The problem of human heroism in war arguments. The Problem of Heroism: Arguments from Literature

So school education is coming to an end. Now in the center of attention of all students It's no secret that a very large number of points can be obtained through writing an essay. That is why in this article we will write an essay plan in detail and discuss the most common topic of the exam on the problem of courage. Of course, there are quite a few topics: attitude to the Russian language, the role of mother, teacher, childhood in human life, and many others. Pupils have a particular difficulty in arguing for the problem of courage.

Many talented writers have dedicated their works to the theme of heroism and courage, but they are not so firmly settled in our memory. In this regard, we will refresh them a little and give the best arguments to defend your point of view from fiction.

Essay plan

To begin with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the plan for the correct essay, which, if all the points are available, will bring you the maximum possible points.

The writing of the exam in the Russian language is very different from the essay on social studies, literature, and so on. This work has a strict form, which is better not to be violated. So, what the plan of our future composition looks like:

1. Introduction. What is the purpose of this paragraph? We need to smoothly lead our reader to the main problem raised in the text. This is a small paragraph, which consists of three or four sentences, but clearly refers to the topic of your essay.
2. Problem identification. In this part, we say that we have read the text proposed for analysis and identified one of the problems. When you point out a problem, think about the arguments ahead of time. As a rule, there are two or more of them in the text, choose the most advantageous for you.
3. Your comment. Need to explain describe it. This should take you no more than seven sentences.
4. Note the position of the author, what he thinks and how he relates to the problem. Is he trying to do something about it?
5. Your position. You must write whether you agree with the author of the text or not, justify your answer.
6. Arguments. There should be two of them (from literature, history, personal experience). Teachers still suggest making a reliance on arguments from literature.
7. Conclusion of no more than three sentences. Draw a conclusion to everything that you said, summarize. Possible and such a variant of the end, as a rhetorical question. It will make you think, and the essay will be finished quite effectively.

As you can see from the plan, the hardest part is argumentation. Now we will select examples for the problem of courage, we will use exclusively literary sources.

"The fate of man"

The theme of the problem of courage is the main idea of ​​Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man". Selflessness and courage are the main concepts that characterize the protagonist Andrei Sokolov. Our character is able to overcome all the obstacles that fate has in store for him, to carry his cross with his head held high. He shows these qualities not only during military service, but also in captivity.

It seemed that the worst was over, but the trouble did not come alone, there was another very difficult test ahead - the death of his loved ones. Now in Andrei selflessness speaks, he gathered his last strength into a fist and visited the very place where there was once a quiet and family life.

"And the dawns here are quiet"

The problem of courage and resilience is reflected in such a work as Vasiliev's story. Only here these qualities are attributed to fragile and delicate creatures - girls. This work tells that Russian women can also be real heroes, fight on an equal footing with men and defend their interests even in such global terms.

The author tells about the difficult fate of several women, completely different from each other, who were brought together by a great misfortune - the Great Patriotic War. Although their life used to take shape in different ways, they all had the same end - death while completing a combat mission.

The story of a real man

Which is found in many and in the "Tale of a Real Man" by Boris Polevoy.

The work deals with the plight of the pilot, who loved the sky very much. For him, flight is the meaning of life, like wings for a bird. But they were cut off to him by a German fighter. Despite his injuries, Meresiev crawled through the forest for a very long time, he had no water or food. He overcame this difficulty, but there were more to come. He lost his legs, he had to learn how to use prostheses, but this man was so strong in spirit that he even learned to dance on them.

Despite the large number of obstacles, Meresiev regained wings. The heroism and dedication of the hero can only be envied.

"Not on the lists"

Since we are interested in the problem of courage, we selected arguments from literature about the war and the plight of the heroes. Also, the novel by Boris Vasiliev "Not on the Lists" is dedicated to the fate of Nikolai, who had just graduated from college, went to work and came under fire. He did not appear in any documents at all, but it did not occur to him to flee like a "rat from a ship", he bravely fought and defended the honor of his homeland.

In this article, you are offered the problems found in the texts for preparing for the exam in the Russian language, and the literary arguments for them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the page.

1. True and false heroism unfolds before us in the pages novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"... The people carry in themselves true love for the Motherland, they defend it with their breast, dying for it in the war, not receiving orders and ranks. A completely different picture in high society, which only pretends to be patriotic, if it is fashionable. So, Prince Vasily Kuragin went both to the salon, glorifying Napoleon, and to the salon, opposing the emperor. Also, nobles willingly begin to love and glorify the fatherland when it is beneficial. So, Boris Drubetskoy uses the war to advance his career. It is thanks to the people with their true patriotism that Russia freed itself from the French invaders. But its false manifestations almost ruined the country. As you know, the Russian emperor did not spare the troops and did not want to postpone the decisive battle. The situation was saved by Kutuzov, who, with the help of delay, exhausted the French army and saved thousands of lives of ordinary people.
2. Heroism is manifested not only in war. Sonya Marmeladova, g The heroine of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment", had to become a prostitute to help the family not die of hunger. The believing girl broke the commandments and went to sin for the sake of her stepmother and her children. If not for her and her dedication, they would not have survived. But Luzhin, shouting at every corner about his virtue and magnanimity, and making his undertakings heroic (especially his marriage to the homeless woman Duna Raskolnikova), turns out to be a pitiful egoist who is ready to go over his head for his goals. The difference is that Sonya's heroism saves people, while Luzhin's falsehood destroys them.

War heroism

1. A hero is not a person without fear, he is one who can overcome fear and go into battle for the sake of his goals and beliefs. Such a hero is described in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" in the image of Andrei Sokolov. This is a completely ordinary person who lived like everyone else. But when thunder struck, he became a real hero: he was carrying shells under fire, because it is impossible otherwise, because his own people are in danger; endured captivity and concentration camp without betraying anyone; endured the death of loved ones, reviving for the fate of the orphan Vanka, which he had picked up. Andrey's heroism lies in the fact that he made the salvation of the country the main task of his life and for this he fought to the end.
2. Sotnikov, hero the story of the same name by V. Bykov, at the beginning of the work seems not at all heroic. Moreover, it was he who became the reason for his captivity, Rybak suffered with him. However, Sotnikov is trying to atone for his guilt, to take everything upon himself, to save a woman and an old man who accidentally fell under investigation. But the brave partisan Rybak is cowardly and tries only to save his own skin, denouncing everyone. The traitor survives, but is forever covered in the blood of innocent sufferers. And in the awkward and unlucky Sotnikov, a real hero is revealed, worthy of respect and inextinguishable historical memory. Thus, heroism is especially important in war, because other lives depend on its manifestation.

The goal of heroism

1. Rita Osyanina, heroine B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", lost her beloved husband in the first days of the war, left with a little son. But the young woman could not stay away from the general grief, went to the front, hoping to avenge her husband and protect tens of thousands of children from the enemy. It was a real heroism to go to an unequal battle with the Nazis. Rita, her friend in the department, Zhenya Komelkova, and their chief, foreman Vaskov, opposed the Nazi detachment and prepared for a mortal battle, and the girls really died. But there is no other way, behind the back is not just a patrol, behind the back is the Motherland. Thus, they sacrificed themselves to save the fatherland.
2. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", showed heroic qualities in the defense of the Belogorodskaya fortress. He remains steadfast and does not hesitate, he is supported by the duty of honor, the military oath. When the commandant was captured by the rioters, Ivan Kuzmich remained faithful to the oath and did not recognize Pugachev, although this threatened with death. Military duty made Mironov go to the feat, despite the fact that he had to pay for it with his life. He sacrificed himself to stay true to his beliefs.

Moral feat

1. It is extremely difficult to remain human after going through blood and bullets. Andrey Sokolov, hero the story "The Fate of a Man" by MA Sholokhov, not only fought, but was also taken prisoner, in a concentration camp, fled, and then lost his entire family. It was the family that was the guiding star for the hero, having lost it, he waved his hand at himself. However, after the war, Sokolov met an orphan boy, Vanka, whose fate was also crippled by the war, and the hero did not pass by, did not leave the state or other people to take care of the orphan, Andrei became a father for Vanka, giving himself and him a chance to find a new meaning in life. The fact that he opened his heart for this boy is a moral feat, which was no easier for him than courage in battle or endurance in the camp.
2. In the course of hostilities, it is sometimes forgotten that the enemy is also a person and, most likely, sent by war to your homeland by necessity. But it is even more terrible when the war is civil, when the enemy can turn out to be a brother, and a friend, and a fellow villager. Grigory Melekhov, hero novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don", in the new conditions of confrontation between the power of the Bolsheviks and the power of the Cossack atamans constantly hesitated. Justice called him to the side of the first, and he fought for the Reds. But in one battle, the hero saw the inhuman execution of prisoners of war, unarmed people. This senseless cruelty turned the hero away from his past views. Finally entangled between the parties, he surrenders to the winner, just to see the children. He realized that the family for him is more important than his own life, more important than principles and views, for the sake of it it is worth taking the risk, surrendering, so that the children at least see their father, who was always lost in battles.

Heroism in love

1. The manifestation of heroism is possible not only on the battlefield, sometimes no less than it is required in ordinary life. Yolkov, hero the story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet", performed a real feat of love, laying life on her altar. Having seen Vera only once, he lived only by her. When the husband and brother of his beloved forbade Zheltkov to even write to her, he could not live and committed suicide. But even he accepted death with the words to Vera: "Let your name shine." He did this act in order for his beloved to find peace. This is a real feat for the sake of love.
2. Mother's heroism is reflected in the story L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"... Alya, the main character, gave birth to a daughter, Milochka, with Down syndrome. The woman devoted her whole life to raising her daughter with a then rare diagnosis. Her husband left her, she had to not only look after her daughter, but also work as a nurse. And later my mother fell ill, did not receive treatment, but suited Milochka better: work in the workshop for gluing envelopes, marriage, education in a special school. Having done everything that was possible, Alya left to die. Mother's heroism is everyday, imperceptible, but no less important.

Literary and Life Arguments "Manifestation of Heroism in War" and got the best answer

Answer from? Galina Kupina? [Guru]
War heroism. Composition of the exam.
War is always fear, grief, death. Everyone behaves differently in such a situation. One will show cowardice, and the other will become a real hero.
Of course, forgetting and not bringing such examples of heroism to new generations is like a crime. This should be done using the example of Soviet "military" literature - these are the arguments of the USE. The problem of heroism is illuminated for schoolchildren using examples from the works of Boris Polevoy, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Vasiliev.
Front correspondent of the Pravda newspaper Boris Polevoy was shocked by the story of the pilot of the 580th fighter regiment, Alexei Maresyev. In the winter of 1942, over the skies of the Novgorod region, he was shot down. The pilot, wounded in the legs, crawled to his own for 18 days. He survived, got there, but his legs were "eaten" by gangrene. Amputation followed. In the hospital where Alexei was lying after the operation, there was also political instructor Sergei Vorobyov. He managed to ignite Maresyev with a dream - to return to the sky as a fighter pilot. Overcoming pain, Alexei learned not only to walk on prostheses, but also to dance. The apotheosis of the story is the first air battle conducted by the pilot after being wounded.
The medical board "capitulated". During the war, the real Alexei Maresyev shot down 11 enemy aircraft, and most of them - seven - after being wounded.
Soviet writers convincingly disclosed the problem of heroism. Arguments from the literature testify that feats were performed not only by men, but also by women called to serve. Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" amazes with its drama. In the Soviet rear, a large sabotage group of fascists, numbering 16 people, landed.
This topic was touched upon by many literary figures of our country. Tolstoy shows the difference between the military aristocrats, and their ostentatiousness, and those officers who, along with ordinary soldiers, heroically defended the Sevastopol bastions. These are the brave brothers Kozeltzovs. Or a naval officer whose name remains unknown. All of them were distinguished by their modesty, courage, heroism, and concern for their subordinates. These officers showed by their example how to fight, without fear of looking into the eyes of the enemy.
The novel "War and Peace". It describes how during the hostilities with the French army, an ordinary soldier Tushin, having a small battery, helped the whole army. Having such heroes as A. Matrosov, A. Maresyev, N. Gastello, one can not be afraid of any threats from the outside. And such people in our country have always been, are, and will be.
Also Tvardovsky A. T. in his creation "Vasily Terkin" shows the dedication of a fighter. During the crossing, the Germans fired at them. The next day, having come to collect the dead, they found a soldier who was swimming to the shore. One sailed only to inform about how many allies remained on the other side. Here he is heroism - at the cost of his life, to provide assistance to achieve victory over the enemy.
Even children behaved heroically during the war. Ten - fourteen year olds worked on a par with adults, without showing fatigue, and without complaining of any difficulties.
Everyone knows Susanin, who led the enemies deep into the thicket, knowing what awaits him in the end. But he did it for the sake of saving his people.
Thanks to real heroism, we now live in our own peaceful country. And even an ordinary person, finding himself in a situation where the question of protecting his family, friends, homeland arises, becomes a real hero, performing extraordinary acts worthy of admiration.

Akunov V. proudly tells about the exploits of our soldiers in the Great Patriotic War. There is simply no limit to admiration - the soldiers gave their lives so that future generations live in peace. In the author's opinion, the heroism of our soldiers cannot be compared at all with Japanese or German "genuine heroism."

Akunov says that the warrior of Russia has forever become famous for his spirit of heroism, which sends him to lie down with his chest on enemy bastions, and machine-gun bursts. And he's right. This is a special heroism, spiritual - always, and in everything to be honest, decent,

And humane. Proof of this is the actions of people during the blockade of Leningrad, in concentration camps (fascist and Stalinist).

In the most difficult conditions (physical and moral), the preservation of dignity, honor, and cordiality. Many works have been written on this topic. Nekrasov, for example, tells about the strength of an ordinary soldier - illiterate, having no idea about socialism, but he is ready to give his life for the Motherland, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, for his colleagues. Talking before the battle, he scolds the foreman, but when it comes to battle, it is better for the enemy not to stand in his way. Such a person will always be loyal and honest in the face of any danger.

And the heroism of A. Matrosov. To save his colleagues and bring the end of the war closer, he covered the enemy machine-gun burst with himself, not thinking about himself. Such a feat cannot be forgotten. Sailors will forever remain a symbol of heroism and courage.

If we recall "The Story of a Real Man" by Polevoy B. - it tells the real fate and the feat of the pilot Maresyev. His plane was shot down over the territory that was already occupied by the Germans, for 3 weeks Alexei traveled through the winter forests to his own. As a result, he was left without both feet, and then he continued his military victories, already on prostheses. Isn't this real heroism?

A very vivid example of heroism in the creation of Vasily Terkin (A. Tvardovsky). Without fear of death, the hero swims across the cold river, to convey the necessary information - so that the war ends faster: This is what love for the Motherland, family means - at the cost of his life and health, Vasily accomplishes the almost impossible. Naturally, such an act will remain in history and human memory forever.

Summing up all of the above, we can say with confidence - heroism is an integral character trait of our warrior, which has the ability to "turn off" the innate instinct of self-preservation, when the freedom of friends, relatives, and the whole country is at stake. Their heroic examples teach the younger generation to behave with dignity in any life situation, to fight and win.

The problem of courage, heroism, self-sacrifice in the war according to the text of V.M.Bogomolov

Many great poets and writers have discussed duty in war. Millions of people died defending their home. Yes, they died, but they are alive in our memory.

In his text V.M. Bogomolov raises the problem of courage, heroism, self-sacrifice in war.

It turned out that the Nazis were nearby. The bombing began. The mine hit the barge and a fire started. The fire was close to the ammunition. But no one even thought of running away. “The fire burned hands and faces. It's stuffy. In the afternoon. It is difficult to breathe, “- writes Bogomolov. The soldiers extinguished the launch, and the ammunition did not catch fire. " All the longboats and boats of the Volga flotilla had so many such voyages that they cannot be counted. Heroic flights, ”writes Bogomolov. Indeed, every day spent in the war is already a feat. Sacrificing a lot, not sparing themselves, these people did everything to save the Motherland.

The author's position is clear: war is the strangest thing that can happen on Earth. Preserving and creating a face is a huge feat, heroism. The future depends only on us. If we preserve and increase the “feat”, then we will preserve peace on Earth.

I remember the main character of the story of the same name by V. Bykov "Sotnikov" It so happened that he and Rybak were captured by the Nazis. Sotnikov sacrificed his life, but did not betray the Motherland, as Rybak did. Sotnikov even tried to save the lives of other people. He stepped towards his own death with a high sense of dignity and pride in his own country. Such an act is heroism and self-sacrifice.

And in B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" girls act heroically. A female anti-aircraft battalion arrives to Captain Vaskov. He goes on a mission with 5 girls. They learn that fascist scouts are approaching to detain them, the girls had to die. Rita Osyanina, Liza Brichkina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak died defending their homeland. One drowned in a swamp, others were shot. But, one way or another, they delayed the enemy. The girls accomplished a feat.

After analyzing this problem, I came to the conclusion that there is a place for heroism in war. After all, they are able to sacrifice themselves, be courageous and strong. Such people are capable of much, and everyone who defends the honor and independence of their native land with arms in hand can be called a hero. The writer admires the feat of Soviet soldiers. And at the same time, telling about this story, he shows it as something taken for granted, a common thing in war.