Department of Culturology, pgtu. Art culture

Industrial Society- type of social development based on accelerating change natural environment, forms public relations and the person himself. The rapid development of industrial society is due not only to the expansion of the sphere of human life, the emergence industrial production, but also a restructuring of its very foundations, a radical change in traditionalist values ​​and meanings of life. If in a traditional society any innovation was disguised as tradition, then the industrial society proclaims the value of the new, not constrained by the regulatory tradition. This contributed to the development of social productive forces unprecedented in history.
Industrial society is characterized by the rapid development of technology based on the introduction scientific ideas into social production. If traditional society Bypassed by relatively simple tools of labor, arranged according to the principle of a composite object with a geometric fit of individual parts (block, lever, cart), then industrial society is characterized by technical devices based on force interactions (steam engines, machine tools, internal combustion engines, etc.). ). The emergence of large industrial enterprises equipped with sophisticated equipment formed a social demand for a competent worker, which means that it contributed to the development mass system education. Network development railways not only significantly increased the economic and culture Exchange, but also demanded the introduction of a unified maternity time. The impact of technology on all aspects of the life of an industrial society is so great that it is often called technogenic civilization.
The development of technology not only expands the sphere of human domination over nature, but also changes the place of man in the system of social production. Living labor gradually loses power and motor functions and increases control and information functions. In the second half of the XX century. such technical systems(automated enterprises, spacecraft control systems, nuclear power plants), the operation of which requires not only virtuoso production skills, but also fundamental vocational training based on the latest scientific achievements. Science becomes not only critical area spiritual culture, but also an immediate productive force.
Technological progress contributed to the rise of the productive forces of society and an unprecedented increase in quality. human life... Development commodity production not only led to the saturation of the market with essential products, but also created new needs unknown to traditional society (synthetic drugs, computers, modern facilities communication and transport, etc.). The quality of housing, food and medical care has noticeably improved, and the average life expectancy has increased. The powerful development of technology has noticeably changed not only subject environment human habitation, but also all of it daily life... If the patriarchal-stagnant turn of life in the traditionalist consciousness was symbolized by the "wheel of times", that is, the idea of ​​eternal return to square one, then the dynamism of technogenic civilization gave rise to the image of axial historical time, about which the German philosopher K. Jaspers wrote. "Time is an arrow" is becoming a symbol of not only technical, but also social progress, that is, the idea of ​​the progressive development of society from barbarism and savagery to civilization and the further build-up of civilizational achievements.
Technological progress has generated profound changes in the cultural meanings of nature, society and man himself, introduced new values ​​and life meanings... The traditionalist concept of life-giving nature in public consciousness industrial society is replaced by the idea of ​​an ordered "system of nature" governed by natural laws. Such ideas are reflected in the metaphor of the world as a clockwork, the individual parts of which are linked by a rigid causal interaction. Cognition of the world was identified with its reproduction in the forms of human activity. The religious "disenchantment" of the world (M. Weber) was accompanied by a large-scale secularization of public consciousness, that is, the replacement of a religious worldview and upbringing with a secular one. K. Marx's definition of nature as a "inorganic human body" illustrates the destruction of traditionalist ideas about the organic unity of man and nature: the perception of nature as a deified source of life is replaced by the concept of the habitat as a storehouse of an inexhaustible supply of industrial raw materials. The pathos of the Promethean will of the modern European man, the assertion of his strength and power meant the assertion of limitless transformative possibilities in relation to nature. Conquest, submission, transformation are becoming key metaphors for the new industrial culture. “We cannot wait for favors from nature” - this is the motto of not only a process engineer, but also a botanist-selectionist.
Unlike traditional society in an industrial society, the dominant type of social connection is based not on non-economic, but on economic coercion to work. Capitalist wage labor is characterized by social partnership two legally equal parties: an entrepreneur who owns the means of production (premises, equipment, raw materials), and an employee who has only his own labor force(physical ability to work, production skills, education). Unlike the owner of the means of production hired worker, yesterday's peasant, driven from the land by want, does not have the means to live. Therefore, the formal (legal) equality of the parties in practice turns out to be actual inequality, economic compulsion to work on the terms of the employer. But in a civilizational sense, the abolition of personal dependence and the transition to social contract based legal contract- a noticeable step forward in the establishment of human rights, the formation of civil society. The break in the relationship of personal dependence and clan-clan affiliation creates conditions for social mobility, that is, the ability of a person to move from one social group (class) to another. Industrial society grants a person one of the highest civilizational values ​​- personal freedom. A free person becomes the master of his own destiny.
Social relations, invisible threads of the social fabric, in an industrial society take the form of commodity-money exchange (activities, products of labor, services, etc.). This gives rise to the illusion that it is not people who dominate each other, connected by a historically specific type of social relations, but "money rules the world." Only a deep study of society can dispel this illusion and show that historically, this or that form of labor exploitation is based on certain type social production and the corresponding relations of ownership and distribution.
If social relations in a traditional society are called directly public, then industrial modernity is characterized by social ties mediated (by money, goods, institutions) of people who do not personally know each other - social partners. Describing medieval cities, M. Weber noted that urban dwellings are located much closer than in rural areas, however, unlike fellow villagers, urban neighbors do not necessarily know each other. Social institutions, and above all the state, represented by law enforcement agencies, courts, prosecutors, as well as institutions of socialization (schools, universities, etc.) and employment of an individual (state enterprises), become intermediaries in relations between people in an industrial society. Institutionally-mediated social ties give rise to people's attitudes towards each other as carriers social role(judge, boss, teacher, doctor, salesman, bus driver, etc.). And each person plays not one, but many social roles, acting as both actor and author own life.
The period of industrialization is characterized by massive migration of the rural population to cities that can provide more high level life. Specific traits Western European medieval cities were formed in the XVI-XVII centuries. The city is distinguished from rural settlements by a fortified territory ("burg"), as well as elected bodies of city self-government. Unlike the rural population with a strict division into masters and subjects, the townspeople are formally equal in rights, regardless of their social origin, personal merit and wealth. Industrial corporations defended the rights of their members in the city court, including in the face of the former owner. In many countries, the city court's verdict was final and not subject to appeal by the royal court. The saying “City air makes free” has reached our days. However, with the strengthening of centralized states, the administration of justice is increasingly concentrated in the hands of the supreme power. Monopolization and regulation of violence by the state helps to reduce the overall level of unauthorized violence in society. The development of legal consciousness and legal institutions that equalize the strong and the weak, the noble and the rootless, the rich and the poor in the face of the law, that is, the formation the rule of law, not only an inalienable condition for the development of industrial capitalism, but also the most important civilizational achievement of mankind.

Most sustainable in modern sociology considered a typology based on the allocation of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

A traditional society (also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agrarian way of life, sedentary structures and a method of socio-cultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by customs and norms of traditional behavior, well-established social institutions, among which the most important will be the family and the community. Attempts of any social transformations and innovations are rejected. It is characterized by low rates of development and production. Important for this type of society is the well-established social solidarity, which was established by Durkheim while studying the society of Australian aborigines.

Traditional society is characterized by a natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly by individuals, and not by officials or status officials), informal regulation of interactions (by the norms of the unwritten laws of religion and morality), relatedness of members by kinship relations (family type of organization community), a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, the rule of elders).

Modern societies are distinguished by the following features: role-based nature of interaction (expectations and behavior of people are determined by social status and social functions individuals); developing deep division of labor (on a professional and qualification basis related to education and work experience); a formal system for regulating relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); complex system social management(allocation of the institution of management, special management bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); secularization of religion (separating it from the system of government); the allocation of a multitude of social institutions (self-reproducing systems of special relations, allowing to ensure public control, inequality, protection of their members, distribution of benefits, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

Industrial society is a type of organization social life that combines the freedom and interests of the individual with general principles regulating them joint activities... It is characterized by the flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed communication system.

In the 1960s. the concepts of post-industrial (informational) society appear (D. Bell, A. Touraine, J. Habermas), caused by abrupt changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The leading role in society is recognized as the role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices. An individual who has received the necessary education, who has access to the latest information, gets an advantageous chance of moving up the ladder of the social hierarchy. Creative work becomes the main goal of a person in society.

The negative side of the post-industrial society is the danger of increasing social control on the part of the state, the ruling elite through access to information and electronic media and communication over people and society as a whole.

The life world of human society is increasingly subject to the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism.

Culture, including traditional values, is destroyed under the influence of administrative control, which tends to standardize and unify social relations and social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to the logic of economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Distinctive features of a post-industrial society:

• · The transition from the production of goods to the economy of services;
• · Rise and domination of highly educated professional and technical specialists;
• · the main role theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;
• · Control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technical innovations;
• · Decision-making based on the creation of intelligent technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

The latter is brought into being by the needs of the information society that has begun to form. The emergence of such a phenomenon is by no means accidental. The basis of social dynamics in the information society is not made up of traditional material resources, which, moreover, are largely exhausted, but informational (intellectual): knowledge, scientific, organizational factors, intellectual abilities people, their initiative, creativity.

The concept of post-industrialism has been developed in detail today, has a lot of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. There are two main directions for assessing the future development of human society in the world: eco-pessimism and techno-optimism. Eco-pessimism predicts a total global catastrophe in 2030 due to increasing pollution environment; destruction of the Earth's biosphere. Techno-optimism paints a more rosy picture, suggesting that scientific technical progress will cope with all the difficulties in the development of society.

Main categories: industrial society; public and private life; rationalism, individualism, polystylism; values ​​of an industrial society: labor, money, freedom, family; sociocultural groups, education as a sociocultural institution, the level of culture.

Industrial society: basic characteristics.

Industrial Society is the final product of modernization. It acquires a systemic certainty when new institutions are fixed in the models of human behavior corresponding to their nature and functions. In this case, an industrial society is capable of reproduction in time and space.

Consider the institutional components of an industrial society.

Industrial Society, as can be seen even from its name, relies on machine production. This means that the products of the industry are most internal gross product country, the main economic unit is a factory working for the market, with a rational organization of labor and appropriate discipline of all personnel. The main economic institution is the firm.

An industrial society is market-based in terms of its economic content, which presupposes not only an expanded monetary economy, but also the institutionalization of entrepreneurial activity.

An industrial society is an economic society. The economy becomes the main subsystem of society, which determines the activities of all other institutions. Economic Principle(the amount and nature of income) determines social differences between people, builds a new social hierarchy, in which the measure of a person's social position (status in society) is money. Other social parameters of a person (occupation, education, even origin) have an economic equivalent.

Industrial society is supra-local. Industrial, economic, political ties unite the population, regardless of where they live. The market system assumes a constant exchange of information, people, products between territories. The same institutions function according to a single rational scheme in any part of the country. The political form of industrial society is nation state liberal type.

The industrial society is urbanized. The main type of settlement is the city - not only because the majority of the inhabitants live in it, but also because the urban way of life dominates the whole society, incl. and in its rural part (K. Marx).

The industrial society is differentiated. Each of its subsystems: economic, political, develops autonomously in accordance with its own rhythms and norms. In an industrial society, there is a clear dividing line between the public and private (private) spheres of human activity.

An industrial society is a conflict-dynamic society. The nature of conflicts is mainly economic. It concerns income redistribution, changes social status separate social groups. Conflict includes resistance to the system; domination and discipline, both in the factory and in society as a whole.

Dahrendorf R., Dahrendorf R. (born 1929) - German sociologist and political scientist, author of famous books on social structure society and social conflict... D.'s main works have not been translated into Russian.

The rational settlement of the conflict leads to the evolution of society (R. Dahrendorf). So, the reproduction of an industrial society, thanks to conflicts, is realized in the form of development, i.e. possesses internal dynamics.

Touraine A., Touraine A. (born 1925) - French sociologist, researcher of labor relations in production.

The industrial society is relatively young. It took shape in Europe 2-3 (thirty) generations ago. At the same time, in a number of countries it is developing into a post-industrial society, in which the main social institution destined to become a university; defining technologies - intelligent; the central subsystem of society is cultural (D. Bell, A. Touraine).

Naturally, the proposed characteristics of an industrial society describe its theoretical model, which does not coincide with specific historical realities. different nations since they must contain traces of the traditionalist and even archaic past, the functioning of pre-industrial institutions.

We need a theoretical model in order to understand the dominant features of industrial culture.

Democratic principles in social structure, development of experimental science and industrialization. It was created back in the 17th century. The industrial revolution resulted in the emergence of an industrial society. The ideals of which are labor, production, science, education, democracy. Saint-Simon dreams of a society organized like a huge factory headed by industrialists and scientists. At this time, the factory changed the manufacture, leading to an unprecedented increase in the productivity of social labor. The introduction of technical innovations was accompanied by the enlargement of enterprises, the transition to the production of mass, standardized products. Mass production led to urbanization. (urban growth) The United States has shown the prospect of an accelerated development of capitalism. The process became all-encompassing and more homogeneous, there was a process of turning history into world history... Formation of culture as unity, diversity national cultures and art schools... Traditional countries such as Japan are also included in this process. The problem of cultural dialogue is acquiring a special flavor. A new system of values ​​is taking shape. Sensitivity is based on benefit, wealth, comfort. Progress is equated with economic progress. At the same time, the principle of benefit transforms the concept of truth. The bottom line is what is convenient and useful. Etiquette takes on a utilitarian character. Regulation of relationships between free partners in the means of purchase and sale. The seller should be polite and courteous, but the buyer shouldn't. Only those who are helpful are given attention. Relationships are being formalized.

In the middle of the 19th century, the industrial revolution took place, as a result of which an industrial society was formed. It was based on democracy, experimental science, and the introduction of new technologies. None of this was a 19th century invention. The ideals of this society are labor of production, education. Saint-Simon dreams of a society organized like a huge factory, headed by industrialists and scientists. The factory at this time replaces the manufacture, which led to an unprecedented increase in the productivity of social labor. Enterprises are switching to the production of mass, standardized products. All this leads to urbanization. Urban growth. Cities become cultural and industrial centers of industrial society. The United States is demonstrating the prospects for the accelerated development of capitalism to the whole world. The process of adding up the world economy, the market embraces both hemispheres, history turns into world history, culture develops as a unity of the diversity of cultural art schools. By the end of the 19th century, Japan was out of tradition. At this time, the problem of the dialogue of cultures becomes more acute. The values ​​of an industrial society are sensitive - comfort, prosperity, development is identified with economic progress. The principle of benefit transforms the concept of truth. Truth is what is convenient and useful. Utilitarian culture. Utilitarianism permeates etiquette when politeness permeates the one who is useful. Human relations begin to be seen as the relationship between partners in the sale and purchase. Core value industrial civilization technical progress has become. According to Sorokin's calculations, the 19th century brought more discoveries than all the previous centuries combined. (8527). Rapid technical growth proceeded from two premises of Western European culture. Belief in the active role of the human mind. In addition, in the 19th century, the attitude towards the function of science changed, previously cognitive, educational prevailed. Now - applied. Europe is proud of its achievements. 1851 London Exhibition. As a result, the technical domination of man over the process, matter, has grown completely. New types of overcoming space have appeared. 19th century - "railways". Everyday life includes telephone, telegraph. In December 1839, Louis Daguerre and Nicefort announced the creation of photography. The Lumière cinema appears. First stories up to 3 minutes. (Arrival of the train, lunch for children, watered and watered). The technical body of culture.

Cognition made it possible to bring parts of the world closer to each other. Changing the role of religion. The process of disenchanting the world is over. Gone is the belief in the supernatural. Debate between Ulilbrfors and Huxley. 1860 at Oxofrde. The victory of Darwinism. Science has achieved independence from religion. Darwinism responded to the needs of society. Freud argues that the idea of ​​God is the fruit of human weakness, the dream of powerful power. A person's desire for protection and patronage.

Marx - the sigh of the oppressed creature - religion. Connected it with the interests of the class struggle. A critical study of the biblical texts refuted their God-given. Compulsory secular education has been introduced. The clergy were deprived of their rights. In the 19th century - the crisis of Christian cosmology and morality. F. Nietzsche confirmed: God is dead. We killed him. Individualism is growing in morality. You don't owe me anything, I don't owe you anything. The family is changing. Decreased, family units appeared. Fewer children. The quality of life is improving. Steam heating appears. In external appearance ancient things opened the discovery of Tonet. I drank a couple of plywood. Made Viennese chairs. Formed children's World... In wealthy homes there are children's rooms, clothes, books, toys. The role of elite art is overestimated. Persistently claims to be a spiritual guide. Art is expression moral ideals... Among the coexisting modes, realism was the most consistent. Realism appears in the 1857 collection of articles "Realism". The study of the evolution of species was in line with the art's idea of ​​social types. " Human comedy»Honore Balzac. 95 works. The foreword is a manifesto of realistic art. The quintessence in Balzac's dictum is that the outer form is the basis.

Industrial society spread the image business person... Balzac recreates the entrepreneur class. Opposite type Byronic hero... Obsessed with power, wealth. Interest in the layman. In 1864, the Garkou brothers' novel "Germini" was published. The prefaces write: “in the conditions of democracy, we asked ourselves the question, do the lower classes really have no right to a novel. Really the people should remain under the literary ban. Take advantage of the author's contempt. Philistines. 1830 changes from German to other European languages. It was in student jargon. Philistine is one who often skips lectures. In the 19th century - a vulgar, hypocritical, mediocre, self-righteous man in the street. Flaubert is a "lexicon of common truths" (a collection of philistine morality of 700 postulates).

Painting representatives: Courbet, Millet. Representatives of critical realism, focused on portraying the life of the disadvantaged strata of society, which were opposed to the life of the rich. The life of a field worker is Millet's main theme. The figures of the peasants are characteristic. Millet poeticizes the work. By portraying labor, you can convey humanity. An active fighter for critical realism became Gustave Courbet. The artist depicts backbreaking work and poverty of people (painting "crushers of stones", "funeral in Ornans"). V last picture everything was new. The funeral of an inhabitant of a small town. Petty bourgeois and prosperous peasants, whom the artist depicts without any beauty. It conveys life with all the merciless truth. Some paintings are a glorification of the ugly.

The foundations of a realistic landscape were laid by Camille Caro.

The industrial revolution (mid-19th century) resulted in the emergence of an industrial society. The ideals of such a society are labor, production, science, education, democracy. Saint-Simon dreams of a society organized like a huge factory, headed by industrialists and scientists. Factory at that time changed the manufactory leading to unseen before increased productivity social labor. Introduction of technical innovations accompanied by the enlargement of enterprises, the transition to the production of mass, standardized products. Mass production led to urbanization(city growth). The United States demonstrated the prospect of the accelerated development of capitalism. The process has become more inclusive and more homogeneous, there was a process of turning history into world history... Formation of culture as a unity, diversity of national cultures and art schools. Traditional countries such as Japan are also included in this process. The problem of cultural dialogue is acquiring a special flavor. A new system of values ​​is taking shape. At the heart of sensitivity - benefit, wealth, comfort.Progress is equated with economic progress. Wherein the principle of benefit transforms the concept of truth.The bottom line is what is convenient and useful. Etiquette takes on a utilitarian character. Regulation of relationships between free partners in the means of purchase and sale. The seller should be polite and courteous, but the buyer shouldn't. Only those who are helpful are given attention. Relationships are being formalized.

Core value industrial civilization becametechnical progress... According to Sorokin's calculations, The 19th century brought more discoveries than all previous centuries combined(8527). Rapid technical growth proceeded from two premises of Western European culture. Belief in the active role of the human mind. In addition, in the 19th century, the attitude towards the function of science changed, previously the cognitive and educational function prevailed. Now - applied... Europe is proud of its achievements. 1851 London Exhibition. As a result, the technical domination of man over the process, matter, has grown completely. Have appeared new types of overcoming space.19th century - "railways". Everyday life includes telephone, telegraph... In December 1839, Louis Daguerre and Nicefort announced the creation Photo... Appears cinema(Lumiere). First stories up to 3 minutes. (Arrival of the train, lunch for children, watered and watered).

Cognition made it possible to bring parts of the world closer to each other. The changing role of religion... The process of disenchanting the world is over. Gone is the belief in the supernatural... Debate between Ulilbrfors and Huxley. 1860 at Oxford. The victory of Darwinism.Science has achieved independence from religion. Darwinism responded to the needs of society. Freud proves that God's idea is the fruit of human weakness, dreaming of powerful power. A person's desire for protection and patronage.

Marx - religion - the sigh of the oppressed creature... Connected it with the interests of the class struggle. A critical study of the biblical texts refuted their God-given. Introduced compulsory secular education.Clergy It was disenfranchised... In the 19th century - the crisis of Christian cosmology and morality. F. Nietzsche: God is dead.We killed him.In morality is growing individualism... You don't owe me anything, I don't owe you anything. The family is changing. Decreased, appeared family units.Less children... The quality of life is improving. Steam heating appears. In the external appearance of ancient things, the discovery of Tonet was opened. Made Viennese chairs. The children's world is being formed. Rich houses appear children's rooms, clothes, books, toys. The role of elite art is overestimated. Persistently claims to be a spiritual guide. Art is the expression of moral ideals. Among the coexisting regimes. Most matched realism... The study of the evolution of species was consistent the idea of ​​art about social types."The Human Comedy" by Honore Balzac. 95 works. The foreword is a manifesto of realistic art. The quintessence in Balzac's dictum is that the outer form is the basis.

Industrial society has spread image of a business person.Balzac recreatesentrepreneurial class.Opposite type to Byronic hero... Obsessed with power, wealth. Interest in the layman... In 1864, the Garkou brothers' novel "Germini" was published. The prefaces write: “in the conditions of democracy, we asked ourselves the question, do the lower classes really have no right to a novel. Really, the people should remain under the literary ban. Take advantage of the author's contempt. Philistines... 1830 changes from German to other European languages. It was in student jargon. Philistine is one who often skips lectures. In the 19th century - vulgar, hypocritical, mediocre, self-righteous man in the street. Flaubert is a "lexicon of common truths" (a collection of philistine morality of 700 postulates).

Painting representatives: Courbet, Millet.Representativescritical realism focused on depicting the life of the disadvantaged strata of society, which were opposed to the life of the rich. The life of a field worker is Millet's main theme. The figures of the peasants are characteristic. Milletpoeticizes work... By portraying labor, you can convey humanity. Gustave Courbet became an active fighter for critical realism. The artist depicts backbreaking work and poverty(painting "Stone Crushers", "Funeral at Ornans"). Everything was new in the last picture. The funeral of an inhabitant of a small town. Petty bourgeois and prosperous peasants, whom the artist depicts without any beauty. It conveys life with all the merciless truth. Some paintings are a glorification of the ugly.

The basics realistic landscape laid down Camille Caro.