Mandatory list of dramaturgical works. Watch what is "Drama (Rod literature)" In other dictionaries, the concept of drama as a literature genre

Drama is a literary genus (along with the epic and lyrics), involving the creation of an artistic world for stage incarnation in the performance. Like Epos, reproduces the objective world, that is, people, things, nature phenomena.

SPECIFIC TRAITS

1. The drama is the most ancient way of literature, from the same antiquity its main difference from others is syncretism, when different types of art are combined in one (the syncretism of ancient creativity - in the unity of artistic content and magic, mythology, morality).

2. Dramatic works are conditional.

Pushkin said: "Of all the types of essays, the most implausible - dramatic."

3. The drama is based on a conflict, an event played by the action. The plot form events and actions of people.

4. The specifics of the drama as a literary kind consists of a special organization of artistic speech: unlike the epic in the drama there is no narrative and paramount importance acquires the heroes, their dialogues and monologues.

The drama is not only verbal (replica "to the side"), but also staged actions, therefore, the speech of heroes (dialogues, monologues) is important. Even in the ancient tragedy, choirs played an important role (the edition of the author) was played, and in the classics, the resonses were performed.

"It is impossible to be a playwright, not possessing eloquence" (Didro).

"Acting faces in a good play must speak aphorisms. This tradition is going on a long time" (M. Gorky).

5. As a rule, the dramatic product involves scenic effects, speed.

6. Special dramatic character: unusual (conscious intentions formed thoughts), established, in contrast to the epic.

7. Dramatic works are small in volume.

Bunin noticed about this: "It is necessary to squeeze the idea of \u200b\u200bthe exact forms. But it is so exciting!".

8. The drama creates the illusion of the complete absence of the author. Only remarks remain from the author's speech in drama - brief instructions of the author in place and time of action, for faith, intonation, etc.

9. Character behavior - theatrical. In life, do not behave like this, and so they do not say.

Recall the unnaturalness of the wife of Sobevich: "Foduodulia Ivanovna asked to sit down, said, too," I ask! "And making the head of the head, like actresses representing Korolev. Then she sat down on the couch, covered with her Merino handkerchief and no longer moved her eye or eyebrow, Neither nose. ".

Traditional scheme of the plot of any dramatic work: Exposure - Presentation of heroes; Tie - collision; Development of action - set of scenes, development of idea; Culmination - apogee conflict; Junction.

The dramatic genus of literature has three main genres: the tragedy, comedy and drama in the narrow sense of the word, but there are such genres such as waterville, melodrama, tragicomedy.

Tragedy (Greek. Tragoidia, letters. - Goat Song) - "The drama genre based on the tragic collision of heroic characters, its tragic outcome and executed patellics ..."

The tragedy shows reality as a clot of internal contradictions, there are reality conflicts in extremely intense form. This is a dramatic work, which is based on an irreconcilable life conflict leading to the suffering and death of the hero. So, in a collision with the world of crimes, lies and hypocrisy, the carrier of advanced humanistic ideals Danish prince Hamlet, the hero of the same name tragedy W. Shakespeare, is tragically dying. In the struggle, which is the tragic heroes, the heroic features of a human character are detected with a great fullness.

The genre of the tragedy has a long story. He originated from religious cult rites, was a scenic playing of myth. With the advent of the theater, the tragedy was formed as an independent genre of dramatic art. The creators of the tragedies were ancient Greek playwrights V c. BC e. Sofokl, Euripide, Eschil, who left her perfect samples. They reflected the tragic collision of the traditions of the generic system with a new public order. These conflicts were perceived and depicted by playwrights mainly on mythological material. The hero of the ancient tragedy turned out to be drawn into an unresolved conflict or by the will of the authority rock (fate), or by the will of the gods. Thus, the hero of the tragedy of Eschil "Prometheus Chained" suffers because he broke the will of Zeus, when he gave fire to people and taught them crafts. In the tragedy of Sofokla "Tsar Edip", the hero is doomed to be a fatherly trash, marry his own mother. Antique tragedy usually included five acts and was built in compliance with the "three unities" - places, time, actions. The tragedies were written by poems and was distinguished by the elevation of speech, her hero was a "high hero."

Comedy, like the tragedy, originated in ancient Greece. "Father" comedy is the ancient Greek playwright Aristophane (V-IV centuries. BC). In his works, he ridiculated the greed, bloodthirstiness and immorality of the Athenian aristocracy, ratified for the peaceful patriarchal life ("riders", "clouds", "Lisuistrate", "Frog").

In Russia, the People's Comedy existed long. An outstanding comedographer of Russian education was D.N. Fonvizin. His comedy "inexpensive" mercilessly climbed the "Blizzard Wild", reigning in the family of spaces. Wrote comedy I.A. Wings ("lesson daughters", "fashionable shop"), ridicuing adhesion in front of foreigners.

In the XIX century Satyrian samples, social realistic comedy create A.S. Griboedov ("Woe from Wit"), N.V. Gogol ("Auditor"), A.N. Ostrovsky ("Profitable Place", "His People - Treaty", etc.). Continuing the traditions of N. Gogol, A. Sukhovo-Kobylin in his trilogy ("Wedding of Krechinsky", "Case", "Death of Tarelkin") showed how officials "facilitated" the whole of Russia, bringing her troubles comparable to the damage caused by Tatar Mongolian igom and invasion of Napoleon. Known comedies M.E. Saltykov-generous ("death of Pazukhin") and A.N. Tolstoy ("Fruits of Enlightenment"), which approached the tragedy in something (there are elements of tragicomedia).

Tragicomedy refuses the moral absolute of comedy and tragedy. The globility underlying it is associated with the feeling of the relativity of existing criteria of life. The revaluation of moral obscures leads to uncertainty and even the abandonment of them; Subjective and objective began blurred; An unclear understanding of reality can cause interest in it or a complete indifference and even recognition of the alogicity of the world. Tragicomic worldview in them dominates the torque of history, although the tragicom began was present in the Dramaturgia of Euripid ("Alkestid", "Ion").

The drama is a play with a sharp conflict, which and the difference from the tragic is not so sublime, more landed, commonly solvable and anyway. The specifics of the drama lies, firstly, in the fact that it is troops on a modern, and not on the ancient material, secondly, the drama approves a new hero who rebuilt against his fate, circumstances. The difference of drama from the tragedy is in the essence of the conflict: the conflicts of the tragic plan are insoluble, for the resolution does not depend on the personal will of the person. The tragic hero is involuntarily involuntarily, and not because of the mistakes performed. Dramatic conflicts, unlike tragic, are not insurmountable. They are based on the clash of characters with such forces, principles, traditions that oppose them from the outside. If the hero of the drama is dying, then his death is largely an act of a voluntary solution, and not the result of a tragically hopeless position. So, Katerina in the "thunderstorm" by A. Ostrovsky, sharply experiencing that she broke the religious and moral standards, without being able to live in the oppressive atmosphere of Kabanov's home, rushes in the Volga. Such a junction was not mandatory; Obstacles on the path of rapprochement of Katerina and Boris can not be considered insurmountable: the riot of the heroine could end and differently.

Concepts "Rod", View "," Genre "

Right literary - a number of literary works similar to the type of their speech organization and cognitive focus on the object or subject, or the act of artistic statement itself.

The division of literature on childbirth is based on the distinction of the word functions: the word either depicts the subject world, or expresses the state of the speaker, or reproduces the process of speech communication.

Traditionally, three kinds of literary are distinguished, each of which corresponds to a certain function of the word:
epos (Fine function);
lyrics (expressive function);
drama (communicative function).

Purpose:
The image of the human person is objectively, in cooperation with other people and events.
Thing:
The external world in its plastic volume, spatial-temporal length and event saturation: characters, circumstances, social and natural environments in which heroes interact.
Content:
The objective content of the real reality in its material and spiritual aspects presented in artistically typed by the author characters and circumstances.
The text has a predominantly descriptive-narrative structure; A special role is played by the system of subject-visual details.

Purpose:
The expression of the thoughts and feelings of the author-poet.
Thing:
The inner world of the person in its impulsiveness and spontaneity, the formation and change of impressions, dreams, moods, associations, meditations, reflexes caused by interaction with the outside world.
Content:
Subjective inner world of the poet and the spiritual life of mankind.
Features of the organization Hood. Speech:
The text is characterized by increased expressiveness, the profile capabilities of the language, its rhythmic and sound organization play a special role.

Purpose:
An image of a human person in action, in conflict with other people.
Thing:
The external world presented through the characters and targeted actions of the characters, and the inner world of heroes.
Content:
The objective content of the real reality presented in artistically typed by the author of characters and circumstances and implies a stage embodiment.
Features of the organization Hood. Speech:
The text has a predominantly dialogic structure, which includes monologues of heroes.
The literary species is a stable type of poetic structure within the literary clan.

The genre is a group of works inside the literary species, combined by common formal, meaningful or functional signs. For each literary era and directions are typical of its specific system of genres.

Epos: Types and genres

Large forms:
Epic;
Roman (novel genres: family-household, social and psychological, philosophical, historical, fantastic, romance-utopia, romance of upbringing, love romance, adventure novel, Roman-journey, lyrol-epic (novel in verse))
Roman-epic;
Poem-epic.

Middle forms:
Tale (Tale genres: family-household, socio-psychological, philosophical, historical, fantastic, fabulous, adventure, tale in verses);
Poem (Poems genres: epic, heroic, lyrical, lyrol-epic, dramatic, irony, didactic, satirical, burlesque, dramatic-dramatic (romantic));

Small forms:
Story (story genres: essay (descriptive-narrative, "moralopisting"), novelistic (conflict-narrative);
Novel;
Fairy tale (tale genres: magic, social and consumer, satirical, socio-political, lyrical, fantastic, animalistic, scientific and educational);
Fable;
Essay (Essay genres: Artistic, journalistic, documentary).

The epic is monumental in shape the epic work of nationwide problems.

Roman is a large form of epic, a work with a detailed story, in which the story focuses on the fate of several personalities in the process of their formation, development and interaction, deployed in artistic space and time sufficient to transfer the "organization" of the world and analyzing his historical essence. As an epic of privacy, the novel represents an individual and social life as relatively independent, not exhaustive and not absorbing the elements. The history of individual destinies in the novel acquires a common, substantial meaning.

The story is the middle form of the epic, the work with a chronicle, as a rule, the plot, in which the story focuses on the fate of a separate personality in the process of its formation and development.

The poem is a major or secondary poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot; In different genre modifications, it detects its syntheticism, combining moralizing and heroic principles, intimate experiences and great historical shocks, lyrol-epic and monumental trends.

The story is a small epic form of fiction, small in terms of the volume of the phenomena of life, and from here and in terms of text, prosaic work.

Novel - a small prosaic genre, comparable in terms of volume with a story, but differ from it a sharp centripetal plot, often by paradoxical, lack of descriptive and composite rigor.

The literary fairy tale is a copyright artistic prose or poetic work, based on either folk sources, or a purely original; The work is predominantly fantastic, magical, drawing the wonderful adventures of fictional or traditional fabulous heroes, in which the magic, the miracle plays the role of the plot-forming factor, serves as the main starting point of the characteristics of the characters.

Basznya is a small form of an epos of a didactic nature, a short story in verses or prose with directly formulated moral conclusion, which gives the story an allegorical meaning. The existence of Basni is universally: it is applicable to different reasons. The artistic world of Baszy includes a traditional circle of images and motifs (animals, plants, conceptual figures of people, instructive plots), often painted in the tone of the Commission and social criticism.

Essay - a variety of small form of epic literature, different from the story and novella, the lack of a single, fast-resolved conflict and greater development of the descriptive image. Essay affects not so much the problem of becoming the nature of the personality in its conflicts with a well-established public environment, how many problems of the civil and moral state of the "medium" and has a great cognitive diversity.

Lyrics: Thematic groups and genres

Thematic groups:
Meditative lyrics
Intimate Lyrics
(Friendly and Love Lyrics)
Landscape lyrics
Civic (social and political) lyrics
Philosophical Lyrics

Genres:
Oh yeah
Anthem
Elegy
Idyll
Sonnet
Song
Romance
Dithyramb
Madrigal
Thought
Message
Epigram
Ballad

Oda is a leading high-style genre, characteristic primarily for the poetry of classicism. Oda is distinguished by canonical themes (the glorification of God, the Fatherland, vital wisdom, etc.), receptions ("quiet" or "rapid" attack, the presence of deviations, permitted "lyrical disorder") and species (ODY spiritual, solemn - "Pindaric", moral - "Goragian", love - "anacontic").

The anthem is a solemn song on software verses.

Elegy is a genre of lyrics, a poem of medium length, meditative or emotional content (usually sad), most often on the first person, without a distinct composition. "

Idyll - the genre of lyrics, a small work, drawing forever beautiful nature, sometimes in contrast with irriter and vicious person, a peaceful virtuous life on the lap of nature, etc.

Sonnet is a poem of 14 rows forming 2 katsins and 2 tercet or 3 mosses and 1 two-be-bed. The following types of sonnets are known:
"French" Sonnet - ABBA ABBA CCD EED (or CCD EDE);
"Italian" sonnet - abab abab CDC DCD (or CDE CDE);
"English Sonnet" - Abab CDCD EFEF GG.

Sleeping wreath is a cycle of 14 sonnets, in which the first verse of each repeats the last verse of the previous one (forming the "garland"), and together these first poems add up in the 15th, "main" sonnet (forming a gloss).

Romance is a small poem, written for solo singing with a tool accompaniment, for the text of which are characteristic of singular melody, syntactic simplicity and slightness, the completeness of the proposal within the stanza boundaries.

Diffirb is the antique lyric genre, which emerged as a choral song, anthem in honor of God Dionysus, or Vakha, later - in honor of other gods and heroes.

Madrigal is a small poem of predominantly lovingly complimentary (less than the abstract-meditative) content, usually with paradoxical pointing in the end.

The Duma is a limier song, for the style of which are characterized by symbolic patterns, negative parallelism, retreetation, tautological turnover, unity.

Message is a genre of lyrics, a poetic letter, a formal sign of which is to have access to a specific addressee and, accordingly, such motives as requests, wishes, exhortation, etc. The content of the tradition of tradition (from Horace) is mainly moral and philosophical and didactic, but were numerous Messages narrative, pagic, satirical, love, etc.

Epigram is a short satirical poem, usually with a sharp "that at the end.

Ballad - a poem with the dramatic development of the plot, which is based on an extraordinary story, reflecting the essential moments of human and society interactions or interpersonal relationships. Characteristic features of ballads are a small volume, a stressful plot, usually saturated with tragedy and mystery, a ripple narrative, dramatic dialogism, observance and musicality.

Synthesis lyrics with other literature

Laro-epic genres (species) - literary and artworks, combining signs of epic and lyrics; The plot story about events is connected in them with the emotional-meditative statements of the narrator, creating an image of a lyrical "I". Communication of two began can act as the unity of the topic as the narrator self-reflection, as a psychologically home motivation of the story, as the direct participation of the author in the unfolding plot, as an exposure by the author of his own techniques, becoming an element of the artistic concept. Compositionally this compound is often drawn up in the form of lyrical deviations.

A poem in prose is a lyrical work in an prosaic form, which has such signs of lyrical poems, as a small volume, increased emotionality, usually inconsistency composition, a general installation on an expression of a subjective impression or experience.

The lyrical hero is the image of the poet in the lyrics, one of the ways of disclosing the author's consciousness. The lyric hero is the artistic "double" of the author-poet, growing from the text of lyric compositions (cycle, the book of poems, a lyrical poem, the whole totality of lyrics) as a clearly defined figure or a vital role, as a person endowed with the certainty of individual destinies, psychological disclosure of the inner world, And sometimes and the features of the plastic appearance.

Forms of lyrical statement:
monologue from the first person (A.S. Pushkin - "I loved you ...");
rolling lyrics - a monologue from the person entered into the text of the character (A.A. Blok - "I - Hamlet, / cold blood ...");
the expression of the authors and thoughts of the author through the subject image (A.A. Fet - "fell asleep of the lake ...");
the expression of the author's feelings and thoughts through reflections in which subject images play a subordinate role or fundamentally conditional (A.S. Pushkin - "Echo");
the expression of the senses and thoughts of the author through the dialogue of conditional heroes (F. Viyon - "Spore between Wyon and his soul");
appeal to any uncertain person (F.I. Tyutchev - "Silentium");
the plot (M.Yu. Lermontov is "three palm trees").

Tragedy - "Rock Tragedy", "High Tragedy";
Comedy - Comedy Characters, Household Comedy, Comedy, Comedy Masks (Comedia Del'arte), Comedy Intrigue, Comedy-Buffonade, Lyrical Comedy, Satyric Comedy, Social Comedy, High Comedy;
Drama (view) - "Meshchanskaya drama", psychological drama, lyrical drama, narrative (epic) drama;
Tragicomedy;
Mystery;
Melodrama;
Vaudeville;
Farce.

The tragedy is a type of drama based on an insoluble collision of heroic characters with the world, its tragic outcome. The tragedy is marked with harsh seriousness, depicts reality most pointedly as a clot of internal contradictions, reveal the deepest conflicts of reality in extremely tense and rich form that acquires the value of an artistic symbol.

The comedy is the type of drama, in which the characters, situations and action are presented in funny forms or are penetrated by comic. The comedy is directed primarily to the ridicule of the ugly (contrary to the public ideal or norm): the heroes of the comedy are internally untenable, unlikely, do not correspond to their position, purposeful and this is sacrificed to a laugh, which will volatile them, thereby fulfilling their "ideal" mission.

Drama (view) is one of the main types of drama as a literary race along with the tragedy and comedy. Like a comedy, reproduces the privacy of people, but its main goal is not to ridicate morals, but an image of a person in her dramatic relationship with society. Like the tragedy, the drama is to recreation of sharp contradictions; At the same time, its conflicts are not so tense and ineverance and in principle allow for a safe permission, but the characters are not so exceptional.

Tragicomedy is a type of drama with signs of both tragedy and comedies. The tragicomic globalism underlying tragicomedia is associated with the feeling of the relativity of existing criteria for life and the refusal of the moral Absolute of the Comedy and the tragedy. Tragicomedia does not recognize the absolute generally, subjective here can see objective here and vice versa; The feeling of relativity can lead to full relativism; The revaluation of moral obscures can be reduced to uncertainty in their omnipotence or to the final abandonment of solid morality; An unclear understanding of reality can cause a burning interest or complete indifference to it, can affect the smaller certainty in mapping the patterns of being or indifferent to them and even with their denial - up to the recognition of the alogicity of the world.

Mystery - the genre of the Western European Theater of the Epoch of the Late Middle Ages, the content of which was biblical plots; Religious scenes were alternating in them with intermenia, mystic was combined with realism, piousness - with blasphemy.

Melodrama is a type of drama, a play with an acute intrigue, exaggerated emotionality, a sharp oppression of good and evil, a moral and instructive trend.

Waterville is one of the types of drama, a lightweight play with an entertaining intrigue, with songs-purchasing and dance.

Farc is the appearance of the People's Theater and Literature of the Western European countries 14-16 centuries., First of all, France, which was distinguished by comic, often satirical orientation, realistic concreteness, liberty and was saturated with a buffonade.

- ▲ Fiction Literature Literature Literature. Epic genre. epic. Prose an artistic story about what l. events. Prose (# works). fiction. lyrics. drama ... The ideographic dictionary of the Russian language

This term has other values, see drama. Do not be confused with drama (literature). Drama literary (dramatic), stage and cinematic genre. Received special distribution in the literature of the XVIII XXI centuries, ... ... Wikipedia

In art: the drama of the literature (along with the epic and lyrics); Drama of the genus of the scenic cinematic action; Genre, which includes various scents, modifications (like the Meshchansky drama, drama absurdity, etc.); Toponym (s): ... ... Wikipedia

D. as poetic genus The origin of D. East D. Antique D. Middle Ages D. D. Renaissance from the Renaissance to the classicism Elizavetinskaya D. Spanish D. Classical D. Bourgeois D. RO ... Literary encyclopedia

Epos, Lyrics, Drama. Determined by different features: from the point of view of ways to imitate reality (Aristotle), content types (F. Schiller, F. Shelling), categories of gnoseology (objective subjective in V. F. Hegel), formal ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Drama (Greek. DRÁMA, literally - action), 1) One of the three birth of literature (along with the epic and lyrics; see the birth literary). D. belongs to the theater and literature: being a primary acquisition, it is at the same time perceived in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Modern encyclopedia

Rod literary - Right literary, one of the three groups of works of fiction Epos, Lyrics, drama. The tradition of generic literature members was laid by Aristotle. Despite the bribes of the boundaries between the birth and the abundance of intermediate forms (LarEpic ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Epos, Lyrics, Drama. Determined by different features: from the point of view of ways to imitate reality (Aristotle), content types (F. Schiller, F. Shelling), categories of gnoseology (objective subjective in Gegel), formal signs ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Rod, a (y), before. o (c) childbirth and in (for) genus, MN. s, s, husband. 1. The main public organization of the primitive bureau, combined with blood relations. Elder genus. 2. A number of generations originating from one ancestor, as well as generally generation ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Books

• Pushkin, Tynyanov Yuri Nikolaevich. Yuri Nikolayevich Tyanyanov (1894-1943) - an outstanding prose and literary critic - Outwardly looked like Pushkin, which he was told from student years. Who knows, maybe it was like that ...

This is an objective and subitivity of literature (Hegel) is an objective picture of the world and its subjective deployment.

The generic form is a dialogue. From the point of view of the generic features of the content dramaturgical works should be characterized in the queue

A) conflict

Drama (Greek DRÁMA, literally - action), 1) One of the three birth of literature (along with the epic and lyrics; see Rod literary ). Drama (in the literature) Belongs at the same time theater. and literature : Being a primary acquisition, it is at the same time perceived in reading. Drama (in the literature) Formed on the basis of the evolution of theatrical art: nomination to the forefront of actors connecting pantomime With a pronounced word, it marked her appearance as a kind of literature. Its specifics are described: Scene, i.e. reproduction of the course of events; dramatic tension and its membership on stage episodes; continuity of the chain of the executives of the characters; The absence (or subordination) of the narrative principle (see Narration ). Intended for collective perception, Drama (in the literature) Always herself to the most acute problems and in the brightest samples became folk. According to A. S. Pushkin, appointment Drama (in the literature) In order to "... act on the crowd, on the set, to occupy his curiosity" (a complete collection of op., vol. 7, 1958, p. 214).

Drama (in the literature) inherent deep conflict; Its primacy is the intense and effective experience of people of socio-historical or "eternal", universal contradictions. Dramatic, accessible to all types of art, naturally dominates Drama (in the literature) According to V. G. Belinsky, drama - the important property of the human spirit, awakened by situations, when the cherished or passionately desired, demanding implementation, is under threat.

Performance of drama conflicts are embodied in action - in the behavior of heroes, in their actions and accomplishments. Most Drama (in the literature) Built on a single external action (which corresponds to the principle of "unity of action" of Aristotle), based, as a rule, on direct confrontation of heroes. In this case, the action is traced from rizens before junites , capturing large intervals (medieval and eastern Drama (in the literature), for example, "shakuntala" by Kalidas), or takes only in its climax, close to the interchange (ancient tragedies, for example, "Edip-Tsar" Sofokla, and many Drama (in the literature) New time, for example, "N. N. Ostrovsky"). Classic aesthetics 19 in. tend to absolutize these principles of construction Drama (in the literature) Examining after hegel Drama (in the literature) As reproducing all-friendly acts ("shares" and "reactions"), Belinsky wrote: "The drama effect should be focused on one interest and be alien to side interests ... There should be no person in the drama that would not be It is necessary in the mechanism of its stroke and development "(the complete collection of op., vol. 5, 1954, p. 53). At the same time, "... The solution in choosing a path depends on the hero of the drama, and not from the event" (ibid, p. 20).

The most important formal properties Drama (in the literature): The solid chain of statements that act as acts of behavior of the characters (i.e. their actions), and as a result of this, the concentration of space and time depicted on closed sections. Universal base composition Drama (in the literature): stage episodes (scenes), within which the imageted, the so-called real, time is adequately the time of perception, the so-called artistic. In folk, medieval and eastern Drama (in the literature), as well as Shakespeare, in Pushkin "Boris Godunov", in the plays of Breht, the place and time of action are changing very often. European Drama (in the literature) 17-19 centuries. As a rule, it is based on a few and very lengthy stage episodes coinciding with acts of theatrical performances. The extreme expression of the compactness of the development of space and time - known for "poetic art" Baual "Unity", preserved up to 19 V. ("Woe from Wit" by A. S. Griboyedov).

The dramaturgical works in the absolute majority of cases are designed to produce on stage, there is a very narrow circle of dramatic works called, drama for reading,.

The drama genres has its own story, the features of which are largely determined by the fact that historically from antiquity to the classicism inclusive it was a two-way phenomenon: either the mask was crying (tragedy) or a mask laughed (comedy).

But in the 18th century, the synthesis of comedy and tragedy drama appears.

Drama crowded the tragedy.

1)tragedy

2) comedy

4)piece Piece with Light Satyrian Rights

5)waterville-genre content is close to the genre content of the comedy, in most cases humorous. Single form-single-acting play with genres and purchases..

6) tragicomedy The frontal connection of the depicted suffering and joy with the corresponding reaction of laughter-tears (Eduardo de Filippo)

7) Dramatic chronicle. A genre that is close to the genre of the drama, and the events are given by the flow. Bill Berodelkovsky, Storm,

The greatest number of genre options historically was at Comedy: Italian comedy scientist; Comedy masks in Spain; , Raincoat and swords was a comedy character, provisions, a comedy of morals (household) buffonad and others.

Russian dramaturgy. Russian professional literary drama developed at the end of the 17-18th centuries, but she was preceded by a centuries-old period of people, mainly oral and partly the handwritten folk drama. At first, the archaic rituals, then dance playing and squirrels of fun contained elements peculiar to dramaturgy as a species of art: dialogue, dramatization of action, playing it in faces, image of a character (omens). These elements were fixed and developed in the folklore drama.

The pagan stage of the folklore Russian drama is lost: the study of folk art in Russia began only at the 19th century, the first scientific publications of large folk drama appeared only in 1890-1900 in the magazine "Ethnographic Review" (with comments of scientists of that time V.Kallash and A. Gruzinsky ). So later, the beginning of the study of folklore dramaturgy led to a common belief that the emergence of the people's drama in Russia applies only to 16-17 centuries. There is an alternative point of view where Genesis Boat Displays from the funeral customs of the pagan Slavs. But in any case, the fabulous and semantic changes in the texts of folklore drams that occurred for at least ten centuries are considered in cultural studies, art historics and ethnography at the level of hypotheses. Each historical period imposed his imprint on the content of folk drama, which contributed to the container and wealth of associative connections of their content.

Early Russian literary dramaturgy. The origin of Russian literary dramaturgy refers to the 17th century. and is associated with the school and church theater, which arises in Russia under the influence of school performances in Ukraine in the Kiev-Mogilyan Academy. Fighting with Catholic trends coming from Poland, the Orthodox Church in Ukraine was used by the folk theater. The authors of the play borrowed the plots of church rituals, painting them on dialogues and mounted comedy intermenids, musical and dance numbers. By genre, this dramaturgy resembled a hybrid of Western European morality and miracle. Written in a moral, plundered-declamation style, these works of school drama united allegoric characters (vice, pride, truth, etc.) with historical characters (Alexander Macedonian, Nero), mythological (Fortuna, Mars) and Biblical (Joshua, Herod and Dr.). The most famous works - Action about Alexie, God's Man, Action on the passion of Christ and others. The development of school drama associated with the names of Dmitry Rostovsky ( Assumption drama, christmas drama, Rostov et al.), Feofan Prokopovich ( Vladimir), Mitrofan Dovgalevsky ( Vlasive image of human humanity), George Konissky ( Resurrection of the dead) and others in the church-school theater also started Simeon Polotsk

Russian dramaturgy 18 V. After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, the theater was closed, and was revived only under Peter I. However, the pause in the development of Russian drama lasted a little longer: in the theater of Petrovsky times, transferable plays were preferably played. True, at that time they received the distribution of the act of a panegyric nature with pathetic monologues, choras, musical divertisments, solemn processions. They glorified Peter's activities and responded to topical events ( The celebration of the world of Orthodox, Liberation of Livonia and Ingermanland et al.) However, they did not affect the development of drama. Texts to these ideas were rather applied and were anonymous. A rapid rise Russian drama began to worry from the middle of the 18th century, simultaneously with the formation of a professional theater needed in the national repertoire.

In the middle of the 18th century It has been becoming the formation of Russian classicism (in Europe, the flowering of classicism by this time was long in the past: Cornell died in 1684, Rasin - in 1699.) In the classic tragedy, V. Northakovsky and M. Lomonosov tried, but the founder of Russian classicism (and Russian Literary dramaturgy as a whole) became A.Surokov, who became the director of the first professional Russian theater in 1756. He wrote 9 tragedies and 12 comedies, who compiled the basis of the theater repertoire of 1750-1760s, and the first Russian literary and theoretical works also belong to the same. In particular, in Epistole about poem (1747) He defends the principles similar to the classic canons of BALU: Strictly division of the genres of drama, compliance "Three Unity". Unlike French classicists, Sumarokov was not based on antique plots, but on Russian chronicles ( Koreev, Saving and Trumor) and Russian history ( Dmitry Samozvana and etc.). In the same line, other major representatives of Russian classicism - N. N. N. N. N.N. Soren and Zamir.), I.Knyaznin ( Rosslav., Vadim Novgorodsky and etc.).

Russian classicist drama had another difference from French: the authors of the tragedies simultaneously wrote and comedy. This blurred the strict framework of classicism and contributed to the diversity of aesthetic directions. Classicist, educational and sentimentalist playwright in Russia do not replace each other, and develop almost simultaneously. The first attempts to create a satirical comedy has already taken Sumarokov ( Monsters, empty quarrel, Lychimets, dodding deception, daffodil and etc.). Moreover, in these comedies, he used stylistic techniques of folklore intercourse and farms - despite the fact that in theoretical works critically referred to popular "playing". In the 1760s. Wide distribution receives a comic opera genre. She gives tribute as classicists - Prince ( Misfortune from the carriage, Siberian, Braggart et al.), Nikolev ( Rosana and love), and comedographers-satiriki: I. Krylov ( Coffee Night) and others appear directions of a tear comedy and the Meshchansky drama - V.Lukin ( ILO, love corrected), M. Merevkin ( And due, Exactly the same), P.Plavilovikov ( Bobyl, Satherer) And others. These genres contributed not only to democratization and increasing the popularity of the theater, but also formed the foundations of the psychological theater beloved in Russia with its traditions of detailed development of multifaceted characters. The top of the Russian drama is 18 V. Almost realistic comedies can be called V.Kapnista (Yabeda), D.FONVIZIN (Inexpensive, Brigadier), I. Krylova (Fashionable shop, Lesson daughters and etc.). Interesting is the "smoking tragedy" of Krylov TruMof, or SupportIn which Satira on the board of Paul I was combined with a stinging parody of classic techniques. The play was written in 1800 - only 53 years it took in order for the innovative classic aesthetics for Russia to be perceived by archaic. Wings paid attention and the theory of drama ( Note on comedia "Laughter and Gore", Review of Comedy A. Klushina "Alchemist" and etc.).

Russian dramaturgy 19 in. By the beginning of the 19th century The historical gap of Russian dramaturgy with the European went on no. Since that time, the Russian Theater is developing in the overall context of European culture. A variety of aesthetic directions in Russian drama remains - sentimentalism ( N.Karamzin, N. Lielin, V. Fedorov, etc.) gets along with a romantic tragedy several classicist (V. Viser, N.Kolkolnik, N.Poleva, etc.), lyrical and emotional drama (I.Turegenis) - with ulcer-pamphlet Satiir (A.Sukhovo-Kobylin, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Lightweight, merry and witty water waters (A.Shohoskin, N.Khmelnitsky, M. Zagoskin, A.Pisarev, D. Zagoskin, are popular with popularity. F.Koni., V.Kratygin and etc.). But it was the 19th century, the time of the Great Russian literature, becomes the "golden age" and Russian dramaturgy, giving authors whose works and today are included in the Golden Fund of World Theater Classics.

The first play of the new type became comedy A.Griboyedov Mount from Um. A striking skill The author achieves in the development of all the components of the play: characters (in which psychological realism is organically combined with a high degree of typification), intrigues (where lovery peripetics are inextricably woven with a civil and ideological collision), language (almost all of the play has developed entirely on sayings, Proverbs and winged expressions, preserved in live speech today).

on the true discovery of Russian dramaturgy of that time, much of the overturned time and identifying the vector of the further development of the world theater, the plays were A.hekhovova. Ivanov, Gull, Uncle Ivan, Three sisters, The Cherry Orchard Do not fit into the traditional system of dramatic genres and actually refute all theoretical canons of drama. There are practically no plot intrigue in them - in any case, Fabul never has an organizing value, there is no traditional dramatic scheme: the tie - the peripetia is a junction; There is no single "end-to-end" conflict. Events all the time change their semantic scale: large becomes insignificant, and domestic trifles grow to global scale.

Russian dramaturgy after 1917. After the October Revolution and the State Control Council that followed him, there was a need for a new repertoire corresponding to modern ideology. However, from the earliest plays, perhaps, you can only call one today - Mystery-Buff V.Momakovsky (1918). Basically, the modern repertoire of the early Soviet period was formed on topical "agitas", which had lost its relevance for a short period.

New Soviet dramaturgy, reflecting the class struggle, was formed during the 1920s. During this period, such playwrights like L. SEIFULINA ( Virinia), A.Serafimovich (Mariana, author's drawing of the novel Iron flow), L.Lonov ( Barsuki), K. Trene (Summer love), B. Loverev (Fault), V.Ivanov (Armored train 14-69), V.Bill-Belotserkovsky ( Storm), D.Furmanov ( Misty) And others. Their playwright as a whole distinguished the romantic interpretation of revolutionary events, the combination of tragedy with social optimism. In the 1930s, V.Vischnevsky Posted by a play whose name accurately determined the main genre of new patriotic drama: Optimistic tragedy (This name changed initial, more pathos options - Anthem Matrosam and Triumphal tragedy).

The end of 1950 - the beginning of the 1970s is marked with bright individuality A. Vampilova. For his short life, he wrote only a few plays: Farewell to June, Senior Son., Duck hunting, Provincial jokes (Twenty minutes with angel and Case with metranpage), Last summer in Chulimsk And unfinished waterville Incomparable tips. Returning to the aesthetics Chekhov, Vampilov determined the direction of the development of Russian dramaturgy of the two subsequent decades. The main dramatic fortunes of 1970-1980 in Russia are associated with the genre tragicomedia. These were plays E. Marazinsky, L.Petrushevskaya, A.Sokolova, L.Razumovskaya, M.ROschina, A. Galina, Gr.Gorina, A. Chervinsky, A. Sirnova, V.Sulakina, A. Kazantseva, S. Slotnikova, N. Kolyadov, V.Mevechko, O. Kuccina and others. Aesthetics Vampilova had an indirect, but tangible influence on Matters of Russian dramaturgy. Tragicomic motifs are tangible in the plays of the time written by V. Rogov ( Cabanchik), A. Volodyin ( Two arrows, Lizard, movie script Autumn marathon), and especially A. Arbuzov ( My Ploy, Happy days of unhappy man, Tales of old Arbat, In this nice old house, Winner, Brutal games). In the early 1990s, the playwright of St. Petersburg created their association - "Dramattry House". In 2002, the Association "Golden Mask", theater.doc and MHT named after Schekhov was organized by the annual festival "New Drama". In these associations, laboratories, competitions were formed by a new generation of theater writers who received fame in the post-Soviet period: M.Uugarov, O. Enev, E. Mremina, O.Shipenko, O. Mikhailova, I.Srypaev, O. and V.Presnyakov, K.Dagunskaya, O. Bogaev, N.Ptushkin, O. Mukhina, I.Ookhlobystin, M. Korroskin, V.Sigarev, A.zinchuk, A.Chadov, I.Shprits, etc.

However, critics note that today the paradoxical situation has emerged in Russia: the modern theater and modern dramaturgy exist as it were in parallel, in some isolation from each other. The most high-profile directorial quest started 21 in. Associated with classic plays. Modern dramaturgy also conducts its experiments more "on paper" and in the virtual space of the Internet.

Drama - (Dr.-HR. Action, action) is one of the literary flows. Drama as a birth of literature, unlike lyrics, and like an epos drama reproduces first of all the external for the author, actions, relationships of people, conflicts. Unlike the epic, it has no narrative, but a dialogic form. In it, as a rule, there are no internal monologues, copyright characteristics of characters and direct author's comments depicted. In the "poetics" of Aristotle about Drama, it was said about the imitation of the action by action, not the story. This provision is not outdated so far. For dramatic works are characteristic of the priestly conflict situations that encourage characters to verbally - physical actions. The author's speech can sometimes be in drama, but is auxiliary. Sometimes the author briefly comments on the replicas of his heroes, makes instructions on their gestures, intonation.

The drama is closely connected with theatrical art and must meet the demands of the theater.

The drama is considered as a crown of literary creativity. Examples of drama is the "Thunderstorm" play, "on the bottom" of Gorky.

You need to talk about dramatic genres, not forgetting that the drama itself is a genre that arose at the junction of literature and theater. It is impossible to analyze them separately from each other. We talked about the drama already enough, however, the values \u200b\u200bof the drama as theatrical action did not give so far.

In order for any work to be called a drama, it should at least contain a conflict or a conflict situation. The conflict has the right to be comic and tragic. Often, the drama accommodates a large quantity and the other. Probably, therefore, it is often interpreted in specialized literature as an intermediate genre.

The drama can be psychological (both on stage and in the literature), social, philosophical, based on a domestic or historical conflict, is also often the combination of the species listed above, it will especially be characteristic of the literary drama. The drama may also be national, so you can highlight the Spanish drama - it is sometimes called the "drama of honor" or the "comedy and swords", everything is completely dependent on what conflict is developed in drama. Drama genres - are able to manifest themselves only in the literature. They are not really too much:

Piece (narration in prose or poetic form, in which the actors, author, and pitch the remarks)

Comedy

Intermedia

Tragedy

Burlesque

Chronicle (historical, psychological, retrospective)

Scenario

The dramatic prose differs from the prose usual primarily by the fact that there are a lot of events constantly replacing each other, with a large number of actors, much more than say in the usual story, although the volume of the narration may be the same. It is believed that the reader is able to remember no more than 5-7 acting characters, the drama often violates this law, the reader of the dramatic work there is always the opportunity to look at the forcedes and see who exactly the hero, which he completely forgot.