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Plan

Introduction

1. Good and evil in an ethical space

2. Good and evil in the fairy tale Evgeny Schwartz "Cinderella"

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The purpose of the work: to disclose the concepts of good and evil in the domestic literature, explain how these qualities are related to each other, what they mean in ethics, and what place is occupied in the literature.

The concepts of good and evil are closely connected with such science as ethics, but few people thought about how much these qualities mean these qualities in life, and what they teach us in the books. There is a habitual concept: good always wins evil. It's nice to read the book or watch a movie when you understand that justice will enthusiastic, good wins bad and the story ends with the familiar to your beloved good end. At the psychological level, we learn from domestic works to be good and honest people, alas, not everyone comes out, but they give us hope of bright and happy, what is called good.

Ethics - one of the most ancient theoretical disciplines, the object of studying which is morality. Ethics examines the history of the development of human morality, explores morality as a form of social relations and consciousness, its role in society. Ethics reflect on what kind of good, and what is evil, what is the purpose and meaning of a person's life, what people we must be and how to live our only and rather short life. A thinking person cannot do without reflection over these issues, and the ethics will help him - the theory of morality.

Good and evil are the most important concepts of ethics. Under good it is understood that society in this historical period considers moral, worthy of respect, imitation. We, people put into this concept all that contributes to improving life, moral elevation of man, justice, mercy, love to neighbor. When we talk about a "kind" person, we mean that he is willing to come to the rescue to another person not for the sake of benefits, but disinterestedly, by conviction, by moral duty. The creation of goodness is the meaning of the life of every person. In all cases, when a person has to make a responsible decision, it is guided by the main practical guidance - the value of good.

Everything that is opposite to good, is evil. This is a violation of morality, it is immoral, decent condemnation, antihuman. This concept is generally expressed by all that it deserves contempt and should be overcome by people, a society, a separate individual. Evil is where people humiliate, insult. The concept of evil covers all negative phenomena: violence, deception, rudeness, meanness, theft, betrayal, etc. Every day a person can face evil, which became ordinary, who became a habit - rudeness, rudeness, egoism, indifference to suffering, stranger Pain, drunkenness, tricky, etc. Unfortunately, the evil is very common and many-sided, and often insidiously. It does not declare: "I am evil! I am immoral!", On the contrary, the evil is able to cover the mask of good.

So, good and evil are the basic concepts of ethics. They serve us as a guide in a huge moral world. The moral person seeks to build its activity in such a way as to suppress evil and create good. A person is a moral creature, he is designed to live according to the laws of morality, which are comprehended in ethics, and not according to the laws of the jungle, where strong is always right. The concepts of good and evil underlie the ethical assessment of people's behavior. Considering any human act "good", "good", we give him a positive moral assessment, and considering it "evil", "bad" - negative

And E. Schwartz. The theme of good and evil is widely disclosed in the fairy tale, one can say, the whole essence is based on these two qualities. We are seeing the ethical behavior of two main characters. Steps - supporters of evil and Cinderella - Supporters of good.

Cinderella is a cute, meek, modest responsible, sincere, honest girl, ready to always come to the rescue that performed all the whims of His stepmother because of the great love for the Father. These qualities that we appreciate in a person are good, it is worthy of respect, and the stepmother is a formidable, a harsh woman with a "poisonous" character is looking for all the benefits, makes everything for himself, evil, tricky, envious, greedy. With his behavior, she shows us immoral attitude, contempt for people ie Negative phenomena and evil.

In the invented works, good always wins evil, unfortunately in life not always, but as they say: "In a fairy tale, there is a hint in it ...".

All our actions, actions, morality assesses from the point of view of humanism, determines, is good or bad, good or evil. If our actions are useful to people, contribute to improving their lives - this is good, it is good. Do not contribute, interfere - this is evil. The English philosopher I. Bentam formulated such a criterion of good: "The greatest happiness for the greatest number of people." Good only when they behave intensive moral life (do good). And the road to good is aswaling going.

1. Good and evil in ethical space

Ethics (LTHICB from ZTOS - custom, temper, character) is a combination of principles and norms of the behavior adopted in this era and in this social environment. The main object of studying ethics is morality.

Morals are the rules and rules imposed by a person whose implementation is voluntary. Solonitsyn A.A. Professional ethics and etiquette. Publishing house in the far earth. University, 2005. Page 7.

In the understanding of Aristotle, Ethics is a special practical science of morality (virtue), whose goal is to teach a person how to become virtuous (and happy). Ethics should help a person realize the main goals of its livelihoods and resolve the possibility of education in the state of virtuous citizens.

Good - the highest moral and moral value in respect of which, all other categories are secondary. Community: Source: http://ethicscenter.ru/dobro.html

Evil is the actions of a person or many people aimed at destruction or ignoring the moral principles adopted in the society, causing harm to other people and themselves, it brings with them moral suffering and leads to the destruction of the person.

Evil, equivalent, as well as good are the fundamental concepts of ethics. According to many religious doctrines, these two concepts stood at the origins of the creation of the world. Only evil is a turning side of good, lesser part of it. In religion, good is the prerogative of God, his power in the creation of good is indisputable. On the contrary, the evil is in the hands of the devil (translated this means an opponent), which is weaker than God. All the religions of the world are taught that the evil will be finished by a volitional act of God. All phenomena of this world pass through the struggle of categories of good and evil. From: Source: http://ethicscenter.ru/zlo.html

In the broad sense of the word, good and evil designate positive and negative values \u200b\u200bat all. Good and evil refer to the most common concepts of moral consciousness, distinguishing moral and immoral. It is welcome to communicate with the concept of good to which it is useful to people. Accordingly, it is not a good thing that it is useless, no one needs or harmful. However, as good, there is no benefit itself, but only what makes benefits and evil is not harm, but what causes harm leads to him.

Ethics are not interested in any, but only spiritual benefits to which such higher moral values \u200b\u200bare both freedom, justice, happiness, love. In this row, it is a special kind of good in the field of human behavior. In other words, the meaning of good as the quality of the actions is what these actions are to good.

And then good is love, wisdom and talent.

"Let those who are unknown this state will present their love experience in this world, what should be a meeting with the most beloved creature" See: ADO P. Plotin, or a simplicity of view.

What is love? How beautiful was the object, is it enough to explain our love for him?

"The soul can attract objects very far and much lower it. If she feels strong love to them, then not because they are, what are there, but because they are joined by an additional element, descending over."

If we love, then because the beauty is connected to something inexplicable: movement, life, shine that make the object is desirable and without which beauty remains cold and inert. See: Ado P. Plotin, or Easy View. Spoke antique philosopher-idealist dams.

If religious ethics considers good and evil, first of all, as the basis of the moral behavior of the person, the philosophical analysis of these categories is directed rather to identify their essence, origins and dialectics. The desire to understand the nature of good and evil, combining the efforts of different thinkers, gave rise to a rich classic philosophical-ethical legacy, which distinguishes the consideration of these concepts by F. Hegel. From his point of view, interrelated and mutual concepts of good and evil are inseparable from the concept of individual will, independent individual selection, freedom and bemppedion. In the "Phenomenology of the Spirit" Hegel wrote: "Since I feel good and evil in front of me, I can make a choice between them, I can decide on the other, I can take it into my subjectivity, both and the other. Nature evil, therefore Such is that a person can want him, but it is not necessary to want him "See: Gegel G.V. F. Philosophy of Law. P.45.

Well implemented by Hegel also through the individual will: "... good there is a substantial being for the subjective will, - she must make it goal and accomplish ... Good without subjective will there is only a reality abstraction, and it should only get this reality Through the will of the subject, which should have a understanding of good, make it its intention and implement in its activities "See: Gegel G.V. F. Philosophy of Law. P. 41. The concept of Will Hegel distributes not only to the area of \u200b\u200bexternal implementation, the area of \u200b\u200bactions, but also to the area internal, the area of \u200b\u200bthinking and intentions.

Therefore, he assigns a self-consciousness, which acts as the source of self-rescination of the human person through a free choice between good and evil. Hegel "Self-consciousness has the opportunity ... to put his own feature above the universal and implement it through actions - the possibility of being evil. Thus, it is self-awareness that owns the most important role in the formation of an angry will, as well as good." See: Hegel G.V. F. Philosophy of Law. P. 58.

Good only then good when it means the benefit of the human race as such, that is, a good deed and thoughts are far from direct personal gain and push the boundaries of all particular interest.

In contrast to the good evil, this is what destroys the life and well-being of a person. Evil - always destruction, suppression, humiliation. Evil destructively, it leads to a decay, to the alienation of people from each other and from the life-giving origins of being, to death. Solonitsyn A.A. Professional ethics and etiquette. Publishing house in the far earth. University, 2005. P.8

The evil includes such qualities as envy, pride, revenge, arrogance, atrocity. Envy is one of the main components of evil. The feeling of envy spoils the personality and relationship of people, it excites the desire in humans so that the other failed, the misfortune, discredited himself in the eyes of others. Often envy pushes people to commit immoral actions. It is not by chance that it is considered one of the greatest sins, for all other sins can be considered as a consequence or manifestation of envy. Evil is both arrogance characterized by disrespectful-contemptuous, in charge of people. The opposite are highly modesty and respect for people. One of the most terrible manifestations of evil is revenge. Sometimes it can be directed not only against the one who caused the initial evil, but also against his relatives and relatives, - blood revenge. Christian morality condemns revenge, opposing her non-resistance to evil violence.

If good is associated with us with life, prosperity and prosperity for all people (and in the limit - for all living beings), then evil is what destroys the life and well-being of a person. Evil - always destruction, suppression, humiliation. Evil destructively, it leads to a decay, to the alienation of people from each other and from the life-giving origins of being, to death.

Speaking about the empirical life of a person, we should note that evil that exists in the world can be divided at least three types.

The first is physical, or natural, evil. These are all the natural natural forces that destroy our well-being: earthquakes and floods, hurricanes and eruption of volcanoes, epidemics and ordinary diseases. Historically, natural evil does not depend on human will and consciousness, biological and geological processes are occurred in addition to human desires and actions. However, ancient times existed an exercise that argued that it was the negative human passions - anger, anger, hatred - create special vibrations on the subtle levels of the universe, which provoke and cause natural cataclysms. Thus, the spiritual world of people turned out to be essentially related to the allegedly pure natural evil. A similar look found an expression and religion, which always said that physical misfortunes, unexpectedly fell on people - this is the result of God's wrath, for people have done so much disgrace that he followed the punishment.

In the modern world, many phenomena of natural evil are directly related to the large-scale activities of humanity, with a violation of the ecological balance. And yet, storms and tornadoes, shower and droughts are primarily the action of objective elements - an evil is inevitable and independent of us.

The second type of objective evil is evil in public processes. The concept of evil: Source: http://bib.convdocs.org/v28791

True, it is already committed with the participation of human consciousness, but still in many respects besides him. Thus, the social alienation, which finds an expression in class hatred, violence, in severe feelings of envy, contempt, is born from an objective work of labor separation, which inevitably leads to private property and operation. Similarly, an objective confrontation of interests is the struggle for land, sources of raw materials - turns around aggression, wars, in which many people turn out to be drawn in addition to their will. Social cataclysms are also broken by spontaneously and uncontrollable as storms, and the heavy wheel of history ruthlessly drives thousands and millions of fate, breaking them and clutch. The resulting, arising from the interaction and collision of many free, detects itself in historical events as blind and mighty force that does not tighten with individual effort, do not take away from themselves. Being an exemplary, good, decent person, can be the will of fate to be in the epicenter of social evil, which is the war, revolution, slavery, etc. The concept of evil is: Source: http://bib.convdocs.org/v28791

The third type of evil is evil, subjective by origin, actually moral evil. Of course, in reality it does not always exist "in its pure form", and yet we are obliged to talk about it. Moral evil we call that evil, which is committed with the direct participation of the human inner world - his consciousness and will. This evil, which is what is happening and creatible by the decision of the person himself, by his choice.

There are two varieties of such evil - hostility and licentiousness.

To hostility, we belong to the desire for destruction, aggression, violence, anger, hatred, the desire of death, the suppression of others. This evil is active, energetic, striving to destroy someone else's being and well-being. It is directed outside. A hostile man consciously seeks to cause harm, damage, suffering, humiliation.

Often, the launch mechanism of active hostility is the fear: the one who has moved from defense to the attack is no longer experiencing this painful and humiliating feeling.

Liberation is another kind of moral evil - unites such human vices: the facilitates, cowardice, laziness, butter, inability to cope with their attractions, desires and passions. A dismissed person is easily shedding, no wonder Christianity claims that the devil seizes with a soul in two ways - either by force or seduction. Greedness, increasingness, dressiness, irrepressible passion can be attributed to the promotion. The concept of evil: Source: http://bib.convdocs.org/v28791

A dismissed person does not observe the imperatives of favor to others, because it is not capable of abandoning his pleasures, whatever they are rude, harmful to health and perverted. Egoism and bodily attractions prevail in it and displacing any active care for neighboring. He is weak before his own desires, he is their servant and a slave. In essence, they are much easier to yield to their entrepreneurs than to resist them, and dismissed with a light heart looms to their weaknesses. A dismissed person is likened to an animal that does not know the sociocultural restrictions and prohibitions, he is afraid and avoids efforts, overcoming, strict discipline, seeks to avoid any discomfort, is not able to exercise patience. Such people easily become traitors and coated hills, they are ready to sacrifice anyone and anything for their own convenience, satiety and landscaping. The concept of evil: Source: http://bib.convdocs.org/v28791

In this world, it all pushes us to evil, and nothing encourages to good, except for freedom.

Freedom - the ability of a person to act in accordance with its interests and goals, to make a choice. People are not free in the choice of objective conditions of their activities, however, they have a specific and relative freedom, when they retain the possibility in choosing the goals and means of their achievements authorized by the norms and values. Solonitsyn A.A. Professional ethics and etiquette. Publishing house in the far earth. University, 2005. P.8

Friedrich Engels - German philosopher wrote: "The ideas of good and evil changed so much from the people to the people, from the century to the century, which often directly contradicted one other." This is what the formed young people of the beginning of the last century (Onegin and Lensky in the second chapter "Eugene Onegin" A. Pushkin). "Including all the disputes gave birth and attracted the reflection:

The tribes of the past contracts, the fruits of sciences, good and evil, and prejudice of age-old, and the coffin of the mystery fathers, fate and life in their twread, everything was subjected to the court "see Pushkin A.S. Evgeny Onegin

These concepts are eternal and inseparable. According to its imperative-value content, good and evil, as it were, there are two sides of the same medal. They are mutually defined and in this they are like equal. Good and evil are the one-order principles of the world in constant and unreasonable martial arts. Already in antiquity, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe insurmountable connection of good and evil was deeply understood. The ancient Chinese parable tells about the young man who appealed to the sage with a request to take him to his students in order to instruct the truth path. - Can you lie? - asked the sage. - Of course not! - answered the young man. - And steal? - Not. - And kill? "No - I go," the teacher exclaimed, "and know all this." And read, do not! Parable: Source: http://znanija.com/task/1757765 This wanted to say the sage with his strange advice? After all, it is not that it is necessary to plunge into evil and vice to gain a true understanding of good and comprehend wisdom. Probably, for the sake of finding wisdom, the young man was not to learn to hi-see, catch, kill. The thought of the wiser was different: who did not recognize and did not survive the evil, he could not be truly good. In Eden, the knowledge of good and evil was on the same tree, that is, good it was impossible to know without evil. This idea passes through the history of philosophy and is specified in a number of ethical provisions. First, good and evil are meaningfully interdened and familiarize themselves in unity, one through another. This is what the young man was proposed in the Chinese parable. A man recognizes evil because it has a certain idea of \u200b\u200bgood; He appreciates good, experienced on his own experience, what evil is. It seems that it is logical to desire only goodness, and you can not fully dismiss evil without risking at the same time lose good. The existence of an evil is sometimes a kind of condition or an indispensable concomitant circumstance of the existence of good.

The main position of the ethics that has understood the paradox of good and evil may be so formulated: do it as if you hear God's call and is designed in a free and creative act to participate in God's business, disclose the clean and original conscience, discipline your identity, Burn With evil in himself and around himself, but not to push the evil and evil to hell and create the hellish kingdom, but in order to really defeat the evil and promote the enlightenment and creative transformation of evil. "Morality is based on the highest value of good, good . She regulates human behavior and its attitude from the position of good or evil.

Good and evil are extreme ethical concepts, center and "nerve" of all ethical problems.

The problems of good and evil, justice and injustice, violence and non-violence were and remain central and eternal problems of ethics. A. Schweiter expressed a wise thought: "A kindness should become a valid power of history and proclaim the beginning of the century of humanity. Only the victory of humanistic worldview over antgumanism will allow us to look at the future with hope." Zelenkova I.L., Belyaeva E.V. Ethics, Minsk, 2000.

2. Goodand evil in the fairy tale Evgeny Schwarz" Cinderella"

Consider the work of Eugene Schwartz "Cinderella". It serves as a wonderful example. Teaches us to act on conscience, be kind and honest people. The theme of good and evil is widely disclosed in the fairy tale, one can say, the whole essence is based on these two qualities.

"Different people are in the world: blacksmiths, cooks, doctors, schoolchildren, teachers, kucher, actors, Storam. And here I am a storyteller. And all, actors, and teachers, and blacksmiths, and doctors, and cooks, and fairy tales - We all work, and we all need people need, necessary, very good people "see Schwartz E. Snow Queen. These words of the hero of the play "The Snow Queen" are fully applicable to her author, Evgeny Lvovich Schwartz, who was talented, honestly and selflessly worked in literature for several decades.

Evgeny Schwartz knew the secret that gave him, without breaking the laws of the fairy tale, let it in herself that there was a modern domestic reality into it. Unlike many interpreters of old fairy tales, he never admitted a timely in relation to the main thing - the interpretation of good and evil. He would never have done Babu Yagu good, and the Snow Maiden - repulsively unleashed. Traditional fabulous ethics was holy for Schwartz, he was honored in fairy tales of the eternal moral law, according to which evil always remains evil, and good - good - without fluidity and psychological reversal. And even if his Cinderella says about himself: "I am terribly proud!" Everyone understand that it is not. Her behavior throughout history shows what kind of good it is a modest and meek girl.

Here is the first reason for the disadvantage of the film in 1947. No wonder he ends with the next monologue of the King: "Communication with connections, but it is also necessary to have a conscience. Say someday: what can you, so to speak, to present? And no connections will help you make a leg of a small, soul - big, and heart - Fair. " How sensate for all times these words sound! Quote: Source: http://www.russkoekino.ru/books/ruskino/ruskino-0047.shtml

However, the wise text itself has a much more chance of immortality than an easily obsolete cinematographic work. It happens and that - the phrases from the films will be, moving from the mouth to the mouth, when these films themselves ordered a long time to live. Not that - "Cinderella". It is worth saying the name of the film, and the memory will tell not only the funny replicas or a song "about the old beetle", but also a completely lively visual image: soft silver-pearl tones, the comfort of the fairy tale kingdom, whimsically loofering the road, which, accompanied by the breath, rushes Long-legged, eccentric king.

Evgeny Lvovich Schwartz - writer, the fate of which, even in the context of the fate of his contemporaries, is perceived as a peculiar fate of the artist, which seemed to be from a different sense of accidents and the transformations capable of serve as a truthful mirror in which his inimitative peculiarity is accurately reflected, his moral position, his The belief in the importance of their favorite life field. In the creative fate of Schwartz, his insatiability of the seeker, a passion for the comprehension of different, complex, instructive human characters and, most of all, a burning and selfless artistic desire to submit to people the world in which we live explained by the soluble, open in all multi-color.

Writers move towards very different roads to meet literary success. For many of these, literary universities are the vital tests that have fallen into their share.

In these tests, passionate and militant writing individuals are eliminated, the high utility of which to give readers with their own life experiences. Their creative motto: I teach others what my life has taught me. Others directly directly into literature, if it can be expressed, literature with its inexhaustible spiritual potential and innumerable internal wealth. Third - Evgeny Schwartz belonged to their number - to become writers forces their tireless imagination, a fantasy, in which the worldview and analytical talent merged, deep knowledge of life and the eternal need to know it even better, more wider.

E. Schwartz's professional literary work began with an adult and involved in the art of a person. History: Source: http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-172984.html In his youth, Schwartz spoke in a small experimental, or, as they said in those times, The studio theater, and must be said, criticism reacted quite seriously to his acting opportunities. In the reviews on his performances "Theatrical Workshop" - the theater was so called - his plastic and voice data were invariably, he was promised a happy stage future.

Schwartz left the scene long before he became a writer, poet, playwright. The temperament of the stubborn observer, a brilliant storyteller, in his stories in full measure of his individuality, the enthusiasm of the simulator, parody and the mocking room was probably a barrier on the way to acting reincarnation. Working on stage, he was delayed in a considerable degree of opportunity to remain himself, and any self-denial was not in his character.

Whatever it was, he broke up with acting quite calmly, as if it was intended to himself the fate. Saying goodbye to the scene, he, of course, did not suspect those distant times that in the future theatrical layouts in the future as one of the brightest and bold playwrights of the century, that the fairy tales created by them will sound in many theatrical languages \u200b\u200bof the world. But life is so arranged - difficult solutions are completely and beside the most happy solutions. At that moment, Evgeny Schwartz left the scene, Evgeny Schwartz began to climb her. good evil literature fairy tale

Dramaturgia E.L. Schwartz contains stories and images that allowed to determine the genre of many of his plays, like a "play-fairy tale", "fabulous play", "dramatic fairy tale", "comedy-tale".

His plays on fabulous plots brought him world fame, although there were quite a bit in the author's piggy bank. Yes, and he himself treated his own plays, according to contemporaries, "without any intimacy." Although, in fact, it was they who sounded like a charton of the epoch, remaining relevant. So the play on his play "Naked King", created by the author in 1943, was put in the "contemporary" after the death of the author, marking the period of "thaw". A play "Dragon", written as anti-fascist pamphlet in 1944 he sounded in a new way during the period of restructuring. It turned out that the topics elected by Schwartz for creativity, essentially the themes of eternal. The play "Shadow" does not come down from the scene of theaters, inspiring the directors to new staged interpretations.

Personality, worldview E.L. Schwarz clarify numerous memories of contemporaries. Director N. Akimov Writes: "E. Schwartz chose a special one for his comedy, today they are one developed genre - a comedy fairy tale. According to the word" fairy tale ", each adult is related to the idea of \u200b\u200bsomething extraordinary, wonderful, road and irrevocably Lost History: Source: http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-172984.html. We remember our children's impressions from fairy tales, and when many years later smart, educated, equipped with life experience and formed worldview, we are trying to penetrate again In this wonderful world, the entrance to which is closed for us. And there was still a wizard, who, having retaining power over children, managed to conquer and adults, return to us, former children, magical charm of simple fairy tale heroes. "

So Evgeny Schwartz conquered us with his fairy tale about Cinderella. But there are other tale about Cinderella. Let's try to compare them.

"Cinderella, or a crystal shift" Sh. Perso, "Crystal Shoe" and "Cinderella" E. Schwartz almost half a century coexist peacefully. There is a lot of common between them. It's no secret that T. Gabbe and E. Schwartz relied on the fairy tale Sh. Perso, however, they created the original dramatic works that became part of our national culture. And, obviously, the speech here should go about the so-called "tramp" plot, because the source for both works served a literary fairy tale.

The appeal of many children's writers to the fabulous genre in the second half of the 1930s has many reasons. One of them is a public atmosphere, the dominance of censorship. Reflections by E. Schwartz about the time and about himself in the dialer records of 1945-1947, when the scenario was written and filmed the movie "Cinderella", help to understand the world's globility, his intention. In the record of January 16, 1947, we read: "... in the soul vague. I am a wizard not to see anything, do not discuss anything and believe, even believe that everything will cost. But through this fog begins to appeal the feeling of things for which the eye is not Close. " Schwartz E. I live restlessly ... from diaries. M., 1990. p.25. Today, the diaries tell about what contemporaries, researchers could only guess. The storyteller, as it may be difficult and scary, he was not, seeking to make his young "satellites" "Way" to save their soul: After all, what was ridiculous, ceases to be scary. For his filmceneuria E. Schwartz chose a genre of a lyrical comedy. At first glance, nothing unexpected or original in it. And the theme of Cinderella and the genre of lyrical comedy was widely used in the cinema. It is enough to remember the housekeeper Anuta ("funny guys"), the postman arrow ("Volga-Volga), a nurse of Tanya Morozov (" light path "). Calewaren, kind, responsive, they seek the exercise of the most cherished desires: one becomes a singer, another - composer , The third - famous for the whole country weaver, every time gains his prince. It is interesting that the film "The Light Way" was called "Cinderella", but under pressure from above, Alexandrov had to change the name. True, the traces of this plan have been preserved, not only In the subject, but also in the song, the heroine, the final film: "And Kalinin is sorely handed over the order of Cinderella."

As you can see, Schwartsevskaya "Cinderella", created in the late 40s, is repelled from two primary sources: the story is a fairy tale of S. Perso and genre - Lyrical filmcomy about the fate of the Soviet woman. The literary fairy tale, as follows from the term itself, connects the literary and folk (fabulous) beginning. This greatly showed T. Gabbe in the prologue of the tale-comedy "tin rings." After a long definition of relationships, the author and the old woman (tale) conclude a contract: "Just keep in mind: the characters should remain mine. Old woman. Go! And the names and costumes will be mine - fabulous. The author. Go! But I warn you: Things will be mine. Old woman. And the adventures of my "Gabbe T. City of Masters: Pieces-fairy tales. M., 1961.

With mutual consent, jokes, feelings and morals are common. In characters, as we see, the most clearly expresses the reality that surrounds the artist and makes a literary fairy tale in modern and topical. It is in characters that the author's will is revealed with the highest fullness. Schwartsevskaya fairy tale system differs significantly from the literary source. The actors are twice as much more: here are the heroes from other fairy tales of S. Perso - Cat in boots, a c-finger boy; and very new, playing an important role, - Page, Minister of Ballroom Dance Marquis Padedroua, Forestry; Episodic, often nameless characters with whom the king says, - soldiers, gatekeepers, old servant, etc. Some characters of the fairy tale sh. Perro at E. Schwartz is either no (Queen), or their role and functions are substantially changed (the king, a corporal, trying to the shoe, etc.) see Schwartz E. I live restlessly ... from diaries. M., 1990.

It seems that it is due to the rethinking of E. Schwartz of the main conflict of the fairy tale sh. Perso. What is the fairy tale sh. Perro? About "such a grumpy and arrogant woman, which light has not yet been." In the house of her husband, "everything was not to taste her, but most of all she had no pleasure her stepdaughter," because next to the good, friendly and beautiful Cinderella "Macchin daughters seemed even worse."

The kindness, the long-suffering Cinderella, in the end, is rewarded: the prince marries it. The conflict is fully fitted in the family framework and Christian Moral: Be kind, patient and the Lord will reward you. E. Schwartz carefully transfers the motive of the evil stepmother feeding the padder and husband, however, the family conflict turns into a social: stepmother to rule in his own home, she wants to manage the whole kingdom: "Well, now they will be drunk in the palace! I have your own Order! Marianna, do not burn! The king is a widower! I will attach you. We will live! Eh, sorry - the kingdom is not enough, there is nowhere to grow out! Well, nothing! I'm quenched with your neighbors! I can "see Schwartz E. Zolushka

In both fairy tales, an evil start is embodied in the machemia. However, if S. Perro is "a grumpling and arrogant woman", then by E. Schwartz, in addition, the dictatorial pumps are clearly expressed. So the old fairy tale includes an updated topic - the theme of power, despotism. Fabulous stepmother under the pen E. Schwartz acquires quite realistic and even specifically historical features. Not only stepdaughter, but her father - "man desperate and brave", who is not afraid of robbers, nor monsters, no evil wizard, constantly shudders and looks around, fearing his wife. "My wife," he says the king, "the woman is special. Her native sister, exactly the same as she, ate cannibal, poisoned and died. You see what kind of poisonous characters in this family." This "special woman" is all the forces, energy spends to achieve certain privileges by those methods that were in the go, when a fairy tale was written, and who were not yet in the past and today: "I work like a slouch. I run, cotton , charming, petition, demand, insist. Thanks to me, we sit in the court benches in the church, and in the theater - on the principal stools. Soldiers give us the honor! My daughters will soon be written to the velvet book of the first beauties of the courtyard! Who turned our nails in rose petals ? Well-wizard, at the door of which the titled ladies are waiting for weeks. And the wizard came to our house. In a word, I have so many connections that you can go crazy from fatigue, supporting them "(421). Contemporaries, and not only adults, easily recognized in the step of the Soviet "secular" lady.

Of particular importance in the fabulous context acquires the word "communication". Even the Fairy can not not be considered with the meaning indicated by him: "I hate the old woman to the forest, the evil stepmother, and her daughters too. I would have punished them for a long time. But they have such big connections!" . Wizards are not powerful over connections! The only thing that the author can make is to make a moral assessment at the end of the fairy tales of the King's mouth: "Well, friends, we got to the very happiness. Everyone is happy, except for the old woman of the foresters. Well, she, you know whether it is to blame. Communication with connections, but It is also necessary to have a conscience. Someone will ask: what can you, so to speak, to present? And no connections will help you make a leg of a little, the soul is big, and the heart is clean.

All the text of the scenario associated with the image of the character of the stepmother is permeated with irony. Many of her replicas, monologues are self-disclosures. E. Schwartz shows that good words and intonations addressed to Cinderella - always harbingers of troubles: "Oh yeah, Cinderella, my asterisk! You wanted to run into the park, stand up under the royal windows. - Can I? - Asks girl joyful - of course , dear, but first of the subservit of the rooms, the windows, sodium floors, elevated the kitchen, seven pink bushes under the windows, know the same seven weeks. This entire list is clearly mockery. In the process of filming, the character of the stepmother has undergone some changes, and it seems, they are quite natural and better highlight its essence. In the filmcenery of the stepmaking, she makes Cinderella to put on Anna to the shill, in the movie after affectionate words, not occurring actions, follows the threat to sow from the light of the father. The change of motivation allows you to brighter the despotic machechy nature: whip and gingerbread - tested means of large and small tyrants. As soon as her cherished dream collides to take possession of the kingdom, the mask is reset, and the stepmother shouts the king: "Intrigan! And also put on the crown!" See Schwartz E. Cinderella. The viewer becomes a witness of the metamorphosis: the fabulous villain turns into a small apartment incarnigital. What was terrible became funny and everyday, from real life. A few years later, in the prologue of the "ordinary miracle" E. Schwartz will say it openly: in the king "You can easily guess an ordinary apartment despot, sickly tyrant, deftly able to explain their inconsistency by considerations of principled." As you can see, the fabulous and actual evil evil at E. Schwartz is united, inseparable. The motive of the confrontation of stepper and stepmother was carefully moved from the literary source, E. Schwartz surrounds Cinderella to like-minded people. In one pole conflict - stepmother with daughters (the role of the latter in the scenario is extremely narrowed), on the other - Cinderella, her father, Fairy, Page, King, Prince, and even Capral, Word, all good, honest, decent people. Evil, although very, lonely, good start unites everyone. This trend has emerged in a literary fairy tale since the 20s. Together with the Cinderella, the supporter of good start, in a fairy tale is one of the main topics of creativity by E. Schwartz - the topic of love, understood by the playwright very widely.

The confrontation between good and evil, thus appears as confrontation of love with despotism and tyranny. Such a plexus by those love and despotism is the most characteristic feature of creativity by E. Schwartz ("Snow Queen", "Cinderella", "Ordinary Miracle", etc.). The ability to love E. Schwartz deprives usually carriers of evil principle (stepmother and her daughter). But the rest of the characters are sure to love someone: Prince, Prince and Page - Cinderella, King and Forestish - His children, the last, according to him, in love in love, Capral and Soldiers also know what love is for Fairy, Cinderella Cross, and Her student love and creativity is inseparable. If you compare the heroine sh. Perro and E. Schwartz, it is not difficult to notice very significant differences. Initially, this sh. Persian characteristic - "kind, friendly, dear", with a good taste - almost not specified, the reader almost does not know anything about the psychological state of the heroine. The nature is disclosed in the proposed circumstances, but does not develop. Sh. Perra comes from a folk fairy tale and much closer to its canons than the authors of a later time. E. Schwartz relies not only on the folklore tradition, but also takes into account those new features that found a literary fairy tale in the 20s and 30th years of our century. Schwartsev heroine is also good, friendly, gentle, tolerates in vain. However, and (kindness and welcomes it is not from birth, but are the result of everyday work of the soul: "rubbed the floor, I learned to dance very well. For sewing, I learned very well to think. Together with the resentment, I learned to compose the songs. For a biller I have them I learned to sing. Looking down the chickens, I became good and gentle "(420). Sometimes it is overcome by doubts:" I really don't wait for fun and joy? "E. Schwartz shows how lonely girl:" I am so tired of my gifts so much. Birthday and holidays. Good people, where are you? "The only interlocutors of it are kitchen utensils Yes Flowers in the garden, who always sympathize with her, with them she divides the joy and grief. Cinderella dreams of happiness, but for his achievement, she never It does not come true: "I so want people to notice that I am for a creature, but only certainly yourself. Without any request and trouble on my part. Because I'm terribly proud, you see?" As you can see, and here it is complete. P Traveling stepmother.

E. Schwartz shows not just a good, responsive and employed girl, but a man of a talented, gifted, wounded. For her, any work is an inspirational work, a creative atmosphere, in which it is immersed, is infectious. In the image of the love of Cinderella and Prince E. Schwartz, so unlikely, which is about any similarity with S. Pershot and speech. He emphasizes that the king and the prince are affected not so much the beauty of the girl (this is only the first impression), but mainly naturalness, simplicity, truthfulness, sincerity, such rare at the court. It is not by chance that the king is twice with delight: "Here is a joy! She speaks sincerely!" "Ha ha ha! - Relates the king. - Sincerely! You will notice, son, she says sparking!". See: Schwartz E. Cinderella

In the image of the love of Cinderella and Prince, the main emphasis is on their spiritual proximity, the partial similarity of fate. And he and she rose without maternal caress, the prince is also lonely (his father did not notice that he grew up, and treats him, as with a child), they understand each other with a half-class, both creatively gifted natures. Love transforms young people, they do not understand their actions, become unpredictable: "What happened to me!" Cinderella whispers. "I didn't say such a truthful, and he didn't tell the truth! I did not listen to him! I wanted it to see him. And trembled when I met, as if the wolf got to meet me. Oh, how simple everything was yesterday and how strange today "

Prince also behaves not in a bracket: he becomes easily wounded, touchy (why Cinderella did not explain the cause of departure), an incredulous (neglects the wise council of the Father), runs from people, trying to "find one girl and ask her, for which she So offended "him. And at the same time, E. Schwartz shows the spiritual disorders of the in love with the prince: "Something is very familiar in your hands, in how you lowered your head ... and these golden hair." In Cinderella-Zamarashka, he recognizes the girl who loved. He does not scare her poor outfit: this moment is enhanced in the movie. When Cinderella is offered to fulfill something, and it immediately agrees, the king of the shock notes: "It does not break!". In the scene in the forest, the prince says that all the princesses are hammers. "If you are a poor, just girlfriend, then I'll just get ready for this" for his beloved, he is ready for any deprivation and feats. By E. Schwartz, true love is able to destroy all obstacles. Anthem to the recklessness of lovers of the brave writers will create in the "ordinary miracle." In the "Cinderella", addressed to children, he does it in a slightly veiled form. No need to forget that in the children's literature of this afraid, the topic of love was persimple, forbidden. Not by chance and in the movie the word "love" in the lips of the boy's kits is replaced by the word "friendship". See: Schwartz E. I live restlessly ... from diaries

Test The author is subject to Cinderella, however, not in the script, but in the movie. The girl turns out to be a choice, by no means a fabulous property: you wear a crystal shoe Anna - you can lose your beloved, do not wear - you can lose my father. To betray the Father, which because of his falling and kindness, was in the power of the evil stepmother, he could not heroine. It is impossible to build happiness on the misfortune of others, especially father - this thought is expressed E. Schwartz extremely frankly, it passes through all the work and very relevant for time when the renunciation from close people tried to turn back to normal. Everything is interconnected here: the character of the heroine determines its moral choice, and this choice in turn illuminates the character.

Love enlisters, hesides those who come into contact with her and who can love himself. In this regard, the image of the Forensch - Father Cinderella. As you know, in the fairy tale of S. Pershot Father "I watched everything with the eyes of the" wife "and, probably, would only grab the daughter for ungratefulness and disobedience," if she had decided to complain about the step. E. Schwartz Lesnikov understands that, together with her daughter, he pleased with the Kabalu to "Rushing, but a harsh" woman, he feels guilt before his beloved daughter. Literally a few details, the author shows that the Father sincerely loves Cinderella, first notices to change in her behavior and driven by the feelings of love and guilt "straightens." This motive is enhanced in the movie: It is Foresting leads Cinderella to the palace and shows a shower that I found. He no longer stops and does not lead to a trembling a formidable wife, nor an angry shock. Father's love turns out to be stronger than fear. And most importantly, in front of the viewer, a timid good person becomes brave, unsteady, that is, the development of character occurs. And this is clearly the author, and not a fabulous beginning.

In Schwartsevskaya fairy tale, the topic appears on which S. Pershot and Hint: Love is able to work wonders and such a miracle is creativity. Fairy likes to work wonders and calls it work: "Now, now I will do wonders! I love this work!". She joyfully and selflessly creates, and each her gesture is accompanied by music: it's a "funny ringing" when, obeying the rotational movements of the magic stick, a huge pumpkin is rolled to her legs; then it is "a ball music, soft, mysterious, quiet and affectionate", accompanying changing Cinderella in a ball gown; The appearance of Fairy accompanies the music "Easy-light, barely audible, but so joyful." Petrovsky M. Books of our childhood. M., 1986.

A boyfriend is looking at Cinderella in love with eyes. For fairies and the author, this is a creative stimulus: "Excellent," Fairy is happy. "The boy fell in love. The workers are useful to hopelessly fall in love." They start writing poetry, and I adore it. "

When the boy says that "love helps us to do real miracles," and gives Cinderella crystal shoes, Fairy notes: "What a touching, noble act. That's what we call in our magic world - verses." In one series of E. Schwartz puts "love", "poems" and "miracles", "magic". The artist and the wizard, thus, turn out to be the concepts are equivalent, which is especially brightly manifested later in the "ordinary miracle." The theme of creativity, joy and happiness to create in combination with the themes of love and the authorities for the first time appears in the "Cinderella". Rolls, parallels with the "ordinary miracle" not only are not accidental, but also are natural. The first act of the "ordinary miracle" E. Schwartz wrote in 1944, the last - in 1954

Working on the "Cinderella" (scenario and film) came to 1945-1947, that is, at that time, when the "ordinary miracle" was postponed for a while, but the thoughts that worried the writer, taking into account the age address partially realized here. This often happens with writers working simultaneously for children and adults: such a roll ring between the "golden key" and the third part of the "Care of Muks" A. Tolstoy found M. Petrovsky.

It is impossible to go around the attention of another feature of the fairy tale E. Schwartz: Fabulous images, items and situations are noticeably reduced, and ordinary, or close to that, made magical. The cat in boots shoots boots and sleeps by the fireplace, the boy-with-finger plays a hide and seek on money, seven-melted boots carry past goals, etc. On the contrary, natural, it would seem, the properties of human character are absolisted. In the final monologue, the king says: "I love the wonderful properties of His (boy.) Soul: loyalty, nobility, the ability to love. I love, I love these magical feelings, which will never come to the end." Obviously, it is too taking the deficit of these magical properties, if the artist speaks about them in the key phrase of the script. See: Schwartz E. I live restlessly ... from diaries

Even a runaway analysis suggests that the writer turns to the "stray" plot only when he sees the opportunity to express his "one's" "alien", intimate. For the fact that at the most gloomy times of E. Schwartz, K. Chukovsky, A. Tolstoy, A. Volkov, N. Nosov, A. Nekrasov could bring the truth to the reader, to maintain a living soul in it, it is necessary. As the poet advised, before them "humbly kneel." Petrovsky M. Books of our childhood. M., 1986.

Conclusion

Director N.P. Akimov spoke wonderful words about Dramaturgia E.L. Schwartz: "... There are things in the world that are produced only for children: all sorts of sakes, rope, horses on wheels, etc. Other things are fabricated for adults only: Accounting reports. Machines, tanks, bombs, alcoholic beverages and cigarets. However It is difficult to determine for whom the sun, the sea, sand on the beach, blooming lilac, berries, fruits and whipped creams? Probably - for everyone! And children, and adults are equally loved. So with drama. There are plays solely children. They are put Only for children, and adults do not attend such performances. A lot of plays is written specifically for adults, and even if adults do not fill the auditorium, children are not very torn to free spaces.

But the Pieces of Evgeny Schwartz, in what the theater they are set, the same fate, like flowers, sea surf and other gifts of nature: everything is loved, regardless of age ...

Most likely, the secret of the success of Schwartz fairy tales was concluded that, telling about the wizards, princesses, talking cats, about the young man turned into bears, he expresses our thoughts about justice, our idea of \u200b\u200bhappiness, our views on good and evil. In the fact that his fairy tales are real modern topical plays. "Quote.

Page 12.

Federal Railway Agency

Siberian State University of Communications

Department " Philosophy and cultural studies»

The problem of good and evil in the modern world

abstract

In the discipline "Culturology"

Head Developed

Student G._d-113

Bystrov A.N. ___________ Leonov PG.

(signature) (signature)

_______________ ______________

(verification date) (date of checking)

CONSTRUCTION

Introduction

The problem of choosing between good and evil is old as the world, but meanwhile is relevant now. Without awareness of the essence of good and evil, it is impossible to understand the essence of our world nor the role of each of us in this world. Without it, everyone has no meaning such concepts as: conscience, honor, morality, morality, spirituality, truth, freedom, decency, holiness.

Good and evil are two moral concepts accompanying a person throughout his life, these are the main, the basic concepts of morality.

Good oppose evil. There is a struggle between these categories from the very foundation of the world. Unfortunately, the evil is sometimes stronger in this struggle, because it is more active and less requires effort. Good requires an hourly, everyday patient labor of the Soul, Quality. Good should be strong, active. A kindness is a sign of strength, not weakness. A strong man shows generosity, he is truly kind, and a weak person is pregnant only in words and inactive in the actions.

Evalid questions of the meaning of human life are closely related to the understanding of the values \u200b\u200bof good and evil. It's no secret that these concepts are interpreted in an innumerable set of all sorts of variations and moreover, each individual person is comprehended in different ways.

The purpose of the work will be covered by the problem of good and evil.

It seems to us to solve the following tasks:

Consider the problem of understanding good and evil;

Identify the problem of evil and good in the literature based on the works of E.M. Remarika "Time to live, time to die", B. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet" and A.P. Chekhov "Lady with a dog."

The work consists of administration, two main main part, imprisonment and bibliography.

Chapter 1. The problem of understanding good and evil

The problem of the destructive trends manifested in the individual and collective level are devoted to the works of outstanding Russian thinkers: V.V. Rosanova, I.A. Ilina, N.A. Berdyaeva, G.P. Fedotova, L.N. Gumileva and many others.(And you read them all, of course? And if not, so what have they?)They give an ideological and philosophical characteristic and the assessment of negative, destructive phenomena of the human soul, it is shown that one of the most important topics of Russian literature from the moment of its origin and to the present day is the problem of good and evil, life and death. Classics of Russian literature xI. X in. Not only managed to convey the sharpness of the problem of evil, the tragic existence of a person who has lost contact with nature and spiritual roots, but also to predict destructive trends in the development of civilization. Many of their predictions came true in the past millennia.

Representatives of the Russian and foreign literature of the twentieth century have already encountered negative manifestations of modern civilization: wars, revolutions, terror, environmental catastrophes. In different ways, referring to the devastating phenomena, they, nevertheless, reflected them in their art, bringing their own, subjective, vision of the world into objective images of reality. M. Gorky, M. Bulgakov, A. Platonov - Russian Classics
The twentieth century - left us an artistic image of the tragic events of the history of Russia, its people, individual destinies.(Where, in what books and on what kind of strangers did they do it?)An image of crisis processes of decay of cultural values \u200b\u200bdemanded that writers not only the creative rethinking of the artistic heritage of literature xI. X century, but also attracting new poetic forms of expressiveness.

Good - in the broad sense of the word as good means a value idea, expressing the positive value of something in its attitude to a certain standard or this standard itself. Depending on the adopted standard, good in the history of philosophy and culture was interpreted as pleasure, benefit, happiness, generally accepted, relevant circumstances, appropriate, etc. With the development of moral consciousness and ethics, a more strict concept of morally actually is produced.

First, it is recognized as a special kind of value that does not concern natural or natural events and phenomena.

Secondly, good marks free and consciously correlated with higher values, ultimately, with an ideal, actions. This is connected with the positive regulatory and value content of good: it is to overcome the isolation, disunity and alienation between people, the approval of mutual understanding, moral equality and humanity in relations between them; It characterizes the actions of a person from the point of view of its spiritual elevation and moral perfection.

Thus, good binds to the spiritual world of the person himself: no matter how the source of good is determined, it is going on a person as a person, i.e. Responsible.

Although, good as if commensurate evil, their ontological status can be interpreted differently:

1. Good and evil are the one-order principles of the world in constant martial arts.

2. The actual absolute world start is divine good as good, or absolute being, or God, and evil - the result of erroneous or vicious solutions of a person free in his choice. Thus, good, being relative in opposition evil, absolutely performed by perfection; Evil - always relatively. This explains that in a number of philosophical and ethical concepts (for example, Augustine, V.S. Solvieva or Mura), good was considered as a higher and unconditional moral concept.

3. The opposite of good and evil is mediated by something other - God (L.A. Schestov - What book on what page?), "Higher value" (N.A. Bardyaev What book on what page?) - what is the absolute beginning of the morality; Thus, it is argued that good is not a finite concept. It can be clarified that the concept of good is really used in a double "application", and then the difficulties of Moore (And what else is this?)associated with the definition of good, can be resolved when taking into account the differences in good as an absolute and simple concept and good as a concept correlated in the system of ethical concepts with others. In finding out the nature of good it is useless to look for precisely his formed basis. The explanation of the descent of good cannot serve its rationale, so the logic of actually value reasoning can be the same as a person who is convinced that the basic values \u200b\u200bare given to a person in revelation and the one who believes that the values \u200b\u200bhave "earth" - social and anthropological - Origin.

Already in antiquity, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe insurmountable connectedness of good and evil was deeply understood; It passes through the entire history of philosophy and culture (in particular, fiction) and is specified in a number of ethical provisions.

First, good and evil are mutually defined and familiarized in the antithetic unity, one through another.

However, secondly, the formal transfer of dialectics of good and evil to individual moral practices is fraught with the temptation of man. "Trials" (even only in the present plan) evil without strict, albeit the ideal, the concept of good can be much more likely to turn around, rather than the actual knowledge of good; Evil experience can be fruitful only as a condition for the awakening of the spiritual power of resistance to evil.

Thirdly, an understanding of evil is not enough without readiness to resist him; But the opposition of evil in itself does not lead to good.

Fourthly, good and evil are functionally interdependent: good is regulatoryly significant in contrast to the evil and is practically affirmed in the harder of evil; In other words, the actual good is the act of good, i.e. Virtue as a practical and active fulfillment by a man of moral requirements by him.

Chapter 2. The problem of good and evil in creativity
EM. Remarika, B. Vasilyeva, A.P. Chekhov

2.1 The problem of good and evil in the work
EM. Remarika "Time to live and time to die"

E. M. Remark is one of the most significant German writers of the twentieth century. Dedicated to burning issues of modern history, the book of the writer carried the hatred of militarism and fascism, to the state device, which generates deadly massacre, which is criminally and inhumanly inherently.

Roman "Time to live and time to die" (1954) - about the Second World War, this is the contribution of the writer in the discussion about the fault and the tragedy of the German people. In this novel, the author achieved such a merciless condemnation as his creativity still did not know. This is an attempt to find a writer in the German people those strength that fascism could not break. (What did you not pronounce this when I answered?)

Such is the communist soldier Immerman, such is Dr. Cruz, dying in the concentration camp, his daughter Elizabeth, becoming the wife of the soldier Ernsta Grache. In the image of E. Rover, the writer showed the process of awakening the anti-fascist consciousness in a soldier of the Wehrmacht, comprehended by them to what extent on it "lies wines for crimes of the last ten years."

The incomplete accomplice of the crimes of fascism, E. Gracker, killing the Gestapovian-executioner Steinbrenner, relieves the Russian partisans shown on the shooting, however, he himself dies from one of them. Such is a harsh sentence and retribution of history.

2.2 Problem of good and evil in the work
B. Vasilyeva "And dawns here are quiet"

Heroes in the story "And dawns here are quiet ..." fall into dramatic situations, their fates - optimistic tragedies (And what does it mean?). Heroes - yesterday's schoolchildren (and not schoolgirls?), And now the participants of the war. B. Vasilyev, as if checking the characters on strength, puts them in extreme circumstances. The writer believes that in such situations, the character of a person is most pronounced.

B. Vasilyev brings his hero to the last draw, to the choice between life and death. Die with a clean conscience or stay to live, staining yourself. Heroes could keep their lives. But what price? It is only necessary to retreat from our own conscience. But Heroes B. Vasilyeva do not recognize such moral compromises. What do you need to save girls? Throw without the help of Vaskov and leave. But each of the girls make a feat in accordance with its character. The girls were offended by war. Rita oxan killed her husband's beloved. There was a child without a father. In the eyes of Zhenya, the Germans shot the Germans to the whole family.

Almost no one knows about the exploits of heroes. What is the feat? In this cruel, inhumanly difficult struggle with the enemies to remain a person. The feat is overcoming yourself. We won the war not only because there were brilliant commander, but there were such imperceptible heroes like Fedot Vaskov, Rita Osyanin, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkin, Sonya Gurvich.

What did the heroes of the works of B. Vasilyev - good or evil, killing people, even if the enemies, - this question remains, in the modern concept, unclear. People defend their homeland, but at the same time kill other people. Of course, it is necessary to repulse the enemy that our heroes do. For them there is no problem of good and evil, there are invaders of their native land (evil) and there is her defenders (good). Other questions arise - and in their will, for their will, concrete invaders came to our land, and whether they want to capture it, etc. Nevertheless, good and evil intertwined in this narration, and there is no unambiguous answer to the question - what is evil and what is good.

2.3 The problem of good and evil in the work
A.P. Chekhov "Lady with a dogy "

The story "Lady with a dog" was conceived at a turning point, both for Russia and for the whole world. Writing year - 1889. What was Russia time represented? The country of pre-revolutionary sentiments, tired of the "Domostroja" ideas, tired of the ideas of "Domostroja", which is incorrectly incorrectly, and as far as a person does not mean by itself, and as much as his feelings and thoughts mean. In total, after some 29 years, Russia will blow up and inexorably will begin to change, but now, in 1889, she, thanks to A.P. Chekhov, appears before us in one of its most threatening and terrifying accumulations: Russia is a state-tyrant.

However, at that time (by the way, we note that the time spent time and the time depicted by the author coincide) still few people could see the impending, even more or rather, the threat attached to the threat. Life continued as before, because everyday troubles have the best remedy for insight, because they do not see anything, except for them. Still, sufficiently secured people ride to relax (you can in Paris, but if the funds do not allow, then in Yalta), the husbands change their wives, the owners of hotels and the innovations earn money. Otherwise, more and more so-called "enlightened" women or, as the wife of Gurov, women of "thinking", to which men relate, at best, condescending, seeing in this, first, threatening Patriarchate , and secondly, the obvious female nonsense. Subsequently, it turned out that those and others are mistaken.

The author shows it seems to be minor, but those who attain such a lot of life situations, outlines whole, extremely realistic characters with all their shortcomings and can convey to the reader not only the content, but also the idea of \u200b\u200bthe story, and also gives us to feel confident that True love, loyalty can make a lot.

Conclusion

Good is the highest moral value. The opposite of good is evil. It is an antigen, i.e. Something incompatible with moral behavior. Good and evil are not the "equal" beginning. Evil "Secondary" in relation to good: It is only a "reverse side" of good, retreat from him. It is not by chance in Christianity and Islam God (good) omnipotent, and the devil (evil) is capable of seducing individuals to violation of the commandments of God.

The concepts of good and evil underlie the ethical assessment of people's behavior. Considering any human act "good", "good", we give him a positive moral assessment, and considering it "evil", "bad" - negative.

In real life, there is also good, and evil, people are committing both good and bad deeds. The idea that in the world and in the man there is a struggle between the "forces of good" and "forces of evil" - one of the fundamental ideas that permeate the entire history of culture.

In all the works we selected, we see the struggle of goodness with evil. In the work of E.M. Remarika "Time to live, time to die" The author represents the hero who overcomes his evil, which by all means is trying to bring the world on earth.

B. Vasilyev has a problem of good and evil, it turns out a somewhat hidden: there is an enemy you need to win, and there is a power that wins it (even if this strength turns out to be weak).

A.P. Chekhov in the "lady with a dog" is very difficult to consider the forces of good and power of evil. However, the author considers ambiguous, but real life situations, describes the whole, exclusively realistic characters of heroes with all their shortcomings and tries to convey to the reader not only the content, but also the idea of \u200b\u200bthe story, and also gives us to feel confident that true love, loyalty Can make a lot.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Vasilyev, B. and Zori here are quiet ... / B. Vasilyev. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - 640 p.
2. Carmin, A. Culturalology / A. Karmin. - M.: Lan, 2009. - 928 p.
3. Tereshchenko, M. Such a fragile cover of humanity. The banality of evil, the banality of good / M. Tereshchenko; Per. With Franz. And Pigalleva. - M.: Russian political encyclopedia, 2010. - 304 p.
4. Remark, E.M. Time to live and time to die / E.M. REMARK. - M.: AST, 2009. - 320 s.
5. Hauser, M. Moral and Mind. How nature created our universal feeling of good and evil / M. Hauser; Per. from English: t. Muyutina. - M.: Drop, 2008. - 640 p.
6. Chekhov, A.P. Stories and stories / A.P. Chekhov. - M.: Children's Library, 2010. - 320 s.

1. Features of the interaction of good and evil in folk fairy tales.
2. Changing the approach to the relationship between heroes-antagonists.
3. Differences in the relationship between positive and negative heroes.
4. Blurring boundaries between concepts.

Despite the visible manifold of artistic images and characters, in world literature there have always been a fundamental category, the opposition of which, on the one hand, is the main reason for the development of the storyline, and on the other, it encourages the development of moral criteria. The vast majority of the heroes of world literature can be easily ranked to one of the two camps: defenders of good and adherents of evil. These abstract concepts can be embodied in visible, living images.

The significance of categories of good and evil in culture and human life is undoubted. The clear definition of these concepts allows the personality to approve himself in life, assessing its own and other people's actions from the point of view of proper and improper. Many philosophical and religious systems are based on the submission of the opposition of two began. So is it so wondering that the characters of fairy tales and legends embody opposite features? However, it should be noted that if the idea of \u200b\u200bthe behavior of the heroes, incarnating an evil start, changed little in time, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhat should be a response to their actions of representatives of good, did not remain unchanged. Consider first how in fairy tales came the winners with their evil opponents.

For example, the fairy tale "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Evil stepmother with the help of witchcraft tries to destroy her stepper, jealous of her beauty, but all the witch miscarions are vain. Good triumph. Snow White not only stays alive, but he marries a beautiful prince. However, how does the winning good welcome with the loser evil? Final fairy tales Like taken from the story about the activities of the Inquisition: "But the iron shoes were already supplied to the burning corners, they were brought, holding the tongs, and set it before. And she had to step on his legs in hot hot shoes and dance in them until finally had no dead, dead, "

A similar attitude towards the defeated enemy is characteristic of many fairy tales. But it should be immediately noted - here it's not in the increased aggressiveness and cruelty of good, but in the peculiarities of an understanding of justice in antiquity, because the plots of most fairy tales have been formed a long time ago. "The eye for the eye, and the tooth for the tooth" is an ancient formula of retaliation. Moreover, the heroes embodying the features of good, do not just have the right to be brutally divided with the defeated enemy, but should do it, because the revenge is the duty entrusted to the man with the gods.

However, the concept gradually changed under the influence of Christianity. A. S. Pushkin in the "Fairy Tale about the dead princess and about seven heroes" used the plot, almost identical to the "Snow White". And in the Pushkin text, the evil stepmother did not avoid punishment - but how is it performed?

Here the longing she took her
And the queen died.

The inevitable retribution occurs not as a mercy of mortal winners: it is the court of God. In the fairy tale of Pushkin there are no medievalra routine, from the description of which the reader involuntarily pursues a shiver; The human humanism and positive heroes only emphasizes the greatness of God (let him not be mentioned directly), higher justice.

"Tosca", which "took" the Queen - is it not advocating the ancient wise men called "Okom God in man"?

So, in ancient, pagan understanding, the representatives of goodness differ from representatives of the evil ways to achieve their goals and undoubted right to something that their enemies are trying to take away - but at all are no more kind, humane attitude towards a defeated enemy.

In the works of the same writers who absorned Christian traditions, the unconditional right of positive heroes to finish a merciless violence over those who could not stand the temptation and took the side of the evil, questioned: "And the count of such who should be living, but they are dead. Are you resurrected them? And no - so do not hurry anyone to condemn death. For even the wisest is not given to spend everything "(D. Tolkin" The Lord of the Rings "). "Now he has fallen, however, it is not for us to judge him: how to know, maybe he will be exalted," says Frodo, the protagonist of Epopea Tolkien. In this work, the problem of the ambiguity of goodness rises. Thus, representatives of the light side can share distrust and even fear, moreover, no matter how wise, he is leaning and kind, there is always the likelihood that you can lose these virtues and join the camp of villains (perhaps, and not wanting this consciously ). Such a transformation occurs with a magic of Saruman, the initial mission of which was to fight evil embodied in the face of Sauron. It threatens anyone who wishes to have a ring of Vigilast. However, Tolkien does not even introduce a hint of a possible correction of Sauron. Although evil is also not monolithically and ambiguous, however, it is more irreversible.

In the work of writers who continued the tradition of Tolkien, presented various, views on the fact that and some of Tolkien characters should be considered good and evil. Currently, it is possible to find works in which Sauron and his Melkor teacher, a kind of Lucifer Mediterranean, are not at all as negative heroes. Their struggle with other creators of the world is not so much the conflict of two opposite began, how much the result of misunderstanding, the rejection of non-standard solutions of Melkor.

In fantasy, which was formed on the basis of fairy tales and legends, gradually the erosion of clear boundaries between good and evil occurs. All about: Good again is not so humane again (which it was in an ancient tradition), but evil is far from black - rather contacted enemies. The literature reflects the processes of rethinking former values, the real incarnation of which is often far from the ideal, and the tendency to an ambiguous understanding of the multifaceted phenomena of being. However, it should be remembered that in the worldview of each person the category of good and evil must still have a fairly clear structure. The same thing that is considered to be valid evil has long been told Moses, Christ and other great teachers. Evil is a violation of the Great Commandments, which must determine human behavior.

The problem of choosing between good and evil is old as the world, but meanwhile is relevant now. Without awareness of the essence of good and evil, it is impossible to understand the essence of our world nor the role of each of us in this world. Without it, everyone has no meaning such concepts as conscience, honor, morality, morality, spirituality, truth, freedom, sinfulness, righteousness, decency, holiness ...
Justification:
Biblical legends say that after the creation of peace and man, suffering and grief, and hence the evil did not exist, happiness reigned everywhere, well-being, good. Where did the evil come from? Who in our life is the evil carrier? Is it possible to eradicate it? These philosophical questions ask each inhabitant of the planet.
From the children's years, we still do not know how to read, listened to the fairy tales, told by your mother or grandmother, enthusiastically be loved by the beauty and wisdom of Vasilisa beautiful, who, thanks to his mind and Smekalka, contributed to the celebration of justice in the fight against the misfortune. Even three frivolous piglets were able to withstand the evil and insidious destroyer - wolf. Friendship, mutual execution, love and good could defeat cunning and evil.
I grew up and gradually got acquainted with the works of classical literature. And the words of people wisdom came involuntarily to the idea: "Whoever sees good, good is his fruit; Whoever evil sees - that villain will get angry. "
Any product of our literature in its basis contains these two concepts: here the magnificent Peteri wins the invader of Carlumii (Poem A.S. Pushkin "Poltava"), or charming Oksana comes to the fearless actions of a vacuum (the story of N.V. Gogol "Night at Merry Christmas" ). And as far as he is penetrated in terms of the struggle of good and evil Roman Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"!
Reflecting on this, I came to the idea that almost every work contains this problem, and I wanted to plunge into the mystery.
Problem question: how in life it happens: good or evil wins?
The purpose of the study is: to find out, in all the works of Russian literature there are confrontation of good and evil, and who wins this fight?
Research Object: Fiction
Subject of research: confusion of good and evil
Research methods:
- interview,
- analysis,
- comparison,
- Classification
Tasks:
Collect historical and literary information on the problem of good and evil in Russian literature.
Explore a number of works of Russian literature containing the problem of good and evil.
Conduct the classification of works in order to determine the winners in confrontation.
Develop a referractable material on the stated topic
Develop work skills with different sources
Make a presentation of the project on the literary living room
Take part in school conference
Hypothesis: Suppose that there would be no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them - and there is nothing more than life. Fiction is a reflection of life, it means that in every work there is a place to fight good with evil, and wins, probably good.
Analysis of the sociological survey:
Questions Answers
What do you think it appeared before: good or evil? Good - 18 evil - 2
What is in the world more: good or evil? Good - 15 evil - 5
Who is the winner in the confrontation of good and evil? Good - 10 evil - 10
Conclusion: MHA was interviewed 20 people. These are my classmates, school teachers, relatives and neighbors. Survey data indicate that most people believe that good has appeared, rather than evil that good in the world is more than evil. However, speaking about the struggle of good and evil, there is an equilibrium.
Social significance of the project: Working materials can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular activities. Work requires continuation: research of the problem of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature.
Project implementation
Ancient legend
In one distant country lived good wizards. And although people have never seen them, they knew that the wizards were essential, because they often felt their presence and help.
They say that in the magic country always heats the Sun Tse, and even in the winter the flowers of beauty are growing. They are sleeping all around, and there is no such place where they grow, no matter where the bushes with ripe juicy berries. In the forests there are unusual animals who know how to talk and fly. Goldfits are swimming in the river, and the birds flew amazing melodies.
Love and calm reigns everywhere. In this country, there will be no nights. Only - bright sunny days, like the mood of its inhabitants. Among the mountains there is a lock in which many mirrors. Names But through them, wizards learn about people's lives and send them their help.
There is a legend that the wizards are the same people, but only able to do wonders. The legend reads, as if those people who never wanted to other evil were able to love and carried in the world only good, do not die, but move in the ox a stenter country, the circumscribed gift of magic. This gift, the queen hopes them.
Everything was fine in the country of wizards until black magicians came to their land. Dark fog Navis over the country, eclipsed by the sun, enveloping the forest and river. Having captured the magician, the magicians first broke the mirror and began to submit their power of the wizards using their gift in their black purposes.
They wanted to capture the Earth with all its countries and cities, destroy all the living, creating their own empire. But their power was missing. Then they began to find people with evil thoughts and accurately sponge absorbed all the negative, which was in the thoughts of a person, thereby replenishing their power and the Criminal Code.
Magic was powerless before the magic of destruction and evil. It did not put any action on magicians. Forces were not equal, and wizards are desperate. Calling your queen, they asked the Council.
"So that the black fog dispelled, the help of Lii," said Queen, "without them we are powerless."
"People," wizards were surprised. - What can they when they themselves need help?
- There are kindness in people, compassion, love. And this is the strongest weapon against the evil that lives in the magicians. They pour them and treat those who brings it. Only this is their strength, because there are magicians under the law of boomeranga.
Wizards were overwhelmed.
- We do not know such a law.
- He exists a millennium. If you think about the bad, you wish someone evil, sooner or later it will return to you and on the contrary. Mages intercept evil thoughts, and when they collect as much as they need to carry out their goal, they will have enough power to destroy people with their help.
- But how to notify people about the danger threatening? How to clearly clear that their thoughts can turn against them themselves? After all, the magicians broke all the mirrors. Maybe someone send someone?
And he sent the Queen to the world of people of wonderful birds, so that they would save people from gloomy thoughts with their magic singing, and goldfish appeared in the lakes and rivers to delight everyone with their beauty.
But among people there were those who caught the birds and the village of Dili in the cells, and goldfish were sold to other countries.
Then the black fog over the castle of Shebnikov's castle thicked up. And people have lost their help.
Magages laughed: "Soon the whole earth will be ours, and you will serve it."
"Never the wizards will not be in the service of evil," the queen said and waved his wand. All wizards turned into a white cloud. Towed the wind, and in the morning people saw a whole sea of \u200b\u200bcider clouds in the sky.
- What's the beautiful! They admired them, and looking at the sky, thought about how beautiful the world was.
- Look, mommy, smiling clouds, - noticed a little girl. - What are they beautiful.
The girl washed her hand, and at that time a star fell from the sky.
"If you make a desire, it will definitely fulfill Sia," Mom smiled.
- Let everyone now be good and fun.
These words sounded like a spell. Black fog Russea. Wizards returned again to their country, and magicians, turning into black clouds, flew into the unknown. Now they are speech on eternal wrapping, because there is never enough evil to win the wise good.
Legend is fiction, but, as in the fairy tale, there is a depth of knowledge. Good never could exist without evil.
Probably with the advent of mankind on Earth, the second emerged evil, and after - good, eradicating this evil. I believe that both good cannot exist without evil, and evil - can not live without good. Good and evil are everywhere, and every day we face these two manifestations in everyday life. So Russian writers often reflected the problem of good and evil in their works and necessarily wanted to show people, on the example of their heroes, which causes evil, careful and envy and, of course, what gives us good. A.A.Fet spoke about it
Two worlds dominate the century,
Two Equal Genesis:
One person volume,
The other is the soul and my thought.

And how in Rosink a little noticeable
All the sun, you know,
So jumped in the depths of the cherished
All the universe you will find.

Do not let the young courage:
Bend over fatty labor -
And the world will reveal their benefits;
But be no thought of the deity.

And even a rest of rest.
Lifting sweaty man
Do not be afraid of bitter comparison
And fill good and evil.

But if on the wings of pride
You know how to know how God
Do not enter the world of shrines
His slave alarms.

Trample and omniscient bet
And with unrepressed heights
Good and evil, as the dust grave,
In the crowd, human will disappear.
Works of fiction, in my opinion, always reflect the validity of life. Life itself is an implacable struggle of good and evil. This is evidenced by the statements of many philosophers, thinkers, writers.
"He is smart who knows how to distinguish good from evil, and one who of two angiings can choose the smaller." Arabic saying
- Do not think of good deeds, and do good. Robert Valzer
-In the ungratefulness of many does not scare you from making people good; After all, besides the fact that the beneficialness in itself and without any other purpose is a noble thing, but making good, meet some other times in someone one thanks that it rewards for all the ungratefulness of others. Francesco Gwitchchardini
- Common and modesty - these are two qualities that should never be fattening a person. Robert Lewis Balfur Stevenson
-Fighter evil generates good. Persity Beach Shelly
- Spring arranged so that the offenses are remembered longer than good acts.
When, promoting evil, a person is afraid that people know about Tom, he can still find a way to good. When, making good, a person tries to be learned about Tom, he creates evil. Hong Zychiche

Good and evil are one only in the fact that in the end they always return to the person who made them. Baurzhan Tyibyekov
"If you do good, people accuse you in hidden caress and self-love." And yet we are doing good. Mother Teresa

I will start my research with the analysis of works of CNT.
There is everything in the fairy tale
Evil in it and good
Yes only never happened
So that evil good won.
Tale. ... It seems that this word itself glows and rings. Rates a silver magic ringing, like a bell troika, carrying us into an amazing world of beautiful and dangerous adventures, fantastic miracles. Poet Surikov wrote:
I listen to me a fairy tale -
The heart is both mourning;
And in the trumpet angrily
The wind is evil sings ...
Why does the heart work so much? Yes, from fear for the life of fabulous heroes, because they were trying to destroy the snakes of Gorynych and Koschey immortal. Yes, and Baba Yaga Bone foot is very insidious. However, bold, strong heroes are always ready for feats, fighting against evil and cunning.
Russian folk fairy tale "Ivan - Peasant Son and Mudi-Yudo"
The problem of good and evil
Good in the fairy tale is represented in the image of Ivanushka. He is ready to die, but to defeat the enemy. Ivanushka is very clever and resourceful. He is generous and modest, does not talk to anyone about his exploits.
"No," says Ivanushka, "I don't want to stay at home and wait for you, I will go and be fighting with a miracle-yood!"
"On you, the enemy strength, came to see, try your fortress. ... I came to fuck with you, from you, damned, good people to get rid!"
But the evil in this work is presented in the form of cuchs. Mudi-Yudo is a monster that tried to destroy all living on Earth and remain the winner.
"Suddenly suddenly spread in that kingdom-state message: Miracle-Yudo is going to attack on their land, to destroy all people, all cities-villages to burn fire ...
"Miracle-Yudo villain all ruined everyone, plundered, she betrayed the death."
"Suddenly, on the river, the water was excited, the eagles cried on the oaks - the miracle-yudo approaches the nine heads."
Representatives of the power of evil in the fairy tale are the three wonderful yudo wife and mother, the old snake.
"And I," says the third, - I will put a dream for them and Driver, and myself drove forward and blurtroping with a soft carpet with silk pillows. The brothers will want to lie down, relax - they are here and we sleep with fire! "

Output:
Good in this fairy tale won evil. Ivanushka defeated the miracle of Yudo, and everyone began to live long and happily.
"And the Ivan-peasant son, in the meantime, I got out of the ground, I was looking for a fiery finger with a miracle and let's chop his heads. All to a single sneaker, torso on the small parts of the remarks, in the river the currant rose "
"Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed a snake yes with all Mahu hit her about a stone. Snake snakes with small ashes, and the wind so dust in all parties dispelled. Since then, all the miracle-yuda da snakes in that edge increased - without fear people live began to live "
Russian folk fairy tale "Vasilisa lovely"
The problem of good and evil
"Step by wobble will take the evil on Vasilis .."
Good and evil to this fairy tale are presented in the faces of young princes and her stepmother. The young girl people paint smart, curious and bold. She works a lot, patiently carrying all the offenses that the stepmother applies to her and her daughter.
"Vasilisa tolerated everything was completely ... Vasilisa herself, it happened, it would not eat, and the doll will leave the most tidy ...
"This is me, grandmother, the machekhns daughters sent me for the fire to you."
"My mother's blessing helps me,"
But the stepmother is an evil character, she tried to negotiate his stepdaughter with his actions with his actions. Its envy there was no limit, and it was the main actions - the loading of Vasilisa work, as well as the constant resentment of the girl.
"The merchant married a widow, but deceived and did not find a good mother in her for his Vasilisa ... Stepmother and sisters envied her beauty, tormented her with all sorts of work, so that she had lost weight from the work, but from the wind and sunshine; There was no live! "
Conclusion: Good in this fairy tale took the top over evil. The stepmother and e daughters turned into coal, and Vasilisa began to live long and happily together with the king in contentment and happiness.
"There was a king of Vasilisa for white hands, I planted beside myself, and there they played the wedding ... The old woman of Vasilisa took to himself, and the doll on the end of his life always wore his pocket."
"To go for fire, they shouted both sisters. Go to Baba Yaga ... "
Literary fairy tale A.S. Pushkin "Tale of the dead princess and seven heroes"
The problem of good and evil
Having admired the wealth of fiction, the high moral principles of folk fairy tales, Pushkin enthusiastically exclaims: "What the beauty of these fairy tales! Each is a poem! "
The magnificent Pushkin fairy tales, which combined the genius of the people and the genius of the Great Poet of Russian, appeared in the 30s. They are written not for children, and in them, as in many other Pushkin works, bitterness and sadness, mockery and protest, good and evil sounds. They reflected deep love of the poet to the simple people, inexhaustible Vera Pushkin in the victory of the mind, good and justice.
The main opposition in this work passes through the line of young princes and its stepmother. A young girl poet draws a good, meek, hardworking and defenseless. Her exterior beauty corresponds to the beauty of the inner. Tsarevna has a special tact, grace, femininity. Pay attention to the fact that Pushkin helps to understand the nature of the princes, resorting only to the verbs:
House Tsarevna went around
I completely removed
Went a candle to God,
Flooded hot stove
On the polls climbed
And quietly smallest ...
It is difficult for her to live in a world where there is evil, envy and deception. Totally, it appears in front of us the queen. She is also beautiful, but "anger", and jealous, and envious.
And the queen laugh,
And shrug to catch up
And wink through eyes
And rushing with fingers
And sprinkle taking up
Proudly in the mirror Looking ...
"Nothing to do. She, black envy full ... "
... Zelya Zarina
She is a slingshot threatening
Put me not to live
Ile Tsarevna to destroy ...
The idea that this beauty is not good without good, permeates the whole fairy tale. Many people loved the young princess. The question arises, why didn't they save her? Yes, because only Korolevich Elisha loved her truly sincerely and devoted. Only the faithful love of the Koriicha Elisha saves the princess, awakening her from dead sleep.
Conclusion: Evil, asserts the poet, not all-way, it suffers defeat. The evil queen march, at least "the mind and everyone took," is not sure of himself. And if the queen mother died from the power of his love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. These Pushkin showed the inner insolvency and the doomes of evil.
Literature of the 19th century. A.S. Pushkin. Roman "Evgeny Onegin"
The problem of good and evil
In this product, Tatiana is good and bright. She is a very gentle and clean character. Her soul is open to all. In the depths of his soul, Tatiana remained the same Russian woman, ready to escape from the urban fuss at any moment and to go away somewhere far and devote themselves to rural life.
Tatiana is the Russian woman who could go to Siberia for his beloved
Tatiana, cute Tatyana ...
... I so love Tatyana Mild Moy! ..
For that ... what's in cute simplicity
She does not know deception
And believes a chosen dream.
For that ... What loves without art,
Obedient perplex feelings
What is so trusting she,
That from heaven is Odar
Imagination rebellious
Mind and will be alive,
And wayward head,
And the heart is fiery and gentle.
She is one of those whole poetic natures that can only love once.
For a long time hearty tomgle
I knead her mother's chest;
The soul was waiting ... someone.

Tatiana could not love anyone from the surrounding young people. But Onegin was immediately seen and highlighted by it:
You have entered a little, I found out
All overlap, laid
And in the thoughts of Plenas: here he!

Pushkin sympathizes Love Tatiana, worries with her.
Tatiana, cute Tatyana!
With you now I am tears Lew ...
Her love for Onegin is pure, deep feeling.
Tatiana loves not joking
And indulcates
Love like a cute child.
Lensky is another bright character. He is a kind and honest person, ready for any minute to give a hand to help his comrades. This is a very lightweight and poetic young man. A. S. Pushkin with a soft irony talks about Lensky, this enthusiastic romance, which
... sang the separation and sadness,
And something, and that manna distance.
And also with some frigid says, as Lensky wrote:
So he wrote, dark and sluggish
(That we call romanticism,
Although romantic is Nimalo
I do not see ...).
Romanticism has already passed away how Lensky leaves. His death is quite logical, it symbolizes a complete refusal of romantic ideas. Lensky does not develop in time, it is statical. Distinguishing from those people, among whom are forced to live (and in this he is similar to Onegin), Lensky was capable only to quickly flare up - and fade. And even if Onegin did not kill him, most likely, in the future Lensky waited for an ordinary life, which would cool his fervor and turned into a simple man in
Saw, ate, missed, Tolstie, Harel
And finally, in his bed
Died in in the middle of children
Flossy women and drugs.
Such a way, the point of view is not responsible, which proves to Pushkin to the reader.
Absolutely different point of view of Onegin. She is similar to the author's point of view, and therefore at some point they become friends:
I liked his features,
Dreams involuntary devotion ...
They both converge in their attitude towards light, both run from it.
Onegin is a skeptic and at the same time an intellectual. Onegin does not believe in love, does not believe in happiness, nothing believes in anything. The years leaving in the fake world did not pass for him for nothing. After so many years of life in lies, Eugene cannot be sincerely loved. His soul is satisfied with passions. This explains his understanding of Tatiana. But, having received a letter from Tatiana, he manifests the nobility, because "... vividly touched" inexperience and sincere feeling of her love: "I have your sincerity of Mila." His rewarding Tatiana dictated concern about the young girl:
But he did not want to deceive
The gullibility of the soul is innocent.

In his soul, the remains of conscience were still not burned by fire, surprisingly connected with egoism. Therefore, he says Tatiana:
When life is a homemade circle
I limit wanted
Then true besides you alone
The bride did not seek another ...
Once, in early youth, Onegin believed, probably in the possibility of high love for life. But his entire subsequent life, filled with passions, killed this faith - and even hope for her return:
There are no refunds for dreams and years:
I will not update my soul ...
Here it is - the main tragedy of Onegin: "I will not update my soul"! Of course, from his point of view, he is right, he comes noble: not believing in the possibility of love, refuses her not to deceive the girl, not to expose her shame.

I, how much would love you,
Getting used to, distribute immediately;
Let's cry: your tears
Do not touch my hearts,
And they will only inform him ...
Why is Onegin so confident that there can be no other "family happiness"? Because too many similar examples he saw in the world:
What could be in the light worse
Families where poor wife
Sadness about unworthy husband
And day and evenings alone;
Where boring husband, her price know
(Fate, however, sickling),
Always fucking, silent,
He is angry and cold-jealous!
The author is gradually moving away from Onegin. When Onegin goes to a duel, frightened by public opinion, and kills Lensky on it, when it turns out that his point of view is not based on solid moral principles, the author is completely distinguished from his hero. A. S. Pushkin shows us the point of view of Onegin, for example, his attitude to the theater:
... on stage
In the big scatter glanced,
Got angry - and yawned
The attitude of Onegin to Love:
How soon he could hypocrite
Hope hope, jealous ... -
It just has no right to exist.
Onegin, being a "genius" of the science of love, missed the opportunity for happiness for himself, was incapable of a true feeling (first). When he could love, he still did not achieve happiness, it was too late. This is the true tragedy of Onegin. And his path turns out to be wrong, unreal.
Output:
Good, clean, sincere Tatiana causes us, readers, only tender and noble feelings. Girls want to be like her. We compare your actions with Tatiana actions. So I want this girl is happy, and her love is mutual.
Opinion about Onegin is changing from readers at the moment when he chlorinely deprives Lensky's life. Anger, arrogance driven by his act. I can not believe that a young man can be as cruel and insidious.
A.S. Pushkin loves his heroine, Tatiana, but Onegin on the contrary. The closer Pushkin to Tatiana, the more he is distinguished from Onegin, who morally much lower it. And only when Onegin will be capable of a high feeling when he falls in love with Tatiana, critical estimates A. S. Pushkin will disappear.
The image of Onegin opens the gallery of portraits of "extra people" in Russian literature. Following it, Lermontov Pechorin will appear, Turgenev Rudin, Goncharovsky Oblomov ... The fate of these heroes is also "spoiled by the light," education, and they suffer from the fact that they cannot find their use, be useful society. In their characters there are arrogance and coldness and anger. But this is not only their personal tragedy, it is the tragedy of society in which they exist.
A.S. Pushkin "Station Career"
The problem of good and evil
The story of the story "Stationander" painted sadness and compassion. Irony in the epigraph, in the name of the main character: a little powerless person is named after the biblical hero. By definition of M. Rheroshenzon, the heroes of the story became victims of the "walking of morality", some literary models.
"I did not have time to pay with the old my yammer, as Dunya returned with a samovar. Little coquette from the second look noticed the impression of it on me; She raised big blue eyes; I began to talk with her, she answered me without any timidity, like a girl who saw the light. I suggested a father her glass punch; I filed a cup of tea, and we threesome began to talk, as if the eyelids were familiar. "
"So you knew my Dunya? - He began. - Who did not know her? Ah, Dunya, Dunya! What a girl was! It happened who would emit, all praise, no one will condemn. Baryni gave her, that tiled, that earrings. The gentlemen passage was deliberately stopped, as if dinner, al dinner, and in fact only to look at her anymore. It happened, Barin, whatever angry, with her subsides and mercifully talks to me. Believe it, sir: couriers, Feldgerer with her halfcase spoken. Her house was kept: what to get, what to cook, I had time for everything. And I, the old fool, I will not know, I happened, I do not think; I didn't love my Duni, I didn't cherish my childhood; Has her no live? Yes no, you will not give up the trouble; What is destined, not to power "
The main character himself was endowed by the author of good human qualities:
"I see how now the host itself, a man of fifty years old, fresh and vigorous, and his long green frocks with three medals on the polyny-tapes."
"Jeaning martyr", "trembling career", "People peaceful, helpful, inclined to hostel", "modest in claims for honors", "not too sober").
The fact that not with a light heart left the Dunya Parental House, says only the buying phrase: "The barbell ... I thought that the whole path was crying, although it seemed to go on her hunt").
Samson Vyrin is waiting for the return of the prodigal daughter, and he is ready to accept her and forgive, but did not wait, died. Dunya, according to the paradise model, allows returns to the native home in the future, and it returns, but it turns out that it is nowhere to return. Life is easier and tougher than many old parables. It's all about this "wonderful transforming" Duni: it only aggravates the cavering position of the caretaker. Yes, the Dunya became a rich lady, but the father did not even let the threshold of the capital's house, where Minsk placed the Dunya. The poor man did not just remain the poor man; He was also offended, his human dignity was extinct.
"It was precisely Samson Vynein; But how he has come. Ponya was going to rewrite my zaezhnaya, I looked at his gray, on deep wrinkles for a long time unshaven facial, on the grilled back - and could not put as it was how three or four years could turn the vigorous man in a thieved old man. "
And the visible foreign family, the female, the mother's happiness of the daughter only aggravates in the eyes of the reader Mount the old man. Yes, after all, and she, at the end of the story, is clearly bends under the severity of late repentance
Conclusion: the kindness and sensitivity of the Duni, laid in her character with loving parents, disappear under the influence of another feeling. What would be the feelings of Minsk in relation to the Dun, ultimately he still personifies evil. This evil destroyed the family, this evil made an unhappy man, led to the death of Samson sculp.
M.Yu.Lermontov "MTSYRY"
The problem of good and evil
Scene in the spring of 1837 in the Caucasus, Lermontov drove through the Milgian Road. Near the Mtskheta station, under Tiflis, there was no time to monastery.
Here I met the poet wandering among the ruins and gravestone slabs of a shallow old man. It was a monk-Highlander. The old man told Lermontov, as a child was captured by the Russians and was given to the upbringing in this monastery. He recalled how he gone at home, as he dreamed of returning home. But gradually bother with his prison, pulled into a monotonous monastery life and became a monk. The story of the old man, who in his youth was in the Mtzhetsky monastery of the novice, or the Georgian "MTSYRY", answered his own thoughts to Lermontov, which he tried many many years.
Eight years passed, and Lermontov embodied his old idea in the poem
"MTSI". The native house, the depreciation, freedom, life, the struggle - everything connected in one radiant constellation and fills the soul of the reader with a volatile longing of the dream. The anthem is a high "fiery passion", anthem with romantic burning - this is what the poem "MTSI":
I knew only the Duma power,
One - but fiery passion ...
Undoubtedly, in the Potsry "poem, feelings of good and mercy are obvious. The monks were taken and tamed a poor patient boy, they went out, cured, surrounded by attention and care, can be said, gave him life ... And, it's all good. However, the monks were deprived of the MTSERI of the most important-freedom, they forbade him to return to their relatives, close, to find them, find them again. ... Monks thought that Mcyri was ready to give up life, and he only dreamed of life. Long ago, he decided to run to find his homeland, his loved ones and relatives:
Learn whether the land is beautiful
Find out for the will il prison
We are born to this light.
In the first chapter of the poems, the tragic contradictions between the mental strength of the young man and the life circumstances, driving it in the close framework of monastic life. In the cramped dark church during the early morning service stood a slender, weak boy, who was not quite awake, awakened by a deafal bell tower from sweet morning sleep. And it seemed to him that the saints look at him from the walls with a gloomy and mute threat, as the monks watched. And there, in the embroidery, the sun played on the lattice window:
Oh, how I wanted to
From the darkness of Celi and prayers,
In that wonderful world of passions and battles ...
I tears bitter swallow,
And my child's voice trembled,
When I sang praise to
Who is on earth to me alone
Gave instead of homeland - prison ...
And so, when the young man must take a vow, under the cover of the night he disappears. He is missing for three days. He is found exhausted and exhausted. "And I was close to his end; then Chernets came to him." The death confession begins - eleven chapters telling about three days of freedom, who were baiting all the tragedy and all the happiness of his life.
The confession of the MTSYRO turns into a sermon, an argument with the confessor that voluntary slavery is lower than the "wonderful alarm and battles", which opens freedom. Mczyry does not repent in the deed, does not speak about the sinfulness of his desires, thoughts and actions. As a dream, before McSi, the image of the father, sisters, and he tried to find the way home. Three days he lived and enjoyed wildlife. He enjoyed everything that was deprived, - harmony, unity, brotherhood. Georgian girl who met him, too, part of freedom and harmony, sprinkling with nature, but he gets off home. In its path, MTSYR met Barca. The young man has already felt the power and joy of freedom, saw the unity of nature, I enters into battle with one of her creations. It was equal rivalry, where every living creature defended the right to do what was prescribed by nature. Mcyri won, having received fatal wounds from Barça claws. Find unconscious. Having come to themselves, Mcyri is not afraid of death, he is saddened only by the fact that he will be buried in his native land.
McSi, who saw the beauty of life, does not regret the short-term of his stay on earth, he attempted to escape from the way, his spirit is not broken, free will live in the dying body. M. Yu. Lermontov made this poem to understand us that the aspirations of people are fulfilled, it is necessary only to pass one's passionately and not be afraid to make a decisive step. Many, as the old man who met Lermontov, do not find the strength to make an attempt to regain freedom
Output:
Unfortunately, the evil wins in this work, because a person died and not having freedom. Good obviously in mercy and compassion to the neighbor. However, these are too obsessive good turns around for the MTSYRY suffering, grief and ultimately death. You can look for justification by monks, deepening in religious concepts and traditions, but it seems to me that the Christian religion was based on freedom and faith. And Mczyry believed in his freedom. It turns out that the monks "wanted to do as better, and it turned out as always."
N.A. Oostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
The problem of good and evil
Ostrovsky is opposed to the spiritualized rich nature of Katerina:
"Why people do not fly! I say why people do not fly like birds? I sometimes think I'm a bird. When you stand on the mountain, so you pull you. It would be sick, raised his hands and flew "- the malicious life of the Little Volga town, where they are" called ", and others are submissive. The main heroine of the play of Katerina is marked by a strong character, it is not accustomed to humiliation and insults and therefore conflicts with a brutal old mother-in-law. In the house of Mother, Katerina lived freely and easily. In the house of Kabanov, she feels like a bird in a cage.
Images of domestic tyrants are shown in the play vital and convincing. "Brutal morals, sir, in our city, cruel! In the mesh, sir, you are nothing but the rudeness of the poverty will not see. And never for us, sir, do not get out of this bark! Because honest hard work never earn us more urgent bread. And who has money, sir, he tries to ribbed the poor, so that there are even more money on his works even more money. Do you know that your uncle, Savel Prokofich, is heldingly replied? To the city's man, the peasants came to complain that he did not disagree in any of them. Gingerbread and began to talk to him: "Listen," says, "Savel Prokofich, count the men well! Every day to me with a complaint go!" The uncle has sang in the shoulder of the shoulder and says: "Is it worth it, your highlands, we have to talk about such trifles! A lot of me in a year, it takes the people; you are understanding: I do not surcharge, I don't surchant on some kind of penny on a person, I have from this thousand are compiled, so it; I and good! " That's how, sir! And among themselves, sir, how they live! Trade from each other is undermined, and not so much of the coarse, how much of the envy. Enjoy each other; They are listed into their high choir of drunk orders, such, sir, ordinaries, as well as the human form on it, there is no kind of human lost "" - (Kuligin; Tradann, wurster self-taught, looking for perpetum mobile).
Kabaniha believes that the main thing in the family is not love, but fear.
Kabaniha Eating home eats home to kill the will in them, any ability to resist. She supports
Supervironment and prejudices, strictly observes old customs and orders:
"What are you standing, do you not know about order? Order
Wife - how to live without you! "
Kabaniha is a powerful, proud, intense woman who is accustomed only to unquestioned subordination and to humiliation
Others:
"Well, well, order! So that I heard that you order her! "
"In the night, in the night," he orders Tikhon.
This is not a woman, but a heartless, cruel executioner. Even with the form of the Katerina body pulled out of the Volga, she retains ice calm. Kabaniha understands that only fear can keep people in submission, extend the domination of self-masses. For the words of Tikhon, why his wife fear him, exclaims Kabaniha in horror:
"How why to be afraid! Yes, you crushed, or what? You will not be afraid of me, I am suppressed. "
She protects the law to which the weak must be afraid of the strong, according to which a person should not be their will. After
The recognition of Katerina she loudly, says Tikhon with the celebration:
"What, son! Where will the will - then leads? I told you, so you and
I did not want to listen. So I waited! "
All comes in ignorance, in fear of anything new. Katerina loved Boris - hazelnaya and weak. It is much lower on the mental qualities of his chosen woman. Sensitive and soulfully, Catherine cannot live, sin slowly: "I can't deceive something, I can't hide something." The last words of Katerina before death are facing a loved one: "My friend! My joy! Goodbye!"
Ostrovsky in the play "Thunderstorm" showed the tragic destiny of a young woman who dares his free feeling and lonely in his desire.
Conclusions:
In this work, evil won the victory over good. It would seem young, beautiful couple. Whatever living in love and happiness. So, evil can not see the happiness of others. Katerina dies, from hopelessness, she rushes into the Volga ... She did not want to put up with a person who killing human dignity, could not live without moral purity, love and harmony and therefore got rid of suffering from the only way in those circumstances. "... just humanly, we are glad to see the deliverance of Katerina - at least, if death, if it is impossible ... I am glad, fresh life freshes a healthy personality, who has determined to end this rotten life in itself by anything ! .. "- says N.A. Dobrobrubov. And because the tragic finals of the drama - the suicide of Katerina is not a defeat, but the statement of the strength of a free man is a protest against the Kabanovsky concepts about morality, "proclaimed under home torture, and over the abyss, in which a poor woman rushed," this is "a terrible challenge " And in this sense, the suicide of Katerina is her victory.
N.A. Oostrovsky "Nonmennica"
The problem of good and evil
Larisa is a significant name, like any name at Ostrovsky: Translated from the Greek School. Larisa is prone to various types of art, loves everything beautiful. Women with the name Larisa are charming, smart, neat, always in the center of attention, especially in men. Such is Larisa at Ostrovsky. Dreamy and artistic, she does not notice in people of vulgar parties, sees them with the eyes of the heroine of the Russian romance and acts in accordance with it. For she, there is only the world of pure passions, disinterested love, charm.
This play is a bright protest against the power of money in society. Larisa is surrounded by people, ready or buying, or sold. It grows in an atmosphere of sales - her mother, concerned, how to attach his daughters, caperately takes money from merchants, without thinking about Maral and not inspired by any moral principles of her daughter. The merchants of the curls and sovers originally belong to Larisa as things. Adorable by her, can afford the feeling, only to enjoy. He broke the life of Larisa, but did not go on its goal to become the owner of the Golden Movies. Dishonest man. He did not consider it necessary to abandon fierce fun. Knurov talks about her: "It's nice to see one more often, without interference ..." or: "Larisa is created for luxury ..."
His opinion shares and the longtime friend of Larisa - the sovereigns: "The lady is pretty, playing on different tools, sings, the appeal is free, it pulls. What a sensitive! " He does not like Larisa and Karandyshev - it is important for him to rise above the surviving wife as Larisa, as Larisa.
Bargaining for Larisa covers all men - the heroes of the plays. Around it is formed a whole range of applicants. But what do they offer her? Knurov and pebels - content. Karandyshev - the position of an honest married woman and a sad existence. Parats want to spend the last days of bachelor's liberties with chic. Larisa for him is just a strong passion. Who was not fond of? Such is his philosophy.
The main thing for Larisa is love. She completely trusts his chosen one and is ready to follow him at least on the edge of the world:
"Parats. Now or never.
Larisa. Hang.
Parats. How do you decide to go for the Volga?
Larisa. Wherever you please. "
In such an unbearable life atmosphere, Larisa still retains spirituality, sincerity, the opportunity to love.
The deepest disappointment for Larisa is that all people belong to her as things. "The thing ... yes, the thing! They are right, I am a thing, not a person. I now made sure I experienced myself ... I am a thing! " She wanted completely different: "I was looking for love and did not find. They looked at me and look like fun. Nobody tried to look into my soul, none of anyone I saw sympathy, did not hear a warm, heart word. But so live cold ... "
In the gust of despair, Larisa challenges the world of accompanying: "Well, if there is a thing, so one consolation is to be dear, very expensive."
Larisa herself is not capable of a more decisive step, but the shot of Karandyshev is perceived by her as goodbye. It is probably the only act committed not by calculation, the only manifestation of a living feeling. Larisa dies with the words of forgiveness on the lips: "My dear, what kind of blessing you have done for me! Pistol here, here on the table! This is me ... Oh, what kind of good deed! "
Knurov sovers paratov
"Significant people of the city" "Brilliant Barin"
- Yes, you can do with money. Good thing ... who has a lot of money.
- Find these people who are tens of thousands of gift, and then marry me.
- If I say: Eagle, so I will lose, the eagle, of course, you. - For the pleasure you have to pay, they are not given for nothing ...
- I know what a merchant word is.
- What I promised, I will fulfill: for me, the word is the law, which is said, then holy.
- Every product price is. - I am a man with the rules, the marriage for me is sacred.
- I myself as the same burlack.
- What is "sorry", I do not know. I have nothing cherished; I will find a benefit, so everything sells anything.
- I have a rule: no one forgive anything ...
"After all, I almost married Larisa - I would have mocked people."
- Lord, I have weakness to artists.
Output:
The work ended sad and tragic. An amazing girl carries the good starts: she loves her mother, sisters, she is obedient, she is attentive to people, noble. And only when it is brought to despair, it protests. In its image there is something mucent.
To the great regret, Larisa dies ... And her death is the only worthy way out, because only in death she will cease to be a thing. That is why the heroine thanks the killer for the shot.
Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The problem of good and evil
The main philosophical question of the novel of the Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" - the borders of good and evil. The writer seeks to identify these concepts and show their interaction in society and in a separate person. In protest, the Raskolnikova is difficult to hold a clear line between good and evil. Raskolnikov is unusually kind and humoring: he loves her sister and mother; regrets marmalades and helps them, gives the last money for the funeral of Marmaladov; It does not remain indifferent to the fate of a drunken girl on the boulevard. Skolnikova's sleep about scored death horses emphasizes the humanism of the hero, his protest against evil and violence.
At the same time, it exhibits extreme egoism, individualism, cruelty and merciless. Raskolnikov creates the antichelological theory of "two discharges of people", which determines in advance who to live, and who to die. He belongs to the excuse of "blood ideas on conscience", when any person can be killed for the sake of higher purposes and principles. Raskolnikov who loving people suffering for their pain makes the villainous killing of the old woman of the member and her sisters, meek Lizaveta. By committing a murder, he is trying to approve the absolute moral freedom of man, which essentially means permissiveness. This leads to the fact that the borders of the evil cease to exist.
But all the crimes of Raskolnikov makes for good. A paradoxical idea arises: the foundation of evil is welcome. Good and evil struggle in the soul of Raskolnikov. Evil, brought to the limit, brings him closer with Svidrigaylov, good, brought to self-sacrifice, relates him to Sonya Marmaladeova.
In the Roman Romane and Sonya is, the confrontation between good and evil. Sonya preaches good, based on Christian humility, Christian love to neighbor and to all suffering.
But even in the actions of Sony, life itself erases the border between good and evil. She commits a step full of Christian love and goodness towards neighbor, - sells himself to not let me die with the hunger of a sick step and her children. And myself, his conscience, she hurts irreparable evil. And again in the foundation of the evil laid down.
The interpenetration of good and evil can be seen in the nightmare of Svidrigaylov before suicide. This hero completes the chain of malicious crimes in the novel: rape, murder, planting juvenile. True, the fact of the execution of these crimes by the author is not confirmed: mainly it is a gossip of a nudge. But it is quite exactly known that Svidrigaylov arranged children of Katerina Ivanovna, helped Sona Marmaladeova. Dostoevsky shows how difficult struggle between good and evil occurs in the soul of this hero. Dostoevsky is trying to hold the border between good and evil in the novel. But the human world is too complicated and unfair, the boundaries between these concepts are erased. Therefore, Dostoevsky sees salvation and truth in faith. Christ for him is the highest criterion of morality, the carrier of true good on Earth. And this is the only thing that the writer does not doubt.
Conclusion: on the pages of the novel, good and evil go to the leg. But, oddly enough, the superiority on the side of evil. Evil in the novel is primarily a social system that creates unbearable living conditions for people, leads to infinite suffering, people morally disbuilt, distorts human nature. The writer showed the truth about humiliated people, about the evil and cruelty, about social contradictions.
3. Table of comparison and classification
Works of Russian literature images, personifying good images, personify evil evil celebration of good celebration evil
Russian folk fairy tale "Ivan Peasant Son ..." Ivan Miracle Yudo
Sketch - wives Miracle of Yud + -
Russian folk fairy tale "Vasilisa lovely" princess evil stepmother + -
Literary fairy tale A.S. Pushkin "Tale of the dead princess and seven heroes" Tsarevna, Korolevich Elisha. Queen stepmother + -
A.S. Pushkin. Roman "Evgeny Onegin" Tatyana, Lenic family of the Larina Evgeny Onegin
Metropolitan nobility - +
A.S. Pushkin "Stationander" Samson Scratch, Dunya Minsk
Public system - +
A.S. Pushkin.
"Dubrovsky" Vladimir, Masha, Peasants Troceurov,
Social layers - +
A.S. Pushkin.
"Captain's Daughter" Peter Grneev, Masha Mironova
Captain Mironov Shvabrin
Pugachev
Ekaterininskaya era -
+ _
+
M.Yu.Lermonts "MTSYRY" MTSIRY monks - +
M.Yu.Lermonts "Hero of Our Time" Bela
Maxim Maksimovich
Vera Azamat.
Pechorin, Kazbich
"Water Society"
Grushnitsky - +.
M.Yu.Lermontov
"Song about ...
I kalashnikov's merchant, Kalashnikov merchant,
Alena Ivanovna Epoch, Ivan Grozny,
Kiribeich - +.
N.V.Gogol
"The Auditor" of Khlestakov The image of the people - +
N.V.Gogol
"Dead Souls" Simple People Chichiki Box,
Nozdrev
Sobesevich
Plushkin
Officials _ +.
I.S.Turgenev
"Fathers and children" Odenty
N.P. Kirsanov
Bazarov P.P. Kirsanov
Bazarov - +.
N.A.Nekrasov
"Who lives in Russia to live" Grisha Dobrozlov,
Travelers
Matrena Timofeevna
Savely Pop
Obolt-Owdow
Prince Utyatin
German Fogel _ +
N.A. Oostrovsky "Thunderstorm" Katerina, Kabaniha
Wild - +.
N.A.OSTROVSKIY "DERVIDENCH" Larisa merchants of Knurov and soverees, Parats, Karandyshev - +
A.I.Gongcharov
"Oblomov" gallets
Olga Ilinskaya
Wheaticin Oblomov
Zakhar - +.
M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin
Tales Russian people landowners
Officials - +.
Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Sonya, Marmaladov, Katerina Ivanovna, Raskolnikov
Lugin
Svidrigailov - +.
Conclusion:
I explored about twenty works of Russian classics. All these works of the program cycle. With the exception of fairy tales, all are examples of Russian realistic prose and lyrics. They fully reflect reality. In each of the investigating artwork, there is a problem of good and evil. Moreover, good is in continuous confrontation with evil. My assumptions about the fact that in every artistic work of classical literature there is a confrontation of two phenomena of life - good and evil - confirmed. However, the second hypothesis nominated by me relative to the victory of good over evil turned out to be rocked. In almost all studied works at the peak of glory turned out to be evil. The exception is only fairy tales. Why? Perhaps because the dreams of people about eternal happy life are embodied in fairy tales. And reality ??? moral values \u200b\u200bthe ability to make a choice in life ???? be responsible for the deed, p
Project Prospects: The work made me think, is there in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature the concept of good and evil, or in modern literature there is only the concept of evil, and good has completely eradicated itself?

Bibliographic list
1. N.I. Kravtsov The story of Russian literature. Enlightenment M.-1966.
2. All works of the school program (in summary) M.-1996.
3. E. Cools Encyclopedia Aphorisms M.- 2001.
4. The history of Russian literature of the 19th century. M. Enlightenment, 1987.
5. Russian classical literature Sost. D.Ustujanin.
M.- Enlightenment, 1969

Good and evil are the basic concepts of morality. Each person since childhood is taught to these aspects. Everyone compares their actions with this measure. He has a name - Moral. Each child teach to distinguish good and evil, what is good, but what is bad. Children are not able to fully evaluate their actions and their consequences. But adolescents are clearly understood that there is something. And sometimes consciously choose evil and educated actions.

Good is the actions of a person aimed at the good of another living being. Good people are always needed and everywhere. They bring light, warmth and joy. It is impossible to live without such people. They hold society from moral decomposition. Good - the only salvation in the stormy ocean of a tough life.

If there were no kindness, the world would soon come to the end. Strong destroyed the weak, without thinking. Brutal laws can be clearly seen in the wild. It is terrible that predator inexorably, he has no pity and compassion. But he has a goal and he will achieve it in any way. Unfortunately, today there are more and more "predators", hard and ruthless. They can only stop the cruel attitude if they are squeezed against the wall. They themselves will never stop. This is terribly evil. It will not stop. You can only stop it with a rough strength, but not everyone has it.

Life is in the fight. Wrestling good and evil. Each person himself decides that there will be more in his life. Everything rests on the moral choice. If the individual chooses good, his life will be filled with love, tenderness and light. Other people will reach it. But if the choice falls on evil. Once, two and more. Man life will become worse and worse. A person will fill angrily, rudeness, hatred and rage. Soon for the surrounding will become unquest. Everyone will avoid it and reduce communication to the maximum. Few people want to communicate with an evil personality. It does not help grow and develop, but only pulls down, to degradation.

But there is a way out. It all starts with awareness and recognition of the problem. This is a step to correction. Next, you should change thinking and bad habits. This is the most difficult. You need to start doing good things and help others. Over time, life will change and joy will come.

Option 2.

Since childhood, we are familiar with the concepts of good and evil. Adults every day explain to us that good to be good, bad be bad. Militiamen are talking about the transition of the road only on green light or by zebra, doctors persuade us that it is bad. Why bad? If this allows not to go to school, lie in bed and eat a lot of delicious dishes prepared by a caring mother. Firefighters warn that matches are not a toy and in inept hands are evil.

In school, they say that the Four is good, and the troika is bad. But no one can answer the question about who decided so and why.

All the lives of people put in a situation where they are opposed to different in black and white, in good and bad, in good and evil. And the person is obliged to choose one of the parties, he has no right to occupy neutrality, because in society you are either a worthy citizen or not.

Even in religion there is a good and evil. Cannot and fairy tales cost only a positive example. They necessarily need evil sides of life in the form of a snake of Gorynych and the nightingale of the robber.

Helping the needy is good, humiliate the weak - this is evil. Everything is simple and understandable. And it is not difficult to distinguish two of these concepts. Only here, that of them is stronger in nature and from nature? After all, today evil is presented as good. More precisely, if you have categorically said people before: "Stole - it means the thief!", Now they find a bunch of arguments to continue the logical chain: "Stole - it means the thief, it means the tricky, it means rich, can buy yourself and his loved one So well done! "

Thin line between light and dark erase. And they erased her no circumstances, but people who are engaged in today's substitution. If you have a good favorably - I will be, if you are evil practical - I will. The duplicity of people scares. It became not at all clear where it was: clean, quiet and disinterested good. Although if you think so much, the answer is to be. Evil swallowed good.

Now, to be kind to go through seven steps of evil. Steal, deceive, destroy. And then build churches, help with sick children and smile on the camera, to smile infinitely and to master this beautiful, and good yourself. Dobryak, who ruined thousands of shower before I decided to lay the foundation of a new temple or hospital.

No now the concepts of good and evil. They do not protrude as a separate front, they are a single fist, which beats when it is not necessary and strokes when it is no longer necessary.

Writing reasoning good and evil

The theme of good and evil is old as the world. Predated these two radically opposite concepts are struggled for the right to triumph at each other. From time immemorial, good and evil make people argue about how to separate black from white. In life, everything relative.

The concepts are kind and angry collective. Sometimes, it would seem good, the good act leads to negative consequences. Also, as in the poor matter, some find pluses for themselves.

Good and evil are always inseparable, one does not exclude the other. For example, if for one person some news brings joy and carries in itself good, another this news may cause chagrin and negative emotions, respectively, to carry an evil in itself. Sometimes with evil people identify some objects and phenomena: "Money-evil, alcohol-evil, evil war." But if you look at these things on the other side? The more money, the more independent and is provided by a person, he is fed and happy, he is ready to carry good into the world. Alcohol in small doses, as it can paradoxically, can also carry good - front hundred grams served in the war to good service, raising the morale of soldiers and acting as an anesthesia for heavy injuries.

And even the war herself, it seems to be a completely negative phenomenon, also carries a piece of not good, but certain benefits: the conquest of new lands, cohesion and fraternity of the allies, raising will to victory.

According to tradition in fairy tales and films, good wins evil, but justice does not always triumph in life. But going to do to someone's meanness, you should always remember about the World "Boomeranga Law" - "Evil, emitted by you, will be returned to you by sure." Let's start with myself, we will be kinder and merciful and maybe then in our cruel modern world of good will become a little more than evil.

Sample 4.

Good and evil, are the main aspects of our life. Around these, the basic concepts of morality are built by all types of relationships in our society. From early age, in children, they begin to develop the ability, distinguish between these two concepts. As a result, this scheme of the world's perception of the child becomes paramount, in the education of the future member of society. Since the ability to distinguish between these two opposite sides of our life is the basis for building the moral principles of the child. As a result, in adolescence, children begin to fully realize the correspondence of their actions to the basic principles of morality.

But if you touch this topic, in general, at a higher level, then you can see a continuous, constant struggle, between good and evil, which does not stop for a minute. Both in the past and in the present time, examples can be given, clearly proving the presence of such confrontation. A bright example can serve, the Great Patriotic War, where in the role of a dark, angry side, fascist Germany performed. Or admit, our time, where the political course of the United States is in the role of the opposing party. Examples are quite a lot, and in almost any field of life.

In short, the theme of good and evil, very old, but at the same time relevant at any time, and will remain such up to the conclusion of the centuries. Indeed, we literally come across this problem every day. And anyone must make a choice, in many of his actions, whose he is located. Many argue that our life depends on the good deeds, and kindness in the heart and soul. What we are kinder, the more, the light and warmth in our lives. But there is such a saying "Do not do good, you will not get and evil," and I would say that she really works. Many of our deeds do not give that return, which follows, after good deeds. And therefore the question arises, which is actually evil and good. But still, good is very nice in most cases, be that as it may. And evil always brings pain and suffering.

As a result, I would like to say that this topic is very difficult, fully disclosed and analyze it is not possible. But what then should take into account? I think the main thing is the ability to distinguish evil and good, sometimes there are cases when a kind deed is carefully disguised. And then you have to be very vigilant to discover it. Also worth it, carefully dispose of good, they say implied good - worse evil.

Several interesting writings

Each person from birth is endowed with a variety of qualities. Whether the qualities of the winner, or the man of the so-called

• Theme of art in the story of Gogol portrait

  The topic of art in the story of N.V.Gogol "Portrait" plays a dominant and binder role. In the "portrait" Gogol raises the question, what is genuine art and what is the visibility of art

When the rain quietly knocks on the roof, then he acts on me slugging, I can even fall asleep.

I study in grade 7 and many will probably think that I'm just a small little man who has no life experience.

If it was possible to choose a housing yourself, you should stay at a spacious house. It must necessarily have a large living room so that the whole family can get together and talk at least once a week.