Place Art in spiritual culture lesson on social science. Lesson "Place of art in spiritual culture"

08.04.2019

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The problem of art. Art There are many millennia and is studied - philosophers, culturalologists, etc. Art is a matter of origin? 1. The origin of art from the need to attract the attention of the opposite sex. 2. Subconscious attraction. 3. The origins of art in the uneasyned energy. 4. Art is associated with magic. 5. Art is a child of labor. 6. Art is associated with myths.

What is an art in the framework of the culture of a person forms a picture of the surrounding world: science will know the world of truth, Morality reflects his world in categories of good and evil, and art presents objects in artistic form art allows you to see the world through the prism of imagery, where reality is combined with fiction. Art does not aim to identify the patterns of the development of society, and in contrast to science represents the properties of objects and phenomena in the form of specific sensual images. The concept of art is Multiple: 1. Art as skill. 2. Art The specific type of spiritual and practical development of reality and aesthetic attitude towards it.

Disputes on the essence of art. For many centuries, cultural theorists are trying to develop an understanding of the essence of art from antiquity to this day, an understanding of art as imitation, reflection of nature is traced. His supporters consider art due to knowledge, representing aesthetic understanding as a lower link of cognitive activity. Plato saw in the art imitation of the world of sensual items. Aristotle also understood art as an imitative ability and introduced the concept of catharsis - cleansing the human soul from low-lying passions through contemplation. Art is inherent in the element of pleasure.

Disputes on the essence of the art of the era of the revival of the Epoch Classiciz Ma attitude to art as imitation of nature. The achievement of plausibility with the help of anatomy and mathematics. Not naturalistic perception of nature and man is put forward to the forefront, but reflection of humanity. The educational component of art is relevant. In the age of enlightenment- art concept of reflection - art- "School of morality"

Basic concepts of art. The concept of reflection- (imitation) - reality Assessment of the social significance of art has changed from blind imitation of the objects of the world, to the conscience of the Company. According to the theory of self-expression, the art is the sphere of spiritual search of the artist, but the person's experiences are put forward, and artistic images are only a means of their expression. An iconic symbolic concept of a human communication method with another otherworldly world. Works of art - a deprivable cipher carrying information encoded by the Creator. Account Example- iconography.

Structure of art. Art types can be distinguished by medium, the material in which artistic images are implemented. Sound in music, line and palette in painting German philosopher F. Shelling-classification - ideal and real arts. Real music, painting, ideal poetry, literature. Poetry - the highest form of creativity. Classification: 1. Spatial or plastic architecture, visual art. 2. Temporary or dynamic literature and music. 3. Spatially dynamic or synthetic or spectacular, Circus, and T. D. Sociological classification - elitar, folk, mass.

System of genres of art. The concept of "genre" summarizes the specific properties of the artistic form and the content of a significant group of works of art of any historical era, the people or the world as a whole: in the course of literature, the method of reflection of reality is released, lyrics, and drama. In the visual art, the selection of genres - 1. Specific features of the image of the subject. - Portrait, still life, landscape, battle and historical painting. Sometimes genres are determined by the character of the image: caricature, cartoon. In the music of genres: 1. According to the method of execution, vocal and instrumental, 2. in content - lyric, epic and dramatic 3. On the place and conditions of execution - theatrical, concert, chamber.

Contemporary art does not have strict canons of the work of modern art are created in the framework of the "icon-symbolic concept" of modern art in the opinion of H. Ortega-Izetarazvitization of art goes along the path of "dehumanization", that is, overcoming the Creator to an infinite self-expression, splashing their emotions. The artist cannot reflect the diversity of the world, but only limited prints.

Social Studies 11, Profile Level

Lesson 87-88.

Place of art in spiritual culture

D.Z: § 34, ?? (p.365), tasks (p.365),

source (p.365-366)

introduce me to with essence religions, show signs of religious consciousness, the role of religion in society, the main ideas of each of the world religions, explain the essence of the principle of freedom of conscience;
develop the ability to analyze, draw conclusions, rationally solve cognitive problem tasks, disclose the most important theoretical provisions and concepts of socio-humanities, to participate in the discussion, to work with documents;
form conscious attitude towards religion, religious consciousness.

Universal learning actions

be able to remove information from different sourcesdevelop monologue ;
know types and genres of art

kinds of art;
art genres;
imagery;
functions of art ( informative, informational, communicative, value-oriented, educational, compensatory, aesthetic );
sign;
symbol

Studying a new material

Types and genres of art.

Remember. What is culture? What are the ways to develop it? What are the causes, directions and consequences of the culture dialogue?

What is art?

art - this is specific type of spiritual reflection and the development of reality having purpose? formation and development of human ability to creatively convert the world And himself according to the laws of beauty.
art - It is one from elements of culture in which artistic and aesthetic values \u200b\u200bare accumulated.
art - This is the form of sensual knowledge of the world.
art - view creative activity man.
art - the process of mastering a man of artistic values that gives him pleasure, pleasure (the problem of perception and understanding of art).

"Sleep, caused by a bee flight around a pomegranate per second before awakening"

What is art?

Piece of art - Man, his relationship with the outside world and other individuals, as well as the lives of people in certain historical conditions.
Form of being of art - work of fiction.

Specificity of art as a form of artistic knowledge.

Figurative

and visual

Big role

in the process of knowledge

imagination and fantasy

knowing subject

Specific abilities

play

surrounding validity .

Funds with which

creation occurs

artistic images

( word, sound, color etc.)

aesthetic activity - lower link cognitive. Art - This is the imitation of the world of sensual items, each of which is a copy of the idea, that is, the artist, in fact, creates a copy of the copies - "Shadows of Shadows". ( Plato )

Plato (477-347 BC.) - Ancient Greek philosopher, student Socrates, Euclida teacher

Aristotle founded art on intelligent ability, Pon believed that imitation - cognitive ability.

concept catharsisa ( brought Aristotle ) - Cleansing human soul From low-lying passions through contemplation.
art is certainly inherent in the element of pleasure.

Aristotle. Ancient Greek philosopher. Plato's student. From 343 BC e. - Educator Alexander Macedonsky. In 335/334 BC e. Found a likue.

Raising the mind: "As a teacher of children instructs to mind, so people are already adults - poets."

Attitude to art as imitation nature is peculiar and renaissance era. Reflection of nature and the greatest creation - man - The main task of art.
The achievement of perfect external likelihood was provided with accurate knowledge of anatomy, mathematics.
On the other hand, reborn Humanism - This is an infinity statement creative potential man.

Raphael. Sextian Madonna.

In the era of classicism not naturalistic reproduction of nature and man is put forward for the forefront, but reflection human types.

Especially relevant the educational component of art becomes. IN century of enlightenment and later supporters of the concept of reflection consider art as a kind "School of morality."
An impartial reflection of life carries a huge educational potential in itself, it can act as a sentence of certain social realities.

Century of enlightenment

Volter. - Voltaire

Symbolic art concept

Art is a closed, autonomous sphere of activity, as well as a way of communication of a person with another, other world.

Any element included with the icon painter in a picturesque image is carried out semantic load. So, cross symbolizes martyrdom a spear in the hands of the Holy - victory over the dark forces, and pointing finger , traditionally depicted in the upper right corner, means divine fishery. Stairs , the image of which can be seen on some old icons, symbolizes the spiritual elevation and the desire for God, and cave he is an allegory of the underworld.

only in a sign-symbolic context may be understood as an iconist - a system of symbols, with the help of which the creators tried to reflect the object of their religious reverence.

3) spatially dynamic synthetic or entertainment , - Theater, cinema, choreography, circus

1) spatial , or plastic Views: Architecture, Iso, Art Photo

2) temporary or dynamic views - Literature and music

Classification of art according to sociological principle

In each form of art, historically developed its own system genre . The concept of " genre » Summaries specific properties artistic form and maintaining a significant group of works of art of any historical era, people or peace in general .

Myth and reality of contemporary art

No higher I. lower species, forms and genres of art.
Erasing differences between the creator and the audience, reality and fantasy.
One of the main forms - collage .
Happening - Action played by the artist in public without a specific scenario.
Perfomance - Audio-visual perception view. One of the types of modern art.

Control questions

What is art? What are it distinctive features?
What assumptions about the causes of the occurrence of art are put forward by researchers?
As they understood the essence of the art thinkers of various historical epochs?
Name and briefly describe the basic functions of art.
List the main types and genres of art.

reflection

What did you know?
How?
What did you learn?
What difficulties have experienced?
I wondered if there was a lesson?

Sources

1. Social Studies: 11 CL. : studies. For general education. Institutions: Profile. level. / [L. N. Bogolyubov, A.Yu. Lazebnikova, A.T. Kinkulkin et al.]; Ed. L. N. Bogolyubova [and others]; Ross. Acad. sciences, Ross. Acad. Education, Publishing House "Enlightenment" .- 8th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2014. - 432 p. - (Academic school textbook) ISBN. 978-5-09-032479-3

2. Social Studies. Workshop. Grade 11: Manual for general formation. Institutions: Profile Level / L.N. Bogolyubov, Yu.I. Averyanov, N.I. Gorodetskaya et al. /: Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova. - M.: Education, 2008

3. Krayushkina S.V. Tests in social studies: grade 11: to the textbook "Social Studies. Grade 11 "ed. L.N. Bogolyubova et al. / S.V. Kraiushkina. - M.: Publishing House "Exam", 2012

5. Sorokina E.N. Purchase plans for social studies. Profile level. Grade 11 (to the textbook ed. L.N. Bogolyubova). - M.: Vako, 2013

6. Fedotenko Svetlana Aleksandrovna, teacher history and social studies, http://konkurs-krugozor.ru/ ;

Place art in spiritual culture lesson on social science in the 11th grade. Profile level. MOU Ilyinskaya secondary school. Teacher Smirnov Evgeny Borisovich.

The problem of art. Art question of origin? Art exists many of the same periods and is studied - philosophers, cultivologists, etc. 1. The origin of art from the need to attract the attention of the opposite sex. 2. Subconscious attraction. 3. The origins of art in the uneasyned energy. 4. Art is associated with magic. 5. Art is a child of labor. 6. Art is associated with myths.

What is an art in the framework of the culture of a person forms a picture of the surrounding world: Science will know the world for the truth, Morality reflects his world in the categories of good and evil, and art presents objects in artistic artwork, art allows you to see the world through the prism of imagery, where reality is combined with fiction . Art does not aim to identify the patterns of the development of society, and in contrast to science represents the properties of objects and phenomena in the form of specific sensual images. The concept of art is Multiple: 1. Art as skill. 2. Art The specific type of spiritual and practical development of reality and aesthetic attitude towards it.

Structure of art. Art types can be distinguished by medium, the material in which artistic images are implemented. Sound in music, line and palette in painting German philosopher F. Shelling-classification - ideal and real arts. Real music, painting, ideal poetry, literature. Poetry - the highest form of creativity. Classification: 1. Spatial or plastic architecture, visual art. 2. Temporary or dynamic literature and music. 3. Exactly dynamic or synthetic or spectacular-theater, Circus, and T. D. Sociological classification - elitar, folk, mass.

System of genres of art. The concept of "genre" summarizes the specific properties of the artistic form and the content of a significant group of works of the art of any historical era, the people or the world as a whole: in the course of references, the EPOS, lyrics, and drama are distinguished. In the visual art, the release of genres - 1. Specific features of the image of the subject. - Portrait, still life, landscape, battle and historical picture. Sometimes genres are determined by the character of the image: caricature, cartoon. In the music of genres: 1. According to the method of execution, vocal and instrumental, 2. in content - lyric, epic and dramatic 3. On the place and conditions of execution - theatrical, concert, chamber.

Contemporary art. Contemporary art does not have strict canons. The modern art of the work of contemporary art is created in the framework of the "sign and symbolic concept" in the opinion of H. Ortega-Izseta - the development of art goes along the path of "dehumanization", that is, overcoming the Creator to infinite self-expressions, splashing His emotions. The artist cannot reflect the diversity of the world, but only limited prints.

Contemporary Art Creator designs its illusory world, he changes his own and our perception of the world. Everything leads to an understanding of the infinity of the world of human capabilities Thus, the contemporary art is a deprivable driving wheel of the Ferris with a constantly changing Furnishing point. The process of perception of the artistic work turns into "decoding" of iconic symbolic combinations. But it makes modern art is truly international.

Remember:

What is culture? What are the ways to develop it? What are the causes, directions and consequences of the culture dialogue?

Despite the fact that art has existed for many millennium and is actively studied by researchers - philosophers, cultural scientists, art historians, historians of art, even in the matter of its origin there is no clarity. Thus, a number of scientists bring art, firstly, from the need for all living beings with the help of any decorations to attract the attention of the opposite sex to continue the genus, and secondly, from the need to use the energy of subconscious deposits for other purposes. It is believed that the origins of art lie in the presence of a person who is not caught in labor activity Energy, as well as the need for some "training" to assimilate the standard social roles. Art also sometimes binds to different species Magic, woven into daily activities primitive man. In addition, it is considered by a number of scientists as a "child of labor" - almost useful qualities of items become an object of artistic mapping and aesthetic pleasure. Many modern researchers They associate art with the mythological development of reality, containing cognitive, magical, gaming, objective activity aspects.

What is art

You know that within the framework of the culture, a person forms a versatile painting of the world around the world: Science will know the world through the achievement of truth, Moral reflects it in categories of good and evil, and art represents objects in an artistic form. It allows you to see the world through the prism patternswhere the reality is bizarrely combined with fiction, giving a person the opportunity to create these images and entertain them in a rational form. Art does not make a goal to identify the patterns of development of nature and society or solve material and practical problems. Like science, art seeks to identify significant properties of objects and phenomena, but, unlike science, presents these characteristics in the form of specific sensual visual images.

The concept of "art" is meaningful. First, art as skill, skill, dexterity, for example, in the lessons

thoria have repeatedly talked about art, i.e., mastery, artisans Ancient Russia. Secondly, artit is understood as the specific type of spiritual and practical development of reality and aesthetic attitude towards it.It is in the second sense that it is one of the components of the spiritual culture of society.

What are your poems about? - I do not know, brother. |

You read them, if the hunt will come. !

Versions are alive - they themselves say \

And not talking about something, but something. I.

S. Ya. Marshak ")

Disputes about the essence of art

For many centuries, cultural theorists are trying to develop an understanding of the essence of art.

With antiquity to this day, an understanding of art as imitation, reflection of nature is traced. His supporters consider art in connection with knowledge, often presenting aesthetic activity As a low link cognitive activity man. So, for the philosopher Plato, art is the imitation of the world of sensual items, each of which is a copy of the idea, that is, the artist, in essence, creates a copy of the copies - "shadow of the shadows". Aristotle also founded art on intelligent ability, Pon believed that imitation was informative. Aristotle introduced the concept of catharsis - cleansing the human soul from low-lying passions through contemplation. Art, on the thought of ancient authors, certainly inherent element of pleasure. The main task is to raise the mind: "As a teacher of children instructs the mind, so people are already adults - poets."

Attitude towards art as imitation of nature and the era of revival. The reflection of nature and the greatest creation is a person - the main task of art. The achievement of perfect external likelihood was provided with accurate knowledge of anatomy, mathematics. On the other hand, the revived humanism is the approval of the infinity of the creative potential of man.

In the era of classicism, not naturalistic reproduction of nature and man is put forward to the forefront, but the reflection of human types. Especially relevant the educational component of art becomes. In the age of enlightenment and later supporters of the concept of reflection are considering art as a kind of "school of morality". The artist has a more subtle than the usual

a person, the perception of reality, so it is able to see and reliably display reality. An impartial reflection of life carries a huge educational potential in itself, it can act as a sentence of certain social realities.

Thus, even within the framework of the concept of reflection (imitation) of reality, the assessment of social significance of art has changed significantly over time - from secondary education, blindly copying individual objects of the world, to a kind of conscience of the Company.

According to the idea of \u200b\u200bsupporters of the theory of self-expression, art is an infinite sphere of manifestation of the creative potential of the person. It seems a peculiar cipher of spiritual experiences of the artist who splashes his emotions, desires, complexes, admires them, justifies and compensates for them in the illusions created by him. It can be said that art from this point of view is a peculiar confession of the artist, based on the unity of spiritual experience of people. It is not surprising that the reader, the viewer "infects" by the emotions of the author. With such an understanding of the essence of art to the fore, the inestic, often everyday experiences of a person, a creator or a viewer, and artistic images represent only a means of their expression.

The iconic symbolic concept of art considers it not as an open system of interaction of a person with the outside world, but as a closed or autonomous sphere of activity, as well as a way of communicating a person with a different, other world. According to the idea of \u200b\u200bsupporters of this point of view, the work of art is a kind of cipher carrying the "encoded" creator information. For example, only in a sign-symbolic context may be understood as an iconography - a system of symbols, with which the creators tried to reflect the object of their religious reverence. "Reading" icons requires liberation from the stereotypes of perception - there is no direct prospect in its space, the depth is usually changed, the proportions have been changed, the temporary relationship of events is violated.

Functions of art

The variety of forms of aesthetic development of validity generates a variety of art functions to which can be attributed cognitive, informational, communicative, value-oriented, education, compensatory, aestheticand others. Problem

the ratio of art functions with each other is fully resolved until now. If we talk about the modeling of the Creator special artistic reality As the basis of art, a aesthetic function becomes the fundamental. There is also a point of view according to which art because it displays validity, equally performs all named functions. Art is an integral element of cognitive activity, offering unexpected turns of events, combining incompatible, stimulating imagination.

Let us dwell on the content of some functions of art. Cognitive functionart is closely connected with information.Art is very informative. Creations are reflected by cultural and historical, national, religious and other features of the era, people, as well as the features of the world's worldview. Communicative functionarts cannot be reduced only to the communication of people about a particular work or to the contact of the author and the viewer through an artistic image. The artwork is always ambiguous, it carries redundant information, the meaning of which requires phased interpretation. Paradoxically, art to some extent hampers the daily process of communication of people, causing to think about universal values. But this helps to feel the incredit value of human interaction, communicating in the very wide sense.

Valid orienting functiondouble manifests itself: on the one hand, artworks are cultural values, i.e., they acquire a special public and personal significance; On the other hand, the content of specific works orients people in the existing system social norms and values \u200b\u200bcontribute to the choice of life orientations. Close-in content to the value-orienting is an educational function. Art always implies an impact on the worldview and activities of people. Participation of man in the process artistic creativity, Contact with works of art also allows to some extent, as a rule, illusively compensate for social and spiritual problems, negative human experiences.

The aesthetic function of art still ancient thinkers attached paramount importance. Art cleans on-shu soul, enlightens, affects our emotions, expanding their subject. It stimulates the search for activities corresponding to these emotions, turns us to self-knowledge.

Structure of art

Kinds of artyou can distinguish on medium, materialin which artistic images are implemented. This is a sound in music, lines and color palette in graphics and painting, stone (metal) and shape in sculpture and architecture, driving in dance. Each medium, material requires specific expressive and technological means, its own "language". This is evidenced by, for example, the fact that the content of the works of one type of art is impossible to adequately transfer to the means of another species.

Famous German philosopher F. Shelling in early XIX. in. suggested the classification of the main types of art, which retains the value in our day. He divided the art on realand ideal.Real - music, painting, plastic (architecture and sculpture). Ideal - literature and poetry, and these species enjoying in a word as the most free and rich means of expression artistic ideas, he put ahead real artsAnd poetry generally recognized the highest form of artistic creativity expressing the very essence of art.

There are also other classifications of art types, for example, stand out spatialor plastic, species,to which the architecture includes, all types of fine art, artistic photo. For these art types, the spatial construction of objects is essential in the disclosure of the artistic plan. The second group includes temporaryor dummy species- Literature and music, the basis of which is unfolding in time composition. The third group is made spatially dynamicwhich are also called syntheticor spectacular- Theater, cinema, choreography, circus, etc.

Obviously, the creation of a universal classification of art species is impossible not only due to a significant amount of grounds, but also because art is developing dynamically - all new species appear. However, each historical era highlights the types of art that mostly capable of expressing the spirit of time.

Art can also be classified according to a sociological principle, allocating elite, folk and mass. We will look at them in the next paragraph.

In each form of art, historically developed its own system genres.The concept of "genre" summarizes the specific properties of the artistic form and the content of a significant group of works of art of any historical

those era, the people or the world as a whole. Basis forthe separation of genres is very numerous, so we will remember only some of them. So, from the course of literature, you know that according to the method of reflection of reality, for example, epic, lyrics and drama are distinguished. In the visual art, the release of genres can be based on specific features Image Item: Portrait, Still Life, Landscape, Battle Or historical picture. Sometimes genres are determined by the characteristic of the image: caricature or cartoon. In music, genres differ, firstly, according to the method of execution - vocal and instrumental; secondly, in content - lyrical, epic and dramatic; Thirdly, at the place and conditions of execution - theatrical, concert, chamber, etc.

The system of genres of art is dynamically developing - new genres appear, changing specific gravity traditional. Non-Chosnenna modern trend to erasure borders, synthesis different species and genres of art.

MODERN ART

As you know, modern art is very diverse, there are no strict canons and rules. Works of contemporary art are often created within the framework of a sign-symbolic concept. According to the Spanish thinker and publicist X. Ortega-and-Gasnet (1883 -1955), the development of art goes along the path of "dehumanization", i.e., overcoming the desire of the Creator to an infinite self-expression, splashing their emotional states. Obviously, the artist cannot display nature or a person in all their contradictory and diversity - only individual individually limited prints of this inexhaustible wealth are available. The Creator should not confess or preach, but, constructing his illusory worldHe can become truly free and omnipotent - the means of art, he changes his own and our, the audience, the vision of the world, directs aesthetic and inesthetical experiences in the perception of works of art. In the hands of the artist there is required tool - metaphor (artistic reception associated with the transfer of the properties of one object to another on the basis of a common feature for them) - a kind of synthesis of thought and an image that allows you to catch and express the various parties of being, bringing us to understanding the infinity of the world of human opportunities.

In 1959.g. New York took place the first hept \

Ning - Action played by the artist on public-i

che without a certain scenario. A man driving a living chicken on the strings of the piano, students licking the body of a car - artistic meaning, value and outcome of the action determined by random passers-by.

Thus, modern art is a peculiar moving wheel of the ferris with a constantly changing viewing point. In essence, in contemporary art, the sign component (tongue, aggregate expressive means) It turns out of the means in the essence of the artistic image. Artistic images Send the viewer, the reader is not to the reality itself, but to each other, building a complex hierarchy hidden meanings. The process of perception of the artwork turns into "decoding" of iconic-symbolic combinations. At the same time, the iconic symbolic nature of modern art makes it genuinely international, overcoming the limitations of the communicative opportunities of national cultures.

Yasha Basic concepts:art. ShshTerms:art types, art genres, sign, symbol.

Check yourself

1) What is art? What are his distinctive features? 2) What assumptions about the causes of the occurrence of art are put forward by researchers? 3) How did you understand the essence of the art thinkers of various historical epochs? 4) Call and briefly describe the basic functions of art. 5) List the main types and genres of art.

Think, discuss, make

It is known to say outstanding workerfran.
cultural Culture XX century. J. Coke: "I know that art
absolutely necessary, but I don't know why. " Bring
several explanations of that, why do you need art.
Scientist who investigated the circle of the most active and
competent connoisseurs and curvators of art, you did
water that the art is especially fascinated by those "who is not
life has succeeded. Suggest what feature of art
as the main allocated a scientist. Agregate your answer.
Confirm or refute on several examples of
near his output.
A number of art historians noted the appearance at the turn
XX-XXI centuries. Midcultage - peculiar synthesis high
mass culturewho entered the best features of both
species. Suggest what signs may have
works of the art of mydculty.
Prepare small messages: a) about modern
directions of Western art; b) about outstanding
rasteners of modern domestic art.
The most important trend of the development of modern art
the synthesis of species and styles is. Bring a few
specific examples of such a synthesis. Exploral
the reasons for the appearance of this trend.

Work with the source

Read the reflection fragment of the famous russian writer Silver century Vyacheslav Ivanova about the mythology of art.

In the circle of art, the symbolic symbol is naturally revealed as potency and germ of myth. The organic course of development turns symbolism into myth-making. The internal necessary path of symbolism is intended and already prevalent. But myth is not free fiction: true myth - the postulate of collective self-determination, and therefore not fiction at all, and by no means an allegory or an impersonation, but the hyposta of some entity or energy. [...] For and the symbol is superfluid by nature, why and it has the power to turn the intimate silence of the individual mystical soul into the organ of the universal dispossessment and the only sense, like a word, and most powerful than the usual word. So art in his own burden to the myth-making closer to the type of large, nationwide art. [...]

True content artistic image Always wider than its subject. The creation of genius tells us about something in a friend, deeper, more beautiful, more tragic, more divine than what it directly expresses. In this sense, it is always symbolic; But the fact that it is the volume of years by its symbol, remains for the mind of the immense and extant for the human word. In order for the work of art to have a complete aesthetic effect, this incomprehensibleness should be felt and the immeasurability of its final meaning. [...]

Ivanov V.I.Premonition and foresight // on the stars. - St. Petersburg., 1909. - P. 196-197, 200, 201.

Questions and tasks to the source. 1) How do you understand the symbol and myth designated author? 2) Explain why "Myth is not free fiction: The true myth is the postulate of collective self-determination, and therefore not fiction at all, and by no means an allegory or personification." 3) What, according to V. Ivanov, the symbolism is manifested? 4) On several examples, show the connection of mythology, as V. Ivanov understands it, with art. 5) the manifestations of what functions of art are indicated in the text given?

12rd Bogolyubov, 11 CL Shul

§ 35. Mass culture

Remember:

What are the main values \u200b\u200bof the concept of "culture"? What was characterized by development industrial society on the turn XIX-XX explosive? What is folklore? What is the role of the media in political life?

Mass culture is the most important social phenomenon modern society. Its products, ranging from serially made things and provided services and ending with haslers (songs or melodies that are enjoyed in this time Especially popular), bestsellers (book - leader of sales), blockbusters (films with a large budget, expensive actors, better decorations), entered the daily life of people.

The mass culture since its appearance has become for philosophers, sociologists subject to study and sharp discussions. Disputes about the meaning of this culture, its role in the development of society continues today. Some arguments "for" and "vs" are given at the end of the paragraph.

Cultural manifold

Culture, as you have already been convinced, multi-faceted and multifaceted. It takes specific forms. It can be traced in it. different areas, highlight sufficient autonomous areas. These differences are based on various classifications and typologies of cultural phenomena and processes. On the allocation of culture materialand spiritualit was above. Wide distribution received a division of culture on folk, elitarand mass.Causes of mass culture inherent in her characteristics We will consider in detail below. The division of culture on the elite and the people was established in the XIX century. and largely connected with the socio-class bundle of society.

Folk culture Includes values \u200b\u200bnot only "consumed", but also creative people created by the people. Such a culture covering various directionsrepresented by many genres, always existed. IN mid XIX. in. English Archaeologist J. Thomson came up with the word "folklore" (from English. Folk - People, Lore - Knowledge, Wisdom). Gradually, this word entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world to designate artistic works of folk culture, i.e. folk art. Along with oral folk creativity (fairy tales, epics, proverbs)

Important directions of this art are choreography (dance), song creativity (lyrical songs, romances, ballads, chastushki), puppet show, as well as applied art (embroidery, toy, etc.).

In folk art, they receive their reflection of the presentation, the expectations of those who are familiar to " simple people" These values \u200b\u200bhave developed for centuries. In the testes and epics, lyrical singing and chastushkas, proverbs and sayings, we find not only signs of specific historical time, but also the incredit social and cultural values - Ideals of good, beauty, justice, solidarity. This art was going on in joint work, and on common holidays, and subject to numerous rites covering the basic milestones of each person (the birth of a child, entry into adult life, marriage, farewell to deceased). Folk art Does not know the division on the creators and "consumers." Recall, at various concerts you can hear such an presentation of the next issue: "The song is executed (such something), the composer (such something), the words of people"; "Performed English folk dance"(And no surnames of the director, choreographer, etc.). There is often no separation on performers and listeners. Folk culture always carries the peculiarity of the people who have breeding it, the features of his mentality, cultural and historical traditions.

Elite culture has been distributed in cities among the educated part of the population and was created by a privileged part of society or in order to order professional artists, writers, musicians. The term "elite culture" is primarily referring to the works of fine art, literature, music, therefore they talk about elitar or high art. Before the emergence of mass culture it was believed that the alienation of the people from elitar culture It is primarily due to inaccessibility in material relations of this culture, as well as illiteracy of the majority of the population. Following the classic domestic literature N. A. Nekrasov Many believed that as soon as these factors would be overcome, the painful people of Belinsky and Gogol will suffer from the bazaar. " However, reality turned out to be different. Survived by wide layers of society was not high culture, and that, which in the future began to call the mass.

The conviction has developed that the perception of elite culture requires a certain level of education, a wide cultural outlook, a developed aesthetic feeling, good taste. Those who do not have these qualities inherent, and their all

Art has existed for many millennia and actively
studied by researchers - philosophers,
cultivologists, art historians, historians of art,
Even in the question of his origin there is no clarity.
Scientists take art:
From the need of all
living beings S.
help any
Jewelry
attract attention
Opposite
Paul with a target
continuation of rhodation
From necessity
use
ENERGY
subconscious
Inclosures for
Other purposes

Art allows you to see the world through the prism of imagery, where reality
combined with fiction, giving a person the opportunity to create these images and
Enrave them in a rational form.
The concept of "art"
multival about
Skill
skill,
Dexterity
Specific species
Spiritual-practical
Mastering
reality I.
Aesthetic
Relationship to her.

What is art?

Art is a specific kind of spiritual
reflections and development of reality having
The purpose of the formation and development of human ability
creatively converting the world around the world and
Himself according to the laws of beauty.
Art is one of the elements of culture, in
which is accumulated by artistic easthetical values.
Art is a form of sensual knowledge of the world.
art- view Creative activity of man.
Art - man's development process
artistic values \u200b\u200bdelivering to him
pleasure, pleasure (the problem of perception and
understanding of art).

Disputes about the essence of art

"As a teacher of children
instructs to mind so
people are already adults -
poets. "
Aesthetic
Activities - the lowest
The informative link.
Art is
Imitation of peace
Sensual
objects each of
which represents
a copy of the idea, i.e.
Artist, in fact
Creates a copy of the copy
- "Shadow of Shadows."
(Plato)

Disputes about the essence of art

The concept of catharsis
(introduced Aristotle) \u200b\u200b-
Cleansing human
Souls from lowlands
Passion through
contemplation.
Art is certain
Inherent element
Pleasure, basic
Task - Education
mind

The reflection of nature and the greatest creation of a person is the main task of art (the era of the Renaissance).

Reborn
Humanism is
statement
Infinity
Creative
human potential.

Epoch of Enlightenment

In the era of classicism on
The foreground is advanced
Reflection of human
Types. Special
relevant becomes
Educational
component
art.
Voltaire Voltaire.
In the age of enlightenment and
Later supporters
Concepts of reflection
Consider
Art as "school
morality. "

blind copy
Separate objects
ambient world
Conscience of society

Theory of self-expression

Munk
Art - limitless scope of manifestation
Creative Patinity Personality (Spectator
infected by the emotions of the author).
On the fores put forward
Nesthetic, everyday experiences
man, creator or viewer, and
Artistic images represent
It is only a means of their expression.

Symbolic art concept.

Any element included with the icon painter in
Art - closed, autonomous sphere
Picturesque image carries a certain
Activities, as well as a communication method
Semantic load. So, the cross
man
from
other
Potworthy
world.
symbolizes martyrdom, spear in hand
Saint - victory over dark forces, and
finger, traditionally
dusty
in iconic symbolic
context
depicted
in law
Upper
can
Be understood
iconography
- corner
system
means
fishing.
Stairs,
Characters, divine
With the help of which
Creators
picture
which
mozhnosvoego
see by
tried
reflect
an object
some vintage icons, symbolizes
religious reverence.
spiritual exaltation and desire for God, and
The cave is the allegory of the underworld.

Art functions:

cognitive
information,
Communicative,
value-oriented,
educational
compensatory
Aesthetic, etc.

Art structure:

Real types:
music,
painting,
Plastic (architecture
and sculpture).
Ideal types:
literature,
poetry.
Friedrich Shelling
(1775-1854)
1. Spatial
(plastic) types:
architecture,
All kinds of fine
art
Artistic photo.
2. Temporary (dynamic):
literature,
music.
3. Spatial dynamic (synthetic)
Views: Theater, Cinema,
choreography, circus.

Classification of art according to sociological principle:

Focused on
Small group
People possessing
special artistic
susceptibility, B.
The power of which they are
should be evaluated
like elite.
Elite
embodies in me
traditions (that is
Sustainable forms
life of the people
reflecting
Features It
National
character I.
National images
peace).
Narodi
Designed for the most
Wide circle of viewers,
publicly available
shape that does not require
Special training
for understanding.
Mass

In each form of art, historically developed its genre system

"Genre" summarizes specific
Properties of the art and
Contents of a significant group
works of art of any
historical era, people or peace in
Overall.

What are the genres?

In the literature on the method of reflection
Reality stand out: Epos, lyrics and
drama…
IN fine art Selection of genres
can be based on specific features
Image Item: Portrait, Still Life,
Landscape, battle or historical picture.
In music, genres differ in the way
executions - vocal and instrumental;
in content - lyrical, epic and
dramatic;
At the place and conditions of execution: theatrical,
Concert, chamber.

Drama is one of the four literature clans. In the narrow sense of the word - the genre of the work depicting the conflict between the characters in

wide - all works without author's speech. Types (genres)
Dramatic works: tragedy, drama, comedy.
Lyrics - Right of literature, reflecting life through personal
Human experiences. Types of lyrics: Song, Elegy, Oda, Duma, Message,
epigram.
Laroeepik -in works artistic world reader
observes and evaluates from the side as a story story, but
At the same time, events and characters receive a certain
Emotional assessment of the narrator.
Epos is one of the four births of literature, reflecting life through
A story about a person and events taking place with him. Main species
(genres) epic literature: epic, novel, story, story,
Novel, art essay.

Comedy is a kind of dramaturgical work. Displays ridiculous, ridiculous and incomplete, ridicule the flavors of society. Lyroe

Pooh (in prose) - type of fiction
Poetically expressing the author's feelings.
Melodrama - the type of drama, characters which are sharply divided into
Positive and negative.
Essay - the most reliable kind of narrative, epic literature,
Displays facts from real life.
Song, or song - the most ancient type of lyrical poetry; poem,
consisting of several verses and chorus.
The story is a work in which a number of events in the life of the main
Hero.
The poem is the estuary story story.
Story-management about one event in the life of the character.
Romance-manufacture, in the events of which many usually take part
Acting persons whose destinies are intertwined.
Tragedy - View dramaturgical worktelling O.
Unhappy fate of the main character, often doomed to death.
Epic - the work or cycle of works depicting significant
historical era or big historical event.

MODERN ART

Modern Art very diverse in it
There are no strict canons and rules.
The development of art goes along the path of "dehumanization", i.e.
Overcoming the desire of the Creator to the limitless
self-expression, splashing your emotional
states.
Happensing - action played
artist in public without a certain
Scenario.
Perfomance - representation oriented
on audio-visual perception. One of the species
contemporary art.