Dynamic temporal types of art. Kinds of art

Architecture.Architecture (Greek. "Architecton" - "Master, Builder") - a monumental type of art, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, responding to the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.

Forms of architectural structures depend on geographic and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.

Architecture is closer than other arts related to the development of productive forces, with the development of technology. The architecture is able to unite with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other types of art. The basis of the architectural composition is a volume-spatial structure, the organic relationship of elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.

The architecture does not reproduce reality directly, it is not the pictorial, but expressive character.

Art.Fine art-group of species of artistic creativity, reproducing visually perceived reality. Works of art have an object that does not vary in time and space. Fine art includes: painting, graphics, sculpture.

Graphics.Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") - this is, above all, drawing and artistic print works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive artistic form by using different lines, strokes and stains applied to the surface of the sheet.

Graphics preceded painting. Initially, a person learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. Mastering the color was a historical process: not all colors were mastered immediately.

Specificity graphics - linear ratios. She, reproducing the form of objects, transmits their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. The painting captures the real ratios of the paints of the world, in color and through the color it expresses the creatures of objects, their aesthetic value, imposes their public appointment, their compliance or contradiction to the surrounding .

In the process of historical development in the drawing and in print graphics began to penetrate, and now the graphics are also drawing with colored small shames - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with water colors -Akvall and gouache. In various literature on art, there are different points of opinion on graphics. In some sources: graphics are a type of painting, and in others it is a separate subspecies of fine art.

Painting.Painting is a plane fine art, the specificity of which is in the presentation with the help of paints deposited on the surface of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.

Painting is divided into:

• - Monumental - fresco (from Ital. Fresco) - painting on crude plaster with paints divorced on water and mosaic (from the French Mosaic) image of colored stones, smalts (smalt - color transparent glass.), Ceramic tiles.
• - Machina (from the word "machine") - the canvas that is created on the easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres (genre (French Genre, from Lat. Genus, the genus generis - genus, view) is an artistic, historically established inner unit in all kinds of art.):

• - Portrait - the main task to convey an idea of \u200b\u200bthe appearance of a person, to reveal the inner world of man, emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.
• - Landscape - reproduces the world around the variety of its forms. The image of the sea landscape is determined by the term mariny.
• - Still life - image of household goods, tools, color, colors, fruit. It helps to understand the worldview and estimation of a certain era.
• - The historic genre - tells about the historically important moments of the life of society.
• - Household genre - reflects the daily lives of people, temper, customs, traditions of one or another ethnic group.
• - Icon (translated from the Greek "prayer image") - the main goal to send a person to the path of transformation.
• -Inimalism - an image of an animal, as the main character of the artistic work.

In the XX century The character of painting is changing under the influence of technical progress (the emergence of photography and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - multimedia art.

Sculpture.Sculpture - spatially - visual arts, Os-wearing world in plastic images.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, wood. At the present stage of the development of society, man-made progress has expanded the number of materials used to create sculptures: steel, plastic, concrete and others.

There are two main varieties of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

• - The burner is a high relief,
• - Bas-relief - Low relief,
• - counter-relief - mortise relief.

By definition, the sculpture is monumental, decorative, steel.

Monumental - used to decorate streets and squares of the city, designations of historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture include:

• - Monuments,
• - Monuments,
• - Memorials.

Stankovaya - designed for inspection with close distance and is designed to decorate interior.

Decorative - used to decorate life (objects of shallow plastics).

Decorative and applied art.Decorative and applied art is the type of creative activity on the creation of household items intended to meet the utilitarian and the artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Decorative and applied art includes products performed from a variety of materials and using various technologies. Material, wood, clay, stone, bone can serve material for the Item. Technical and artistic techniques manufacturing products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is the decorativeness, which consists in images and the desire to decorate, make better, more beautiful.

Decorative and applied art has a national character. Since it comes from customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnos, approximated to the embezzlement of his life.

An important component of decorative - applied art is people's artistic crafts - a form of artistic work based on collective work, developing a cultural local tradition and selling commercial products.

The key creative idea of \u200b\u200btraditional fishers is the approval of the unity of the natural and human world.

The main folk fishing of Russia are:

• - wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;
• - painting on wood - Khokhlomskaya, Gorodetskaya, Polhov-Maidan, Mezenskaya;
• - decoration of products from Berestov - embossing on Bereste, painting;
• - artistic stone processing - processing of a solid and soft rock stone;
• - Bone carving - Holmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotykovskaya
• - Miniature Painting on Paper Masha - Fedoskin Miniature, Palekh Miniature, Masta Miniature, Balcon Miniature
• - Metal artistic processing - Velikyustyuzhskoye Cherry Silver, Rostov Finiferty, Zhostovskaya Painting for Metal;
• - Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopinskaya ceramics, Dymkovskaya toy, Kargopol toy;
• - Lace-making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,
• - Painting on fabric - Pavlovsky scarves and shawl
• - Embroidery - Vladimir, Color to translate, Gold Sewing Embroidery.

Literature.Literature is a type of art in which the word material carrier is the word.

The scope of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the personality, her feelings. In the various genres, literature covers this material or through dramatic reproduction of the action, or through the epic story of events, or through the lyrical self-discharge of the inner world of a person.

Literature is divided into:

• - art
• - Training
• - Historical
• - Scientific
• - reference

The main genres of literature are:

• - Lyrics - One of the three main genera of fiction, reflects life by image a variety of human experiences, lyrics feature poetic form.
• - Drama - One of the three main births of fiction, the plotwork written in colloquial form and without the author's speech.
• - Epos. - narrative literature, one of the three main births of fiction, includes:
• - Epic - a major product of the epic genre.
• - Novella - narrative prosaic (much less often - poetic) genre of literature representing a small narrative form.
• - Tale (story) - a literary genre, which is characterized by a less significant amount, smaller number of figures, life content and breadth
• - Story - an epic product of small sizes, which differs from the novels greater prevalence and arbitrary composition.
• - Novel - A large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verses.
• - Ballad - Lyric-epic poems plot, written by stanza.
• - Poem - The plot literary work of a lyric-epic nature in verses.

The specifics of the literature is the phenomenon of historical, all the elements and components of the literary work and the literary process, all the features of the literature are in constant change. Literature - a living, mobile ideological and artistic system, which is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of the literature is the oral folk creativity.

Musical art.Music - (from Greek. Musike - letters. - Art Music), type of art in which the means of incarnation of artistic images serve in certainly organized musical sounds. Basic elements and expressive means of music - Floor, rhythm, meter, pace, loud dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, tools. Music is fixed in the tank record and is implemented in the execution process.

It is accepted by dividing music to secular and spiritual. The main area of \u200b\u200bspiritual music is a cult. With European iconic music (commonly called church), the development of the European musical theory of a tanning letter, musical pedagogy is connected. According to performing funds, the music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal tool. Music is often connected with choreography, theater art, movies. There are one-voice (monodia) music and polyphony (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided:

• - for childbirth and species - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
• - on genres - song, choral, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.

Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses, as a means of incarnation of reality and human feelings, sound images.

Music in sound images generally expresses significant processes of life. Emotional experience and painted by feeling the idea expressed through the sounds of a special kind, which is based on the intonation of human speech, is the nature of the musical image.

Choreography.Choreography (gr. Choreia - Dance + Grapho - I write) - the type of art, the material of which are the movements and poses of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space that constitute the artistic system.

Dance interacts with music, together with her forming a music-choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates the dance of its own patterns and at the same time experiencing influence from the dance. In some cases, the dance can be executed without music - accompanied by cotton, specking with heels, etc.

Sources of dance steel: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and rites, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; The dance is spontaneously expressing in movements in the movements the culmination of the emotional state of a person.

The dance is always, at all times, was associated with life and life of people. The poet every dance responds to the character, the spirit of the people who originated.

Theatrical art.The theater is a kind of art, artistically mastering the world through a dramatic action carried out by a creative team.

Theater base - dramaturgy. The syntheticity of theatrical art defines its collective nature: the creative efforts of playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, actor are combined in the performance. Art Classification Spatial Temporary

Theatrical performances are divided into genres:

• - Drama;
• - Tragedy;
• - Comedy;
• - Music, etc.

Theatrical art is rooted in deep antiquity. His most important elements have already existed in primitive rites, in the tandy dances, in copying animal chants, etc.

Photo art.Photo (gr. Phos (Photos) Light + Grafo I write) - Art that is reproducing on the plane, through lines and shadows, the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, contour and the form of it transmitted it.

Specific feature of photo art Organic interaction in it creative and technological processes. Photo artworks developed at the turn of the nineteenth century as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and progress of photographic science and technology. His emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, focused on a mirror figure of the visible world and used to achieve this goal of the opening of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera - obscura).

The specificity of photo articles is that it gives an image of documentary value.

The photo gives the image of the artistically expressive and with the accuracy of a significant moment of reality in the frozen image.

Life facts in the photograph almost without additional software are transferred from the sphere of reality in the artistic scope.

Cinema.Cinema is the art of playback on the screen captured on film moving images that create the impression of live validity. Cinema invention XX century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical engineering and photographic equipment, chemistry, etc.

Cinema transmits the dynamics of the era; Working time as a means of expressiveness, the cinema is able to change the change of various events in their internal logic.

Cinema This synthetic art includes organic elements such as, literature (scenario, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in a feature film), theater art (actor's game), music that serves as a means of adding a visual image.

Cinema can be conditionally divided into scientific and documentary and artistic.

Movie genres are also identified:

• - drama,
• - tragedy,
• - fiction,
• - comedy,
• - historical, etc.

Based on the creative reproduction of the surrounding world in artistic images. In addition, in a wide sense, art can mean the highest level of skill in any field of activity, not even related directly with creativity (for example, in cooking, construction, martial arts, sports, etc.).

Object (or subject) art It is the world in general and a person in particular, but a form of existence - an artistic work as a result of creative activity. Piece of art - The highest form of the result of creativity.

Objectives of art:

• the spread of spiritual benefits;
• author's self-expression.

Functions of art.

1. Cognitive. Art acts as a source of information about the world or man.
2. Educational . Art affects the moral and ideological development of the individual.
3. Aesthetic. Reflects the spiritual need of a person in harmony and beauty. Forms the concept of beautiful.
4. Gedonistic. Close to aesthetic function, but does not form the concept of aesthetics, but allows aesthetic pleasure.
5. Prognostic. The function consisting in an attempt to foresee the future.
6. Compensatory. Serves to restore psychological equilibrium; It is often used by psychologists and psychotherapists (fans of the transfer "House-2" to its viewing compensate for the absence of their own personal life and emotions; although I would not have attributed this show to art).
7. Social. It may simply provide communication of people (communicative), and may call for something (propaganda).
8. Entertainment (for example, mass culture).

Kinds of art.

Kinds of artdifferent - it all depends on what criterion to classify them. Generally accepted classification examines three types of art.

1. art:
   • static (sculpture, painting, photography, decorative, etc.);
   • dynamic (for example, silent movies, pantomime).

1. Expressive art (or intense):
   • static (architecture and literature);
   • dynamic (music, dance art, choreography).
2. Entertainment art (Theater, cinema, opera, circus).

According to the degree of application in everyday life Art can be:

• applied (decorative and applied);
• elegant (music).

By time to create:

• traditional (sculpture, literature);
• new (cinema, television, photography).

At the time-space ratio:

• spatial (architecture);
• temporary (music);
• spatio-temporary (cinema, theater).

By the number of components used:

• simple (music, sculpture);
• complex (it is also synthetic: cinema, theater).

There are a lot of classifications, and the definition and role of art is still a reason for underpring disputes and discussions. The main thing in the other. Art can destroy the human psyche or treat, indulge or educate, inhibition or give impetus to development. The task of human society is to develop and encourage exactly the "bright" types of art.

Material from uncyclopedia

Historically, sustainable forms of existence and development of art - architecture, section "Artist" | Architecture, decorative and applied arts, painting, sculpture, graphics, art photography, literature, music, choreography, theater, cinema, television, pop art, circus, which And they got the name of art. These arts correspond to certain species of artistic activities.

Art exists and historically develops as a system of interrelated species, the diversity of which is due to the variety and the versatility of the most real world displayed by art. Each of the types of art, reflecting the world as a whole, has certain advantages in more direct, bright and perfect mapping of some of its sides, faces, phenomena. Types of art differ in the methods of reproducing reality and artistic tasks, as well as on specific material tools for creating an image. Each of them has its own special bodies and genres (internal varieties).

Art spatial, or plastic arts (architecture, decorative and applied art, painting, graphics, art photography), for which spatial construction is essential in the disclosure of the visible image; temporary (music, literature), where predominantly acquires the composition deployed in time; and space-temporary (choreography, theater, cinema, television, pop art, circus), which are also called synthetic or spectacular arts. In some art types, the artistic image arises on the basis of another, uneximiced type of activity (in architecture based on construction, in decorative and applied arts based on the creation of beneficial things, in the artistic photography - documentary images, etc.). Some varieties of pop and circus art combine elements of art and sports.

Sculpture, painting, graphics and art photography make up a special group of visual arts.

For the artistic cultures of most peoples of the world, the development of all types of art is characterized, but there are peoples that have some species not developed. Historically, different types of art developed unevenly, often those or others received dominant importance in the artistic culture of any country or era (for example, visual arts in Italy XVI century, music in Germany XVIII - XIX centuries, literature in England XIX century. And t. n.). In the process of historical development, none of the types of art disappears (although over time they change). New species appear. Thus, the art photo originated only in the second half of the XIX century, the cinema - at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, television - in the 30s. XX century

The Company creates favorable opportunities for the harmonious development of all types of art. Each of the arts in its own way is necessary and indispensably, and all of their aggregate are aimed at the multifaceted and comprehensive development of a person, to improve public life. Of great importance in artistic practice have mutual enrichment and synthesis of various types of art.

Mature of art species

Art, one of the forms of public consciousness, part of the spiritual culture of mankind, the specific genus of the practical spiritual development of the world. In this regard, the art includes a group of varieties of human activity - painting, music, theater, artistic literature (which sometimes allocate the expression "literature and art"), etc., united because they are specific - artistic and figurative forms Play validity.

The definition of distinguishing signs of art and his role in the life of people caused sharp disagreements throughout the history of culture. It was declared "imitation of nature" - and "free formation"; "reproducing reality" - and the "self-knowledge of the absolute", "artist's self-expression" - and the "language of feelings"; Special game game - and a special kind of prayer. Such disagreements are explained by many reasons: the difference in the philosophical positions of theorists, their ideological attitudes, support for various types of art and creative methods (for example, on literature or architecture, classicism or realism), finally, the objective complexity of the structure of the art itself. This complexity, the multifaceted structure is not realized by some theorists that determine the essence of art as a gnoseological, as ideological, as aesthetic, as creative-creative, etc. Distributiveness with such unicineal definitions led some art historians to approval that in art Different moments are organically interrelated - knowledge and evaluation of reality, or reflection and creation, or model and sign. But such two-dimensional interpretations of its essence do not recreate with due completeness of its complex structure.

The process of historical development of the public division of labor has led to the fact that from the initial fusion, syncretic human life, the diverse industries of material and spiritual production, as well as various forms of communication of people, were distinguished. Unlike science, language and other forms of specialized social activities, designed to satisfy the various needs of people, art turned out to be the necessary humanity as a method of holistic public education of the individual, its emotional and intellectual development, its admission to the collective experience accumulated by humanity, to the age-old wisdom, to a specific social and historical interests, aspirations, ideals. But in order to play this role of a powerful tool for the socialization of an individual, art should be like real human life, i.e. it must recreate (model) life in its real integrity and structural complexity. It should "double" the real life activity of a person, to be its imaginary continuation and addition and thereby expanding the life experience of the person, allowing it to "live" many illusory "lives" in the "worlds" created by writers, musicians, painters, etc.

At the same time, art acts at the same time both as a similar real life, and as different from her - fictional, illusory, as the game of imagination, like the creation of human hands. The artwork is excited at the same time deepest experiences, similar to the experiences of real events, and aesthetic pleasure, resulting from his perception, as works of art, as a human model created by a person.

Art as a specific social phenomenon is a complex system of qualities, the structure of which is characterized by the conjugation of cognitive, estimated, creative (spiritually and materially) and the iconic-communicative faces (or subsystems). Due to this, it also acts as a means of communication of people, and as a weapon of their enlightenment, enriching their knowledge about the world and about themselves, and as a way of raising a person based on a system of values, and as a source of high aesthetic joys.

The artistic and creative activity of a person is deployed in diverse forms, which are called art species, its kinds and genres. The abundance and variety of these forms may seem like chaotic jet, in reality they are a naturally organized system of species, generic, genre forms. So, depending on the material tools, with the help of which artistic works are constructed, three groups of art types arise.: 1) Spatial, or plastic (painting, sculpture, graphics, art photography, architecture, decorative and applied and design), t. e. Such who deploy their images in space; 2) temporary (verbal and musical), i.e., such where the images are built in time, and not in real space; 3) Spatio-temporary (dance; acting art and all-based on it; synthetic - theater, cinema, televisionality, pop-circus, etc.), that is, such, the images of which are simultaneously lengthy and durability and physicity and dynamism. On the other hand, in each of these three groups of art, artistic and creative activities can use: 1) signs of a visual type, i.e., involving the similarity of images with a sensually perceived reality (painting, sculpture, graphics - the so-called fine arts.; Literature, acting art); 2) signs of a disassembled type, i.e., not allowing recognition in the images of any real objects, phenomena, actions and facing directly to associative mechanisms of perception (architectural and applied arts, music and dance); 3) signs of a mixed, fine-indentible nature characteristic of synthetic forms of creativity (synthesis of architecture or decorative and applied arts with visual; verbal-musical - song and acting-dance - pantomimical synthesis).

Each type of art is directly characterized by the method of material being of its works and the type of figurative signs. Under these limits, all its species have varieties that are determined by the peculiarities of a particular material and arising from here the originality of the artistic language. Thus, the varieties of verbal art are oral creativity and written literature; Music varieties - vocal and different types of instrumental music; Scenic art varieties - dramatic, musical, doll, shadow theater, as well as pop and circus; Dance varieties are household dance, classic, acrobatic, gymnastic, ice dance, etc. On the other hand, each type of art has a generic and genre division. The criteria for these divisions are determined in different ways, but the very presence of such generic literature, as an epos, lyrics, drama, such birth of visual art, such as machine, monumental-decorative, miniature, painting genres, like a portrait, landscape, still life, etc. d.

Thus, the art taken as a whole is the historically established system of various specific ways of artistic development of the world, each of which has features, common to all and individually peculiar.

Decorative and applied art

Decorative and applied art, section of art; It covers a number of sectors of creativity that are devoted to the creation of articles intended mainly for life. Its works can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, workers, means of movement, as well as clothes and all kinds of decorations. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art, according to their practical appointment in the scientific literature from the 2nd half of the 19th century. The classification of industries on the material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood) was established (Metal, ceramics, textiles, wood (carving, painting, embroidery, bait, casting, chasing, intarsia, etc.). This classification is due to an important role of the design and technological principle in decorative and applied art and its direct connection with production. Solving together, like architecture, practical and artistic tasks, decorative and applied art at the same time belongs to the sectors of the creation and material, and spiritual values. The works of this type of art are inseparable from the material culture of the modern Epoch, are closely related to the residents that meets it, with those or other local ethnic and national singularities, socially-group differences. By constituting the organic part of the objective environment, with which a person, works of decorative and applied arts, with its aesthetic advantages, figuratively affecting the person, is constantly affected by the human mental state, its mood is an important source of emotions affecting his attitude towards the world around.

Aesthetically saturated Wednesday, the environment, works of this genre at the same time, as if absorbed by it, because Usually perceived in relationships with its architectural and spatial solution, with invested in her other objects or their complexes (service, furniture set, suit, jewelry set). Therefore, the ideological content of works of decorative and applied art can be understood as best only with a clear presentation (real or mentally recreated) about these interconnections of the subject with a medium and with a person.

The architectonics of the subject caused by its appointment, constructive capabilities and plastic properties of the material often plays a fundamental role in the composition of the artistic product. Often in the decorative and applied art, the beauty of the material proportional to the parts ratios, the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of the embodiment of the emotional and articulated content of the product (for example, devoid decoration of glass or others. No toned materials). It clearly shows a particular importance for the decorative and applied art of purely emotional, intentent agents of the artistic language, the use of which and relates it to architecture. The emotional-mean image is often activated by the Association (comparing the shape of the product with a drop, flower, a figure of a person, an animal, its individual elements, with any other product - a bell, baluster, etc.). Decor, appearing on the product, also significantly affects its shaped structure. Often, it is precisely thanks to her decor a household subject becomes a work of art. With its own emotional expressiveness, its rhythm and proportions (often contrasting in relation to the form, as, for example, in products of Khokhloma masters, where a modest, simple shape of the bowl and elegant, the festive painting of the surface is different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and At the same time merges with it in a single artistic image.

Art

Thing -

purpose

Functions of art:

· aesthetic

· social -

· compensatory -

· gedonistic

· cognitive

· prognostic

· educational

Kinds of art

Literature

Music

Dance

Painting

Architecture

Sculpture

Decorative and applied

Theatre

The circus

Movie

The photo

Stage

The concept of artistic art.

Fine arts unconditionally include painting, graphics, sculpture. One of the key principles for creating images is the principle of imitation - Mimesis. Images are built as similarities of real objects or phenomena, they recognizable and designed for visual perception. The image created by the artist, as it were, refers to the viewer to its source - the prototype or prototype.

Music, dance, architecture are considered expressive arts. The images created by these arts do not have direct upsets among those surrounding objects or phenomena, they can only cause some associations. Works of music, architecture are created not based on the observation of specific phenomena, but on the basis of the "total" impressions from reality that the artist draws from his inner world.

Poetry, theater, cinema occupy an intermediate position - expressiveness and pictusivity inherent in them equally. This compound contributes to the connection on the scene or on the screen of achievements of other arts.

It is somewhat more complicated with poetry or verbal art. The main feature of poetry is enclosed in its special material - the Word. The word has a multiplicity of impact: the ideological content is in itself - the thought, creates visible pictures - images, has an expressive "physicality" - the foundation.

Art of ancient Egypt

In the Divine Kingdom of Pharaoh, art served primarily religion. The stories of bas-reliefs invariably served as a link between the gods and people, primarily by Pharaohs.

In the era of the ancient kingdom The monumental style of Egyptian art has already developed, the visual canons, which were still holy over the centuries. Their constancy is explained by the fact that the art of Egypt was an integral part of the cult, a clock ritual. It was believed that after death, the afterlife occurred, in everything similar to earthly. In order for the dead man to live happily behind the coffin, he had to be supplied to everyone than he possessed on earth - up to his own body, avoiding. Hence the custom of embalming. A portrait statue of the deceased was placed in the tomb. The famous portrait art of Egypt has grown from this tradition. Egyptian portraits are peculiar: they are in amazing force to transmit individual traits, but the expression of the face remains distracted, psychologically not deciphered. At least in the ancient kingdom, portraits were calm-impassive. A lot of small statuettes - the so-called "lean" - replaced the late servants. On the walls of the tomb, the friezes of painting and reliefs depicting the strip of earthly events were located. Art in ancient Egypt was given an unusually important role: it should have given immortality, to be a direct continuation of life. Leading artists - architect, sculptors and painters (especially architects) were high-ranking faces, their names were known and surrounded by honor. There are strictly defined types of statues in the ancient kingdom: standing - the figure is straighteled straightened, frontal, head high raised, the left leg takes a step forward, the hands are lowered and pressed to the body; Sitting - Hands are symmetrically laid on her knees or one hand bent off the elbow, the torso is also straightened, the gaze also directed the distance. Restrained and incorporated was also coloring - reliefs were always painted. The combinations of yellow and brown with blue and green - the tones of Earth and the cloudless sky of Egypt prevailed.

Although art of the Middle Kingdom Carefully observed the traditions and canons of ancient, it did not remain completely the same. Now the venel tombs were located not at the foot of the royal pyramids, but separately, in the territories of the nomov. The pyramids became more modest, less than dimensions; None of Pharaoh was already dared to the construction of such fantastic gigantic assfilms as Heops and Hefren. You can see the well-known duality in the evolution of the style. On the one hand, the paphos of monumentality is reduced: since the funeral cults become more common, both in art, especially in the art of local schools, there is a shade of reduction, every way. Hence the strengthening of genre "liberty" in the interpretation of the plots, in the composition. The portrait enhances the features of individual characteristics. But there is a lot of spontaneity in the shallow plastic of the middle kingdom - wooden and faience statuettes of servants, paugars, portors, boatmen, laundry, shepherds. In the mass of its own figures are filled at a different level of skill than the statues of pharaohs and nobles: quite primitively, craft. Often they were combined into groups, in whole genre scenes. In the ancient kingdom of the walls of the tomb rarely signed, painted reliefs prevailed. Now they are increasingly replaced by painting Tever, probably simply because it is less labor-intensive work, and not any stone was suitable for carving the relief. However, painting had their own features, allowing greater flexibility of the pattern and the wealth of color.

Art of the new kingdom Impressant and majestically, but there is a flame of earthly feeling, reflection, anxiety. Instead of the architecture of the tomb blooms the architecture of the temples. The priests in this era became independent political force. Naturally, with such an influx of secular motifs with old visual canons, they begin to handle freer. Although the former frost-rhythmic composition and the former interpretation of the figures are saved, increasingly appear for unusual poses and angles - in the FAS, in three quarters, even from the back: the figures flashes one other; Figure, relatively with the same, becomes exquisite. The picturesque liberations were rarely allowed in the paintings of the royal tombs - there the canons were kept stricter - but in the borders of Narovchov, artists drove into innovation.

Ancient Greek sculpture.

At the beginning of the archaic period in the statues of the VII century BC. e. - Barks and Kuros - there is a desire for the transfer of body volume, harmonic equilibrium forms sophisticated rhythm. An important place is occupied by the architectonic design of the human body. An archaic smile arising during this period is spiritualized by the faces of the statues, turning an idol into a generalized image of a person, understood as the highest aesthetic value. With the rare exception of the statue acquire a commensurate man. The well-preserved female figures include the "goddess with a grenade" from Kerata, the "goddess with a hare" from Heranion. The bright example of male images is the sculptural group of Cleobis and the Biton, created by the Polymer Argos.

At the same time, a monumental sculpture develops architectural buildings. A relief is played here, a relief that gives the statues more wide opportunities for narrative compositions on mythological topics. An early example of the decision of the Fronton composition is the sculpture of the temple of Artemis in Kerkir.

One of the early occasion examples of the interaction of sculpture with architecture are the frontones of the Afiai Athens Temple on about. Aegina, depicting the war Greeks with the Trojans. The old, still archaic feature of the composition of the Western Frontone is the frontal figure of Athens in the center. At the same time, in the figures of warriors, especially in the images of the fallen and dying, lying in the narrow corners of the fronton, a lot of new. Particularly different is one of the figures of Eastern Frontone, transmitting a gradual extinction of the vitality of the fallen. The disappearance of the archaic smile, present on the first fronton, is characteristic.

One of the important monuments that concern the transition to a high classic is considered the bronze statue of Poseidon. The god of the sea is presented in a step, who brought the hand, once-holding a trident. Here, it seems that the problem of the combination of the formidable, energetic movement and monumental stability of the figure was solved for the first time.

In the period of the late classics, the Greek sculpture, not losing his perfection, has accepted other than before, in nature: to the great ideas and sublime feelings that gave as many wonderful works in the pericles, new concepts and aspirations were joined; The creation of plastics has become more passionate, imbued with drama, they showed more sensual beauty. The material of sculpture has also changed: ivory and gold were ousted by marble; Metal and other decorations began to be used.

Painting Modern

Modern painting was filled with a poetic symbolism, combining images characteristic of it with a complex rhythm, a linear composition in a union with a decorative color spot.

In the painting of modernity, the effect of depth had a secondary meaning, the entire image looked flat, and in other cases it seemed decorated with appliqués with a wall carpet.

Often artists in their works used herbal motives. Stems, leaves and flowers seem to be faded exotic plants in the bizarre pattern, in which the figures of women or fantastic creatures sometimes appeared.

Modern detects addiction to certain plots and topics. These are allegorical plots (war, death, sin, love), motifs expressing impulsive manifestations of passion (thrill, game, vortex movement). Thanks to such qualities, the picturesque language of modernity was often used symbolists to implement their ideas and images.

P. Gogen, M. Denis, P. Bonnar in France, Klimt in Austria, E. Munk in Norway, M. Vrunetova, V. Vasnetov, E. Polenova, A. Benua, L. Barstova, A. Benua, K. Somov in Russia.

Architecture Modern

One of the first architects who worked in Modern style was Belgian Victor Orta. In his projects, he actively used new materials, first of all, metal and glass. Brushing structures made of iron, it attached unusual forms, resembling any fantastic plants. Stair railing, lamps hanging from the ceiling, even door handles - everything was carefully designed in a single style.

Architecture Modern is diverse. This style has absorbed the elements of all preceding styles. Modern buildings can resemble Moorish Palaces, and Castles, and Factory Corps. However, in contrast to the preceding modern eclecticism, its authors abandoned direct copying of the forms of Renaissance and Baroque.

The emergence of modern style corresponds to the era of imperialism, when the need arose to build not only locks, town halls and churches, but also plants, stations, airfields, exhibition halls, highways. Therefore, the need for the use of new materials arises. Such materials appear: iron (steel), concrete, glass. They complement the use of stone, brick and wood.

In modern architecture, there are a number of characteristic features, for example, a refusal of mandatory symmetric forms. It appears new forms, such as "Shop windows", that is, wide, intended to play the role of showcases. During this period, the type of residential income home is finally folded. Receives development multi-storey construction. There were such cases when, along with successful works, for example, genuine Yuggendille (Van de Veld), in the hands of imitators in favor of fashion and from commercial reasons, work turned into an empty decoration. Other architects, on the contrary, relied little on the legacy of the past, flaped by the freedom of creativity and, in search of new solutions, often joined the path of invention.

Painting M. Vrubel

The Russian artist, the largest representative of symbolism and modern in Russian visual art. Painting of Venetian Renaissance was a special influence on Vrubel. The distinctive manner of Vrubel is a special kind of crystalline drawing, shimmering the tones of the "blue-lilac world dusk" - finally formed in his Kiev years, and in the course of church art.

The atmosphere of the magic fairy tale, characteristic of Pan paintings, "Tsarevna-Swan", "By Night", "Lilac", is permeated with a sense of dark chaos characteristic of symbolism, melting behind the external covers of the universe. Expressively dramatic and portraits. Doodle tragedy reaches the climax in those Vrubel's images, which go to his illustrations to the poem Lermontov "Demon" - in the "Demon" and "Demon Demon" paintings.

Conglomerate of sparkling forms in the last picture is close to impressive art. In 1902, Vrubel is striking a severe spiritual illness, but in the late period (conducted mainly in private clinics of Moscow and St. Petersburg) he creates a lot of works marked by exquisite skill ("Pearl", Portrait of Valery Yakovlevich Brysov), - works transition from Modern to avant-garde. The influence of his art was universal: in one way or another, almost all major masters of Russian art of the 20th century experienced it.

The concept of art. Art types and their characteristics.

Art - A special subsystem of the spiritual sphere of society, which is creative reproduction of reality in artistic images.

Thing - Peace and man in the aggregate of their relationship with each other.

Form of existence of art - Artwork (poem, painting, play, film, etc.).

Means for reality reproduction: For literature, this word, for music - sound, for fine art - color, for sculpture - volume.

purpose Dual arts: For the Creator, it is an artistic self-expression, for the viewer - the pleasure of beauty.

Functions of art:

· aesthetic - allows to reproduce validity according to the laws of beauty, forms aesthetic taste;

· social - Art has an ideological impact on society, thereby transforming social reality;

· compensatory -allows you to restore sincere equilibrium, solve psychological problems, "escape" for a time of gray everyday life, compensate for the lack of beauty and harmony in everyday life;

· gedonistic - reflects the ability of art to enjoy a person;

· cognitive - allows you to learn reality and analyze it using artistic images;

· prognostic - reflects the ability of art to build predictions and predict the future;

· educational - manifests itself in the ability of works of art to form a person's personality.

Kinds of art - These are the historically established forms of the artistic reflection of the world who use special means to build an image.

Literature Uses verbal and writing tools for building images. There are three main sorts of literature - drama, epos and lyrics and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, story, essay, fellow, etc.

Music Uses sound tools. Music shall be divided into vocal and instrumental. Music genres - Opera, Symphony, Overture, Suite, Romance, Sonata, etc.

Dance Uses plastic movements to build images. Eliminate ritual, folk, ballroom, modern dances, ballet. Dance directions and styles - Waltz, Tango, Foxtrot, Samba, Polonaise, etc.

Painting Displays reality on plane with color tools. Painting genres - portrait, still life, landscape, and household, animalistic (image of animals), historic genres.

Architecture Forms a spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for a person's life. It is divided into residential, public, garden and parking, industrial, etc. Also the architectural styles - Gothic, Barochko, Rococo, Modern, Classicism, etc.

Sculpture Creates artworks having a volume and three-dimensional form. Sculpture is round (bust, statue) and embossed (convex image). The size is divided into machine, decorative and monumental.

Decorative and applied Art is associated with applied needs. This includes art items that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, furniture, decorations, etc.

Theatre Organizes a special stage action by playing actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, doll, etc.

The circus Represents spectacular and entertainment with unusual, risky and funny numbers on a special arena. These are acrobatics, equilibristics, gymnastics, djigitovka, juggling, focuses, pantomime, clownade, animal training, and so on.

Movie It is the development of theatrical act on the basis of modern technical audiovisual funds. Types of cinema include playing, documentary cinema, animation. According to genres, they allocate filmcomy, drama, melodramas, adventure films, detectives, thrillers, etc.

The photo Fixes documentary visual images with technical means - optical and chemical or digital. Genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.

Stage Includes small shapes of scenic art - diamature, music, choreography, illusions, circus numbers, original performances, etc.