The effect of the novel begins on July 11, 1856. In the room of one of St. Petersburg hotels, a message is found in which it is written that the author will soon be the cause of conversations on the casting bridge and that it is not necessary to look for guilty of this event. Soon it really becomes known that a man shot himself on the casting bridge at night. From the water they caught his headdress with the following bullet.

At this time in the house on a stone island engaged in sewing Vera Pavlovna. The servant is included and gives her a letter by reading which Vera Pavlovna begins to rig, repulse from himself who entered her into her a young man's room with the words that he is to blame for everything.

Next in the novel tells the story that led to such an outcome. Vera Pavlovna grew up in St. Petersburg. Her father ruled the multi-storey house, and the mother gave money to interest. The main care of the mother was to marry faith, and for the sake of this Marya Alekseevna did not regret any funds. Soon the son of the owners of the house of Storchnikov drew attention to faith. Mother, having learned about this, ordered faith to be Paula with him, but faith understands that the true goal of Storshnikov is not to marry her at all. Helps the faith to get out of this situation Dmitry Sergeevich Lopukhov Student Medic, invited as a teacher for the brother of Faith Fedi. At first he is trying to find the place of the governess for the faith, and when he fails, hends his studies, it takes for private lessons and translation of textbooks and marries faith. Faith dreams first of a series of dreams. In this dream, she is talking to the beauty, which is none other than love for people. Faith seemed to be released from the dark basement, and she promises that now and herself will do everything to produce other girls from the basements.

Lopukhov and faith settle in a removable apartment, whose mistress, looking at their relationship, is very surprised - young sleeping in different rooms, be sure to knock and wait for a response before entering the spouse, and never go into the common room. Faith explains to her that this is a real family life of spouses who want to experience love for each other as long as possible.

Vera Pavlovna not only leads the economy and gives private lessons - she also decides to do their own business. Faith organizes a sewing workshop, taking to the assistants of girls who receive, like she, percentage of workshop income. And a short time, she sees another dream - the field on which grows grows. On the field there is a dirt real is the concern that you need a person, from this dirt and grow ear, and the dirt is fantastic - care for empty, unnecessary business, and nothing grows from this dirt.

Alexander Matveyevich Kirsanov often comes to the house to Lopukhov - Friend of Dmitry. He spends a lot of time with faith, and then suddenly suddenly disappears and returns again only when Dmitry Dreams. The reason for such disappearance is love for faith. Faith also feels that Kirsanova loves. This confirms her next dream in which she reads a diary, where it says that she does not like her husband, and is only a sense of gratitude towards him. From the current situation finds the output of Dmitry - he goes to the casting bridge, and a shot is heard there.

Rakhmetov comes to faith - one of the friends of Kirsanova, "a special person." Once Rakhmetov was rich, but sold the estate and distributed all the money. Now he leads an extremely ascetic lifestyle. Rakhmetov gives faith letter from Lopukhov. She reads a letter and calms down, a smile appears on her face. After that, she becomes the wife of Kirsanov. The resulting letter states that faith and Dmitry are very different people. The letter wrote a medical student who introduced himself to Lopukhov's friend and informing that after parting with faith, Lopukhov feels great.

The way of life of the Kirsanov family is no different from the way to which Vera is used to, living with Lopukhov. But she feels that Kirsanov not only loves her, but also is ready to listen and help. She dreams another dream in which she sees paintings from women's life at different times. In this dream, a beauty appears from the first sleep, explaining the faith that such equality of floors and freedom of women.

Soon among people visiting the House of Kirsanov, the Biamont family appears. Having met with Charles Biamont, Kirsanov understands that it is Lopukhov. Soon, Bumons and Kirsanov decide to settle in the same house and to keep the economy.

Roman Nikolai Chernyshevsky "What to do?" Contemporaries perceived ambiguously. Some considered him "abomination", others - "Charming". This is due to a complex composition, attempts to hide the main idea of \u200b\u200bdreams of the main character and the love triangle and, finally, with the peculiarities of language design. Nevertheless, the novel had a serious impact on the Russian Federation of the XIX century. Schoolchildren study it in the 10th grade. We offer a brief analysis of the work of "What to do?", Which will help qualitatively prepare for lessons and to the exam.

Brief analysis

History of creation - N. Chernyshevsky created a novel when he was in the Petropavlovsk fortress. The writer was arrested for radical ideas. The work was thought of as an answer to the "fathers and children" of Turgenev, therefore, between the images of Evgenia Bazarov and Rakhmetov there is some similarity.

Subject - In the work, you can allocate two main topics - love and life in a new society, built on the basis of labor laws and equality.

Composition - The structure of the work has features. Through Roman Lines - the Life of Vera Pavlovna, the fate of Lopukhov and Kirsanov. Main role in these storylines play love peripetics. With reality, the dreams of Vera Pavlovna are closely intertwined. With their help, the author encrypted socio-political motives.

Genre - Roman, in which it is possible to notice the features of several genre varieties - Roman-utopia, socio-political, love and philosophical novels.

Direction - Realism.

History of creation

Over the analyzed work, the writer worked for several months: from December 1862 until April 1863 at that time he was arrested in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They concluded him for radical glances. The novel thought as an answer to the "fathers and children" of Turgenev, therefore, between the images of Evgenia Bazarov and Rakhmetov there is some similarity.

Working on the novel, N. Chernyshevsky understood that censorship would not allow him to print if the acute political subtext would notice. To deceive the controlling authorities, the writer resorted to artistic techniques: I framed the social motifs with a love context, introduced dreams into the plot. He managed to print his work in the "contemporary", but soon the authorities banned not only to distribute the novel, but even imitate him. Allowed to publish the work of Chernyshevsky "What to do?" Only in 1905

Subject

The novels showed motifs characteristic of Russian literature of the XIX century. Their writer has implemented in an extraordinary, confusing plot. He filed situations that should pushing the reader to independent conclusions.

N. Chernyshevsky uncovered several meanings, among which the following are allocated: love that feeds on common interests, mutual respect; Dreams of new life. These topics are closely intertwined and determined problemsWhat to do? ": Marriage without love, friendship, equality of men and women, the role of labor in human life.

A significant part of the novel is dedicated to the life of the faith of Pavlovna. The mother of the heroine wanted to marry her for a rich man. She considered the Master Son's profitable party. Mother did not even think about the fact that it was a slate, with whom her daughter would not have happiness. From the unsuccessful marriage of the Veroil saved a medical student Dmitry Lopukhov. There was a gentle feeling between young people, and they got married. Faith became the owner of the sewing workshop. However, she did not use hired work. The heroine made girls who worked with her, co-owners, the income they divided the robust. In the story about the workshop of faith, Pavlovna, the author embodied the idea of \u200b\u200bequal labor.

Marriage with Lopukhov soon collapsed: the Verochie fell in love with her husband, Kirsanov. To unleash a love knot, Lopukhov decided to shoot. It turns out that he left a note that was discussed at the beginning of the novel. In the message, he stated that no one was to blame for his death, and Vera Pavlovna calmly married Kirsanov.

Couple healed happily. Vera Pavlovna was passionate about his favorite business - sewing workshops, began to study medicine, and her husband helped her in every way. In the descriptions of the family life of these people, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe equality of men and women is manifested. At the end of the novel, we learn that Lopukhov is alive. Now I took the last name Biamont and married the polozoa Catherine Vasilyevna. Kirsanov's families and Burmont begin to be friends and distribute the ideas of "new" life.

Composition

In "What to do?" Analysis should be added to the characteristic of the composition. Features of the formal and semantic text organization allow the author to reveal several topics, to carry out the forbidden motives. At first glance, love peripetias play the main role in the novel. In fact, they are mask hiding socio-political problems. To disclose the last, the author used the description of the dreams of Vera Pavlovna.

The constituent plots are placed inconsistently: the author provides an event from the development of actions before exposure, and only then the scene elements are built into a logical chain. And at the beginning, and at the end of the novel appears the image of Lopukhov. So, a peculiar framing is created.

main characters

Genre

The genre of the work is a novel, since it has several storylines, and the central problem remains open. The product is inherent in genre syncretism: they intertwined the features of love, philosophical, socio-political novels and utopia. The direction of the work is realism.

Test on the work

Rating Analysis

Average rating: 4.1. Total ratings received: 74.

On July 11, 1856, in the room of one of the large Petersburg hotels found a note left by a strange guest. The note says that the author will soon hear on the casting bridge and that there should be no suspicion. Circumstances are found very soon: some person is shooting on the casting bridge at night. From the water they catch its sweeping cap.

At the same morning, at the cottage on the stone island, sitting and sewing a young lady, singing a brisk and bold French song about the workers who liberate knowledge. The name is Her Vera Pavlovna. The maid brings her a letter by reading which Vera Pavlovna spares, closing his face with his hands. The entered young man is trying to calm her down, but Vera Pavlovna is crazy. She pushes a young man with the words: "You're in the blood! On you his blood! You are not guilty - I am alone ... "In a letter received by the Pavlovna faith, it is said that the writing of him comes from the stage, because too loves" both of you "...

Tragic junction is preceded by the history of the life of the faith of Pavlovna. Its childhood passed in St. Petersburg, in a high-rise house on the pea, between the garden and Semenovsky bridge. Her father, Pavel Konstantinovich Rosalsky - a house manager, mother gives money on bail. The only concern of the mother, Maria Alekseevna, in relation to the probation: as soon as possible to marry her for the rich. The near and evil woman makes everything possible for this: invites you to the daughter of the music teacher, dresses it and even leads to the theater. Soon the master son, an officer of Storchnikov, and immediately decides to seduce her. Hoping to force Storshnikov to marry, Marya Alekseevna demands that the daughter is favorable to him, the Veroch is in every way refuses it, understanding the true intentions of Lovelace. She succeeds in some of how to deceive the mother, pretending that she lures the worker, but it cannot continue for a long time. The position of the vertex in the house becomes completely unbearable. It is permitted in an unexpected way.

Teacher, a medical student of the graduation rate Dmitry Sergeevich Lopukhov was invited to the Tver Brother Fede. First, young people treat each other wary, but then they begin to talk about books, about music, about the fair image of thoughts and soon there is a location to each other. Having learned about the distinguished position of the girl, Lopukhov is trying to help her. He is looking for her place of the governess, which would give the violence the opportunity to settle separately from the parents. But searching is unsuccessful: no one wants to take responsibility for the fate of the girl if she runs out of the house. Then the loved student finds another way out: shortly before the end of the course, to have enough money, he leaves for study and, engaged in private lessons and translation of the textbook of geography, makes the offer. At this time, the first her dream dreams: she sees herself to be released from a raw and dark basement and talking with an amazing beauty that calls himself love for people. Verochka promises beauty that will always be released from the basements of other girls, locked just as she was locked.

Young remove the apartment, and their life goes well. True, their relationship seems to be strange to the apartment hostess: "Millennaya" and "Millen" sleep in different rooms, enter each other only after the knock, do not show each other with nozzles, etc. It is hard to explain to the hostess that such Being a relationship between spouses, if they do not want to get bored with each other.

Vera Pavlovna reads books, gives private lessons, leads the economy. Soon she climbs his own enterprise - a sewing workshop. The girls work in the workshop not by employment, but are its co-owners and receive their share of income, like Vera Pavlovna. They not only work together, but together spend their free time: they go to picnics, talk. In the second dream, Vera Pavlovna sees the field on which the bumps grow. She sees on this field and dirt - or rather, two dirt: fantastic and real. Real dirt is a concern for the necessary (such that the mother of faith of Pavlovna has always been burdened), and from her can grow ears. Fantastic dirt - care for superfluous and unnecessary; It does not grow anything better of it.

Lopukhov's spouses often have the best friend of Dmitry Sergeevich, his former classmate and spiritually close to him - Alexander Matveevich Kirsanov. Both of them are "breasts, without connections, without dating, have been pretended to themselves." Kirsanov is a volitional man, courageous, capable of decisive act, and on a subtle feeling. He cares about the conversations loneliness of the faith of Pavlovna, when Lopukhov is busy, he takes it to the opera, which both love. However, soon, without explaining the reasons, Kirsanov ceases to be among his friend, which is very offended by him, and Pavlovna faith. They do not know the true cause of its "cooling": Kirsanov in love with a friend's wife. He reappears in the house, only when Lopukhov got sick: Kirsanov - a doctor, he treats Lopukhov and helps Belovna's faith to care for him. Vera Pavlovna is in full confusion: she feels that he is in love with his husband's friend. She dreams the third dream. In this dream, Vera Pavlovna, with the help of some unknown woman, reads the pages of his own diary, which says that it is tested with gratitude to her husband, and not the quiet, gentle feeling, whose need for it is great.

The situation in which three smart and decent "new people" came, it seems intractable. Finally, Lopukhov finds the output - shot on the casting bridge. On the day, when it was received by the news, the old friend Kirsanova and Lopukhov - Rakhmetov, "a special person" comes to faith Pavlovna. "Higher Nature" awakened in him in his time Kirsanov, who introduced Student Rakhmetov to the books, "which you need to read." Arriving from the rich family, Rakhmetov sold the estate, the money distributed to his scholarships and now leads a harsh lifestyle: partly because it considers it impossible to have something that does not have a simple person, partly from the desire to raise their character. So, one day he decides to sleep on nails to experience his physical capabilities. He does not drink wine, not touches to women. Rakhmetov is often called Nikituchka Lomov - for what he walked around the Volga with burles to get closer to the people and acquire love and respect for ordinary people. The life of Rakhmetov is shrouded in the cover of the mystery of a clearly revolutionary sense. He has a lot of cases, but all this is not his personal affairs. He travels in Europe, going to return to Russia of the year through three when he "needs" there will be there. This "copy of a very rare breed" differs from simply "honest and kind people" by being sobody "engine engines, salt salt".

Rakhmetov brings the faith of Pavlovna a note from Lopukhov, after reading it is done calmly and even webly. In addition, Rakhmetov explains the faith of Pavlovna, that the nursing of her character with the character of Lopukhov was too large, because she reached into Kirsanov. Having calmed down after a conversation with Rakhmetov, Vera Pavlovna leaves in Novgorod, where in a few weeks it is crowned with Kirsanov.

On the landliness of the characters of Lopukhov and the faith of Pavlovna and in a letter that she soon receives from Berlin, a certain medical student, allegedly a good familiar Lopukhov, transfers the faith of Pavlovna, his exact words about the fact that he began to feel better, swaying with her, for He had an inclination to solitude, which was impossible to be in life with a sociable faith of Pavlovna. Thus, love affairs are made to the general pleasure. The Kirsanov family has an approximately the same way of life that before the Lopukhov family. Alexander Matveyevich works hard, Vera Pavlovna eats cream, takes baths and engaged in sewing workshops: they are now two. In the same way, there are neutral and non-lathe rooms in the house, and the spouses can only go to the non-laute rooms after the knock. But Vera Pavlovna notes that Kirsanov does not just provide her to lead the way of life that she likes, and not just ready to substitute her shoulder in a difficult moment, but also lively her life. He understands her desire to engage in any case, "which cannot be postponed." With the help of Kirsanova, Vera Pavlovna begins to study medicine.

Soon she dreams fourth dream. Nature in this dream "pouring aroma and a song, love and air in the chest." The poet, the man and the thought of which are illuminated by inspiration, sings a song about the meaning of history. Before faith, Pavlovna pass pictures of women's life in different millennia. At first, the slave woman will obey his Mr. among the tents of Nadadov, then the Athenians worship a woman, after all, without recognizing her equal to herself. Then the image of an excellent lady arises, for which the knight fights on the tournament. But he loves her only until she becomes his wife, that is, the slave. Then Vera Pavlovna sees the goddess his own instead of his face. The features of him are far from perfect, but it is illuminated by the radiance of love. A great woman familiar to her as first to sleep, explains the faith of Pavlovna, in which the meaning of female equality and freedom. This woman is the faith of Pavlovna and the pictures of the future: the citizens of new Russia live in a beautiful house of cast iron, crystal and aluminum. In the morning they work, in the evening they are having fun, and "who did not work out enough, he did not prepare the nerve to feel the completeness of fun." The guide explains the faith of Pavlovna that this future should be loved, it should work for him and to transfer from it to the present everything that can be transferred.

Kirsanov has many young people, like-minded people: "Recently, this type has appeared and quickly spreads out." All this people are decent, hardworking, having unshakable life principles and possessing "cold-blooded practicality." Among them, the Biamont family appears. Ekaterina Vasilyevna Biamont, the nebulic polozov, was one of the richest brides in St. Petersburg. Kirsanov once helped her by the smart advice: with his help, Polozov sorted out that the person in which she was in love is not enough. Then Ekaterina Vasilyevna marries a person who calls himself an agent of the English firm Charles Biamont. He speaks Russian perfectly - because allegedly lived in Russia for up to twenty years. Its novel with polozova develops calmly: both of them are people who "do not bear for no reason." When meeting Bumont with Kirsanov, it becomes clear that this man is Lopukhov. The Kirsanov family and Biamont families feel such spiritual proximity that they will soon settle in the same house, together accept guests together. Catherine Vasilyevna also suits the sewing workshop, and the circle of "new people" becomes all wider.

Repeated

Nikolai Chernyshevsky

What to do?

I.
Fool

1863, "Contemporary"

1867 (Geneva), 1906 (Russia)

"What to do?" - Roman Russian philosopher, journalist and literary criticism of Nikolai Chernyshevsky, written in December - April, during a conclusion in the Petropavlovsk Fortress of St. Petersburg. Roman was written in part in response to the novel of Ivan Turgenev "Fathers and Children".

History of creation and publication

Chernyshevsky wrote a novel, being in a single camera of Alekseevsky Retalin Petropavlovsk Fortress, from December 14, 1862 to April 4, 1863. From January 1863, the manuscript of parts is transferred to the Investigation Commission on the Chernyshevsky case (the last part was transferred on April 6). Commission, and after her, and censors saw in the novel only a love line and gave permission to press. The lack of censorship was soon seen, the responsible censor of Beketov was removed from office. However, the novel was already published in the magazine "Contemporary" (1863, No. 3-5). Despite the fact that the rooms of the "contemporary", in which the novel "What to do?" Was printed, were banned, the text of the novel in handwritten copies was divided into the country and caused a lot of imitation.

"About the novel Chernyshevsky was interpreted not to a whisper, not stupid - but in the full sip in the halls, on the entrances, at the table of Ms. Milbret and in the basement Pivnice of the Passage. I shouted: "nasty", "charm", "abomination", etc. - all on different tones. "

"For the Russian youth of that time, she [the book" What to do? "] Was a kind of revelation and turned into a program, made a kind of banner."

The entertaining, adventure, melodramatic beginning of the novel had not only to confuse censorship, but also to attract the wide masses of readers. The external story of the novel is a love story, but it reflects new economic, philosophical and social ideas of time. Roman is permeated with hints of the coming revolution.

• In the novel N. G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?" Mentioned aluminum. In the "naive utopia" of the fourth sleep, the faith of Pavlovna, he is called the metal of the future. And this big Future To date (Ser. XX - XXI century) aluminum has already achieved.
• "Lady in Tourra", appearing at the end of the work, is Olga Socratna Chernyshevskaya, Writer's wife. At the end of the novel, we are talking about the release of Chernyshevsky from the Petropavlovsk fortress, where he was during the writing of the novel. He never waited for liberation: on February 7, 1864, Kathers were sentenced to 14 years later, followed by settlement to Siberia.
• The main characters with the surname of Kirsanov are also found in the novel of Ivan Turgenev "Fathers and Children".

Literature

• Nikolaev P. Revolutionary Roman // Chernyshevsky N. G. What to do? M., 1985.

Shielding

• 1971: TRERY SERVICE TELESPEXTAKLY (Directors: Nadezhda Maulmalova, Pavel Reznikov)

Notes

see also

Links

Categories:

• Literary works according to the alphabet
• Nikolai Chernyshevsky
• Political novels
• Novels 1863 years
• Romanes in Russian

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Watch what is "What to do? (Roman)" in other dictionaries:

- "What to do?" The philosophical question of various thinkers, religious figures, prophets, as well as literary works with this title: "What to do?" Roman Nikolai Chernyshevsky, his main thing. "What to do?" Book ... ... Wikipedia

The name of the famous social political novel (1863) Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky (1828 1889). The main question that is 60 70 E. XIX century Discussed in the circles of youth, it was, as the revolutionary P. N. Tkachev writes, "the question is that ... ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

Date of birth: June 16, 1965 Place of birth: Makeevka, Ukrainian SSR, USSR ... Wikipedia