Schubert's biography: the difficult life of the Great Composer. Franz Schubert: biography, interesting facts, video, creativity message on Franz Schubert

Schubert

Creativity Franz Schubert - dawn romantic direction in music.

In their magnificent works, he contrasted everyday reality is the wealth of the inner world of a small man. The most important area in his music is the song.

In his work, darkness and light come into contact all the time, I would like to show this on the example of 2 of his song cycles: "Beautiful Mellenchikha" and "Winter Way".

"Etc. a piece of chalk." 1823 - The cycle is written in poems Muller, attracted the composer with its naivety and purity. Much in them coincided with the experiences and fate of Schubert himself. Unfinished tale about life, love and suffering of a young miller-apprentice.

The cycle is framed by 2 songs - "On the way" and "Lullaby stream", representing entry and conclusion.

There is a narrative of the young man himself about their wanders between the extreme dots of the cycle, about the love of the Melnik daughter.

The cycle seems to fall into 2 phases:

1) from 10pene (to "pause" №12) - these are days of light hopes

2) Other motifs: doubt, jealousy, sadness

Development of cycle dramaturgy:

1 Exposure of images №1-3.

2 Tie №4 "Gratitude to the Creek"

3 Development of feelings №5-10

4 Culmination №11

5 Dramaturgical fracture, appearance of opponent №14

6 Interchange number 20.

"Let's hit the road" - reveals the system of thoughts and feelings of a young miller, just stepping on the life road. However, the hero in the "Beautiful Mellenchikha" is not alone. Next to it acts another, no less important hero - stream. He lives a raw, hard-changing life. The feelings of the hero change, changing the stream, because his soul is merged with the soul of Melnik, and the song expresses everything he worries.
Music products 1 songs are extremely simple and closest to the receptions of folk songs.

Culmination number "My" - The concentration of all joyful feelings. This song is closed with a cycle 1 session. Incipitation of textures and fun mobility, rhythm elasticity and a squeezed pattern of the melody, it is similar to the initial song "On the way".

In the songs of 2 Section, Schubert shows how pain is growing and bitter in the soul of a young miller, as it breaks through in the stormy flashes of jealousy, grief. Melnik sees the opponent - a hunter.

№14 "Hunter" , in the outfit of this character, the composer uses techniques familiar to the so-called. "Hunting Music": size 6/8, "empty" 4 and 5 - "golden running of the horn", depicting a hunting horn, also characteristic moves 63 // 63.

3 songs "Jealousy and Pride", "Favorite Color", "Melnik and Creek" - make up a dramatic rod 2 session. An increasing anxiety is poured into confusion of all feelings and thoughts.

"Lullaby stream" - The transfer of the most sentiments with which he finishes his life path. Filled with a feeling of quiet sorrow and melancholy. Monthonic rhythmic swaying and tonicity of harmony, major fluctuations, a calm drawing of a song melody creates the impression of peace, exemplicity.

In conclusion, the Schubert cycle returns us to Major, giving it a light color - this is a story about eternal rest, humility, but not death.

"Winter. Way" 1827 - Also on the poems of Muller, the cycle is contrasting the fact that now the heads of the hero of the joyful and cheerful young men turned into a suffering, disappointed lonely person (now he abandoned by all the challenges)

He is forced to get away from his beloved, because Poor. Without need, he starts off.

The theme of loneliness in the cycle is presented in a variety of shades: from lyrical changes to philosophical reflection.

Differences from "PR Mel" is also that there is no plot here. The songs are combined by the tragic theme.

The complexity of images is an emphasis on the internal psychological side of life, the complication of the music. Yaz. :

1) 3x Form is dramatized (i.e., variational changes in each part appear, the deployed medium. Equipment and reprise varies compared to 1 scene.

2) Melody is enriched with declamination and speech turns (text on bolting)

3) Harmony (sudden modulation, interstoy structure of chords, complex chord combinations)

In the 24 songs cycle: 2 parts of 12pes.

In 2 section (13-24) - the topic of tragic is presented more clearly, and the theme of loneliness is replaced by the theme of death.

First song cycle "Sight" sleep " , as well as "on the road" performs the function of joining - this is a weightless story about the former hopes and love. Hanging it is simple and sad. Melody is minus. And only rhythm and piano accompaniment transmit a dimensional, monotonous movement of a lonely craving person. His non-stop step. The melody is a movement from the top of the source (catabasis - downward movement) - sorrow, suffering. 4 purchases are separated by DR from DR losing with intonation of detention - exacerbation of drama.

In the subsequent songs of 1 Section, Schubert is increasingly inclined to minor, to the use of dissony and alterized chords. The withdrawal of all this: the beautiful is just the illusion of the dream - the typical mood of the composer in the last years of life.

In the 2 section, the theme of loneliness is replaced by the theme of death. Tragic mood is increasingly growing.

Schubert introduces even a forerunner of death №15 "Raven", With a dominant gloomy mood. Sad, full of tuskiy jointing draws non-stop movement and measuring stirmers of wings. Black Raven in the snowy one is haunting their future sacrifice - a traveler. Raven is patient and leisurely. He is waiting for prey. And she will wait for her.

Last number 24 Song "Sharmanwger." It completes the cycle. And completely does not like twenty-three others. Those painted the world as it seemed to be a hero. This depicts the life of what it is. There is no excited tragedy, nor romantic infusion, no bitter irony inherent in the rest of the songs. This is a realistic picture of life, sad and touching, instantly grasped and not captured. It is simple and simple.
The composer here personifies himself with a disadvantaged aqueous musician presented in the song, the cat is built on alternating the vocals of phrases and tool losses. The tonic organ. Point depicts the sound of the scarmer or dooms, monotonous repeats create mood of longing and loneliness.

The collections of Schubert's vocal literature have great importance to the poems of Wilhelm Muller - "Beautiful Mellenchikha" and "Winter Way", which are a continuation of the idea of \u200b\u200bBeethoven, expressed in the Song Collection "Beloved. In all these works, a wonderful melodic talent and a wide variety of sentiments are visible; Later accompaniment, high artistic meaning. Having discovered the lyrics of Muller, telling about the wanders, suffering, hopes and disappointments of a lonely romantic soul, Schubert created vocal cycles - essentially the first in the history of large series of monologues associated with a single plot.

In Vienna in the family of a school teacher.

Exceptional Schubert's musical abilities manifested themselves in early childhood. From the age of seven, he studied the game on several tools, singing, theoretical disciplines.

At the age of 11, Schubert was a boarding school for Soloists of the court chapel, where in addition to singing studied the game on many tools and the theory of music under the leadership of Antonio Salieri.

During training in Chapel in 1810-1813, he wrote many writings: opera, symphony, piano plays and songs.

In 1813, he entered the teacher's seminary, in 1814 he began to teach at school, where his father served. In his free time, Schubert composed his first Mass and put on the music of the poem Johann Goethe "Gretchen for a spicy".

By 1815, its numerous songs include the "Forest Tsar" on the words of Johann Goethe, the 2nd and 3rd symphony, three masses and four Singgile (comic opera with conversational dialogues).

In 1816, the composer graduated from the 4th and 5th symphony, wrote more than 100 songs.

Wishing to completely devote yourself to music, Schubert left the work at school (this led to the rupture of relations with his father).

In the yellow, summer residence of Count Johanna Esterhazi, he performed the duties of the music teacher.

At the same time, the young composer became close to the famous Viennese singer Johann Foglem (1768-1840), which became a propaganda of Schubert vocal art. During the second half of the 1810s, numerous new songs came out from Per Schubert, including popular "Skitaletz", "Gamornad", "Forelen", 6th Symphony. His Zingspil "Gemini Brothers", written in 1820 for the Visor and delivered in the Viennese Kernorter-theater, did not have much success, but brought Schubert fame. A more serious achievement was the melodrama "Magic Harp", set several months later in the An der Wine Theater.

He enjoyed the patronage of aristocratic families. Friends of Schubert published on a private subscription of its 20 songs, but the Opera "Alfonso and Estrell" on the Libretto Franz von Schever, which Schubert considered his great luck, was rejected.

In the 1820s, instrumental works were created by the composer: lyric-dramatic "unfinished" symphony (1822) and epic, life-affirming up-major (last, nine-time).

In 1823, he wrote the vocal cycle "Beautiful Melnichikha" for the words of the German poet Wilhelm Muller, Opera "Fietobras", Zingspil "Conspirator".

In 1824, Schubert was created string quartets A-Moll and D-Moll (his second part - variations on the theme of the earlier song of Schubert "Death and Girl") and a six-part octet for wind and strings.

In the summer of 1825, in Gmunden near Vienna, Schubert made an outline of its last symphony, the so-called "big".

In the second half of the 1820s, Schubert enjoyed a very high reputation in Vienna - his concerts with Fogle gathered a numerous public, and publishers wouldingly published new songs of the composer, as well as plays and sonats for piano. Among the works of Schubert 1825-1826, piano sonats are allocated, the last string quartet and some songs, including the "young nun" and Ave Maria.

The work of Schubert was actively covered in the press, he was elected a member of the Vienna Society of Music Friends. On March 26, 1828, the composer with great success gave the author's concert in the publication.

This period includes the Vocal Cycle "Winter Way" (24 songs on the words of Muller), two notebooks of expression for piano, two piano trios and masterpieces of the last months of Schubert's life - Mass ES-DUR, three last piano sonates, string quintet and 14 songs, Published after the death of Schubert in the form of a collection called "Swan Song".

On November 19, 1828, Franz Schubert died in Vienna from Tifa aged 31 years. It was buried at the Wearing Cemetery (now Schubert Park) in the North-West Vienna Near the composer with Ludwig Van Beethoven, who died a year earlier. On January 22, 1888, Schubert's dust was reburied at the Central Cemetery of Vienna.

Until the end of the XIX century, a significant part of the composer's extensive heritage remained unpublished. The manuscript "Big" symphony was discovered by composer Robert Shuman in the late 1830s - for the first time it sounded in 1839 in Leipzig under the control of the German composer and conductor Felix Mendelssoh. The first execution of string quintet took place in 1850, and the first execution of the "unfinished symphony" - in 1865. Schubert's works catalog includes about one thousand positions - six MESS, eight symphonies, about 160 vocal ensembles, over 20 completed and unfinished piano sonatas and over 600 songs for voices with piano.

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources

Schubert lived only thirty-one. He died exhausted physically and mentally exhausted in life in life. None of the nine symphones of the composer was filled with his life. From the six hundred songs was printed about two hundred, and from two tens of piano sonatas - only three.

***

In his dissatisfaction with the surrounding life, Schubert was not alone. This dissatisfaction and protest of the best people of society were reflected in the new direction in art - in romanticism. Schubert was one of the first romantic composers.
Franz Schubert was born in 1797 in the suburb of Vienna - Likhtental. His father, school teacher, took place from the peasant family. Mother was a follower of a locksmith. In the family, they loved the music and constantly sat down musical evenings. Father played a cello, and brothers on various tools.

Having found musical abilities from a little Franz, father and elder brother Ignac began to train his violin and piano. Soon the boy was able to take part in the home execution of string quartets, playing the party of Alta. Franz possessed an excellent voice. He sang in church church, performing difficult solo parties. Father was pleased with the success of the Son.

When the French was eleven years old, he was determined in Convict - the school of training church singers. The situation of the educational institution favored the development of the boy's musical abilities. In the school student orchestra, he played in the group of first violins, and sometimes even performed the responsibilities of Conductor. The repertoire of the orchestra was diverse. Schubert got acquainted with the symphony works of various genres (symphones, overtures), quarters, vocal essays. He confessed his friends that Mozart Symphony Sol Minor shocked him. A high model for him was the music of Beethoven.

Already in those years, Schubert began to compose. His first works - fantasy for piano, a number of songs. The young composer writes a lot, with great passion, often to the detriment of other school classes. The outstanding abilities of the boy turned to him the attention of the famous Court composer Salieri, with whom Schubert was engaged in the course of the year.
Over time, the rapid development of the Franz's musical talent began to cause an alarm from his father. Well knowing how difficult was the path of musicians, even world famous, the father wanted to protect his son from a similar fate. In punishment for excessive passion for music, he even forbade him on holidays to go at home. But no prohibitions could delay the development of a boy's dating.

Schubert decided to break with the convict. Throw boring and unnecessary textbooks, forget about the worthless, tearsing heart and the mind of a bunning and to get out of freedom. It is completely given to music, live only by it and for her. On October 28, 1813, he finished his first symphony of re-major. On the last sheet of scores, Schubert wrote: "end and end". The end of the symphony and the end of the convict.

For three years, he served as an assistant teacher, teaching children by literacy and other initial subjects. But his attraction to music, the desire to compose becomes more and more. We only have to amazeless the viability of his creative nature. It was during these years that school cortics from 1814 to 1817, when it seemed to be all against him, they created a striking lot of works.

Only for one 1815, Schubert wrote 144 songs, 4 operas, 2 symphonies, 2 knee, 2 piano sonats, string quartet. In the midst of the creations of this period there are a lot of such that they are illuminated by the non-correct flame of genius. This is the tragic and fifth SI-BImol-major symphony, as well as the songs of "Roseta", "Margarita for Sanger", "Forest Tsar", "Margarita for Broken" - Monodrama, Confession of the Soul.

"Forest Tsar" is a drama with several acting persons. They have their own characters, sharply different from each other, their actions, completely prominent, their aspirations, opposing and hostile, their feelings, incompatible and polar.

The story of creating this masterpiece is striking. It originated in the catch of inspiration. " Once, - recalls Spane, a friend of the composer, - we went to Schubert, who then lived at her father. We found a friend in the greatest excitement. With a book in his hand, he, having taught back and forward around the room, read out loud of the "Forest King". Suddenly he sat down at the table and began to write. When he got up, the magnificent ballad was ready. "

Father's desire to make a teacher's son with a small one, but a reliable earnings failed. The young composer firmly decided to devote himself to music and left teaching at school. He was not afraid of a quarrel with his father. All further short-lived life of Schubert is a creative feat. Testing greater material needs and deprivation, he worked tirelessly, creating one work after another.

Material adversity, unfortunately, they prevented him to marry his beloved girl. Teresa coffin sang in church church. From the first rehearsals, Schubert noticed her, although it was inconspicuous. Blindowing, with whiten, as if faded in the sun with eyebrows and a sharp, like most of the latter blondes, face, she did not shine with beauty at all.Rather, on the contrary - at first glance, it seemed a disadvantage. On a round face, it clearly appeared traces of smallpox. But it was worth it to sound music, as a colorless face was transformed. Just it was extinct and therefore non-living. Now, illuminated by the inner light, it lived and turned out.

No matter what Schubert is used to the worrit of fate, but he did not assume that fate would cost him so cruel. "Happy one who finds a true friend. Another happier is the one who finds him in his wife " , he recorded in his diary.

However, dreams went as shock. Mother Teresa intervened, which raised her without a father. Her father owned her little silk-propelled factory. He died, he left the family a little fortune, and the widow all the concerns drew to the fact that without that meager capital did not decrease.
Naturally, with a marriage of his daughter, she tied hope for the best future. And even more naturally, Schubert did not suit her. In addition to the pennation of the assistant school teacher, he had music, and she, as we know, did not capital. You can live music, but I will not live.
The submissive girl out of the outskirts, brought up in subordinate to the eldest, even in thoughts did not admit healing. The only thing she allowed she was tears. Quietly putting up to the wedding itself, Teresa with swollen eyes went under the crown.
She became the wife of a pastryer and lived a long, uniform-safe gray life, dies at the seventy eighth year. By the time, when she was brought to the cemetery, Schubert's dust had long been in the grave.

For several years (from 1817 to 1822), Schubert lived alternately, then from another of his comrades. Some of them (Spaun and Stadler) were friends of the composer even by Convict. Later, they were joined by a versatile style gifted in the field of art Schuber, artist Schwind, Poet Mayrhofer, singer Fogl and others. The soul of this mug was Schubert.
Little growth, dense, chunky, very short, Schubert possessed a huge charm. Especially good were his radiant eyes, in which, as in the mirror, they reflected the kindness, shyness and softness of character. A gentle, variable complexion and curly brown hair gave it a special appeal to his appearance.

During meetings, friends got acquainted with fiction literature, poetry of the past and modernity. Around argued, discussing the issues arising, criticized existing public orders. But sometimes such meetings were devoted exclusively to the music of Schubert, they even got the name "Schuberty".
At such pursions, the composer did not move away from the piano, immediately composed the ecosesis, wals, lenders and other dances. Many of them remained unapplied. No less admiration called Schubert's songs, which he often performed himself. Often, these friendly meetings turned into rustic walks.

Saturated bold, lively thought, poetry, beautiful music, these meetings were represented by a rare contrast with empty and empty entertainment of secular youth.
Uniqueness of life, funny entertainment could not distract Schubert from creativity, stormy, continuous, inspired. He worked systematically, day after day. "I compose every morning when I finish one play, I start another" - the composer admitted. Schubert composed music unusually quickly.

On some days, he created up to a dozen songs! Musical thoughts were born continuously, the composer barely managed to put them on paper. And if it was not at hand, wrote on the back of the menu, on scraps and shreds. Needing money, he especially suffered from lack of tank paper. Thoughtful friends supplied the composer. Music attended him and in a dream.
Awakening, he sought to write it more soon, so he did not part with the glasses even at night. And if the work has not poured immediately into the perfect and finished shape, the composer continued to work on it until it was completely satisfied.

So, on some poetic texts Schubert wrote up to seven songs! During this period, Schubert writes two of their wonderful works - "an unfinished symphony" and the cycle of songs "Beautiful Melnichikha". "An unfinished symphony" consists not of four parts, as accepted, and from two. And the point is not at all that Schubert did not have time to add the remaining two parts. He began to be for the third - Menuet, as the classical symphony required, but left his venture. Symphony as it sounded was completely completed. EVERYTHING EVERYTHING WILL BE EXTENDED, NEW.
And if the classic form requires two more parts, you need to enjoy the form. What he did. The elements of Schubert was a song. In it, he reached unprecedented heights. The genre previously considered insignificant, he raised the degree of artistic perfection. And making it, I went further - I sat down a chamber music with a song - quartets, quintes, and then symphonic.

The connection of what seemed indigestible, a miniature with a large-scale, small with a large, song with a symphony - gave a new, qualitatively different from everything that was before, is a lyric-romantic symphony. Her world is the world of ordinary and intimate human feelings, the subtlest and deep psychological experiences. This is the confession of the soul, expressed not in pen and not in a word, and sound.

The song cycle "Beautiful Mellenchikha" is a bright confirmation of this. Schubert wrote him to the poems of the German poet Wilhelm Muller. "Beautiful Melnichikha" - inspired creation, illuminated by the tender poetchiness, joy, romance of pure and high feelings.
The cycle consists of twenty individual songs. And all together they form a single dramatic play with riot, peripetia and junction, with one lyrical hero - the wandering milling subset.
However, the hero in the "Beautiful Mellenchikha" is not alone. Next to it acts another, no less important hero - stream. He lives with his bourgeois, intensely changeable life.

Works of the last decade of Schubert's life are very diverse. He writes symphonies, sonata for piano, quartets, quintes, trio, mass, operas, mass of songs and a lot of other music. But during the life of the composer, his works were rarely performed, and most of them remained in manuscripts.
Without having any means nor influential patrons, Schubert almost did not have the opportunity to publish their writings. Songs, the main thing in the work of Schubert, was considered more suitable for homemovicing than for open concerts. Compared to the symphony and the opera, the song was not counted on important musical genres.

No Schubert Opera was accepted for production, none of his symphony was performed by the orchestra. Moreover: notes of his best eighth and ninth symphonies were found only many years after the death of the composer. And songs on the words of Goethe sent to him Schubert, and did not receive attention of the poet.
Robility, inability to arrange their affairs, unwillingness to ask, to humiliate before influential persons were also an important cause of the permanent material difficulties of Schubert. But, despite the constant lack of money, often hunger, the composer did not want to go to the service to the prince of Estergazy, nor in court organists, where he was invited. At times, Schubert did not even have piano and composed without a tool. Material difficulties did not interfere with it to write music.

And yet the crowns learned and loved the music of Schubert, who herself struck the path to their hearts. Like old folk songs, passing from the singer to the singer, his works gradually acquired admirers. It was not regulars of brilliant court salons, representatives of the highest estate. As a forest stream, Music Schubert found a way to the hearts of ordinary inhabitants of Vienna and consider it.
An outstanding singer of the time Johann Michael Fogl played a big role here, who performed Schubert's songs under the accompaniment of the composer himself. Insecurity, continuous life failures hardly affected Schubert's health. Its organism was exhausted. Reconciliation with the Father In the last years of life, a more relaxed, balanced homemade life could no longer change anything. Skubert could not stop writing music, this was the meaning of his life.

But creativity required the huge costs of strength, the energy, which became less and less. At the age of twenty-seven years, the composer wrote to his friend to the Schever: "I feel like an unfortunate, insignitive person in the world."
This mood was reflected in the music of the last period. If Earlier, Schubert created predominantly bright, joyful works, then a year before death he writes songs, combining them with the common name "Winter Way".
This happened to him yet. He wrote about suffering and suffered. He wrote about hopeless longing and despulsed. He wrote about painful pain of the soul and experienced spiritual flour. "Winter Way" is walking on flour and lyrical hero, and the author.

The cycle written by blood of the heart, blocking blood and beaten the heart. Thin thread, woven by the artist, combined the invisible, but the soul with the soul of millions of people with a unspoken tie of the soul. Opened their hearts in the flow of feelings, rushing from his heart.

In 1828, the only concert from his works was organized by the efforts of friends. The concert had a huge success and brought great joy to the composer. His plans for the future became more rainbow. Despite the shameless health, he continues to compose. The end came unexpectedly. Schubert fell ill with a typhoid.
The weakened organism could not stand heavily illness, and on November 19, 1828, Schubert died. The remaining property was rated for pennies. Many writings disappeared.

The famous poet of that time Grillparter, writing a year earlier by the gravestone Beethoven, wrote on a modest monument to Schubert at the Vienna Cemetery:

Stunning, deep and, as it seems to me, the mysterious melody. Sadness, faith, renunciation.
F. Schubert composed his song Ave Maria in 1825. Initially, this work F. Shubert had a little relation to Ave Mary. The name of the song was the "Third Song of Ellen", and the text on which music was written was taken from the German translation of the poem Walter Scott "Deva Lake" made by Adam Stork.

The first composer-Romantic, Schubert is one of the tragic figures in the history of world musical culture. His life, short and poor events, broke off when he was in the heyday and talent. He did not hear most of his writings. In many ways, the fate of his music was tragically and the fate of his music. Increased manuscripts, part of the kept among friends, part of someone presented, and sometimes just lost in endless moves, could not be collected together for a long time. It is known that the "unfinished" symphony was waiting for its IS-complete after over 40 years, and a di-major - 11 years. Ways opened in them Schubert, remained unknown for a long time.

Schubert was the younger contemporaries of Beethoven. Both of them lived in Vienna, their creativity coincides in time: "Margarita for a spank" and the "Forest Tsar" - the peers of 7 and 8 of the symphony of Beethoven, and its 9th symphony appeared simultaneously with the Schubert "unfinished". Only a year and a half are separated by the death of Schubert on the day of the death of Beethoven. Nevertheless, Schubert is a representative of a completely new generation of artists. If Beethovenskoe creativity was formed under the influence of the ideas of the Great French Revolution and embodied her heroic, the art of Schubert was born in an atmosphere of disappointment and fatigue, in the situation of the most severe political reaction. The beginning of her "Vienna Congress" was laid in 1814-15. Representatives of the states who won the war with Napoleon were united then into the so-called. "Holy Union", the main goal of which was the suppression of revolutionary and national liberation movements. The leading role in the "Sacred Union" belonged to Austria, or rather the head of the Austrian government by Chancellor Metternalne. It was he, and not passive, the pestless emperor Franz, actually ruled the country. It was the metternal who was a genuine Creator of the Austrian autocratic system, the essence of which came down to stop in the ensuing any manifestations of freightness.

The fact that the entire course of the creative maturity of Schubert spent in the mettlenikh vein, to a great extent determined the nature of his art. In his work there are no works related to the struggle for the lucky future of mankind. His music is little characteristic of heroic sentiment. At the time of Schubert, there was no longer a speech on universal problems, about the reorganization of the world. The struggle for all this seemed meaningless. The most important was to preserve honesty, the doo-shepherd purity, the values \u200b\u200bof their spiritual world. So it was born the artistic course called « romanticism". This is an art in which for the first time the central place was taken by a separate personality with its non-thoroughness, with its quest, doubts, suffering. Creativity Schubert - Dawn of musical romanticism. His hero is a hero of the New Time: not a public figure, not an Ohra-Thor, not an active converter of reality. This is an unfortunate, lonely man, whose hopes for happiness are not given to come true.

The fundamental difference of Schubert from Beethoven was in contenthis music, both vocal and instrumental. The ideological rod of most Schubert works forms the collision of the perfect and real.Every time the conflict of dreams and reality gets an individual interpretation, but, as a rule, the conflict does not find the final permission. Not the struggle in the name of the approval of a positive ideal is in the center of attention of the composer, and more or less distinct exposure of contradictions. This is the main evidence of Schubert's belonging to romanticism. His main topic became the theme of dedication, tragic hopelessness. This theme is not invented, it is taken from life, reflecting the fate of the whole generation, incl. and the fate of the composer himself. As already mentioned, Schubert passed his short creative path in tragic lack of interest. He did not accompany the success, natural for the musician of this magnitude.

Meanwhile, the creative heritage of Schubert is huge. According to the intensity of creativity and the artistic meaning of music, this composer can be compared with Mozart. Among its workflows - Operas (10) and Symphony, Chamber-Extreme Music and Cantic Oracle Works. But no matter how prominent was the contribution of Schubert in the development of various musical genres, in the history of music the name is connected primarily with the genre songs- roman (it. Lied.). The song was the elements of Schubert, in her he reached the unprecedented. As Asafyev noted, "What has done Beethoven in the field of symphony, then Schubert performed in the field of a song-romance ..." In the full meeting of the essays of Schubert, the song series is represented by a grinding digit - more than 600 works. But it's not only in quantity: in the work of Schubert, a high-quality leap was made, which allowed the song to take a completely new place in a number of musical genres. The genre, who played in the art of Viennese Classics, is a clearly minor role, became equal to the value of the opera, Symphony, Sonata.

Tool Creativity Schubert

Schubert's instrumental work includes 9 symphonies, over 25 chamber-tools, 15 piano sonatas, a set of pies for piano in 2 and 4 hands. Gaidna, Mozart, Beethoven, who grew up in the atmosphere of the live influence, which was not the past for him, and real, Schubert is surprisingly quickly - already by 17-18 years old - perfectly mastered the traditions of the Vienna classical school. In his first symphonic, quartet and sonata experiments, the echoes of Mozart, in particular, the 40th Symphony (the favorite essay of the young Schubert) are especially noticeable. With Mozart Schubert close closer clearly pronounced lyrical warehouse of thinking. At the same time, he spoke in many ways to the heir of Gaidnov traditions, which the proximity to Austria-German folk music says. He admired the classic composition of the cycle, its parts, the basic principles of the organization of the material. However, the experience of Viennese Classics Schubert subjugated new tasks.

Romantic and classical traditions form a single alloy in his art. Schubert playwriggy - a consequence of a special plan in which he preigns lyrical orientation, as the main principle of development.Schubert sonate-symphonic topics are related to songs - and in its intonation system, and at the receptions of presentation and once-diversity. Viennese classics, especially Haydn, often created topics based on song melodics. However, the impact of the syrannure on instrumental drama in general was limited - developing development wears a purely instrumental nature. Schubert in every possible way emphasizes the song nature:

• often sets out them in a repristed closed form, liketing the finished song (GP I of the part of the Sonata A-DUR);
• develops with varied repetitions, options variant, in contrast to the traditional classics of symphonic development (motive decay, seventure, dissolving in general motion forms);
• it becomes different and the ratio of the parts of the son-symphonic cycle - the first parts are often outlined in a leisurely pace, as a result of which the traditional classic contrast between the fast and energetic first part and the slow lyrical second one is significantly smoothed.

The connection of what seemed incompatible - miniature with Mask-table, a song with a symphony - gave a completely new type of son-and-symphonic cycle - lyric-romantic.

Franz was born on January 31, 1797. Place of birth: suburb of veins. His dad worked as a teacher at school and was very diligent and cultural. He tried to give his children the appropriate upbringing that answered his worldview. Two senior brothers Franz also like the father went to the teacher. The same fate was to divide the future composer with them. But there was one circumstance, according to which the biography of Schubert went along the track of music. Constantly in the Schubert family on holidays gathered the society of amateur musicians, and Pope Franz taught her son to play a violin and parallel with him another brother play on the key. Shubert's touchmark taught the church regent who taught the lessons on the body.
Almost all his life, Franz spent in Vienna, who throughout the XIX century undoubtedly was the musical capital of the world. There were numerous masters with concerts, the Opera Rossini was held constantly with the manshlag, the sounds of Lanner's teams and Strauss-Sr., who brought the Vienna Waltz to all corners of Europe. But despite all the beauty of works, the inconsistency of the dreams and real life, which were clearly visible, created the state of Handra and despondency in humans.
Soon, everyone saw that Franz is not just a boy who knows how to play the tools, but a real talent! As a result, when the boy was already 11 years old, he was sent for training in the Church School of School "Convict". The biography of Schubert was so rapid that he was soon in the former student orchestra there, he performed the first violin, and even time from time to time.
Already at 13, Franz composed his first work. The craving for the creation of music was still stronger than Schubert and he was less and less interested in other areas of life. He was very committed to learn anything that did not concern music. Later 5, Franz left Convict, without graduating from education. After that, he hardly communicated with his father, who still believed that his son should lead a righteous life. Not wanting to break with dad, Franz went to receive education in the teacher's seminary, and after that he was an assistant teacher at school where his dad worked. But despite temporary consent with the Father, Franz never became a teacher with a stable income.
Since 1814, Schubert's biography turns out to be in the most fruitful period, which lasts 3 years. During this time, Franz writes many works that many people know. And at that moment, the composer decides to leave the service at school, and the father in protest overlaps his son every flow of money and does not speak more with him.
Schubert Franz's biography - ripe years.
For some time, Franz lives alternately from friends, among which there are also musicians, there are artists, poets and singers. A small society is created, in the center of which it turns out to Schubert. For a more complete picture, it is worth presenting the appearance of the composer: low, chunky, short-sighted, modest and attractive. It was then that Franz begins to arrange the so-called "Schubertiada", when friends were going in the evening for listening and discussing Schubert's music. In the evenings, Franz was sitting for the piano all the time, fulfilling her old music and improvising. Something new comes out of him constantly, the clock day. It happened that he got up among the night to quickly record the compositions greeted him.
But despite all the talent and assistance of comrades, the efforts of the Father did their own: the composer lived in the cold rooms and gave lessons that he could not tolerate to get at least some money. Schubert had a lover, but he could not associate his life with her, because she chose to his secured confectioner.
In 1822, from under Schubert's pen leaves one of its best writings - the seventh "unfinished symphony". A year later, he writes an amazing example of the vocal lyrics "Beautiful Mellenchikha". In these two writings, it was fully shown using music such a direction as romanticism.
Since that time, it seems that the Biography of Shumana was supposed to go to the way, due to the efforts of his associates, Franz reconciled with his dad and returned home. But nevertheless soon he again goes to live separately, which is given to him with difficulty. Because of his mental kindness and gullibility, his publishers are constantly deceived. Most writings and works of Schubert turned out to be famous in his exceptions, but he himself lived in full poverty. Unlike many contemporary composers, Schubert rarely dared to publicly play their works and only occasionally was the accompaniment of his songs. As for the symphony, they were not fulfilled at all until the composer was alive, and the 7th and 8th were lost at all. The score of the 8th after 10 years after the death of Schubert pulled Schuman, and the "unfinished" symphony was performed only in 1865 for the first time.
Subsequently, the Company collected around Franz broke up and the existence of the composer was increasingly heavy. Despite the opportunity to work, the composer did not make any effort to take a position that would give him means for existence.
When Schubert remained to live at all long, he had a lot, but the flow of works did not stop. Schubert's biography as a composer is distinguished by the fact that over time, his writings became all thoughtful.
Shortly before his death, Franz's friends staged a concert in Vienna, who delighted everyone who was present there. The head of the composer was captured by new plans that were not destined to come true, because Franz was infected with a typhoid. His weak immunity could not resist the disease and he dies on November 19, 1828.
Composer Franz Schubert was buried in a cemetery in Vienna. On the monument dedicated to him is the inscription: "Death buried here a rich treasure, but even more excellent hopes."
As a rule, the art of Beethoven, more adult but lived at the same time, was filled with progressive ideas, which simply adored the society of Europe of the time. But the peak of Cubert's creativity was during the reaction times, when for people his own life stood higher than heroism aimed at society, and so noticeably traced in the repertoire of Beethoven.