The problem of good and evil according to the text of D.S. Likhacheva (Unified State Exam in Russian)

30.09.2021

A new image in an old way Everything was just quiet in her

The Problem of Heroism: Arguments from Literature

Text from the exam

(1) Good and evil will give birth to actions specific to the respective cases. (2) Good brings pleasant experiences to neighbors, but evil, on the contrary, wants him suffering. (3) Feel? (4) Good wants to save someone from suffering, and evil wants to protect from pleasure. (5) Good rejoices in someone else's happiness, evil - in someone else's suffering. (6) Good suffers from someone else's suffering, and evil suffers from someone else's happiness. (7) Good is ashamed of its motives, and evil is ashamed of its own. (8) Therefore, good disguises itself as a little evil, and evil itself as a great good. (9) How does it happen, you say? (10) How is this good disguised? (11) Didn't you notice? ..

(12) It happens every day, every day! (13) Good generously and shyly tries to hide its good motives, reduces them, disguises them as moral negative ones. (14) Or under neutral. (15) "No need for gratitude, it cost me nothing." (16) "This thing took up extra space, I didn't know where to put it." (17) “Make no mistake, I’m not that sentimental, I’m terribly greedy, stingy, and it happened by accident, a whim suddenly rolled over. (18) "Take it soon, before I change my mind." (19) It is painful for the good to listen when he is thanked. (20) But evil ... (21) This comrade willingly accepts gratitude for his good deeds, even for non-existent ones, and loves to be rewarded loudly and in front of witnesses.

(22) Good is careless, acts without reasoning, and evil is a great professor of morality. (23) And necessarily gives a good justification for his dirty tricks.

(24) Aren't you surprised by the harmony, orderliness of these manifestations? (25) How blind people are! (26) However, it is difficult to figure out where is light and where is dark. (27) Light courageously says: "But what a light I am, there are many dark spots on me." (28) And the dark shouts: "I am all made of silver and sunbeams, but who can suspect a flaw in me!" (29) You can't behave differently. (30) As soon as he says: “Here I also have dark spots, the critics will be delighted and will speak. (31) No, you can't! (32) That it is good to expose its dignity and suppress people with its nobility, that it is evil to talk about its dirty tricks - neither one nor the other is unthinkable.

(33) Is a person capable of resisting evil, conquering it, affirming good, or, doomed to defeat, he must retreat, squeeze his powerlessness?

(34) There is no limit to the perfection of the world, of man, therefore, evil can be limited, but conquered finally ... (35) Hardly. (36) But as long as a person lives, he will strive for good and to curb evil.

(according to V. Dudintsev)

Introduction

Good and evil are two extremes opposed to each other. There is enough of both in the world and it is rather difficult to determine what we are faced with at any given moment. Good is grace, self-sacrifice, the ability to live correctly, without demanding anything in return. Evil is a lie, a pretense, a desire for one's own benefit by any means.

Problem

V. Dudintsev raises the problem of the collision of good and evil in his text. Reflecting on these two opposite categories, he wonders whether a person is able to resist evil, to take the path of good, or is his fate powerless to kneel before evil?

A comment

The author reflects on the fact that good and evil give rise to actions appropriate to a particular situation. Good sows pleasant feelings, moods and experiences, while evil, on the contrary, causes people suffering. Good protects from suffering, and evil from happiness. Good grieves from other people's hardships, and evil oppresses the joy of others.

The author is also sure that good and evil are equally ashamed of their motives. Therefore, they disguise them: the good presents its motives as random, negative or neutral, and the evil exposes them as generosity and nobility. Good says: "It was not difficult for me." And evil gladly accepts gratitude for its actions.

Good acts spontaneously, not caring about the consequences and benefits, and evil prudently and coolly, convinces everyone of the kindness of its motives.

It is often difficult for people to figure out where the good really is and where the evil is. After all, good slanders itself, convincing everyone that it is not without sin, not without dark spots. Evil, on the other hand, praises itself, convinces of its own innocence and perfection. Otherwise, neither one nor the other can act. Otherwise, life will become too obvious and meaningless.

Author's position

V. Dudintsev is convinced that a person is constantly improving, like the world around him. Therefore, there is a hope that it is possible to limit evil in its power, but it is unlikely that it will be possible to win finally. However, while a person is alive, he will invariably strive for good and to overcome evil.

Your position

I would like to say that the author is wrong, and sooner or later a person will completely defeat evil in his soul and in the world around him. But it is quite obvious that this is not the case. It will not be possible to completely overcome evil, because it perfectly knows how to disguise itself, hide under the guise of goodness and best intentions. This delusion, first of all, prevents humanity from conquering everything dark in our world and building an ideal social order. A lot of people died in the struggle against injustice, against evil, against darkness.

Argument # 1

I recall the image of Danko from M. Gorky's story "The Old Woman Izergil", who gave his life for the good of his people. In search of light, people wandered through the thickets for a long time, losing their way due to darkness. They were already discouraged and began to blame the one who led them - a young and strong man named Danko.

To save the people, Danko tore out his burning heart and began to illuminate their path. When the crowd left the thicket, Danko fell helpless, and one cautious man trampled his heart with his foot.

This is how people repaid the young man for his salvation, for the good that he did for them.

Argument # 2

Another example that proves the ambiguity of people's behavior in the name of good, when evil is disguised as good intentions, is Rodion Raskolnikov from the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment".

The hero created a whole theory in which he considered all the points of assistance to those in need. But in order to achieve idyll, he had to kill an old money-lender and her sick sister, who was carrying a child. As a result, his theory was debunked by him.

Conclusion

It is difficult to imagine a person who evaluates each of his actions from the standpoint of good or evil. More often we act as our inner self allows us. And each of our actions can be assessed in two ways - doing good for someone, we can hurt another person. But at the same time, I believe that most of us are still more striving for goodness and justice.

Good and evil are the basic concepts of morality. Every person is taught these aspects from childhood. Everyone measures their actions against this yardstick. It has a name - morality. Each child is taught to distinguish between good and evil, what is good and what is bad. Children are not able to fully assess their actions and their consequences. But teenagers already clearly understand what is what. And sometimes they deliberately choose evil and vile deeds.

Good is a person's actions aimed at the good of another living being. Kind people are needed always and everywhere. They bring light, warmth and joy. It is impossible to live without such people. They keep society from moral decay. Good is the only salvation in the stormy ocean of harsh life.

If there was no kindness, the world would soon come to an end. The strong would destroy the weak without hesitation. Violent laws can be clearly seen in the wild. The scary thing is that the predator is relentless, he has no pity and compassion. But he has a goal and he will achieve it in any way. Unfortunately, today there are more and more "predators" among people, tough and ruthless. They can only be stopped by a violent attitude if they are pushed against a wall. They themselves will never stop. This is terrible evil. It won't stop. It can only be stopped by brute force, but not everyone has it.

Life is about struggle. The fight between good and evil. Each person decides for himself what will be more in his life. It all comes down to moral choice. If an individual chooses good, then his life will be filled with love, tenderness and light. Other people will be drawn to him. But, if the choice falls on evil. One, two and more. A person's life will get worse and worse. The person will be filled with anger, rudeness, hatred and rage. It will soon become unbearable for others. Everyone will avoid him and cut down on communication as much as possible. Few people want to communicate with an evil person. It does not help to grow and develop, but only pulls down to degradation.

But there is a way out of this. It all starts with realizing and acknowledging the problem. This is a step towards correction. Next, you need to change your thinking and bad habits. This is the hardest part. You need to start doing good deeds and helping others. Over time, life will change and joy will come.

Option 2

Since childhood, we are familiar with the concepts of good and evil. Adults explain to us every day that good is good, bad is bad. The militiamen insist on crossing the road only on a green light or on a zebra crossing, doctors persuade us that it is bad to get sick. Why bad? If this allows you not to go to school, lie in bed and eat a lot of delicious dishes prepared by a caring mother. Firefighters warn that matches are not a toy and are evil in inept hands.

At school, they say that a four is good and a three is bad. But no one can answer the question of who decided this and why.

Throughout their lives, people are put in a situation where they are opposed to different things in black and white, in good and bad, in good and evil. And a person is obliged to choose one of the parties, he has no right to occupy neutrality, because in society you are either a worthy citizen or not.

Even religion has its own good and its own evil. And fairy tales cannot do with only a positive example. They definitely need the evil sides of life in the form of the Serpent Gorynych and the Nightingale the Robber.

Helping those in need is good, humiliating the weak is evil. Everything is simple and straightforward. And it is not at all difficult to distinguish between these two concepts. But which of them is stronger by nature and by nature? After all, today evil is presented as good. Or rather, if earlier people categorically said: “stole means a thief!”, Now they find a bunch of arguments to continue the logical chain: “stole means a thief, it means cunning, it means rich, can buy a comfortable life for himself and his loved ones, then well done! ".

The fine line between light and dark has been erased. And it was not the circumstances that erased it, but the people who are engaged in the substitution of concepts today. If it is beneficial to be kind - I will, if it is practical to be evil - I will. People's duplicity is frightening. It became completely unclear where it went: pure, quiet and disinterested goodness. Although if you think hard, then the answer is. Evil has swallowed good.

Now, in order to be good, you need to go through seven stages of evil. Steal, deceive, ruin. And then build churches, help sick children and smile at the cameras, smile endlessly and amuse yourself from such a beautiful and kind yourself. The good man who killed thousands of souls before deciding to lay the foundation for a new temple or hospital.

There are no concepts of good and evil now. They do not act as a separate front, they are a united fist, which hits when it is not necessary and strokes when it is no longer needed.

Composition reasoning Good and evil

The theme of good and evil is as old as the world. For a long time, these two fundamentally opposite concepts have been fighting for the right to triumph over each other. Since time immemorial, good and evil have made people argue about how to separate black from white. Everything in life is relative.

The concepts of good and evil are collective. Sometimes a seemingly kind, good deed leads to negative consequences. As well as in a bad deed, some find advantages for themselves.

Good and evil are always inseparable, one does not exclude the other. For example, if for one person some kind of news brings joy and goodness in itself, for another, this news can cause grief and negative emotions, respectively, carry evil in itself. Sometimes people identify with evil some objects and phenomena: "money is evil, alcohol is evil, war is evil." But if you look at these things from the other side? The more money, the more independent and well-off a person is - he is well fed and happy, he is ready to bring good to the world. Alcohol in small doses, paradoxically, can also carry good in itself - front-line one hundred grams served in good service in the war, raising the morale of soldiers and acting as a pain reliever for severe wounds.

And even the war itself, which seems to be a completely negative phenomenon, also carries in itself a piece of, if not good, but a certain benefit: the conquest of new lands, the solidarity and brotherhood of allies, the education of the will to win.

By tradition, in fairy tales and films, good always triumphs over evil, but in life, justice does not always prevail. But when going to do something mean to someone, you must always remember about the worldwide "boomerang law" - "the evil radiated by you will certainly return to you." Let's start with ourselves, we will be kinder and more merciful to each other, and maybe then in our cruel modern world there will be a little more good than evil.

Sample 4

Good and evil are the main aspects of our life. All types of relationships in our society are built around these basic concepts of morality. From a very early age, children begin to develop the ability to distinguish between these two concepts. As a result, this scheme of the child's perception of the world becomes paramount in the upbringing of a future member of society. Since the ability to distinguish between these two opposite sides of our life is the basis for building the moral principles of the child. As a result, in adolescence, children begin to fully realize the correspondence of their actions to the basic principles of morality.

But if you touch on this topic, in general, at a higher level, then you can notice a continuous, constant struggle, between good and evil, which does not stop for a minute. Both in the past and in the present, examples can be cited that clearly prove the existence of such a confrontation. A striking example is the Great Patriotic War, where Nazi Germany played the role of the dark, evil side. Or, let's say, our time, where the political course of the United States acts as the opposing side. There are quite a few examples, and in almost every area of life.

In a word, the theme of good and evil is very old, but at the same time it is relevant at any time, and will remain so until the end of time. Indeed, we literally face this problem every day. And any person must make a choice, in many of his actions, on whose side he is. Many argue that our life depends on good deeds and kindness in heart and soul. The kinder we are, the more light and warmth in our life. But there is a saying “Don't do good, you won't get evil,” and I would say that it really works. Many of our actions do not give the return that follows after good deeds. And so the question arises, what then is really good and evil. But all the same, goodness is very pleasant in most cases, however. And evil always brings pain and suffering.

As a result, I would like to say that this topic is very difficult, there is no way to fully disclose and analyze it. But what then is worth taking into account? I think that the main thing is the ability to distinguish between good and evil, sometimes there are cases when a good deed is carefully disguised. And then you have to be very vigilant to detect it. It is also worthwhile to carefully dispose of good, they say imposed good is worse than evil.

Several interesting compositions

Composition by Anna Mikhailovna Popelskaya in the story The Blind Musician Korolenko
Kovalenko's story "The Blind Musician" is an instructive work about the strength of the human spirit, the desire to overcome shyness in oneself and be oneself no matter what.

Devotion is one of the basic positive human qualities. It is characterized by fidelity, which is based on love and tends to manifest itself even in difficult life situations.

Good and evil is the most popular topic that students choose during the final exam. To write such an essay for the maximum score, you need high-quality and outstanding arguments from the literature. In this selection we have given just such examples from different sources: the novel by MA Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", the novel by FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" and Russian folklore. There are 4 arguments under each heading.

People perceive good and evil in different ways. It often happens that one substitutes for the other, but the semblance remains, which a person takes for granted: virtue is attributed to evil intent, and outright evil is taken for good. For example, Mikhail Bulgakov in the novel The Master and Margarita describes the life and customs of Soviet writers and critics. Writers from MOSSOLIT write only what the authorities want. In a conversation with Ivan Bezdomny, Berlioz directly points out that in his poem it is necessary to clearly define the atheistic position, which is part of the ideology of the USSR. It does not matter to him what the artist of the word wants to say, he is only concerned with how the superior person will evaluate the book. Such slavish involvement in the political process only harms art. The real genius of the Master was hunted by critics, and mediocrity in the role of creators only sat in a restaurant and ate people's money. This is an obvious evil, but society, in the person of the same writers and critics, saw this as a blessing, and only a few honest people like Margarita and the Master saw that this system was vicious. Thus, people often make mistakes and mistake evil for good and vice versa.
The great danger of evil lies in the fact that it is often disguised as good. An example is the situation described by MA Bulgakov in the novel "The Master and Margarita". Pontius Pilate believed that he was serving good by sentencing Yeshua to death. He was afraid that because of his conflict with the local elite over the decision who should be pardoned in honor of the holiday, a mob riot against the Roman soldiers would break out, and a lot of blood would be shed. With a small sacrifice, the procurator hoped to prevent great upheavals. But his calculation was immoral and selfish, because Pilate, first of all, feared not for the city entrusted to him, which he hated with all his soul, but for his position in it. Yeshua was martyred because of the cowardice of his judge. Thus, the hero took an evil deed for a good and wise decision, and was punished for this.
The topic of good and evil was of great concern to M. A. Bulgakov. In his novel The Master and Margarita, he interpreted these concepts in his own way. So, Woland, the embodiment of evil and the king of shadows, did really good deeds. For example, he helped Margarita return the Master, despite the fact that she had already used her wish to help Frida out. He also gave them the opportunity to live in eternal peace and finally find harmony in life together. Unlike representatives of the forces of light, Woland tried to find a suitable solution for the couple, without condemning them as harshly as Levi Matvey. Probably, the author was inspired to create his image by the character of Goethe, Mephistopheles, who strove for evil, but did good. The Russian writer showed this paradox by the example of his heroes. So he proved that the concepts of good and evil are subjective, their essence depends on what the person who evaluates them comes from.
A person all his life forms and complements his ideas about good and evil. Often he turns off the right path and makes mistakes, but still it is never too late to reconsider his views and take the right side. For example, in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" Ivan Bezdomny served the party's interests all his life: he wrote bad poetry, put a propaganda meaning in them and convinced readers that everything was fine in the Soviet Union, and the only problem was those who were jealous general happiness. He lied blatantly, like most of his colleagues. The consequences of the devastation after the civil war were clearly felt in the USSR. For example, MA Bulgakov subtly ridicules the absurdity of what is happening, citing as an example Likhodeev's speech, where he boasts that he orders "gossip a la naturel" in a restaurant. He believes that this exquisite dish is the height of luxury, which cannot be prepared in an ordinary kitchen. But the irony is that pike perch is a cheap fish, and the prefix "a la naturel" means that it will be served in its natural form, even without any original design or recipe. Under the tsar, every peasant could afford this fish. And this wretched new reality, where the pike perch has turned into a delicacy, the poet defends and exalts. And only having met the Master, he realizes how wrong he was. Ivan admits his mediocrity, stops being rude and writing bad poetry. Now he is not attracted to serving the state, which is fooling its population and brazenly deceiving it. Thus, he abandoned the generally recognized false good and began to profess faith in the true good.

Crime and Punishment

The struggle between good and evil is depicted by FM Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment". The main character is a very kind person. This fact convincingly proves his dream, where, as a little boy, he regrets a beaten horse to tears. His deeds also speak of the uniqueness of his character: he leaves the last money to the Marmeladov family, seeing her grief. But Rodion also has a dark side: he longs to prove to himself that he has the right to decide the fate of the world. For this, Raskolnikov decides to kill, evil prevailed over him. However, gradually the hero comes to the conclusion that he needs to repent of his sin. This step was directed by Sonya Marmeladova, who managed to strengthen Rodion's protesting conscience. He confessed to the evil he had done, and already in hard labor, his moral revival for good, justice and love began.
The confrontation between good and evil was portrayed by FM Dostoevsky in his novel "Crime and Punishment". We see a hero who has lost this fight. This is Mr. Marmeladov, whom we meet in the tavern, his place of residence. Before us appeared a middle-aged man addicted to alcohol, who brought his family to poverty. And once he did a very kind and merciful act by marrying a poor widow with children. Then the hero worked and could support them, but then something broke in his soul and he drank. Left without service, he began to lean on alcohol even more than he brought the household to the threshold of physical death. Because of this, his own daughter began to earn money through prostitution. But this fact did not stop the father of the family: he continued to drink these rubles with shame and shame. Evil, clothed in vice, finally captured Marmeladov, he could no longer fight him due to lack of willpower.
It happens that even in the midst of absolute evil, germs of good sprout. An example was described by FM Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment". The heroine, trying to feed her family, began to work as a prostitute. In the midst of vice and sin, Sonya inevitably had to become a cynical and dirty corrupt woman. But the steadfast girl did not lose her faith in God and kept the purity in her soul. The outer dirt did not touch her. Seeing human tragedies, she sacrificed herself to help people. It was very difficult for her to live, but Sonya overcame the pain and was able to get rid of the vicious craft. She sincerely fell in love with Raskolnikov and followed him to hard labor, where she gave her responsiveness to all the needy and oppressed prisoners. Her virtue overcame the malice of the whole world.
The battle between good and evil is happening everywhere, not only in the human soul. For example, FM Dostoevsky in "Crime and Punishment" described how good and bad people collide in life. Oddly enough, most often the winners are those who bring good, not harm, because we all subconsciously strive for good. In the book, Dunya Raskolnikova defeats Svidrigailov by her will, escaping from him and not succumbing to his humiliating persuasions. Even Luzhin, with his rational egoism, cannot extinguish her inner light. The girl realizes in time that this marriage is a shameful deal, in which she is only a discounted product. But she finds a kindred spirit and life partner in Razumikhin, a friend of her brother. This young man also defeated the evil and vice of the world around him, taking the right path. He earned in an honest way and helped his neighbors without taking credit for it. Staying true to their beliefs, the heroes were able to overcome temptations, trials and temptations in order to bring good to the people around them.

Folk tales

Russian folklore is rich in examples of the struggle between good and evil. For example, in the fairy tale "Little Havroshechka" the heroine was a modest and kind girl. She became an orphan early, and strangers took her in. But her patrons were distinguished by anger, laziness and envy, so they always strove to give her impossible tasks. Unhappy Khavroshechka only meekly listened to the abuse and set to work. All her days were filled with honest work, but this did not stop her tormentors from beating and starving the heroine. And yet Khavroshechka did not harbor anger at them, forgave cruelty and insults. That is why mystical forces helped her to fulfill all the desires of the hostesses. The girl's kindness was richly rewarded by fate. The master saw her diligence, beauty and modesty, appreciated them and married her. The moral is simple: good always triumphs over evil.
The victory of good over evil is often found in a fairy tale, because people want to teach their children the main thing - the ability to do good deeds. For example, in the fairy tale "Frost" the main character honestly and zealously worked around the house, did not contradict the elders and did not be capricious, but the stepmother still disliked her. Every day she tried to bring her stepdaughter to complete exhaustion. Once she got angry and sent her husband to the forest with a demand: to leave her own daughter there. The man obeyed and left the girl to certain death in the winter more often. However, she was lucky enough to meet Morozko in the forest, who was immediately subdued by the kind and modest disposition of her companion. Then he awarded her with valuable gifts. But her angry and rude half-sister, who came to him with a demand for a reward, he punished for insolence and left with nothing.
In the fairy tale "Baba Yaga", good very clearly triumphs over evil. The heroine took a dislike to her stepmother and sent her to the forest to Baba Yaga while her father was away. The girl was kind and obedient, so she fulfilled the assignment. Before that, she went to her aunt and learned a life lesson: you need to treat everyone like a human being, and then even an evil witch is not afraid. The heroine did so when she realized that Baba Yaga intended to eat her. She fed her cat and dogs, oiled the gate and bandaged a birch on her way so that they would let her in and teach her how to escape from their mistress. Thanks to her kindness and affection, the heroine was able to return home and ensure that her father kicked out the evil stepmother from the house.
In the fairy tale "The Magic Ring" the rescued animals helped the owner in difficult times. One day he spent his last money to save them from certain death. And now he himself found himself in a difficult situation. Having found the magic ring, the hero married the princess, because he fulfilled the condition of her father - he built a palace, a cathedral and a crystal bridge in one day with the help of magical powers. But the wife turned out to be a cunning and wicked woman. Having discovered the secret, she stole the ring and destroyed everything that Martyn had built. Then the king locked him up in prison and condemned him to death by starvation. The cat and the dog decided to get the owner out after finding the ring. Then Martyn regained his position, his buildings

If there are no arguments from the work that you need in the list, write us in the comments what to add!

Category: Arguments for writing the exam

M.A. Bulgakov - the novel "The Master and Margarita". In Bulgakov's novel, the concepts of good and evil are complexly intertwined. Woland - Satan, traditionally should be the absolute embodiment of evil, but he often restores justice on earth, exposing human vices. The greatest evil, according to Bulgakov, is concentrated in the world of human society. And so it has been at all times. The Master wrote about this in his novel, revealing the history of the deal of the procurator of Judea with his own conscience. Pontius Pilate sends to execution an innocent person, the wandering philosopher Yeshua, since society expects such a decision from him. The outcome of this situation is endless pangs of conscience overcoming the hero. The situation in Bulgakov's contemporary Moscow is even more deplorable: all moral norms have been violated there. And Woland seems to be trying to restore their inviolability. During his four days in Moscow, Satan reveals the "true face" of many characters - cultural workers, art workers, officials, local inhabitants. He precisely defines the inner essence of everyone: Styopa Likhodeev, a well-known cultural figure, is a loafer, a boozer and a drunkard; Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy - bribe-taker and swindler; the proletarian poet Alexander Ryukhin is a liar and a hypocrite. And at a session of black magic in a Moscow variety show, Woland literally and figuratively exposes women citizens who are longing for what can be obtained for free. It is noteworthy that all Woland's tricks are almost imperceptible against the background of everyday life in Moscow. Thus, the author, as it were, hints to us that the real life of a totalitarian state, with its legalized party hierarchy and violence, is the main diabolical act. There is no place for creativity and love in this world. Therefore, the Master and Margarita have no place in this society. And here Bulgakov's thought is pessimistic - for a real artist, happiness on earth is impossible. In a world where everything is determined by the social position of a person, there is still good and truth, but they have to seek protection from the devil himself. Thus, according to Bulgakov, the confrontation between good and evil is eternal, but these concepts are relative.

Hello dear readers of the blog site. December is not far off, which means that exactly one month remains before the final essay is written.

This is not so little, considering that in four weeks, hard work, you can write from 5 to 10 trial essays.

This article is devoted to one of the thematic areas proposed to graduates in 2018. It is formulated as follows: the composition "Kindness and". To successfully write a text on this topic, it is enough to perform a few simple steps.

We formulate specific topics of the essay

To begin with, we propose to comprehend the declared direction and formulate 5 approximate topics. This does not mean that you will get them on the exam. But, at least for one or two of them, you will come closer to understanding the problem. For example let's take the following topics:

- "How kindness and cruelty coexist in a person's heart?";
- "Is a cruel person capable of a good deed?";
- “Why do good people become cruel?”;
- “Where does kindness end and cruelty begin in a war situation?”;
- "Why are children cruel to each other?"

Choose a topic that is closest to you, and proceed to the next stage of work.

Looking for quotes

Quotes will help to diversify the essay. They are best placed in the introduction to the essay. Well-chosen quote makes it possible to push off from it and formulate your own.

To link sentences, use expressions built:

"A well-known scientist expressed the idea that yellow unicorns are quite rare creatures, and one cannot but agree with this / this idea is confirmed in fiction, / and life experience confirms this ..."

or based on his refutation:

"The writer proposes to consider yellow unicorns as normal, but we will try ... to prove the opposite / argue with this point of view / reason differently ..."

For example, using Honore de Balzac's aphorism:

"Cruelty and fear shake hands with each other"

You can comment on the essay on the causes of cruelty.

And a quote from Leo Tolstoy will be the best beginning of your own reasoning:

"The best qualities are worthless without kindness, and the worst vices are easily forgiven with her ..."

Literary Arguments on Kindness and Cruelty

A good illustration of the stated direction will be the behavior of Pugachev in “ Captain's daughter"A.S. Pushkin.

The scenes of the rebels' reprisals against the captain and the captain, horrifying in their cruelty, are replaced by an episode of the rebel's inexplicable good nature towards Pyotr Grinev. What causes the same person to be sometimes heartless and sometimes merciful?

The famous Gogol story " Taras Bulba»Tells about the life of the Cossacks, whose purpose in life is to defend in a military battle. In a war situation, the world is divided into "friends" and "aliens", therefore, heartfelt and fair in a peaceful life, Taras Bulba becomes merciless to his son when it comes to loyalty to the Fatherland.

Believing that the right punishes the wrong, “his” - “the stranger,” the father brutally kills his own son. Bulba's cruelty is due to the era in which he lives, the culture and traditions of his environment.

M. Gorky in the play " At the bottom»Draws images of heroes who find themselves outside the normal social environment. All of them, for various reasons, become inhabitants of a flophouse, in which cruelty, envy, and the desire for deception reign.

Only Luke the Comforter is kind. But in reality, his kindness turns out to be insufficient for their salvation: it dissolves in words and is not confirmed by deeds. Such kindness is worse than cruelty: it becomes destructive for the characters.

Besides the named works, it is permissible to call for arguments to:

to the story of I. S. Turgenev "Mu-mu"
his novel "Fathers and Sons"
the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
poem by S.A. Yesenin "Anna Snegina"
to the story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin Dvor
the novel by B. L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"
the epic novel by M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
and other literary sources.

Getting Started

We will try our best succinctly formulate the main idea, illustrate it with logical, interrelated arguments and draw a conclusion that corresponds to the main thesis voiced at the beginning.

Let's sketch plan: “Kindness and cruelty. Composition". It should consist of three elements:

- introduction;
- the main part;
- conclusions.

Additional Tips accept here:

For example, let's take the third topic: “ Why kind people become cruel". On the draft, we will write down arguments that will help illustrate the evil, aggressive behavior of a person who was previously in good standing.

It would not be superfluous to add a third to the two main arguments (preferably from Western European literature). Each paragraph should end with a mini-conclusion, and the entire text of the work should end with a generalizing conclusion.

Example of a final essay: "Why do good people become cruel?"

The Chinese sage Confucius said: "All people are born good." It is difficult to argue with this: babies do not know envy, guile, lies. They are defenseless in front of people and are equally open to good and evil. Why does it happen that kind people become cruel?
Calm sons and affectionate daughters grow up in loving families. And if the family is dysfunctional (parents quarrel, take care of themselves, disappear altogether), childhood collapses. What a person will be like depends on the environment in which he grows up. If someone good-natured shows aggression and callousness towards others, it means that he was hurt, offended, insulted, forced to lose faith in people.
An example of this is the official Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin from the story by N.V. Gogol's "The Overcoat". Honestly serving in his department, the "little man" did not dream of anything, but as soon as Akaky Akakievich wished for a new overcoat, Providence laughed at him. The overcoat was perceived by the official as alive - he thought so much about her, for so long preparing for a new life, the symbol of which she had become.
And when the overcoat finally came into his possession, the unknown took it away. Bashmachkin died of shock. The ghost of Akaki Akakievich began to take the overcoats away from everyone who met him. So N.V. Gogol described the model of the birth of cruelty: the offended becomes the offender. True, it happens only after the death of the hero.
In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" problem reaches its climax. The murder of an old woman by a student Raskolnikov is a reaction to the cruelty of the surrounding world, which weighs on the hero. Blood breeds blood, evil cannot stop evil.
Only the sacrificial love of Sonya Marmeladova breaks this chain. Pride gives way to repentance, cruelty gives way to kindness, which lived in Raskolnikov's heart even when he was a child. Another example of the transformation of a kind person into a cruel one illustrates about the beautiful girl Lorelei, recorded by the German romantic poet Clemens Brentano.
The river fairy Lorelein (or Lorelei) sits on top of a cliff and sings sweet songs that will drive everyone who hears them crazy. The beauty of Lorelei is destructive, but she does not make the girl happy, because her heart is broken by unrequited love. Having suffered from the cruelty of her lover, Lorelei indifferently destroys other young men, and then dies herself. So cruelty destroys everything around and inside a person.
No matter how kind we are, life sends us severe trials, and not everyone has enough strength to withstand. Few people retain such qualities as cordiality and, for life. People become cruel in order to protect themselves from new pain, to take revenge, to fight back those who have offended them. Only love can break this circle. It is she who gives the strength to live on.

We analyze the results and prepare for the exam

The final essay will show how ready you are for the exam in the Russian language.

Even if the credit is successfully completed, honestly ask yourself the following questions:

- Have I read a lot of literary works?
- Do I know how to select quotes and arguments?
- Do I manage to draw logical conclusions?
- Was it easy for me to write an essay?

If the answer to even one of these questions is negative, it makes sense to continue writing trial essays, bringing this skill to perfection. Then part WITH your written exam will delight both you and the examiners.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site