Social control in modern society. Types of control in social work

Divided into two types:

• self Control - application of sanctions committed by the person himself aimed at himself;
• external control - A collection of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted behaviors and laws.

External control happens:

• informal - based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions or the media;
• formal - based on approval or condemnation of official authorities and administration.

In modern society, in a complex society, in a multi-million country it is impossible to maintain order and stability of informal methods, since informal control is limited to a small group of people, so it is called local. On the contrary, formal control is valid throughout the country. It is carried out by formal control agents - specially trained and receiving wages for the performance of control functions of the person, carriers of social statuses and roles - judges, law enforcement officers, social workers, servants of the church, etc. In traditional society, social control kept in unwritten rules. For example, in the traditional rural community, Scriptures did not exist; The church was organically wrapped in a unified social control system.

In modern society, the basis of social control is the norms recorded in the documents - instructions, decrees, decisions, laws. Formal control is carried out by such institutions of modern society, such as courts, education, army, production, media, political parties, government. The school controls us through examination assessments, the government - through the tax system and social assistance to the population, the state - through the police, secret service, the state channels of television, press organs and radio.

Depending on the sanctions applied, control methods are:

• straight rigid; tool - political repression;
• indirect hard; tool - economic sanctions of the international community;
• straight soft; The tool is the effect of the Constitution and the Criminal Code;
• indirect soft; Tool - media.

Organizations are monitored:

• general (if the manager gives a subordinate task and does not control the progress of its implementation);
• detailed (if the manager interferes in each action, correlates, etc.); Such control is also called supervision.

Supervision is made not only at the micro level, but also on the macro level.

At the macro level the subject carrying supervision, the state is the police station, the service of informants, prison warders, convoy troops, courts, censorship.

The organization and society as a whole can be overloaded with a huge number of norms. In such cases, the population refuses to fulfill the norms, and the authorities are not able to control each trifle. However, it was noticed for a long time: the worse the laws are executed, the more they are published. From regulatory overloads, the population is protected by their non-performance. If most people on which this particular norm is calculated, it is possible to circumvent it, we can assume that the norm is dead.

People will definitely not comply with the norms or will cost the law:

• if this norm is unprofitable, contradicts their interests, causes more harm than good;
• if there is no strict and unconditional for all citizens mechanism for monitoring the execution of the law.

Mutually beneficial orders, laws, decisions and generally social norms are convenient because they are fulfilled and do not require the content of the additional state of controllers.

Each rate should be covered by the corresponding number of sanctions and agents of control.

Responsibility before the execution of the law arises from citizens, provided that they are:

• equal before the law, despite the status differences;
• interested in the action of this law.

The American sociologist of Austrian origin P. Berger proposed the concept of social control, the essence of which comes down to the next (Fig. 1). A person stands in the center of diverging concentric circles representing different types, types and forms of social control. Each circle is a new control system.

Circle 1 - External - political and legal system represented by the powerful apparatus of the state. In addition to our will, the state:

• charges taxes;
• calls for military service;
• makes to obey its rules and installations;
• if you consider it necessary, deprit freedom and even life.

A circle 2 - moral, customs and morals. For our morality, everyone follows:

• mellas police - can land for bars;
• parents, relatives - use informal sanctions of the type of condemnation;
• friends - do not forgive betrayal or meanness and can break up with you.

A circle 3 - Professional system. At work, a person is compassing: a mass of restrictions, instructions, professional duties, business obligations that have a controlling impact. Amorality is punished with dismissal from work, eccentricity - loss of chances to find a new place.

Fig. 1. Illustration for the concept of P. Berger

The professional system control is of great importance, since the profession and the position decide that it is possible that the individual can not be in extensive life, which organizations will take it into their members, what will be the circle of his acquaintances, in which district it will allow himself to live, etc. .

A circle 4 - Social environmentNamely: long and close, unfamiliar and familiar people. The environment places its demands for man, unwritten laws, for example: Manera dress and talk, aesthetic tastes, political and religious convictions, even to behave at the table (an uncompatible person will not be invited to visit or refuse home those who appreciate good manners).

Circle 5 - Nearest to the individual - private life. The circle of families and personal friends also forms a social control system. Social pressure on the individual here does not weaken, but in contrast, increases. It is in this circle that the Individual establishes the most important social ties. Disapproval, prestige loss, ridiculous or contempt in a circle of loved ones have a much greater psychological weight than the same sanctions emanating from other people's or unfamiliar people.

The core of a private life is intimate relationship of her husband and wife. It is in intimate relationships a person is looking for support for the most important feelings that make up I-image. To put these links on the card - it means to risk the loss of yourself.

Thus, a person must: give up, obey, to please, by virtue of his position, everyone - from the Federal Tax Service to his own wife (husband).

Society with all his highly suppresses individuals.

It is impossible to live in society and be free from it.

Social control is a system of social regulation of human behavior and maintaining public order.

Allocate two main forms of social control: interiorand external control.Internal control provides for regulation by the Individual itself. Internal control factor acts conscience. External control is a combination of institutions that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms and rules of conduct.

Social control system includes two main elements: norms and sanctions. Social norms -these are prescriptions, requirements, rules that determine the boundaries of the permissible behavior of people in society.

Social norms perform the following functions in society:

? regulategeneral course of socialization;

? integratepersonality in social environment;

? serve as samplesstandards of appropriate behavior;

? controldeviating behavior.

Norms perform their functions depending on what capacity they show themselves - as behavior(responsibilities, rules) or as waiting for behavior(Reaction of other people). For example, the protection of honor and dignity of family members is the duty of every man. Here we are talking about the norm as a standard for proper behavior. This standard corresponds to a completely concrete waiting for family members, the hope that their honor and dignity will be protected.

Social sanctions -these are measures of encouraging or punishment, stimulating people to comply with norms and rules of behavior. Allocate four types of sanctions:

? formal positive sanctions -public approval by the authorities, official institutions and organizations (government awards, government awards, promotion, assigning academic degrees and ranks, etc.);

? informal positive sanctions -public approval emanating from an informal environment, i.e., on the part of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, etc. (friendly praise, compliments, friendly location, recognition of leadership qualities, positive feedback, etc.);

? formal negative sanctions -these are punishments provided for by legal laws, official decrees, administrative instructions and prescriptions (a fine, downgrade, dismissal, arrest, imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, etc.);

? informal negative sanctions -punishments not stipulated by the legal system of society (remark, renewing, expression of displeasure, breaking friendly relations, ill-advisory review, etc.).

The application of legal sanctions is ensured by state coercion, moral - power of moral impact on the part of society, church or social group. Different types of social sanctions are interrelated and complement each other. This is one of the sources of efficiency of their action. So, if legal sanctions rely on the moral authorities and the requirements of society, their effectiveness is much rising.

Thus, the importance of social control consists primarily in the fact that it regulates the behavior of people and supports public order, thereby contributing to the integration and stabilization of the Company. Funishing on the basis of generally accepted values \u200b\u200band rules of culture of this society, social control is intended to ensure the conformity of human behavior with these values \u200b\u200band standards. Especially clearly, this role of social control is manifested in preventing the deviant (deviating) behavior (5.7).

During the long years of its existence, humanity has developed a number of different forms of social control. They are both tangible and completely imperceptible. The most effective and traditional form can be called self-control. He arises immediately after the emergence of a person's appearance and accompanies him all the conscious life. At the same time, each individual himself controls his behavior without coercion in accordance with the norms of society, which belongs. The norms in the process of socialization are very firmly approved in the consciousness of a person, so firmly that violating them, a person begins to experience the so-called flour of conscience. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out due to self-control. The higher the Society members are developed self-control, the smaller this society has to resort to external control. And vice versa. The smaller the people are developed self-control, the more often the institutions of social control, in particular, the army, ships, the state have to enter into force. However, rigid external controls, the petties of citizens inhibit the development of self-consciousness and will, muffled internal solve efforts. So there is a vicious circle, which for world history did not get any society. The name of this circle is dictatorship.

Often the dictatorship is set for a while, for the benefit of citizens and to clean up order. But she is delayed for a long time, in evil people and leads to even greater arbitrariness. Accustomed to compulsory control, citizens do not develop internal control. Gradually, they degrade as social creatures that are able to take responsibility and do without external coercion (ie dictatorships). In other words, at dictatorship, no one teaches them to behave in accordance with rational norms. Thus, self-control is the problem of purely sociological, because the degree of its development is characterized by the social type of people and the emerging form of state in society. Group pressure is another common form of social control. Of course, no matter how strong the self-control of a person, a huge impact on the personality has the belonging to any group or community. When the individual is included in one of the primary groups, it begins to meet the main norms, follow the formal and informal code of conduct. The slightest deviation usually causes condemnation by the participants of the group, as well as a risk of exception. "Variations of the behavior of a group arising from group pressure can be traced on the example of a production team. Each member of the Brigade should adhere to certain norms of behavior not only in production, but also after work. And if, say, disobedience, the brigadier may lead to the violator sharp remarks from the workers, the absenteeism and drunkenness often end with his boycott and rejection from the brigade. " However, depending on the group, the strength of group pressure may be different. If the group is very cohesive, then, accordingly, the strength of the group pressure increases. For example, in a group where a person conducts free time, it is more difficult to exercise social control than in where joint actions are regularly carried out, for example, in a family or at work. Group control is official and unofficial. Official include all kinds of working meetings, advisory meetings, shareholders tips and so on. Under unofficial control, they understand the impact on the participants of the group by participants in the form of approval, ridicule, condemnation, isolation and failures of communication.

Another form of social control is propaganda, which is considered a very powerful means affecting the consciousness of a person. Propaganda is a way to influence people, in some respects preventing human enlightenment, in which personality makes his own conclusions. The main task of propaganda is to influence groups of people with such a calculation to form society's behavior in the desired direction. Propaganda should affect those forms of social behavior, which is closely related to the system of moral values \u200b\u200bin society. A propaganda processing is exposed to everything, ranging from the actions of people in typical situations and ending with beliefs, orientations. Propaganda is used as a peculiar technical means suitable for achieving its goals. There are 3 main types of propaganda. The first type includes the so-called revolutionary propaganda, which is needed in order to force people to take the system of values, as well as the situation in conflict with generally accepted. An example of such propaganda may be the propaganda of communism and socialism in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The second type is destructive propaganda. Its main goal is to destroy the existing system of values. The brightest example of such propaganda was Hitlerovskaya, who did not try to make the ideals of Nazism, but at the same time it was striving to undermine confidence in traditional values. And finally, the third type of propaganda is reinforcing. She is designed to consolidate the attachment of people to certain values \u200b\u200band orientations. This type of propaganda is characteristic of the United States, where an existing system of values \u200b\u200bis enshrined. According to sociologists, this type of propaganda is the most effective, it is very well to maintain well-established value orientations. In addition, it reflects the established, traditional stereotypes. This type of propaganda is mainly aimed at raising conformism in people, which implies consent to the dominant ideological and theoretical organizations.

Currently, the concept of propaganda in the public consciousness is mainly connected with the military sphere or politics. One of the ways to implement propaganda in society are slogans. The slogan is a brief speech, usually expressing the main task or a guidance idea. The correctness of such an approval is usually no doubt, since it is only common.

During the crisis or conflict in any country, demagogues may throw, for example, such slogans: "My country is always right," "Motherland, Faith, Family" or "Freedom or Death". But does most people analyze the true causes of this crisis, conflict? Or they simply agree with what they say?

In his work dedicated to the First World War, Winston Churchill wrote: "It is enough only to call, the crowds of peaceful peasants and workers turn into mighty armies, ready to break the enemy on the part." He also noted that most people, not thinking, fulfill this order.

There is also a lot of symbols and signs that the ideological charge should also have a propagandist. For example, a flag can serve as a symbol, symbolic nature also carry such ceremonies as a volley from twenty-one tools and the dignification of honor. Love for parents can also be used as a lever of exposure. It is obvious that such concepts are symbols like Fatherland, Motherland - mother or belief of ancestors, can become a powerful weapon in the hands of deft manipulators with someone else's opinion.

Of course, propaganda and all its derivatives are not necessarily evil. The question is who is engaged in, and for what purpose. And also in which this most propaganda is conducted. And if we talk about propaganda in a negative sense, it can be resist. And it is not so difficult. It is enough for a person to understand what promotion is, and learn to identify it in the overall flow of information. And having learned, a person is so much easier for himself to decide how compatible ideas inspired by him with his own ideas about what is good, and what is bad.

Social control through coercion is also another its common form. It is usually practiced in the most primitive, as well as traditional societies, although it may be present in smaller quantities even in the most developed states. In the presence of a high population of complex culture, the so-called secondary group control begins to apply - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When a separate individual does not want to follow these regulators, a group or society resorts to coercion to force it to do just like everything. In modern societies, there are strictly developed rules, or a system for coercion, which is a set of existing sanctions used in accordance with various types of abnormalities.

Social control through coercion is characteristic of any power, but its place, role, as well as character in various systems of unequal. In the developed society, coercion is attracted mainly for the crime committed against society. The decisive role of the fight against offenses belongs to the state. It has a special coercion apparatus. Legal norms determine that state bodies can apply the method of coercion. Forcing means are violence physical and mental, i.e. a threat. There is no reason to also believe that the threat only then can be a means of coercion when it is punishable by itself. The state should protect its citizens and from coercion by threats, which themselves are non-tested, if the content of the threat is the illegal act, otherwise the impunity of many cases of serious mental violence would be allowed. The element of coercion, joining the threat, gives it a different value. It goes without saying, the threat should enter into an indication of a significant, in the eyes of a threatened, illegal evil, otherwise it will be unable to influence the will of threatened.

In addition to the above, there are many other forms of social control, such as encouraging, authority pressure, punishment. Every one of them begins to feel from birth, even if it does not understand what influenced it.

All forms of social control are covered by two main types: formal and informal.

Social control, its views. Norms and sanctions. Deviant (deviating) behavior

Social control - A combination of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws.

Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions.

Social norms

Social norms - These are socially appropriate or legislatively enshrined rules, standards, samples governing the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms shared on legal norms, the norms of morality and actually social norms.

Legal norms - These are norms formally enshrined in various legislation. Violation of legal norms implies legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

Moral norms - Informal norms that function in the form of public opinion. The main tool in the system of morality is public censure or public approval.

TO Social standards usually refer:

group social habits (for example, "do not keep up your nose in front of your");

social customs (for example, hospitality);

social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),

public morals (manners, moral, etiquette);

social taboos (absolute prohibitions for cannibalism, detebide, etc.). Customs, traditions, morals, taboo are sometimes called general rules of social behavior.

Social sanction

Social sanctions - These are means of encouraging and punishment, stimulating people to comply with social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the Security Council.

Social norms and social sanctions are inextricably integer, and if some social norm has no social sanction accompanying, it loses its socially-regulating function.

Allocate the following Social control mechanisms:

isolation - isolating deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

separation - restriction of deviant contacts with others (for example, room in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation is a set of measures aimed at the return of the Devian to normal life.

Types of sanctions (Types of Social Control)

Formal (official):

Negative (punishment) - punishment for the crime of the law or violation of the administrative order: fines, imprisonment, etc.

Positive (promotion) - promoting activities or a person's act by official organizations: awarding, certificates of professional, academic successes, etc.

Informal (unofficial):

Negative - man condemnation for act from society: an offensive tone, swearing or reprimand, demonstrative ignoring a person, etc.

Positive - gratitude and approval of unofficial persons - friends, acquaintances, colleagues: Praise, approving smile, etc., etc.

Types of social control

External social control It is a combination of forms, methods and actions guaranteeing compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control, based on official approval or condemnation, is carried out by state authorities, political and social organizations, education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on writing standards - laws, decrees, regulations, orders and instructions. The ideology dominant in society can also be treated with formal social control. Speaking about the formal social control, they mean primarily actions aimed at force people to respect the laws and order with the help of representatives of the authorities. Such control is particularly effective in large social groups.

Informal social control, based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, is expressed through traditions, customs or media. Agents of informal social control are such social institutions as a family, school, religion. This type of control is particularly effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control over the violation of some social norms, a very weak punishment is followed, for example, the disapproval, an unfair view, a smirk. For violation of other social norms, severe punishments are followed - the death penalty, imprisonment, exile from the country. The violation of taboos and legal laws is crueling stricter, softer than all - separate types of group habits, in particular family.

Internal social control - Independent regulation of its social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, the person independently regulates its social behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted standards. This type of control is manifested, on the one hand, in the sense of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse of conscience" for social actions, on the other - in the form of the reflection of the individual about its social behavior.

The self-control of the individual for its own social behavior is formed in the process of its socialization and the formation of socio-psychic mechanisms for its internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-monitoring are consciousness, conscience and will.

Consciousness of man- This is an individual form of a mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensual images. Consciousness allows an individual to rationalize its social behavior.

Conscience- The personality ability to independently formulate their own moral duties and require them to fulfill their implementation, as well as produce self-esteem of the actions and actions. The conscience does not allow the individual to violate the established installations, principles, beliefs, according to which he builds its social behavior.

Will - Conscious regulation by man of behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the commission of targeted actions and actions. The will helps the individual to overcome their internal subconscious desires and needs, to do and behave in society in accordance with their beliefs.

In the process of social behavior, the individual has to constantly fight with its subconscious, who gives his behavior of a natural character, so self-control is the most important condition for the social behavior of people. Typically, self-control of individuals in its social behavior is intensified with age. But it also depends on the social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the fierce external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker self-control of the individual, the hard to be with respect to it external control. However, this is fraught with large social costs, since tough external control is accompanied by social degradation of the personality.

In addition to the external and internal social monitoring of social behavior, individuals also allocated: 1) indirect social control, based on identification with the reference law-abiding group; 2) Social control based on the wide availability of various ways to achieve goals and meet the needs alternative to illegal or immoral.

Deviant behavior

Under deviant (from lat. Deviatio - deviation) behavior In modern sociology, it is implied on the one hand, a degree, actions of a person who are not relevant to the norms officially established or actually established in this society standards, and on the other - a social phenomenon, expressed in mass forms of human activity that are not appropriately established or actually established In this society, standards or standards.

One of the recognized in modern sociology is the typology of deviant behavior developed by R. Merton.

Typology of deviant behavior MERTON is based on the ideas of deviation as a break between cultural purposes and socially approved ways to achieve them. In accordance with this, it allocates four possible types of deviation:

innovation, involving consent to the goals of society and the denial of the generally accepted ways to achieve them (to "innovators" include prostitutes, blackmail, creators of "financial pyramids", great scientists);

ritualismassociated with the denial of the objectives of this company and the absurd exaggeration of the value of the methods of their achievement, for example, the bureaucrat requires that each document be carefully completed, twice verified, be sewn in four copies, but the main thing is forgotten - the goal;

retretism (or escape from reality), expressed in the refusal and from socially approved goals, and on the ways of their achievement (Raughty, drug addicts, bums, etc.);

riot, denying and goals, and ways, but striving to replace them with new ones (revolutionaries, striving for the indigenous breakdown of all public relations).

Some causes of deviant behavior It is not a social character, but biopsychic. For example, a tendency to alcoholism, drug addiction, mental disorders can be transmitted to children's parents.

Marginalization It is one of the causes of deviations. The main sign of marginalization is the rupture of social relations, and in the "classic" version, economic and social ties are at first, and then spiritual. As a characteristic feature of social behavior, marginalov can be called a decrease in the level of social expectations and social needs.

Broadcasting and beggar, representing a special way of life, have recently received widespread extension among various types of social deviations. The social danger of social deviations of this kind is that the tramps and beggars often act as intermediaries in drug distribution, thefts and other crimes are committed.

Positive and negative deviations

Deviation (deviations), as a rule, are negative. For example, crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution, terrorism, etc. However, in some cases it is possible positive Deviation, for example, sharply individualized behavior, characteristic of the original creative thinking, which can be evaluated by society as "miracleness", deviation from the norm, but at the same time be socially useful. Asceticism, holiness, genius, innovation - signs of positive deviationations.

Negative deviations are divided into two types:

deviations that are aimed at causing harm to other (a variety of aggressive, illegal, criminal actions);

deviations that cause harm for the personality itself (alcoholism, suicide, drug addiction, etc.).

Social control can be carried out in institutional and non-intestitial forms.

1. Institutional form Social control is implemented through a special specializing in the control activities of the apparatus, which is a combination of state and public organizations (bodies, institutions and associations).

2. Neinsititiate form Social control is a special type of self-regulation inherent in various social systems, control over the behavior of people from the mass consciousness.
Its functioning is based mainly on the action of moral and psychological mechanisms consisting of continuous monitoring of the behavior of other people and assess the correspondence of its social regulations and expectations. A person is aware of himself, watching other members of society (organization, groups, generality), constantly comparing themselves with them, adjusting certain norms of behavior in the process of socialization. Society cannot exist without mental reactions, mutual estimates. It is thanks to mutual contacts, people are aware of social values, acquire social experience and skills of social behavior.

A variety of institutional social control stands state control. In the species of state control allocate: political, administrative and judicial.

· Political control It is carried out by those organs and persons who implement the powers of the Supreme Power. Depending on the political and state unit, this is a parliament, regional and local elected bodies. Political controls can be in a certain extent to support the majority of the people of political parties, especially those represented in the authorities.

· Administrative control carried out by the executive bodies of all branches of power. Here, as a rule, the control of superior officials for the actions of subordinates is being implemented, inspection and supervisory authorities are being created, which analyze the implementation of laws, regulations, management decisions, study the effectiveness and quality of administrative activities.

· Judicial control The courts are carried out at the disposal of the Company: General (Civil), Military, Arbitration and Constitutional Court.

However, one state is difficult to respond to many social queries and requirements, which leads to the exacerbation of social conflicts that destructively affect the nature of social life. This requires an effective feedback that ensures the participation of citizens in public administration, which is an important element of which is public control. Therefore, along with state control, a special form of social control represents public control - public control from the Company in the person of the public, individual citizens, social organizations, associations and movements, as well as public opinion. In modern democratic society, public control is activities, first of all, the formed institutions of civil society and individual citizens - their formal and informal participation in it.

[edit] Social control types

Allocate two types of social control processes:

· Processes encouraging individuals to the internalization of existing social norms, the processes of socializing family and school education, during which the Company's domestic requirements are occurring - social regulations;

· Processes that organize social experience of individuals, lack of publicity in society, publicity - a form of control of the Company over the behavior of the dominant layers and groups;

Subject social control It is inextricably linked to the Devian-Stew, deviant behavior, although it has a wider, sociological value.
It is possible that the desire for order is congenital for humans. In any case, all scientific, philosophical, religious constructions are aimed at the disclosure of patterns (order!) Of the world or bringing orders in Chaos of Being. In a wide, general scientific sense, the procedure is certainty, the pattern of the location of the elements of the system and their interaction with each other. In relation to society, the definiteness, the pattern of structuring society and the interaction of its elements (communities, classes, groups, institutions) is understood.
Social control - The mechanism of self-organization (self-regulation) and self-preservation of the Company by establishing and maintaining regulatory and elimination in this society, neutralization, minimizing the normative - deviant behavior.
But it is too general definition that needs comments.
One of the main issues of sociology is - how and why is it possible to exist and preserve society? Why it does not disintegrate under the struggle of various, including the antagonistic, interests of classes, groups? * Problem problem and social control Discussed all theoretics of sociology from O. Kont, Spencer, K. Marx, E. Durkheim to P. Sorokina, T. Parsons, R. Monton, N. Luman, and others.
* Turner J. Structure of sociological theory. Pp. 27, 70.
So, O. Kont believed that society was associated with "universal agreement" (CONSENSUS Omnium). One of the two main sections of sociology - social Static (Other - social Dynamics) - represents, along the touch, the theory of public order, harmony. Basic social Institutions (family, state, religion) were considered by scientists in terms of their role in the integration of society. In other words, as institutions social control. So, the family teaches overcome congenital egoism, and the state is designed to prevent the "indigenous discrepancy" of people in ideas, feelings and interests *.
* CONT O. The course of positive philosophy // Thence of Positivism. St. Petersburg, 1912. four.
G. Spencer, who also stood at the sources of sociology and adhered to organismal ideas about society, believed that three organisms were inherent in the public organism: supporting (production), distribution and regulatory. The latter is just ensuring the subordination of the components (elements) of society in a whole, i.e. performs on the merits social control. Being an evolutionist, Spencer condemned the revolution as an unnatural violation of order *.
* Spencer Major principles. St. Petersburg., 1887.
Source for sociology E. Durkheim is the concept of social Solidarity. Classification associated with solidarity concepts Dualna ("dual"). There are two types sociality: Easy, based on blood relationship, and complex, based on the specialization of functions arising in the process of separation of social labor. For Easy sociality The mechanical solidarity of the homogeneous group is characteristic, for complex - organic solidarity. To maintain mechanical solidarity, a rather repressive right providing for brutal punishment of violators. Organic solidarity must be inherent restitive ("restorative") right, the function of which is reduced to the "simple restoration of the order of things" *. Looking ahead, we note that this idea of \u200b\u200b"restorative law", "Restorative Justice" (Restative Justice) as alternatives to the criminal, "compensated" justice (Retributive Justice) gained widespread in modern foreign criminology. Than a cohesive society, the higher the degree social Integration of individuals, the less deviations (deviations). And the inevitable conflicts in society should be solved by a peaceful way.
* Durkheim E. On the division of social labor. Sociology method. M., 1990. P. 109.
Views of the scientist evolved from the primacy of debt and compulsion social Norms for voluntary, personal interest of individuals in their adoption and following them. The true basis of solidarity, on the "late" Durkheim, is not in coercion, but in an internalized (an individual) moral duty, in a sense of respect for general requirements (group pressure).
Start of special research social control Its functions, institutions, methods are associated with several names. Different authors solve the issue of priority in this area of \u200b\u200bsociological knowledge.
Undoubtedly a major contribution to the study of problems social control Maid U. Samner. Already in his early works, he considered processes controlsociety over the medium and forced pressure ("collective pressure") on members of society, providing its cohesion *. Samner proposed the typology of sources (funds) of collective pressure: folk customs, including traditions and morals; institutes; laws. These three social The mechanism provides conformism, but insufficient for solidarity, which itself is a side product of conformism.
* Sumner W. Folkways. Boston, 1906.
As we are already known, the key in the theory of Tarta - a representative of the psychological direction in sociology and criminology - is "imitation", with the help of which the scientist explained the main social Processes, nature social Facts, the structure of society and the mechanism of its rallying *. No wonder that typical social The attitude of the relation "Teacher is a student". Tard paid great attention to the study of various forms of devianity, identifying their statistical patterns. He believed that the results of such studies allow you to put under control spontaneous social processes. An important factor social control is the socialization of the personality.
* Tard G. Imitation laws of St. Petersburg., 1892 (Last edition - 1999).
For E. Ross Solidarity and cohesion are secondary to social control. It is he who connects individuals and groups to an organized whole. Key concept E. Ross concept - "obedience" *. It can perform in two forms: personally unofficial and impersonal official. The first is based on consent. The second is provided by way control. Perhaps E. Ross proposed the first classification of mechanisms social control: interior control - Ethical and external - political. For the first, group purposes are important, for the second - institutionalized apparatus of funds (legal, educational, etc.). More E. Ross examines family as a factor social control Forming and implementing behaviors. Internalization (assimilation) Individual of these models as personal ideals best provides obedience.
* ROSS E. Social Control. NY, 1901.
R. Park allocated three forms social control: Elementary sanctions, public opinion, social Institutes. In one form or another these forms control Considered by various authors.
From the huge scientific heritage of M. Weber directly related to the problem under consideration have its designs of the three ideal types of domination: rational, traditional, charismatic *. They can be considered as types social control. M. Weber himself believed that "the legitimacy of the order can only be guaranteed internally", namely: efficiently emotional - devotion; value-rational - faith in the absolute significance of the order as an expression of immutable values; Religious - faith in the dependence of good and save from conservation of order. The legitimacy of the order can be guaranteed and the expectation of external consequences, including the right, coercion. The first type of legitimacy - legal or formal-rational is based on interest. Submissions in a rational state not individuals, but established laws. Their implementation is carried out by bureaucracy (classical examples - modern author Bourgeois England, France, USA). The second type is traditional based on the bushes, traditions, habits that are attributed not only the legality, but also the sacredity. This type is inherent in patriarchal society, and the main relationship is Mr. Servant (the classic example is the feudal states of Western Europe). The third type is charismatic (Greek. Charisma is the divine gift), - based on the extraordinary abilities of the person - the leader, the Prophet (whether Jesus Christ, Magomet, Buddha or Caesar, Napoleon, finally - A. Hitler, I. Stalin, Mao ...). If the traditional type of domination is supported by the usual - in short, traditions, habits, then charismatic holds on the unusual, extreme, amazing, supernatural. Weber considered Harizmu as a "great revolutionary force", the interrupting gradation of traditional development. He was lucky to not to live in his native country to Harizma Hitler, as well as other "leaders", possessing an extraordinary "gift" ...
* Weber M. Staatssoziologie. Berlin, 1966.
Creativity of our compatriot P. Sorokina, forced from 1922 to live and work in emigration, thanks to the coming to power in Russia charismatic leaders, largely devoted to the topic social Regulation of human behavior. The name and content of its first major scientific work of the St. Petersburg period "Crime and Kara, feat and award" are devoted to the mechanism social control *. There are sustainable forms socialbehavior - "due", "recommended", "prohibited" and forms social Reactions to them - negative (car) and positive (award) sanctions. In general, these forms are regulatory substructure. In the "Sociology System" ** P. Sorokin, giving tribute to the problem social Order, considers the mechanism of "organized" forms of behavior. Social reactions to biopsychic incentives, repeated many times, are in the habit, and being conscious - into the law. A combination of informed forms of behavior in various areas of public life forms institutions, the totality of the latter is social Order or organization.
* Sorokin P. Crime and Kara, feat and reward. St. Petersburg., 1913.
** Sorokin P. Sociology system. GH, 1920. T. 1.
P. Sorokin attached great importance social Stratification I. social mobility (actually he introduced these concepts in scientific circulation). Hence the role concepts "Status" ("Rank") as a totality of rights and obligations, privileges and responsibility, power and influence. Difficult vertical mobility, in the end, leads to a revolution - "smashing" social stratum. Unnatural and violent character social Revolutions determine their undesirable. And the best way to prevent revolutions is the improvement of vertical mobility channels and social control.
In its main work, "Social and Cultural Dynamics" * P. Sorokin summarizes his understanding social. Its specificity is the "intangible" component: "norms - values \u200b\u200b- values." It is the presence of values \u200b\u200band norms, as well as values \u200b\u200b(without taking into account which it is often impossible to distinguish between fights and boxing, rape and voluntary sexual act, etc.) characterizes the public being in contrast to the inorganic and organic levels of being.
* Excerpts from this fundamental fourtomy work. See: Sorokin P. Man. Civilization. Society. M., 1992. P. 425-504.
Problem social control essential for functionalism and constitutes a significant part of the theory social actions. According to her largest representative - T. Parsons, reproduction functions social The structures are provided by the system of beliefs, morality, socialization bodies (family, education, etc.), and the regulatory orientation in the theory of action plays the same role as space in classical mechanics. In "Structure socialactions "Parsons raises the most significant question for him: how they survive social Systems? He sees the answer in two main mechanisms that integrate personality in social System: Socialization mechanisms and social control * (Note that from our point of view, socialization is one of the mechanisms social control).
* For details, see: Turner J. Decree. op. P. 70-72.
Socialization mechanisms, according to Parsons, are the means by assimilation (interiorization) by an individual of cultural samples - values, views, language. Socialization mechanisms also provide sustainable and reliable interpersonal connections that contribute to the removal of voltage, anxiety, fatigue.
Mechanisms social control Include ways to organize the role of the status of individuals in order to reduce tensions and deviationations. To mechanisms control include: institutionalization (providing certainty of role expectations); Interpersonal and gestures (applied by actors social actions in order to mutual consistency of sanctions); ritual actions (lifting tension symbolic, strengthening the dominant cultural samples); structures that ensure the preservation of values \u200b\u200band distinction of "normal" and "deviant-go"; the structure of re-integration (bringing to the norm of tendencies to "deviation"); Institutionalization of a system capable of applying violence, coercion. In a broad sense to mechanisms social control (More precisely, the conservation of the integration of the social system) includes socialization, providing interiorization (assimilation) of values, ideas, symbols. Parsons also analyzed three methods social control In relation to the devians: insulation from others (for example, in prison); Separation with partial contact restriction (for example, in a psychiatric hospital); Rehabilitation is preparing for returning to the "normal" life (for example, with the help of psychotherapy, activities of public organizations of the AA type - society of anonymous alcoholics).
Epoch of Enlightenment and XIX century. were permeated faith and hope about the possibility of successful social control and "order". It is only necessary to listen to the Councils of Enlighteners, the opinion of scientists and a little bit to work on bringing reality in line with the mind ...
True, there are still not quite clear questions:
What social "Order", are there any objective criteria for its assessment? For natural sciences, this is probably the level of entropy of the system - its (entropy) decrease or not an increase. And for social Systems? Maybe we can help us in response to this question synergetics?
"Order" for whom? Whose interests? From whose point of view?
Is the society without "disorder"? Obviously - no. Organization and disorganization, "order" and "disorder" (chaos), "norm" and "deviation" are additional (in the Borovsky sense). Recall that deviations are the necessary mechanism of change, development.
How, what funds, "Order" ("New Order" of A. Hitler, the Gulag "Order" I. Stalin, the Guideline of "Order" in Vietnam and Iraq, the USSR - in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Afghanistan, Russia - in Chechnya)?
In general, "the order, fastened by our cultural training, seems extremely vulnerable and fragile. This is just one of the possible orders, and we cannot be sure that he is the right one. "*
* Bauman Z. Think sociologically. M., 1996. P. 166.
Social practice XX century. with two world wars, "cold war", hundreds of local wars, Hitler and Lenin-Ski-Stalinist concentration camps, genocide, right and left extremism, terrorism, fundamentalism, etc. - destroyed all illusions and myths regarding "order" and opportunities social control (Someone from the contemporaries noticed: Human history was divided into "to" Auschwitz and "after"). The amount of crimes committed by states - the pillars of order, the stock edge exceeded single crimes. At the same time, the states - "murder sponsors" (N. Kressel) - not "repent" (maybe, with the exception of Germany), and deny, refuse to have been deed. S. Cohen in the article "Human Rights and Crime Rights: Culture of Failure" * calls three forms of such a refusal (Denial):
- denial of the past (Denial of the Past). Thus, there were publications in the West, declaring the Holocaust "Myth", the domestic Stalinists "Myth" call the horror of Stalinist repressions (however, the recent Duma events in the anniversary of Holocolochemia, when many of our elects refused to honor the victims, testify that This issue we "catch up" the West ...);
- Literal refusal (LITERAL DENIAL) - according to the formula "We do not know";
- Private refusal (Implicatory denial) - according to the formula "Yes, but ...". So, most of the war criminals under pressure from the facts recognize: "Yes, it was." And immediately follows "but": there was an order, military necessity, etc.
* COHEN S. HUMAN RIGHTS AND CRIMES OF THE STATE: THE CULTURAL OF DENIAL. In: Criminological Perspectives. A reader. Sage, 1996. P. 489-507.
It is not surprising that postmodernism in sociology of the end of the XX century, starting with J.-F. Liotar and M. Fouco, comes to denial social controlabove the deviant manifestations, pronounced categorically and concisely N. Luman in the words chosen by the epigraph to this chapter. And although it is likely that realistic-skeptical postmodernism - as a reaction to the illusions of the beautiful enlightenment - is the same one-sided, however, the enlightement itself, however, some of the considerations of general scientific nature (in particular, the law of increasing entropy in the system) decline on the side of postmodernism. "The victory of order above chaos is never complete or final ... Attempts to construct artificial order in accordance with the ideal purpose doomed to failure" *.
* Bauman Z. Think sociologically. M., 1996. P. 192, 193.
This does not exclude, of course, the possibility and need of systems, first of all - biological and social, resist disorganizing entropy processes. As the father of Cybernetics N. Wiener wrote, "we swim upstream, struggling with a huge flow of disorganization, which, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, seeks everything to reduce heat death ... In this world, our first duty is to ensure that To arrange arbitrary islands of order and system ... We have to run with all the speed, which only capable of staying on the place where once stopped "*.
* Wiener N. I - Mathematics. M., 1967. P. 311.
Most of us fight for life to the end, knowing his inevitability and keeping courage (or not very ...) "Contrary to" the inevitable (A. Malro), and "on the other side of despair" (J.-P. Sartre). But this does not cancel the final result. Each society also ceases to exist sooner or later (whether we often remember Lydia and Haldew, Babylon and Assyria, the empire of the Sumerians and the Inca Civilization?). This should not be an obstacle to the efforts of self-confidence by organizing and maintaining "order" and the reduction of chaotic processes, including negative deviant behavior. It is not necessary only to forget that the organization and disorganization are inextricably linked, one cannot be without the other, and the deviations are not only "harmful", but also "useful" from the point of view of survival and development of the system.
So, the problem is social control there is a largely problem social order, the preservation of society as a whole.
There is a different understanding social control. At the beginning of the chapter, we led the most general definition. In a narrower sense social control It is a combination of funds and methods of exposure to society for unwanted forms of deviant behavior in order to eliminate (eliminate) or reduction, minimization.
Social regulators of human behavior are the value developed by the Company (as an expression of the human relationship to those or other objects and significant properties of these facilities) and the corresponding norms (legal, moral, customs, traditions, mod, etc.), i.e. rules , samples, standards, standards of behavior established by the state (right) or formulated in the process of joint livelihoods. The easiest way to transfer rules (and values) is a personal example and imitation ("do as me"). However, for complex, "post-passable" societies, it is insufficient. Humanity has developed a specific way to form, preserve and transmit (broadcast) values \u200b\u200band norms by means of signs. J. Piaget claimed: "The main reality created social By ... The essence are as follows: 1) Rules (moral, legal, logical, etc.), 2) values \u200b\u200bcorresponding to or not corresponding to these rules, and 3) signs "*. I note that from my point of view, the values \u200b\u200bare primarily in this row, and the rules are produced in accordance with the values, and not vice versa. However, like everything in science, this is a discussion question. Finally, the accumulation, storage, the transfer of information through the iconic systems is only possible, since the signs are attached, clear Those who perceives them.
* Piaget J. Selected Psychological Proceedings. M., 1969. P. 210.
Social control It is not limited to regulatory regulation of human behavior, but also includes the implementation of regulatory activities and an abnormative impact on the behavior of members of society. In other words, to social control The actions on the implementation of the prescriptions (norms), the measures of responsibility of persons who violate adopted norms, and in some states - totalitarian type - and persons who are not divided by the proclaimed value of the Society are valuable.
The main methods social control Positive sanctions are encouraging and negative sanctions - punishment ("whip and gingerbread", "Bait and Switch").
To main mechanisms social control include external external, various social Institutions, organizations (family, school, public organization, police) and their representatives with the help of sanctions - positive (promotion) and negative (punishment), and internal, based on internationalized (learned, perceived as their own) values \u200b\u200band norms and expressed concepts Honor, conscience, dignity, decency, shame (impossible, because it is ashamed, the conscience does not allow). To exterior control There is also an indirect associated with public opinion, the opinion of the reference group with which the individual identifies itself (parents, friends, colleagues). Classical formula of indirect control We find in the "grief from the mind" by A. Griboyedov: "What will say the princess of Marya Alek-Sevna?!" (Unless, of course, the princess represents your reference group).
Differ formal control, Executed by special authorities, organizations, institutions and their representatives within official powers and in a strictly established manner, and informal (for example, indirect), punitive (repressive) and deterrent (preventive, preventive).
It is well known that positive sanctions (encouraging) are much more efficient than negative (punishment), and internal control Much more efficiently external. Unfortunately, humanity, knowing this, more often resorts to external control and repressive methods. It is believed that it is "simpler" and "more reliable". The negative consequences of "simple solutions" are not forced to wait long ...
There are various models (forms) social control And their classification *. One of them, proposed by D. Blake (in the modification of F. Macklintok) **, was reproduced in Table. 16.1. Each of the forms in the table social control It has its logic, its methods and language, its own way to determine the event and responding to it. In real reality, a combination of several forms is possible.
* Black D. The Behavior of Law. NY: Academic Press, 1976; Daws N .. Anderson B. Social Control: The PRODUCTION OF DEVIANCE IN THE MODERN STATE. Irvington Publishers!:, C, 1983.
** For more information, see Articles L. Hulsman and F. Makklintok in the book: Planning Crime Controls. M., 1982. P. 16-31, 99-105.
Table 16.1.
Mechanisms social control (on Black)

Generally social control It comes down to the fact that society through its institutions sets values \u200b\u200band norms; ensures their broadcast (transmission) and socialization (assimilation, interiori-ignition) individuals; encourages compliance with norms (conformism) or permissible from the point of view of society, reforming; reproaches (punishes) for violation of the norms; Takes measures to prevent (prevent, prevention) undesirable forms of behavior.
In the hypothetically ideal (and therefore an unreal) case society ensures the full socialization of its members, and then no punishments or incentives are not required. However, even in the perfect society, fellow citizens will find, what to complain about! "Imagine society of saints, an exemplary monastery of exemplary individuals. Crimes in their own sense of the word are unknown here; However, misconduct, which appear to insignificant Mijanin, will cause here exactly the same scandal, which ordinary crimes are caused under normal conditions "*.
* Durkheim E. Norm and pathology // Sociology of crime. M., 1966. P. 41.
Real exercise social control Above devotence significantly depends on the authorities, the form of government, political regime in the country *. It is no coincidence that G. V. F. Hegel believed that forms control Above crime "An even more characterizes this society than crime itself" **. Theoretical, based on a huge historical material, the study of the role of power and political structures in social controlthe deviant behavior was carried out by M. Fouco ***. Modern measures social control And first of all, the prison is the result of the inclusive disciplinary power of the capitalist society, aspiring to the creation of a "disciplinary individual". This power is manifested not only in prison, but also in a barracks, a psychiatric hospital, behind the factory walls, in school space. For disciplinary power, hierarchical supervision (systemic observation, permanent control), Positive and negative sanctions, tests (exams, reviews, training, inspection, etc.). The purpose of disciplinary control - the formation of "pliable bodies", and its symbol is prison. But then the whole society "begins to acquire severe similarity with the prison, where we are all at the same time both the guards, and prisoners" ****.
* For details, see: Gilinsky Ya. Devianity, social control and political regime. Q: Political regime and crime. St. Petersburg., 2001. P. 39-65.
** Hegel. Philosophy of Law. M., 1986. P. 256.
*** Foucault M. Help and punish: Birth of prison. M., 1999; He is The story of madness in the classic era. St. Petersburg, 1997; He is Wola to truth: on the other side of knowledge, power and sexuality. M., 1996.
**** Monson P. Boat on the Avenues of Park: Introduction to Sociology. M., 1995. P. 63.
This employs the work of our contemporary and compatriot A. N. Oleinik "Prison subculture in Russia: from everyday life to state power" *, in which the author, as a result of empirical research and painstaking analysis, compares Russia as a "Little Society" (in The difference from the "big society" is a civilized) with a prison. I can not resist the extensive quotation: "The tendency to reproduce a" small society "and the incompleteness of modernization - these are the main factors defining the post-Soviet institutional context ... The state consciously stops any attempts to design a collective subject, thus contributing to the formation of the desert between everyday life groups of "their" and power ... and here it does not matter what particular form of the group "His": the nomenclature, the family of the president or immigrants from the KGB ... Privatization of the public space with groups of "their", is not important in the forage of power or No, he means death before the birth of a civil society ... The group "His" seeks to privatize and material resources to which its members have access ... Post-Soviet people with hatred relate to the state, because it reproduces the logic of the group "their" and therefore Considers citizens as "strangers". But at the same time, post-Soviet people are unable to get rid of such a state in which their own lifestyle is materialized, their own views and behavior "**.