venice. His trip was caused by the fact that fake engravings with a monogram Durera appeared in Italian cities. In addition, the artist hoped that in Venice he would receive new orders.
Indeed, arriving in Venice, Durer receives a profitable offer. The leaders of the German colony in this city decided to instruct the master of the responsible order - the manufacture of altar paintings for the local church. Probably, such a responsible order helped him get an Italian artist D. Bellini. Durera with him tied friendly relations since the previous arrival.
He works successfully in Venice, comes trips to other cities, meets with the Great Rafael. Durer gave Raphael his self portrait performed by a gouache on a very thin canvas.
In 1507, Durer returns to Nuremberg and again starts work. He wanted to work at least for some time not to order, but for the soul. And he returned to his old idea - the images of Adam and Eve. Once he had already embodied them in engraving.
In 1509, Durer was elected called a member of the Big Council of Nuremberg, it was possible that he took part in the artistic projects of the city. In the same year, he bought a house in Cissergasse (now Dürera House-Museum).
In 1511, Durer commissioned by the Nuremberg merchant Mattias Landauer wrote an altar "Worship of the Holy Trinity" (Altar Landauer, Museum of Art History, Vienna). The iconographic program of the altar, consisting of a painting and a wooden carved frame made by an unknown Nuremberg master, at the top of which the scene of a terrible court was cut out, developed Durer. In its foundation, the treatise of Augustine "On Grad God" was laid. Despite its success and defeating fame, the artist nevertheless aware that it is not able to change the attitude of his customers who considered the tradition of tradition in Germany, the painter just an artisan.
In 1513-1514, the master creates works, marking the top of his work. This is primarily three engravings on copper: "Rider, death and the devil" (1513), "St. Jerome "(1514) and" Melancholy "(1514).
Durer was the only artist to whom Maximilian appointed a lifelong annual rentment in 100 florins. However, in 1519, Maximilian dies, and Dürer is deprived of rent. In 1520, the artist, together with his wife, went to the Netherlands in order to obtain a sanction to continue the payment of rent from the new Emperor Charles V, who was expected to coronation in Aachen. Throughout the path of the artist waited for an enthusiastic welcome. Antwerp artists invited the famous colleague for a solemn lunch.
In 1523-1528, Durer published theoretical treatises "Guide to the measurement of the circulation and a ruler" and "four books on the proportions of man", which entered the conclusions to which he came as a result of the study of proportions, and became the basis of the instruction guide to painting.
According to the author, they had to become a kind of introduction to the artist's conceived encyclopedia. However, this grand planner did not have time to implement this grand idea. On April 6, 1528, the artist died after severe liver disease.
D Durer's Museum
The place where the artist lived and worked from 1509 to his death in 1528. Durer lived in a house with his wife, mother and his students and apprentices. Today, the house is a museum and belongs to the collection of Nuremberg graphics to the unification of the museums of the city.
The building has two levels: the lower floors are built of sandstone, and the three tops have a wooden frame. The roof is a half-haired, with auditory windows facing the street. The first museum of the artist was created in this old house in 1826: initially the exposure was limited to one room. And only in 1871 in honor of the 400th anniversary of the birth of Albrecht Dürer, the whole house was transferred under the management of the museum.
The building suffered during World War II, but it became one of the first recovered museum sites, opened for visitors in 1949. The museum is located in the central part of the city, next to the Nuremberg castle and the park area.
PO "
M Yelhanholia
1514
The cutting engravie on the copper of the German artist Albrecht Dürer, completed in 1514. "Melancholy" is one of the most mysterious works of Dürer, and stands out by the complexity and non-obvious idea, the brightness of the symbols and the allegories.
This is one of the most difficult works in world art. Over the five centuries of its existence, "Melancholy" overgrown the volumes of comments and interpretations, but this, as the modern specialist in the work of Durer Marseille Brion, "does not make it more understandable, more easy for interpretation, and it really requires much more explanations and comments, than any other picture, with the exception, perhaps, Jokonda. "
A ladies and Eve
Picture of the German artist Albrecht Dürer. The picture is two large-format boards written by oil. Diptych was written in 1507. Both panels 209 cm in height, and in width of one 81 cm, another 80 cm.
The artist drew the picture specifically for the altar, but unfortunately he was never completed. It is worth saying that this work and its plot was created in the spirit of ancient time. The artist stressed inspiration during his travels in Italy. People depicted on the canvas are completely naked, everything is written to the smallest details, even their growth, they are depicted in their true magnitude. This is very important due to the fact that the Bible Adam and Eve are the progenitors of mankind, the first people who have come from heaven to Earth and who have granted the beginning of the race of people. The Bible says that Adam and Eve had many differences between themselves, which is why the author depicted them separately. But looking attentively, you can see that the picture is a single whole - Adam holds the branch, and Eva is a fruit that was hung before her.
And Vtoportrete Dürera
The last of the three large picturesque self-portraits of Durera and the most famous of them. It is considered the most personal, complex and sign of all self-portraits of the artist.
"Self-portrait" ("Self-portrait at the age of twenty-eight years"; Selbstbildnis IM Pelzrock) Albrecht Dürer, written in early 1500, - The last of three large picturesque self-portraits Durera and the most famous of them . It is considered the most personal, complex and sign of all self-portraits of the artist.
Self portrait draws attention to his resemblance to the images taken at the time in the art of the images of Christ - the symmetry of the composition, the paint of dark tones, the turn of the face and the hand raised to the middle of the breast, as if in the blessing gesture. The inscriptions on a black background on both sides of Dürer, as it were, hook in space, emphasizing portrait symbolism.
The light tones of the previous self-portraits changed to the muted gamut. In this work, Durer, it seems, came to the fact that the historian of art Marseille Brion calls "Classicism on Engra. A face with inflexibility and impersonal dignity of a mask hiding anxiety of shocks, pain and passion inside. "
The apparent symmetry of the picture is somewhat violated: the head is located a little right of the center, the side of the hair is falling, the eye is sent to the left.
At the end of the 15th early XVI centuries, the species strictly in the FAS was an exception for a secular portrait (one of the few examples of using such an angle - a series of portraits of King Henry VIII and his wives, made by Hans Golbein, which may have been given a special indication to use this case. ). In Italy, profile images were changed by images of three quarters. In Northern Europe, a turn of three-quarters appears in portraits from about 1420, he used Durer in his earlier autoports. The artists of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance developed this more difficult look and proud of the ability to portray the model in three quarters. For the viewer of the beginning of the XVI century, the face of the FAS was not connected with a secular portrait, but with religious and, above all, - the image of Christ.
Ch eether witches
One of the most mysterious works of Durera. The plot of his various scientists was interpreted in different ways. The composition is based on an antique group "Three Graces", but the artist added the fourth figure. The door on the left, from which the flames of the flame are broken and the devil's head is visible, personifies the gate of hell, the door to the right, in front of which lies the bone, is the gate of death. Four women are depicted: one of them, in the background, maybe Erida - the goddess of discord; In three figures in the foreground, see Venus, Minerva and Junon. The latter was a patronage of married women, therefore depicted in Chepetse. Some researchers attribute engraving with the theme of the "Court of Paris" and consider it as a warning against the cloves, leading to hellish torments.
Images of peasants, citizens, burghers, knights, etc. appeared in his engravings. He performs many portraits in painting, engraving and drawing, constantly sketches folk types. From him there remained a whole series of images of peasants, most of which applies precisely to these years (engravings on copper - "Men's Bath", "Dancing Peasants", "Four Witches", "Publishing", "on the market"). At the same time, he is engaged in decorative art and book graphics, depicting in the engraduate on the order of the emperor Maximilian a grand triumphal arch and decorating the drawings on the fields of his prayer.
P worrying of Volkhvov
The picture of Albrecht Dürer, written in order to the Kurfürst of Saxony Friedrich III in 1504 for the Altar of the Cam Church in Wittenberg. It is considered one of the best and significant works of Durera between 1494/5 and 1505.
This picture resembles an unfinished leonardo da Vinci web to a similar plot, also stored in the Uffizi. But the direct influence on Dürer was provided by Venetsians - Andrea Manteny with his addiction to the abundance of stone in the paintings and Giovanni Bellini with his bright and clear painting. However, Durer characters are written with the degree of psychology, which was especially inherent.
Source-Internet
Albrecht Durer - the greatest German artist - Master of the Western European Renaissance Updated: December 4, 2017 by the author: website
Albrecht Dürer is a skillful schedule and a painter from Germany, who became a prominent figure of the Western European Renaissance. The paintings of Albrecht Dürer to this day are considered genuine works of art. The artist was also recognized as one of the greatest masters of xylography, which raised this direction of visual art to a new level of development. Durer became the first theorist among the North European artists by writing a guide on decorative and visual arts.
Childhood
Durer was born in 1471, on May 21, in the German city of Nuremberg. The future great painter and schedule attended Latin school. At the age of 15, young Albrecht was sent for training in the workshop of the famous in Nunberg in those times of the artist Michael Wolgemut.
Wearing
In 1490, Albrecht completed his studies and went to the journey, during which he adopted the skills of masters from other lands. Durer dreamed of visiting the artist Martin Schonguera, but I did not have time to catch it: he died in 1491. The family of the deceased enjoyed Dürer and even allowed him to work in the artist's workshop.
Later, Durer moved to Basel to his brother of the deceased Martin Schongauer and there, on guessing, took part in the manufacture of famous wooden engravings to the "ship of fools" of the authorship of Sebastian Brand.
For some time, the artist spent in Strasbourg. It was here that Albrecht Dürer was created with the title "Self-portrait with a thistle". It happened in 1493. This work is considered one of the most famous paintings by Albrecht Dürer.
Nuremberg
In 1495, the paintings by Albrecht Dürer began to be created in his own workshop. In 1498, the Apocalypse was issued, for which Durer created 15 xylography. Later, the type of Coberger published "Passion of St. Brigitta "for which the artist painted 30 engravings, which only added Durer of fans.
At about the same time several picturesque portraits were created, some of whom were one of the most famous paintings by Albrecht Dürer. But one of the most significant works of Dürer of this period was the work of "worship of Magi". The paintings of Albrecht Düreir with the names "Dresden Altar" and "Seven Ships" were no less known.
Venice
In 1505, Dürer went to Italy. Here the artist fulfilled a number of well-known work to order, among which is the "holiday of wreaths from roses." According to Dürer, it was this work that made it seemed to recognize the masters around him that he was not only a successful engraver, but also an excellent painter.
Giovanni Bellini was greatly influenced on Dürer - a recognized painter: the paintings of Albrecht Dürer "Madonna and Chizhik" and "Christ among teachers" were created precisely at the request of Bellini. The artist was highly appreciated in Venice, even offered to stay, but Durer left Italy in 1507.
Homecoming
Durer returned to Nuremberg and in 1511 he wrote the famous altar "Worship of the Holy Trinity". Turning to the description of the painting of Albrecht Düreir, it can be noted that the Treatise "On the Grad God" is based on the iconographic program of the altar.
From 1507 to 1512, Durer focused on achieving the highest skill in the art of engraving. Among the well-known works of that period are the engravings of "Passion on Copper", "Life Mary", "Large Passion" and "Small Passion".
Over time, contrast images in the works of Dürer become softer. The action takes place in space arranged in compliance with the laws of perspective. It is easy to trace, for example, by the Mary's Life Engraving series.
Acquaintance with the emperor
From 1512, the artist began to patronize the emperor Maximilian I. He was entrusted to work on the "Triumphal Arch" as the emperor. Later, Durer took part in the illustration of one of the publications of the "prayer room of Emperor Maximilian." The artist received a diploma from his patron, who defended his wooden and copper coping engravings. Thanks to such important connections, the financial situation of Albrecht Dürer corrected, and he was again able to create, without experiencing material difficulties.
Last years
At the end of his life, Albrecht wrote a lot, leaving a lot of deep works, in which the acquaintance of the artist with Dutch art was traced. One of the bright examples is the "Four Apostles" diptych. Regarding this picture, there was a lot of conversations: someone saw pictures in the plot only images of different types of temperaments, others - the artist's reaction to religious disputes in society, and some even the idea of \u200b\u200bdisappointing reality with humanistic utopia.
One of the last paintings of Albrecht Dürer became a self-portrait on which he indicates the area of \u200b\u200bthe spleen. In the Netherlands, Durer picked up an unknown disease, from whose attacks he suffered until his death. The great artist died on April 6, 1528 in his homeland.
Masterpieces
Albrecht Durer - recognized genius graphics, painting and engraving. The graphic heritage of Durer is considered one of the largest in volume in the history of art along with Da Vinci and other great masters. In painting Dürer elevated the art of the art portrait, and especially the autoportist. He created at least 300 xylhologists and more than 80 copper engravings: Printing schedule has become for the artist the main means of earnings.
A real masterpiece is a series of xylography "Apocalypse" - the embodiment of the religious experiences of the people at the end of the century. The work perfectly combines the late artistic language and the style of Italian revival.
The painting of Albrecht Dürer "Melancholia" is especially noteworthy - a copper engraving, which is considered the most mysterious work of the Master. The plot of the paintings is full of ambiguous allegories and bright characters. Attention in the image attracts the winged genius, bent over the revealed book. On the belt of an angel you can see several wallets. A little higher is Putto, personifying angelic spirit. A variety of items are also placed around: nails, saws, tongs, hammer, ruler with a planer. At the feet of the winged creature dorming a dog. The walls of the room are decorated with clocks and weights, and you can also notice the bell and square, full of different numbers. A staircase is pressed against the wall, and the rainbow is seen behind. The meaning of the image is still interested in art researchers.
One of the most famous works is the picture of Albrecht Dürer "Hands of Praying". This is not just a sketch of the hands: in the picture Durer portrayed his brother's palm, thanks to which the artist's name is known for the whole world. Once the brothers agreed to be artists in turn: one of them had to do hard work so that the second would have the opportunity to create. Brushing was brother, and when it was time to change in places, his brother's hands were so hardened that he was no longer able to become an artist. It was his praying hands depicted Albrecht in his picture. The picture shows a magnificent example of expressiveness at a minimum of funds. This work is one of the most recognizable not only among the works of the author, but also in global visual art.
Another sign work of the artist - "Self-portrait in the image of Christ." The innovation of this portrait is the image of himself in the FAQ in a secular portrait: Up to this point, the figure was depicted in profile or half-trip. Comparing himself with Jesus, the artist presents itself as a representative of the New Time, eating himself to the pedestal of the Creator. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Dürer confessed that he wanted to perpetuate his name and young face, putting a kind of monument in life.
Modern researchers call Durer Northern Leonardo da Vinci, and not in vain: this man brought a huge contribution to the development of fine art. His innovative techniques in xylography and painting brought these directions of art to a new round of development. Many researchers agree that it is currently impossible to determine how much the influence of Albrecht Durer on the development of fine arts and it would be now what it is, not be the name of this person in the history of world art.
Durer Albrecht (1471-1528) -
german artist
Albrecht Durer. Self-portrait at 26, 1498
Born on May 21, 1471 in Nuremberg. First, the young man of jewelry was trained by his father, and in 1486 he entered the picturesque workshop M. Volhegemut, where he took the principles of late Gothic. Work performed by Durer during the years of training travels at the Upper Rhine (1490-1494), typical of German art XV century, who combined the features of Gothic and Renaissance.
Visiting Italy (1494-1495 and 1505-1507) and the Netherlands (1520-1521) increased the interest of Durer to science. He inlent into nature and developed the doctrine of proportions. In addition to the huge number of fine works, Durer left a large theoretical heritage ("Manual for Measurement", 1525; "Guide to strengthen cities", 1527; "Four books about the proportions of man", 1528). The artist works a lot on the scenery ("Type of Trinity", Watercolor, 1495; "House of Pond", watercolor, about 1495-1497).
Its compositions are clear, logical and accurately worked.
("Dresden Altar", about 1496;
altar Pumengers, 1502-1504;
"Worship of Trinity", 1511). In the "worship of the Volkhvov" (1504), it uses the coloristic achievements of the Venetian school. But, unlike the emotional Italians, Dürer on Gothically tough and detailed.
In a series of engravings on the "Apocalypse" tree (1498), he turned to the topic of the world, the presentation of the time of change. In subsequent cycles - "Large Passions" (about 1497-1511), "Life of Mary" (about 1502-1511), "Small Passions" (1509-1511)., "Saint Eustiatry" and "Nemesis "(1500-1503) - the skill of Durer reaches perfection. But the so-called workshops of Engraving 1513-1514 are considered to be the top of his work. ("Horseman, Death and Devil", 1513; "Melancholy", "Holy Jerome", both 1514).
Durer a lot of time devoted to the study of a naked figure, his interest in the anatomy was scientific and embodied in copper engravings
(Adam and Eva, 1504).
It uses in engravings and traditional motives of people's life ("Three Peasants", about 1497; "Dandy peasants", 1514). Also, the durer is also suitable for a portrait ("Portrait of the Father", 1490; "Women's Portrait", 1506; "Portrait of Mother", 1514; "Portrait of a Young Man", 1521; "Portrait of Erasma Rotterdam ", 1526).
In 1526, the artist creates the last work - a picturesque composition-diptych
"Four Apostles"
Durer won an honorary position in his hometown, fame in Germany and abroad. He was friends with the most prominent scientists, received orders from the emperor, princes and rich burghers.
Pictures of Albrecht Dürera
Albrecht Durer - Nursing Madonna
Madonna with a baby holding a pear half
Madonna and Child (Haller Madonna), c. 1498, Oil On Wood, 50 x 39 CM, National Gallery of Art, Washington
Albrecht Durer __ "Holiday wreaths from roses" or "Christmas holiday" / Fragment / (Rosenkranzfest) _ 1506
Martyrdom of ten thousand Christians
Worship of St. Trinity
ADORATION OF THE MAGI, 1504, OIL ON WOOD, 100 X 114 CM, Galleria Degli Uffizi, Florence
The Seven Sorrows of The Virgin Mother of Sorrows / Seven Sorrow Mary, Central Part, Grieving Mother
Portrait of Johann Cleberger
Portrait of Venetian
Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I
Portrait of a male on a green background.
PORTRAIT OF ELSBETH TUCHER
Head of women.
Virgin and Child Before An Archway
Portrait of a girl with braided hair
Portrait of Barbara Dürer
PORTRAIT OF A MAN WITH BARET AND SCROLL
PORTRAIT OF A Young Fürleger with Loose Hair, 1497, Oil On Canvas, 56 x 43 CM, Städelsches KunstInstitut, Frankfurt
Portrait of an unknown in the Red Mantle (St. Sebastian)
He opened his own workshop his own workshop in Nuremberg and, taking partly by the assistance of students, performed here a significant number of altar images, what are the eg: "mourning of Christ" (1500, in Munch. Pinakotek), Triptych for Wittenberg (1501, in Dresden), "Crucifix" (1502), PouaMehernovsky altar image (in MUNH. Pinakotek), etc. At the same time, he wrote portraits: his own (1498, in Madrid), Tukhron (1499, in Kassel), ASS. Kremlin (in Münh. Pinakotek) and other secondary travel in Italy, who did not make a big change in the already strengthened German ideals and the taste of a young artist, they came for Durera, the most rich in creative. By this time, his best picturesque works include "Adam and Eve", distinguished by freedom, liveliness and plasticity; "Martyrdom 60000" (1508, in Vienna); Gellerian altar icon (1509, Frankf. On M.), although heavily affected by time, but preserving the seal of strict purification, natural simplicity and drama, "the image of all saints" (1511, in Vienna), perfectly preserved and wonderful deep and felt the execution of individual shapes, and a common impression and a harmonious flavor, weathered in a gentle golden light; "Madonna with Lily" (in Prague) and "Madonna with a cut-down pear" (in Vienna) Dürer gathered his own engravings and the experiments of new techniques of engraving produced a native coup in this industry. In 1512, he worked for Emperor Maximilian, which made the mountains. Nuremberg pay the artist from 1515 to 100 Guld. per year, and in 1518 he sent him to Reichstag to Augsburg. Dürer in the Netherlands in 1521-1522. It was for him a continuous number of celebrations; Wherever he stayed, he was expected to honors and suggestions to stay in this place for a long time. It gave a new impetus to his activity as a painter. Located in the Munich Pinakotek and originally presented to them with their native city, t. Naz. "Four Apostles" written in two narrow and high boards can be ranked in the best works that came out in 1526 from under his brush.He showed all his theoretical knowledge and all decreases acquired by many years. According to an old legend, besides the task of artistic, he wanted to solve the psychological task here, presenting the characteristic features of the four temperaments (the picture is also known under this name).
From the portraits of Dürer, excess of the named above, let's call: Emperor Maximilian (1519, in Vienna), M. Volgemut (1516, in Munich), Hans Imghef (1523, in Madrid), Cleberger, Muffel, Golzär, Fugger, and others.
Upon returning his homeland, the artist Ttyttyimo worked until the death of death, which occurred in Antwerp on April 6, 1528
All the wealth of creative fantasy and the abundance of Dürer's thoughts opens to us in his drawings and engravings. The first, starting with the easy sketches of the pencil and pen, and ending with carefully filled with watercolors, are available in the Berlin Museum (for example, "Mill"), in Vienna ("Costumes" and "Passion of the Lord"), London, Munich ("Prayerman imper. Maximiliana "), Braunschweig, Bremen and other places. The value of Dürer in the art of engraving is huge. He introduced in the technique of engraving on a tree, limited to him with almost one essay, which then was painted, new techniques, who gave the opportunity to receive a print that do not need to be illuminated.
The most important of his engravings on the tree: "Apocalypse" (1498, 16 sheets), large "passions of the Lord" (1500 - 1610, 12 sheet.), "Life of Our Lady" (1504 - 1505, 20 l.), Small "passion of the Lord (1509 - 1510, 37 d.), "The triumphal gate imper. Maximiliana "(1515, a huge sheet, for about 3 m in a square, typing with 92 separate boards); between individual sheets: "St. Trinity "(1511)," Bathing of men "and more .. Engravings Durer on copper, just like xylographic, differ in variety and depth of thought, light, clear mood, reflection of the comprehensive talent and inexhaustibility of fantasy.
Connecting in his works of engraving engraving with grabshtyhel and needle, he brought their technique to a high degree of perfection, and a small silver tone of his engravings and the subtlety of work eclipsed everything created in this way before its appearance. It came to us more than 100 of his copper engravings. We call some, the best of their numbers: "Our Lady" (1511 and 1518), "B. with a pear "," B. with baby "," Melancholia "(1514)," Knight, Death and Devil "(1518), portraits: Cardinal Albrecht Brandenburg, Kurfürst Friedrich Wise, Vilibald Parkheimer, Melanchton, Erasmus Rotterdam and others. Dürer had an important benefit of art and as a writer -theorist. His "Underwegsung der Messung, Mit Zirckel and Richtscheydt, in Linien Ebnen und Gantzen Corpore" (Nurenb. 1526) gives excellent instructions on the perspective. "Von Der Menschlicher Proportion ETS" (Nurenb. 1528), an essay on fortification and many other writings remaining in manuscripts had, in due time, great importance.
In his treatises about painting Durer tries to reduce the drawing to famous mathematical principles. The value of Dürer is not limited, however, the artistic area.
His humane, strictly moral personality, his children's naivety, the high nobility of his ideals, not only reflected in all of them created, but also confirmed by the testimony of his famous friends and contemporaries, Pirkheimer, Melanchton and Camera, so strongly influenced by a reflective and raising way into humanity, That Dürer can be found to the largest personalities who contributed to the progress and the cultural ideals that weigh the height.