Sergeev alexander prokofievich Nizhny Novgorod merchant philanthropist. Merchants of Nizhny Novgorod

Glorious for good deeds

(Nizhny Novgorod benefactors and patrons XIX - early X X century)

Biobibliographic Index of Literature

To the reader

The biobibliographic index "Glorious for good deeds" is dedicated to the glorious philanthropists and patrons of the 19th - early 20th centuries, their outstanding representatives.

The bibliographic index is addressed, first of all, to young students (students, high school students), as well as to those who are interested in the history of their native land.

The index does not claim to be exhaustive; it includes books, articles from periodicals and collections from the collections of the Central Regional Library named after May 1 MU Central Library System of the Sormovsky District and the Central City Library named after V.I. Lenin (the latter are marked with an asterisk).

The index opens with an introductory article on charity and patronage in the Nizhny Novgorod region of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, followed by a list of general literature on this topic, where the material is arranged in the alphabet of authors and titles of books and articles.

Then the materials are grouped by personal headings in the alphabet of personalities. Each section opens with a biographical sketch. This is followed by a list of literature about this benefactor and patron (or a whole dynasty of benefactors), where the material is located in the alphabet of authors and titles of books and articles.

The biobibliographic index has 91 positions, is partially annotated, provided with the names of the authors.

The selection of literature was completed in October 2002.

It is simply unthinkable to imagine Russian society in the 19th-20th centuries without charity. Alms, mercy were one of the foundations of Russian life. To deceive was not considered a sin, to cheat in a trade deal was not considered a sin, but it was a sin not to give to a beggar or a stranger. This Russian trait was noted by many.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the "merchant period" of the development of charity began, which was characterized by an ever-increasing expansion of both private and public initiative. In Russia, there was an extensive network of charitable societies and institutions for the care of the poor. In the past, every county, every city knew its "deeply respected" in hospitals, schools, orphanages and almshouses built at its expense. Then they were glorified for the theater, gallery, library or museum. Both these merits have left a mark on the memory of the Russian people: the first - of the common people, the second - of art lovers. Patronage activities were very common among merchants.

It is difficult to imagine what a seedy city Nizhny would look like, no matter how meager its history was for events, if the merchants did not participate in its formation.

One cannot but agree with the deep thought of Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin that "in the half-century preceding the revolution, the Russian merchants played a leading role in the everyday life of the country." And Shalyapin should not know this when his talent reached unprecedented greatness thanks to merchant patronage. Reflecting on a domestic merchant who started a business with a peddling trade with a simple home-made comrade, Fyodor Ivanovich says about him: “... He eats offal in a cheap tavern, drinks tea with black bread bit by bit. Freezes, grows cold, but is always cheerful, does not grumble and hopes for the future. He is not embarrassed by what kind of commodity he has to trade, trading different. Today with icons, tomorrow with stockings, the day after tomorrow with amber, or even with little books. Thus, he becomes an "economist" And there, lo and behold, he already has a shop or a small factory. And then, come on, he is already a 1st guild merchant. Wait - his eldest son is the first to buy Gauguin, the first to buy a Picasso, the first to take Matisse to Moscow. And we, the enlightened ones, look with nasty open mouths at all the Matisses, Manet and Renoirs we still do not understand, and say nasally and critically: “Tyrant ...” Meanwhile, tyrants have quietly accumulated wonderful treasures of art, created galleries, museums, first-class theaters, set up hospitals and shelters ... "And here's another thing that the famous singer all over the world credits the merchants with: they" defeated poverty and obscurity, the riotous discord of bureaucratic uniforms and the inflated arrogance of cheap, lisping and lurting aristocracy. "

In the traditions of the Nizhny Novgorod merchants it was: "Profit is above all, but honor is above profit." These traditions have deep roots. Since ancient times, it has been conducted among the best enterprising people to fulfill four main commandments:

the first is to acquire goodness in righteous ways,

the second is to use what has been obtained with reason,

the third is to spare no share for those in need,

the fourth is not to tempt fate in vain.

The goods used to be lost, but the honor never. And it was not the merchant's gentility that raised the merchant, but beneficence.

Constantly increasing their fortune, the Nizhny Novgorod merchants became famous throughout Russia for their charity, their mercy, their desire to come to the aid of the poor, the poor and the poor.

Whatever obstacles arose, the Nizhny Novgorod merchants remembered the old Testament commandment - to please the fatherland and believed that the cost of good deeds in the end would pay off a hundredfold. And it was not mistaken: the good names of respectable entrepreneurs have now been resurrected in the memory and they are pronounced along with the names of well-known public figures and scientists, architects and artists.

In the history of Nizhny Novgorod, some very rich childless merchants became known as the most generous patrons of the arts: Fedor Perepletchikov, Fedor Blinov, Alexander Vyakhirev, Nikolai Bugrov. These not too happy wealthy people had to console themselves with the thought that the memory of them would be preserved, if not by their own descendants, then at worst by the descendants of their beneficent fellow citizens.

A firm word, efficiency, civic responsibility, caring for the social world, helping those in need - all this is inherent in the Bugrov, Bashkirov, Rukavishnikov, Blinov, Sirotkin. They were different.

Yes, they were rich, very rich, owners of huge fortunes. They owned forests, houses, mills, factories, steamers. They could bathe in luxury, but nevertheless these people did not fall into childish selfishness, the carousel of crazy burning of life did not turn them around.

And they did not always make their capital very honestly, and in their personal lives they were not sinless. But it was this moment of repentance that prompted these people to sacrifice. Moreover, this was not done from time to time.

Strong-willed, ambitious, zealous owners, they were donors for many urban endeavors. They left Nizhny Novgorod the legacy of named schools, hospitals, palaces, museums, enterprises, trading halls. They so "inherited" in Nizhny Novgorod that, perhaps, there is not a single building significant for history and culture, in the construction of which their funds would not have been invested. With their help, we have built a water supply system, a maternity hospital, a drama theater, a widow's shelter and temples, temples, temples.

1. Andrianov Y. Merchants// Yu. Andrianov, V. Shamshurin. Old Lower: East. -lit. essays. - N. Novgorod, 1994 .-- S. 171-191.

2. Bibanov T.P. Mercy on the land of Nizhny Novgorod/ T.P. Bibanov, M.V. Bronsky // City of Glory and Fidelity to Russia. - N. Novgorod, 1996 .-- S. 136-138.

3 . Widow's House// Smirnova L.N. Nizhny Novgorod before and after: Istor.-lit. essays. - N. Novgorod: Begemot, 1996 .-- S. 187-188.

4. Galai Y. Capital for charity// City and townspeople. - 1993. - No. 5 (Jan.-Feb.) - P.8.

In May 1902. the merchant's widow MA Bochkareva bequeaths "most of the property and capital" for charitable purposes.

5 . Every family is famous and glorious: From the history of Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneurship XYII - early. XX century / Comp. A.N. Golubinova, N.F. Filatov, L.G. Chandyrina. - N. Novgorod: Committee for Archives, Administrator. nizhegor. region, 1999 .-- 272s.

6. * Kazaev I.I. Plumbing not worked by slaves// Nizhegor. worker. - 1992 .-- July 11. - S. 7.

About Nizhny Novgorod patrons of art Blinovs, Bugrovs, Kurbatov and Bashkirov.

7. Kazaev I. And before the ruble was kept on parole, but on the merchant's// Nizhegor. worker. - 1993 .-- June 10. - S. 5.

About the Nizhny Novgorod public bank.

8 . Lebedinskaya G. House of Compassion and Mercy// Nizhegor. worker. - 1998 .-- Nov. 14. - S. 6.

About the construction of the Blinovs and Bugrovs 'Widows' House (for mendicant widows with children).

9. A.A. Medvedeva Guardianship and charitable activities in the Nizhny Novgorod province until 1917// Nizhegor. old man. - 2001. - No. 12. - S. 12-15.

10. Mikhailova S. Lunch cost five kopecks // City and townspeople. - 1993. - No. 18 (Apr.-May) - P. 16.

What local entrepreneurs did in the so-called force majeure

Circumstances (droughts, fires, etc.)

11 . Mikhailova S. Noble shelter: [Shelter for the charity of the poor hereditary noblemen of the Nizhny Novgorod province] // City and townspeople. - 1993. - No. 17 (Jan.-Feb.) - P. 6.

12 . Mukhina I. A single impulse of mercy: about cast-iron boots and a sensitive conscience // Nizhegor. truth. - 1999 .-- Dec 25. - S. 6. - (Between the past and the future).

13. "Strong people of a good breed"// Our land: Book. for school students, gymnasiums, lyceums / Comp. V. Shamshurin. - 2nd ed., Rev. - N. Novgorod, 1998. - S. 175-191.

Bugrovs, Rukavishnikovs, Bashkirovs, Sirotkin.

14. * Skochigorov V.N. Charitable activities of large Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneurs// 100 years of the XYI All-Russian industrial and art exhibition in 1896 in N. Novgorod. - N. Novgorod, 1997 .-- S. 77-79.

15. Smirnov D.N. The city at the zenith of merchant glory// Smirnov D.N. Nizhny Novgorod antiquity. - N. Novgorod, 1995 .-- S. 484 - 496.

16. Filatov N.F. Nizhny Novgorod. ArchitectureXIY - beginningsXX century... - N. Novgorod: Ed. - ed. center "Nizhegor.novosti", 1994. - 256s.

A special chapter is devoted to the historical and architectural monuments that have remained legacy to the city.

From Nizhny Novgorod merchants.

17 . Shonov P. How the merchants fed the school// Nizhegor. truth.-1998.-May 16 .- S. 5.

On the organization of the Nizhny Novgorod river school, the Kulibinsk vocational school, the trustees of which were N.A. Bugrov and Ya.E. Bashkirov.

18 . Shuin I. Until their kind is suppressed: [Charitable activities of the Nizhny Novgorod merchants] // Nizhegor. truth. - 1993 .-- May 14. - C.3.

A wealthy steamer and miller, the founder of the Emelyan Bashkirov with Sons trading house, began his path to wealth from scratch. Both in Kopnin and in Nizhny Novgorod, he was constantly driven by the only and all-consuming idea - to break out into people. Emelyan Grigorievich had to rely only on his own arms and shoulders and the help of growing children. In the uncompromising struggle of life, Emelyan Bashkirov did not spare anyone: neither himself, nor hired workers, nor his own sons. His children in their youth had to sip a lot of dashing.

Nikolay, Yakov and Matvey Yemelyanovich walked more than one hundred miles along the banks of the Volga and Oka, harnessed to the burlak straps of parental embroidery with grain.

Strong peasant lads Bashkirovs survived. With the money earned together with the children, Emelyan Bashkirov, a few years later, bought a stone shop in one of the fairgrounds and began a brisk grain trade. Bashkirov, a former serf, became not just wealthy, but became one of the ten richest merchants of Nizhny Novgorod.

After the death of the elder Bashkirov in 1891, all his millions of capitals went to his sons. The sons turned out to be worthy successors. Their fame spread throughout Russia. Bashkir flour was considered the best, it was asked in all parts of the province, it became known abroad. The Bashkirovs were strong, real masters. The mills they built are still standing in Nizhny Novgorod. And what benefits they bring!

Growing rich from year to year, the Bashkirov brothers brought the cost of their enterprises in 1908 to 12 million rubles. According to the custom established by my father, the qualified part of the workers used the premises in the barracks at the mills free of charge. 1912 brought the workers a government handout - the sickness fund law. The first in Nizhny was organized a hospital fund at the mill of Matvey Bashkirov ... The sons of deceased workers were given 30 rubles. For the funeral of the deceased members of the family of workers, 6 rubles were issued, for women in labor - a four-ruble allowance.

The wealthy merchant Yakov Bashkirov donated generously to children's and educational institutions. In 1883, a merchant-patron generously helps a real school, invests a lot of effort and money in the creation of a female vocational school, in Kanavino he built the so-called Bashkirovsky school. This thorough man also cared about the spiritual life of his fellow citizens. Yakov Yemelyanovich became one of the co-founders of the Nizhny Novgorod Vladimir Society of Banner Bearers, the founder of the Church of the Savior on Ostrozhnaya Street and the church in the village of Krutets, where he was once baptized. In 1901, he provided significant financial support to the city theater. The city authorities highly appreciated the diverse charitable activities of Yakov Bashkirov, having awarded him the title of Honorary Citizen of Nizhny Novgorod.

And Matvey Bashkirov throughout his life donated a lot of money to the cause of public education. When the Polytechnic Institute, evacuated from Warsaw, moved to Nizhny Novgorod, a rich miller handed his rector a check for half a million rubles - the most significant contribution among the Nizhny Novgorod merchants. He donated money from a pure heart and in this he was strikingly different from his brother Yakov. In his charitable activities, Matvey Yemelyanovich was similar to N.A. Bugrov - he also never demanded anything for good deeds. Matvey Bashkirov became one of the uncrowned kings of Nizhny Novgorod. He had immense wealth and considerable financial power.

But this man always tried to stay in the shadows.

20 . Makarov I.A. Bashkirovs// N. Novgorod. - 1997. - No. 7. - S. 187-201.

21. Sedov A. Flour business. Bashkirovs// Nizhny Novgorod Territory: Facts, events, people. - N. Novgorod, 1994 .-- S.205-207.

22. Fischer F. Drama of the life of the Bashkir dynasty// Nizhegor. truth. - 1994. -

About the merchant granddaughter L. K. Bashkirova, about her grandfather's successor - the director of a flour mill

Viktor Ilyin.

25. Shamshurin V.A. Bashkirov with sons// Our land. - N. Novgorod, 1997 .-- S. 184-186.

26. Shiln A. Bashkirovskie mills // Course N. - 1993 .-- March 20. - S. 14.

The list of names of prominent Nizhny Novgorod businessmen rightfully includes the name of the Blinovs, people who have left a significant mark in the history of their native city.

The famous Blinov merchant dynasty comes from the peasants of the Balakhninsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province. The future merchants of the first guild, the builders of the Nizhny Novgorod water supply system and the Widow's House - the former serfs of Prince Repnin - engaged in a very widespread craft in the city - the bread trade.

The affairs of the former Balakhna peasants quickly went uphill, capital grew, and soon enough they became highly respected citizens of Nizhny Novgorod.

The main role in the family bread company was played by the eldest of the sons, Fyodor. He was extremely purposeful, resourceful and grasping, but not too scrupulous in commerce. At first, his main life principle was reduced to the ancient merchant rule: profit is above all. He strictly followed this law and during the initial 10-15 years of his merchant career he never regretted it.

The path to the first guild was far from easy: the merchant had to work not only with his head, but also with a broad, powerful back, on which he dragged thousands of heavy sacks with grain and flour. Defending his own interests, Fyodor Andreevich happened to use pood fists.

The very rapid growth of Panin's capitals was explained not only by the fact that the businessman, as an established one, was spinning around in his business, not giving indulgences to himself or to his clerks. His success, to some extent, was due to the fact that, at an opportunity, he was not averse to deceiving an excessively gullible partner.

The 60s of the XI X century were marked by the beginning of his public and charitable activities of Fyodor Andreevich. He donated for the benefit of the city quite generously, much more than all the other Nizhny Novgorod brothers in the craft.

Blinov's altruistic activities for the benefit of fellow citizens began in 1961 with the paving of the Assumption Congress and with the arrangement of Sofronovskaya Square. This useful idea cost the merchant about 40 thousand rubles.

In the same 1861, Fyodor Andreevich did another good deed for the city - he founded the Nizhny Novgorod Nikolaev city public bank, donating 25 thousand rubles to it. To prove to his fellow citizens the complete disinterestedness of his actions, Blinov set up a shelter in one of his houses for 25 elderly lonely residents of the city. For three years and nine months the almshouse existed only on donations from a compassionate merchant.

The philanthropic deeds of this generous person created him great authority in the middle class. In 1866, Blinov was elected mayor, but Fyodor Andreevich could not take office: the supreme power did not approve the decision of the Nizhny Novgorod Duma.

Fate was not stingy and endowed her pet with significant wealth. Only in one area the lucky merchant was unlucky - God did not reward him with children, there was no one to leave the acquired fortune. In this situation, Blinov had no choice but to continue his earlier charitable activities.

Here is a far from complete list of Fyodor Andreevich's blessings.

In 1872, Fyodor Blinov donated 1,000 rubles to set up a temporary hospital for cholera patients. Two years later, he donated 6,000 rubles to the institution of craft classes at the First Children's Shelter. In July 1876, the merchant allocated 5,000 rubles to set up a laundry in the Second Orphanage, and in May 1877 donated another 3,000 rubles to renovate orphanage buildings.

For the salvation of hundreds of starving peasants of the Semyonovsky district in the harsh winter of 1877/78, the Nizhny Novgorod Duma decided to give special mention to the donor: Fyodor Blinov was nominated for the title of honorary citizen of Nizhny Novgorod.

The charitable activities of the merchant, who traded in many cities of Russia, was not limited only to the borders of his native province. In 1872, Blinov was approved as a member of the board of trustees of the Nikolaev Children's Hospital in St. Petersburg. For this high honor, he had to annually contribute 300 rubles to the cashier of the institution. In 1872, he donated 2,000 rubles for the organization of the city Public Bank in the city of Tsivilsk, Kazan province. In 1878, the merchant-patron made the first contribution to the creation of a cruising fleet in Russia - 10,000 rubles.

The merchant donated a lot of money for the needs of his native city for almost two decades, and Nizhny Novgorod, represented by the Duma, showed him signs of the deepest respect and sincere gratitude. But the central government did not favor Blinov with distinctions.

The wealthy and generous donor Blinov, who was awarded several of the highest favors, did not have a single state award, not even a medal, nor was he honored with the title of adviser to commerce.

The successors of the work of Fyodor Andreevich and the successors of the Blinov family were his younger brothers - Aristarkh and Nikolai.

In the mid-80s, Aristarkh and Nikolai Blinov became trustees of the orphanage named after Countess O.V. Kutaisova, Aristarkh was introduced to the board of trustees of the Nizhny Novgorod real school. However, this activity of the younger brothers Blinov was only a pale copy of the activity of their older brother. Aristarchus and Nikolai “worked out” the title of honorary citizen of the city, for Fedor such an activity was an integral part of life.

27. Averkina E. 89 diamonds from the crown of the bread king// City and townspeople. - 1996 .-- 10 nov. - S. 17.

28. Kazaev I.V. From the history of the Blinov dynasty// Each family is famous and glorious: From the history of Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneurship of the 17th - early 20th centuries / Comp. A.N. Golubinova, N.F. Filatov, L.G. Chandyrina. - Nizhny Novgorod, 1999 .-- S. 73-77.

29. Kazaev I. Bread and salt from the Blinov brothers// Nizhegor. worker. - 1994 .-- Aug 23. - S. 20.

30. Makarov I.A. Dear citizens of Nizhny Novgorod// Each family is famous and glorious: From the history of Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneurship of the 17th - early 20th centuries / Comp. A.N. Golubinova, N.F. Filatov, L.G. Chandyrina. - Nizhny Novgorod, 1999 .-- S. 77-86.

IN AND. Breev

Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneur, publisher and collector, well-known cultural figure in the city V.I. Breev lived in his own house on Ilyinskaya Street. In his home museum of fine arts there were paintings by I. Levitan, I. Shishkin, V. Makovsky and many local painters - his friends and acquaintances.

In 1912, to the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812, with the participation of V. Breev, a large exhibition was organized in the Kremlin arena, where ancient prints, battle prints and paintings were exhibited. Artist F.S. Bogorodsky (1895-1959) recalled: "By order of Breev through the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, students P. Krasnov, M. Demyanov, G. Maltsev and others wrote a whole series of paintings on historical Nizhny Novgorod themes." Breev published color reproductions of these paintings and sketches in the form of postcards, as well as an album-folder. Nowadays, complete sets of these rare editions are kept in the collections of the A.M. Gorky and the Museum of N.A. Dobrolyubova. The richest collection of Breev postcards on various topics is presented in the philokarty collection of V. Smirnov (Dzerzhinsk).

Constantly visiting exhibitions of N. Novgorod, Breev photographed the best paintings and then published their reproductions. This is how many plots of the works of V. Likin, M. Michurin and others have been preserved for posterity, although the originals are mostly lost. In his shop in the Nizhny Bazaar, books, prints and paintings of Nizhny Novgorod residents were sold.

In 1913, in the days of the three-hundredth anniversary of the house of the Romanovs, Breev also arranged an exhibition. A.M. Gorky, who knew the philanthropist intimately, recounts in his memoirs: “Breev hired a barge, arranged an exhibition of paintings on it and took it up the Volga: look, people, what deeds you are capable of. The people walked in thousands! " The exhibition-sale was successful and was able to financially support artists - members of the Nizhny Novgorod Society of Art Lovers (NOLH). Founded in February 1901, it existed in 1918 and regularly organized exhibitions and charity events for the poor.

It remains to add that in our time (1994) the art gallery "Caryatida", together with other organizations, held an exhibition of youth paintings "Another Generation" on a motor ship along the Volga route ... And the first was V. Breev.

31. Krainov-Rytov L. Rare autograph of the patron// Nizhegor. worker. - 1996. -

Bugrovs

In the nineties, in Nizhny Novgorod, as well as throughout the Volga region, the name of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bugrov, the grandson of Pyotr Yegorovich Bugrov, thundered, who by honest labor and intelligence achieved prosperity and turned from a dumpy barge haule into the largest grain merchant, having installed mills on the Linda River. In addition, Bugrov contracted the construction of state-owned buildings and fulfilled orders in the shortest possible time. At the Nizhny Novgorod fair, under his watch, bridges were built across the canals. By the end of the fifties, Pyotr Bugrov had accumulated a millionth fortune. His closest assistant was his son Alexander Petrovich. The next million was earned mainly by Bugrov-son from operations with state-owned salt and from the sale of felted products.

Nikolai Bugrov fully inherited the entrepreneurial talents of his father and grandfather, he continued the family business with dignity, was able to intelligently dispose of the millions of capitals acquired by his grandfather and father, increasing them. “A millionaire, a large grain merchant, owner of steam mills, a dozen steamers, a flotilla of barges, huge forests - N.А. Bugrov played the role of an appanage prince in Nizhniy and the province ”. He was already an omnipotent master who controlled the fate of many people and who was called the uncrowned king of Nizhny Novgorod. And in the Duma, and at the stock exchange, and at the fair, and in commercial offices, the first word was for Bugrov.

The Bugrovs are remembered by the people of Nizhny Novgorod primarily for their generous charity. She was peculiar to all of them, but Nikolai Alexandrovich did the most.

In the days of the memory of his illustrious ancestor, he arranged "funeral tables". They were placed on Gorodets Square, filling them with bread and jugs with kvass. Poor brethren came here from all the neighborhoods, receiving free food and silver dimes. It was Bugrov, together with the merchant Blinov and the breeder Kurbatov, who gave the city a new water supply system, built a famous shelter for the homeless, built the famous “widow's house” for widows and orphans (a polytechnic hostel on Lyadov square), spared no money for the construction of churches, hospitals and schools. The foundations of the Bugrovsky buildings are still strong, and his houses themselves still serve people without fail.

The Bugrovs always and in everything supported the Old Believers - co-religionists, but Nikolai Alexandrovich surpassed his grandfather and father in this too, astonishing his fellow believers. In 1889, he managed to open an Old Believer school in his native village of Popovo, Semyonovsky district.

Nikolai Alexandrovich played an important role in the fate, organization and holding of the famous All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod. Thanks to his business ties with the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, the Nizhny Novgorod authorities managed to convince the government to hold the 16th exhibition not in Moscow, as it was supposed, but in Nizhny Novgorod. With the preparations for this exhibition, the people of Nizhny Novgorod revived their old dreams of a new theater. N. Bugrov allocated 200 thousand rubles for the construction of the new theater. And Nikolai Aleksandrovich bought the old building of the theater for 50 thousand rubles, rebuilt it again, gave it a majestic look and in 1904 presented it to the city duma as a sign of gratitude of the Nizhny Novgorod merchants to the city government for the development and improvement of Nizhny Novgorod. The Duma respectfully accepted this magnificent gift and, as a token of gratitude, named its new premises “the charitable building of N.А. Bugrova "(now it is the Palace of Labor), as the memorial plaque now says to all passers-by.

Bugrov acquired a lot - he gave a lot. Having lived for more than seventy years (1837-1911), he proved by deeds how a Russian person can be active, enterprising, calculating, and at the same time magnanimous and generous.

Nikolai Alexandrovich died with words of goodness. His last behest to his family was this: "Live in peace and do not offend anyone, most of all have pity on the poor brethren."

32. Averkina E. 89 diamonds from the crown of the bread king/ / City and townspeople. - 1996 .-- 10 nov. - S. 17.

33. Galai Y. "In the eternal property of the city": [About N.А. Bugrova] // Lenin change. - 1993 .-- July 3. - S. 2.

34. Gorky M. N. A. Bugrov// Nizhny Novgorod. - 1998. - No. 2. - S. 5-30.

36. Gurevich V. Bugrovs// Nizhegor. fair. - 1995. - № 33. - p. 12. - (Gentlemen of Nizhny Novgorod)

37. Zubkov A. Picturesque figures of the past. ON. Bugrov// Red Sormovich. - 1992 .-- July 25. - S. 4.

38. Markidonova E. As a gift to the city - houses and money// Course N. - 1999. - No. 45 (Nov.) - P. 15.

40. * Niyakiy V. Nikolay Bugrov - a worthy example for the "new Russians"// Economy and Life. - 1996 .-- Aug 29. - From 11.

41 "He did not create treasures for himself on earth... // Nizhegor. worker. -1994. - July 13. - S. 10.

45. Sedov A.V. Where are you, modern Bugrovs?[About the shelter of A.P. and N.A. Bugrova] // Nizhegor. news. - 1995 .-- 26 Sept. - C. 3.

46. ​​* Sedov A.V. Blue flour - grains from Bugrovykh// Exchange plus. - 2000 .-- Dec 28. - S. 12.

47. * Sedov A.V. Conjectures about the Bugrovsky capitals // Exchange. - 2000. - 2nd of March. - S. 11.

48. * Sedov A.V. Worthy heir to P.E.Bugrov// Exchange. - 2000. - No. 36. - P. 11.

49. * Sedov A.V. Merchants Bugrovs at the Nizhny Novgorod fair// Exchange. - 2000 .-- Oct 19. - S. 11.

50. * Sedov A.V. Moral appearance of Pyotr Bugrov// Exchange. - 2000. - No. 25. - P. 11.

51. Sedov A. V. Flour business. Bugrovs// Nizhny Novgorod Territory: Facts, events, people. - N. Novgorod: Nizhegor. humanizes. Center, 1994 .-- S. 202-205.

52. * Sedov A.V. The beginning of Bugrovsk charity// Exchange. - 2000 .-- June 8. - S. 11.

53. Sedov A.V. The beginning of the Bugrovy dynasty// Nizhegor. worker. - 1994 .-- 4 nov. - S. 5.

55. Sedov A.V. Founder of the Nizhny Novgorod firm Bugrovs// Questions of history. - 1994. - No. 7. - S. 175-178.

56. * Sedov A.V. Patriotic feat of P. E. Bugrov// Exchange. - 2000. - No. 24. - P. 11.

57. Sedov A. Glorious merchant family// N. Novgorod. - 1998. - No. 2. - S. 16-30, 172-195. - (Nizhegor. Fatherland).

58. Shuying I. Charity Awards// Advertising bulletin. - 1996. - No. 17. - P.9.

Vyakhirevs

The Vyakhirev family originated from Andrei Andreevich Vyakhirev. A working family that was engaged in knitting fishing tackle, then began to join the trade.

The grandson of Andrei Andreevich Ivan Antipovich decided to redeem himself from the serfdom. However, the owner of Borzovka (now a part of Nizhny Novgorod), Count VG Orlov-Davydov, offered to redeem "the whole world." Borzovka peasants collected the necessary amount of money and in 1828 became free farmers.

The Vyakhirevs set up a rope-knitting factory on the banks of the Oka, at the same time supplying mast timber to Balakhna.

In 1835, the large Vyakhirev family split up. Ivan Antipovich enrolled in the Nizhny Novgorod merchants. His business was continued by the heirs - eight sons. The second son Mikhail, thanks to his outstanding commercial abilities, after the death of his parent, headed the family business.

This was followed by a family division between the brothers, and only the younger brother, Ishmael, remained with Mikhail Ivanovich; due to his efforts, the family later became famous not only for bold entrepreneurial actions, but also for charity for the benefit of Nizhny Novgorod residents. For this virtue, the government awarded him the order and four gold neck medals "For diligence".

Leafing through the chronicle of the Nizhny Novgorod Pechersk monastery, we learn that the Nizhny Novgorod merchant Izmail Vyakhirev donated thirty thousand bricks and more than two thousand rubles for the repair of the entrance holy gates and other monastery services. In the papers of the Nizhny Novgorod master there is a written certificate of the transfer of his own place on Varvarinskaya Street for the construction of a public almshouse.

The most valuable donation to the city and its parishioners was the temple in the village of Karpovka. The book of records of church property testifies that the church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord was built in 1817, and in 1869, according to a newly drawn up plan, it was rebuilt with the care and support of the former parishioners of this church Hereditary honorary citizens of the brothers Ishmael and Mikhail Vyakhirev, in addition, numerous donations were invested in his parish by merchants Semyon Ivanovich Vyakhirev and Ivan Antipovich Vyakhirev.

Through their labor, the Vyakhirevs entered the first-guild merchant class, and for their charitable deeds for the good of the city they carried the title of Hereditary Honorary Citizens of the great Russian Empire with dignity and pride.

59. Vyakhirev A.A. From the genus of "free farmers"// Each family is famous and glorious: From the history of Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneurship XYII - early XX century / Comp. A.N. Golubinova, N.F. Filatov, L.G. Chandyrina. - N. Novgorod, 1999 .-- S. 180-188.

60. Vyakhirev V.V. The clan of merchants Vyakhirevs// City of glory and loyalty to Russia. - N. Novgorod. - 1996 .-- S. 131-136.

61. Galay Yu.G. Natives of the common people// Each family is famous and glorious: From the history of Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneurship of the 17th-early 20th century / Comp. A.N. Golubinova, N.F. Filatov, L.G. Chandyrina. - N. Novgorod, 1999 .-- S. 179-180.

62. Makarov I.A. Vyakhirevs// N. Novgorod. - 1997. - No. 10. - S. 174-181.

Kostromins

The founder of the merchant family of the Kostromins was a peasant of the Nizhny Novgorod Pechersk monastery, a certain Mikhail Andreyanov's son. He conducted a fairly successful trade with Kostroma, thanks to which, probably, he received a surname and passed into the category of the so-called economic peasants, who earned their food not with a plow and plow, but by trade. In 1764, a resourceful peasant declared capital in the city of Cherny Yar and enlisted in the local merchant class. He himself continued to live in one of the villages near Nizhny Novgorod. Enrollment in a merchant in another city freed the merchant from ruinous public service (many used this technique). Mikhail Andreyanov became famous thanks to the fact that he took under his patronage and brought to the people the outstanding Russian inventor I.P. Kulibin, for which he was granted an audience with the tsarina and a silver mug with a gilded portrait of Catherine II and a dedication: “Catherine II, Empress and autocrat of all Russia, bestows this mug on Mikhail Andriyanov for his virtue shown to mechanic Ivan Petrov, son of Kulibin, 1769, April 1st day ".

The son of Mikhail Andriyanov, Ivan, into whose hands his father's trading affairs passed, was distinguished, along with energy and resourcefulness, by cheating and unreliability. The funds of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Archive contain several court cases on the failure of I.M. Kostromin contracts for the supply of salt and refusals to pay on promissory notes. However, in spite of this, he enjoyed quite a lot of respect in the merchant society of Nizhny Novgorod and was elected at the end of the 70s as a magistrate assessor, and then as mayor.

The successor to the affairs of the rogue Ivan Mikhailovich was his only son, who, unlike his father, was a more successful and decent entrepreneur. It was he who continued the charitable activities started by his grandfather, but with a clear and cherished goal of gaining the nobility. In 1805, he donated 10,000 rubles. for the purchase of a stone house for the hospital, for which he was awarded a gold medal on the Vladimir ribbon. In 1806, when militia militias were formed to fight Napoleon, who was marching victoriously across Europe at that time, A. Kostromin donated 5,000 rubles. for equipping troops. This time there was no reaction from the authorities. Kostromin decided to recall the past merits of his grandfather, marked by the royal favor, and the merchant's introduction to the officer's rank and, consequently, to the nobility went to Petersburg. But the answer from the capital came in the negative. Kostromin did not abandon his dream and donated large sums of money to the city, but he did not receive the cherished nobility.

His son rose to the rank of nobility, entering the military service. Later, he continued the work of his ancestors, retiring and taking up trade. True, his affairs were not very successful. He did not become a real nobleman, and he did not turn out to be a merchant. The family of merchants Kostromins broke off on it.

63. Makarov I.A. Kostromins// N. Novgorod. - 1997. - No. 8. - S. 199-208.

Michurins

The Michurin family came from the serfs of the Kostroma province. In the Michurin family, everyone worked, everyone made their contribution to the general welfare.

The first branch of the Michurins family became famous for the dynasty of Nizhny Novgorod architects and artists. Mitrofan Michurin was a member of the circle of professional Nizhny Novgorod painters, was a participant in all city and provincial art exhibitions, and then became the founder and long-term permanent chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod Society for the Encouragement of Arts, as well as a free school with him.

The founder of the second line of the Michurins' clan, Vasily Klimentievich, like his older brother, began to get used to business in his father's carpenter's artel. For several years, together with his older brother Kyriak, he was engaged in contract work, and after his death he became the full owner of the family capital.

Nature has awarded him exclusively with business qualities. His entrepreneurial spirit would have been enough for two or even three merchants. Vasily Klimentievich was a businessman to the core. In pursuit of profit, he would not have regretted his own mother. The first victims of his money-grubbing were the family of his deceased brother. Vasily Klimentievich disinherited his widow and several young children.

The cunning merchant skillfully disposed of the money he received. He undertook to carry out any work, erected houses in Nizhny Novgorod, laid bridges over rivers during the construction of highways between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod, participated in laying the city water supply system. Very soon Vasily Michurin became the largest contractor in Nizhny Novgorod. The rich merchant no longer had enough of a family house, and he began to buy real estate. By the mid-1950s, the former serf Amalia Adams owned one wooden and four stone houses in Nizhny Novgorod.

But gradually the initial craving for money began to weaken, it was replaced by another passion. The more Michurin became richer, the more unavoidable his obsessive desire to get into the nobility. The serf man, who had just got out of the mud, was striving for riches.

An example for him was the merchant I.S. Pyatov, who was elevated to the dignity of nobility for considerable services to the city.

However, this required not only wealth, but also outstanding social activity. The latter did not frighten the ambitious merchant. He is ready to crawl even through the ear, just to get into the cherished nobility.

Vasily Michurin began to serve the city in a more than modest post, once held by his father - as the elder of the Church of Life. Almost simultaneously with the enrollment in the first guild, Vasily Klimentievich was elected to the post of assessor in the Nizhny Novgorod Civil Chamber. Two years later, he was promoted to the post of treasurer of the prison committee, and in 1852 the energetic merchant reached the pinnacle of his public career - becoming the mayor of Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily Michurin held this high position for two three-year terms.

He, who once shamelessly robbed his brother's wife and children, does not skimp on generous donations to an orphanage, does not spare thousands of rubles to repair and decorate his parish church, builds a hospital and a church in the city prison, and erects an impressive building of a public city bath on the banks of the Black Pond. , helps the local historian N.I. Khramtsovsky to publish scientific works. Michurin was sure that the generous charity would pay off with interest and would quickly give considerable public capital. And so it happened.

For his broad gestures in favor of the city, the Pharisee merchant was awarded several of the highest favors, the gratitude of the Synod. And after the verbal thanks went higher insignia. Vasily Klimentievich is elevated to hereditary honorary citizenship, awarded with a bronze medal and in memory of the Crimean War, the Order of St. Anna of the III degree, and then a gold neck medal "For diligence" on the Stanislavskaya ribbon, is presented for the second medal - on the Annensky ribbon.

Everything turned out for Michurin as well as possible. He was already seriously considering the Order of St. Vladimir IY degree, which gave the right to hereditary nobility. The merchant, who made grand gestures in public, remained the same in his soul, shaking a tiny bit over every penny. Here, as if it were a sin, various sins of the greedy applicant for a noble rank began to creep out, and with such a reputation there was nothing to think about getting the Order of St. Vladimir, and, consequently, the coveted hereditary nobility. By this time, Michurin began to feel uncomfortable in commercial matters.

For a long-standing, almost forgotten sin, fate severely punished Vasily Michurin not only with failures in business and large monetary losses. His grandchildren were destined for the unenviable fate of the children of Kiriak Klimentyevich - they became orphans early. And then the most terrible blow fell on the old man - at the age of 23, his only son Pavel died.

After the loss of his son, a rapid decline in the life of this outstanding entrepreneur began. All household chores fell on the shoulders of his wife, Avdotya Vasilievna, nee Rukavishnikova. She is busy with leasing the city land, supplying the bathhouse on the Black Pond with water and wood, laying a new branch of the water supply system. However, the energetic merchant's wife did not manage to raise the declining economy.

65. Makarov I.A. Michurins// N. Novgorod. - 1997. - No. 12. - S. 190-197.

A. F. Olisov

The Olisovs have been known in Nizhny Novgorod since the 16th century. By the 18th century, among the wealthy people of the city, soap-making industrialists Stepan Olisov and Davyd stood out. Father Afanasy, Firs Olisov, came from the Davyd family, whose name, as a revered ancestor, was included in the synodiks of various monasteries. From childhood, Athanasius helped his father in his trade business, and at the beginning of his independent activity he tried to engage in leather production, but his business did not go well. The return of A. Olisov to the generic soap-making industry was regarded by him as a temporary measure. In 1665, solicitor B. Polibin writes that A. Olisov, in addition to soap making, also conducts large trade deals - "he buys all kinds of overseas goods in Moscow and in Nizhny and at fairs and sells them in the Gostiny Dvor."

In 1666 he became the Nizhny Novgorod customs head. His affairs are going uphill, relations with the royal court are being established. After the suppression of the peasant uprising in the Volga region under the leadership of S. Razin, Afanasy, as a special confidant of the government, was appointed in 1672 as the manager of the royal salt and fish Astrakhan-egg industries. Popular unrest still continued in places, and, assuming office, A. Olisov risked his life. Therefore, before leaving for Astrakhan, he built "in fulfillment of his aspirations and hopes" a vowed stone church of the Assumption. The stone temple replaced the previously standing wooden one.

At the end of 1676 A. Olisov returned to Nizhny Novgorod and here he was elected as a zemstvo headman. In the same year, he was sent by the townspeople to Moscow with a petition to the tsar about the ruin of the common people because of the growing state taxes and, above all, the Strelets' bread. Olisov not only secured a royal audience, but also received permission for the citizens of Nizhny Novgorod not to pay old debts. The meeting with the tsar had positive results for Olisov himself: he was granted the merchant title of "guest", and by the decree of 1677 he was again appointed manager of the "sovereign of the palace fish and salt industries in Astrakhan and Yaik". The merchant's business flourished, and in 1678, on Ilinskaya Hill, next to the Assumption Church, he erected two-storey stone chambers, which created a single ensemble with the church. The stone structures even survived the devastating fire of 1701. And although this fire burned down a large number of his goods and property, the very next year he rebuilt the shops, winter yards and began to build a new stone church in the name of the Savior and Sergius the Wonderworker. In 1704 A. Olisov dies. The descendants of A. Olisov have been mentioned for a long time among the small traders of the city of Nizhny Novgorod.

66. Filatov N.F. Trading house of the Nizhny Novgorod guest A.F. Olisova// Notes of local historians. - Gorky, 1979 .-- S. 189-195.

About the Nizhny Novgorod merchant Xvii century A. F. Olisov, his commercial, industrial and charitable activities, in particular about the construction of the Assumption Church in N. Novgorod.

F.P. Bookbinders

The merchant of the second guild, Fyodor Petrovich Perepletchikov, began his social activities very early - already at the age of 31 (1810) he was elected a public official of the city duma. As a vowel, Binder showed extraordinary abilities and extraordinary generosity - his major contribution to the cause of the people's militia in 1812 was especially noted at a meeting of the city council.

In 1816, at the age of 37, F.P. Binder was elected for the first time to the post of mayor of Nizhny Novgorod (for two years). The most important event for the city and the entire Nizhny Novgorod province of this period was the fire of the Makaryevskaya fair in 1816 and its transfer in 1817 to Nizhny. Governor Bykhovets did everything possible to make the trial fair of 1817 liked by merchants and stay in Nizhny Novgorod forever. And the governor found warm support, energetic help from the young mayor Perepletchikov, who did everything in his power "to strengthen the fair trade forever at Nizhny Novgorod." Fedor Petrovich perfectly understood the importance of such a large market for the development and prosperity of the city.

The young head of the city was noticed and appreciated by both the authorities and ordinary citizens.

For the second time, F.P. Bookbinder was elected for the period 1825-1827. And again he directed all his abilities and talents "for the benefit of his native city." So, having arrived in 1826 for the coronation of Tsar Nikolai Pavlovich, Perepletchikov achieved an audience with the young Tsar and made an extremely great impression on Nicholas I. He told the emperor so fascinatingly about his city that Nicholas "promised to honor Nizhny Novgorod with his Highest visit." This promise was a great reward for the mayor and the city under his jurisdiction. In addition, during a conversation with the tsar, the practical Binder decided to ask for an increase in the land of the urban pasture (for the "development of urban transport", that is, an increase in the number of coachmen and, accordingly, the horse park). At the same time, Perepletchikov posed and managed to resolve the issue of transferring the coachmen from the peasant class to the bourgeois class. The fact is very significant, given the serfdom of the peasants.

The life of the city with the coming to power of Perepletchikov boils and rages. The work of sanitary and medical services will improve - the mayor personally monitors "the spread of smallpox vaccination in the city." At the initiative of Perepletchikov, the Duma is discussing the issue of improving the living and working conditions of barge haulers; the construction of a nursing home for the poor and retired honored soldiers begins, as well as preparations for the construction of special military barracks in order to save the townspeople from the burdens of conscription.

For the third and last time as mayor F.P. Binder visited from 1834 to 1836. In 1834, Emperor Nicholas I visited Nizhny Novgorod. The sovereign was very dissatisfied with the layout and structure of the city. Being a person versed in architecture, he left the city authorities with very clear detailed instructions on the rebuilding of the city. The energetic mayor immediately began to implement them.

On August 15, 1836, Nicholas I visited Nizhny Novgorod for the second time and showed Perepletchikov considerable respect and honor for his stormy and fruitful work. In the same 1836, Fyodor Petrovich completed his career as a public figure. And no matter how many people from Nizhny Novgorod tried to persuade him to take any post in public self-government, he invariably refused,

Dedicated to Arina Agapevna

Essay by Lydia Alexandrovna Davydova-Pecherkina about house number 46 on Novaya street

Nizhny Novgorod is an old merchant city located on the Dyatlovy Hills at the confluence of two great rivers - the Volga and Oka.

Nizhny Novgorod residents are undoubtedly patriots of their city, love it, study its history, the history of its streets and houses, they are interested in the well-known historical information about the city, about the life of its people. Under certain circumstances, many have a need to search for deeper and little-known historical details. This is what happened to our family.

We were attracted by Novaya Street, calm and cozy, like a tent, covered with a green crown of poplars, where in 1976 we moved to a house, which is listed as number 46. Not only I, but also my mother Arina Agapevna, who inspired me for historical research. I dedicate my humble work on the history of Nizhniy and our house to her.

Historical and other investigations were carried out in the following directions: determining the year of construction of the house, establishing its former owners, and the artistic and architectural value of the house.

My research was supported by the inspector of the Department of Cultural Heritage Protection of Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod Region A.A. Shalavina; employees of the research enterprise (NIP) "Ethnos" AI Davydov, IS Agafonova, A.Yu. Abrosimov, GV Smirnov, who made conclusions about the historical and architectural significance of the house and its technical condition; great help in working with archival documents was provided by the director of the Central Archives of the Nizhny Novgorod Region (TsANO) V.A. Kharlamov, the chief specialist of the TsANO G.A. Deminova and other employees of the archive; technical and material assistance - general director of the company "Akriteks" LS Dorogova and director of the technical company "Dyatlovy Gory" (now - PC "Avangard") ON Markelova.

The survey of the house was also carried out by the staff of the Museum of the History of Arts and Crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, art critics N.V. Panfilova and M.V. Boykachev, who drew attention not only to the exterior decor of the house, which I considered the most important issue, but also to its interior interiors. Museologists explained the academic eclecticism of the home's decision and gave an opinion on the artistic and historical value of the home decor and its environment; the house, although a separate object, is an integral part of the city.

The title "Old Nizhny ..." was given to the essay with the blessing of Alexander Alekseevich Serikov, deputy of the Regional Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region (OZS), who was the organizer of the exhibition "Old Nizhny. People. Streets. Yards ". Alexander Alekseevich Serikov - Chairman of the OZS Committee

on Housing Policy and Urban Planning inspired me to present my archival research and publish it in an essay.

1. Year of construction of the house and formation of Novaya street

The study of the history of the house began with the study of the history of Novaya Street. In the book by Nikolai Filippovich Filatov “Nizhny Novgorod. Architecture of the XIV - early XX century ", a brief description of it is given:" Novaya Street crosses New Square (now - M. Gorky Square) to Napolno-Monastyrskaya Street, was designed in 1835 by architects Ivan Efimovich Efimov and Peter Danilovich Gotman and began to actively build up in 1857-1858, when the red line of New Square was determined, which was facilitated by the considerable efforts of the city architect Nikolai Ivanovich Uzhumedsky-Gritsevich, who worked at that time in this area of ​​the city. "

From Elizaveta Nikolaevna Sheina - the granddaughter of Ivan Pavlovich Shein, who acquired house number 46 with a land plot on Novaya Street in 1891, it became known that this house turned 120 years old in 1976 and the architect was Gritsevich (that is, the house was presumably built in 1856 year).

Searches in the archive revealed an interesting plan of the site, according to which the land for the continuation of Novaya

from the "Novaya" square to the Bolshaya Yamskaya street was alienated

from the tradesman Kosarev, the merchant Burmistrov and the tradeswoman Kuzmina.

On the site that belonged to Burmistrov and there was a house number 46 (modern number). There was no date on the plan; it was signed by the architect Grigoriev. Nikolai Dmitrievich Grigoriev, "free artist", was appointed architect of the city council in 1880. It can be assumed that the land for buildings at the end of Novaya Street was alienated in the 80s of the 19th century and house number 46

on Novaya street at that time already existed.

In the study of the "Salary book of the Nizhny Novgorod city council of the 1st Kremlin part for 1888-1891. Book 3 ”it turns out that the tax for the house, which previously belonged to the heirs of the merchant Mikhail Vasilyevich Burmistrov, then to the tradesman MG Nikolaev, was levied from the peasant Ivan Pavlovich Shein. So a "thread" was found leading to the former owners of the house - the family of the merchant Burmistrov.

Nizhny Novgorod historian Nikolai Ivanovich Khramtsovsky points out: “According to its natural location, the city was divided into three parts: upper, lower, Zaoksky; and by the policeman - into 4 parts: Kremlin 1, Kremlin 2, Rozhdestvenskaya and Makarievskaya. " According to the police department, the upper part of the city was divided into two more sections, and Novaya Street belonged to the 1st Kremlin part.

Acquaintance with the "Book on the State Tax on Real Estate of Nizhny Novgorod for 1871" confirms that house No. 46 in 1871 belonged to the merchant of the first guild Mikhail Vasilyevich Burmistrov.

The studied plans for the construction of houses on Novaya Street state that this street was built up in the forties, and not at the end of the 50s of the XIX century, as N.F. Filatov. Already in 1844, many houses with outbuildings and services were built on Novaya Street. Famous at that time families of merchants Konstantin Latin, Alexei Dmitrievich Chistyakov, entrepreneurs Ostatoshnikovs, who had a store on Blagoveshchenskaya Square (now Minin Square) with goods in the form of women's wisdom, men's toilets, cigars, tobacco, settled here. Enterprising people who had the goal of opening shops and other household establishments could not afford to build from scratch, because In 1770, the Synod reviewed and approved a plan by Empress Catherine II, according to which the central part of the cities was to be built up exclusively with stone houses, and in the “neighborhood” it was allowed to build “wooden houses, but always on stone foundations, half-floors, basements”. This was also stated in the plan-project of 1835, conformation in 1839, according to which the building of Novaya Street was carried out (masonry at that time was much more expensive than wooden construction).

Consequently, Novaya Street at the beginning of the 40s of the 19th century was already equipped; all plans for houses under construction at that time (and later) contain drawings of the facades of houses on stone foundations. The arrangement of Novaya Street was supervised by the architect of the City Council Nikolay Ivanovich Uzhumedsky-Gritsevich. This architect designed many houses on Novaya Street and the adjacent Bolshaya Yamskaya Street. It can be argued that house no. 46 on Novaya Street was also designed by Uzhumedskiy-Gritsevich, because the style of the house and the interiors in it is very similar to other houses designed by this remarkable architect. This assumption is confirmed by archival documents and information of Elizaveta Nikolaevna Sheina, who did not give the first name of the architect, either out of forgetfulness or ignorance.

So, we can conclude: Novaya Street began its formation from the 40s of the XIX century. All plans for the construction of houses indicated not only their location in relation to other streets and Novaya square, but also the address: "1st Kremlin part, Novaya street" - that is, the topographic position of the street and its legal administrative address status were determined.

Finally, Novaya Street was formed in the 80s of the XIX century, when the last plots of private property were alienated for its extension. It took almost 40 years to break through the already inhabited territory of the city Novaya Street.

They acquired their names Novaya Ploshchad and Novaya Ulitsa for a later formation (institution) in comparison with the district. But Novaya Ploshchad changed its name more than once: Arrestantskaya (since in the building of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs there was a women's prison or workhouse called "Arrestantskaya company"), Novo-Bazarnaya, Staro-Konyushnaya, May 1st and, finally, M .Gorky.

Bazaars were set up on Novaya Square, they sold food (mainly meat), so it was called Novo-Bazarnaya. In 1899-1900, the City Duma decided to build a veterinary station on this square, and in 1914, at the corner of Zvezdinka and Novo-Bazarnaya square, a microscopic station. In the same archival document, this area is referred to as both New and Novo-Bazarnaya.

There was also a square with the name "Novo-Bazarnaya" in the Makaryevskaya part of Nizhny Novgorod; bazaars for the residents of Kunavin were also arranged on this square.

The name of the street “Novaya” has survived to this day for more than 160 years of its history, although the streets adjacent to it have been renamed more than once, and now few people remember their old names. Napolno-Monastyrskaya Street became Belinsky Street, Kanatnaya - Korolenko, Polevaya - M. Gorky, Spinning - Maslyakova, Arkhangelskaya - Vorovsky, Gotmanovskaya (in honor of the architect I.D. Gotman) - Kostin, Bolshaya Pokrovskaya - was Sverdlov street, Bolshaya Yamskaya - Ilyinskaya, and Arkhangelskaya Square exists without a name at all, and residents now call it "the area of ​​5 corners."

Particularly noteworthy are Bolshaya Yamskaya and Ilyinskaya streets. Ilyinskaya street was formed a long time ago, it begins at the “foot” of the Zelensky Congress and goes up “to Ilyin Hill”, passing by the Ascension Church, ending at the city outpost, which was a wooden fortress building that separates the entrance to the city at night in the 18th century (that was the end of the city). At the end of the 18th century, this building with the formation of Malaya Pokrovskaya Street (formerly Vorobyov Street) was replaced with portable slingshots - gratings, hence, apparently, the name of the chapel in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God “chapel by the grate on Malaya Pokrovka”; and the people often said: "I will go to the store on Reshetka" (when there was a grocery store at the intersection of Oboznaya, Malaya Pokrovskaya and Gogol streets - in the old days Telyachy, renamed in honor of the 100th anniversary of Nikolai Gogol in 1912).

Spinning factories and Yamskaya Sloboda were located behind the bars. (The people in Yamskaya Sloboda were special, distinguished by their freedom). On the site of Yamskaya Sloboda, streets appeared: Bolshaya Yamskaya, Malaya Yamskaya, 3rd Yamskaya, Oboznaya. Part of Bolshaya Yamskaya Street (from Spinning Street to Krestovozdvizhenskaya Square) was designated Bolshaya Alekseevskaya Street according to the Okladnaya Book in 1857. According to the author, this entry was erroneous, since in the same book this part of the street was indicated on other sheets of Bolshaya Yamskaya: for example, the location of Pryadilnaya Street was indicated from Novaya Ploshchad to Bolshaya Alekseevskaya, part of Polevoy Street (M. Gorky) - from Novaya area to Bolshaya Yamskaya. In later salary books, it was called and officially designated Bolshaya Yamskaya Street in memory of Yamskaya Sloboda. By the end of the 19th century, this street was a continuation of Ilyinskaya Street and lost its name, and Ilyinskaya Street in Soviet times was called Krasnoflotskaya (in 1918, house No. 50 was the headquarters of the command of the Volga Military Flotilla).

2. Former owners of house number 46 on the street. New

According to the information from the Gradskiy Okladnykh books on the collection of taxes from real estate, the question of finding the house of the merchant M.V. Burmistrova appears to be somewhat complicated and vague.

According to the Book Book for 1888-1891, the house was located on Novaya Street in the 3rd quarter, according to the Book Book for 1871, two Burmistrov houses are designated - in quarters 2 and 3 (the street is not defined).

According to the Book of Books for 1877 (Book 1), the house of the merchant Burmistrov was on the right side of Ilyinskaya Street, and according to Book 2, on the left side of Bolshaya Yamskaya Street (side of the Ascension Church).

According to the Book of Books for 1881, after the death of the merchant M.V. Burmistrov, the house is designated on Ilyinskaya Street, in the 2nd quarter and belonged to merchant children Dmitry, Peter, Alexandra.

At that time, Bolshaya Yamskaya Street was often called Ilyinskaya, because there was no sharp transition between the streets with the liquidation of the "lattice", and there was no clear definition of the name of the street "Bolshaya Yamskaya" or "Ilyinskaya" then.

To clarify the location of the Burmistrovs' house, one can proceed from a comparison of the data revealed during the study of other archival documents.

The houses indicated in the Book of Books for 1888-1891 (in block 3 on Novaya St.), for 1871 (in block 3) and in book 2 for 1877 on the left side of Bolshaya Yamskaya street (worth 112 rubles 20 kop.), represent the same house on Novaya Street (modern house number 46).

Until 1880, Novaya Street was not fully formed, the house of the merchant Burmistrov was located on the left side of Bolshaya Yamskaya Street (on the side of the Ascension Church), but later it began to belong to Novaya Street. This is confirmed by the correction of the name of Bolshaya Yamskaya Street to Novaya Street in the Okladnoi Book for 1888-1891.

The houses indicated in the Okladnye books: for 1871 (quarter 2), for 1877 (on the right side of Ilyinskaya street) and for 1881 (on Ilyinskaya street in the 2nd quarter) - also denote the house of the merchant M.V. Burmistrov, but at a different cost - 2500 rubles, located on Ilyinskaya street, not far from the Mariinsky women's gymnasium (the house of the merchant Loshkarev - house number 49).

Further research of the archival documentation revealed earlier information about the merchant Burmistrov and house number 46. So, according to the Book of Books for 1857, this house belonged to Burmistrov and was estimated on January 25, 1850 at 200 rubles. It can be argued that it existed in 1849, but the exact date of its construction has not yet been determined. Despite the fact that in this book the house was listed in the 6th quarter, and not in the 3rd, as indicated in the later salary books, it can be argued that this is exactly the house number 46, since Kuzmina's house is located nearby , whose land plot was alienated at the same time as that of the merchant Burmistrov.

In conclusion of this part of the essay, the chronology of house no. 46 on Novaya street is also indicated:

1849 - the year the house was built (presumably);

From 1857 to 1887 the house belonged to the families of the Burmistrovs merchants;

From 1887 to 1891 - the house was owned by the tradesman Mikhail Grigorievich Nikolaev, who bought it from the heirs of the merchant M.V. Burmistrova;

From 1891 to 1917 - the house was owned by the peasant Ivan Pavlovich Shein, who bought the house from Nikolaev; then - his heirs.

Until 1976, although it was state property, the cretyanin's granddaughter I.P. lived in the house. Sheina - Elizaveta Nikolaevna Sheina, a kind, intelligent, pretty woman, she died on June 30, 1989 at the age of 84 and was buried in the village of Vyazovka, Dalne-Kontantinovsky district. When describing the house where she lived all her life, it is impossible not to mention her.

So, house number 46 on Novaya Street belonged to the glorious Burmistrov family of merchants, and the last part of this section of the essay is devoted to the Burmistrov merchants.

About the glorious family of merchants Burmistrovs

Mikhail Vasilyevich Burmistrov is a native of a Nizhny Novgorod merchant family, his father Vasily Dmitrievich was declared a merchant of the 3rd guild back in 1825. For some time, Mikhail Vasilyevich was registered as a merchant of the 3rd guild in the city of Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod province.

He and his wife Elizaveta Mikhailovna had 11 children, but only three remained as adults:

The information was obtained from the metric book of the Ascension Church, kept in TsANO. (If you look at the entries in this book

about children born, it is pleasantly surprising that earlier babies

in Russia they were baptized in the first week after their birth. Maybe that's why the Russian people were considered pious and hospitable?).

According to the metric records, Mikhail Vasilyevich was listed as a Nizhny Novgorod merchant since 1842. According to the archival document "Information about merchants and their capitals in N. Novgorod. 1846" Burmistrov was ranked among the merchants of the 3rd guild of Nizhny Novgorod by decree of the Treasury Chamber No. 6639 of December 31, 1845. According to the statements of the merchants M.V. Burmistrov was listed

in 1856 a merchant of the second guild, and in 1865 - a merchant of the first guild.

From 1840 to 1842 Burmistrov served as a deputy for the collection of ship duties. Mikhail Vasilyevich, had authority and great confidence, from 1846 to 1848 was not only the Glasnoy of the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod, but also its treasurer. Burmistrov was actively involved in charity work. Apparently, for his substantial charitable assistance, the City Society of Nizhny Novgorod chose him on December 12, 1875, to the Board of Trustees of the first female Mariinsky gymnasium in Nizhny Novgorod (now there is the building of the Nizhny Novgorod Construction and Architecture Academy - NNGASU). Great support for the maintenance of the gymnasium prompted the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod after the death (March 6, 1877) of M.V. Burmistrov to choose his son D.M. Burmistrova

to the Board of Trustees of the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, for this purpose the Head of the Nizhny Novgorod Council addresses him:

From the Nizhny Novgorod City Council

Nizhny Novgorod merchant

Burmistrov Dmitry Mikhailovich

You have been elected by the City Duma at the meeting of this February

member of the Council of the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium. The very City Government informing you humbly asks to welcome the 1st of the next March at 12 noon to the Presence of the Governor to take the oath of loyalty to the service ... "

Upon assuming this position, Dmitry Mikhailovich takes an oath - an oath promise:

The "Oath Promise" is not only a formal, but also a spiritualized document, imbued with a sense of faith and truth to serve the Fatherland.

The socially useful activities of Dmitry Mikhailovich Burmistrov are not limited to the patronage of the gymnasium, in which the Nizhny Novgorod City Duma has repeatedly elected him to the committee. On November 28, 1880, by the Duma, he was elected for an indefinite term as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Mariinsky obstetric institution (currently, Roddom No. 1 in Nizhny Novgorod); since 1881 by the General Meeting of Commissioners - "candidates" to the Elders of the Fair Exchange Committee for 3 years: 1881-1883, 1885-1887, 1888-1890, 1891-1893, 1894-1894; City electoral meeting - a vowel (deputy) of the Nizhny Novgorod City Duma

continuously for four years, starting in 1883. All the vowels in the Duma made an oath promise.

"FROM THE HIGHEST STATE EMPRESS, the consent that followed on May 25, 1883, was appointed an Honorary Member of the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Guardianship of orphanages." For the four years 1886-1889, the Nizhny Novgorod Duma was elected as a member of the accounting committee of the Nikolaev city public bank. On June 26, 1889, he was approved by the Minister of Finance as a member of the accounting committee of the Nizhny Novgorod branch of the state bank; in 1891 the city duma was elected for the second time as a member of the accounting committee of the Nizhny Novgorod Nikolaev city public bank. This information was obtained from the form list of his service, which is kept in TsANO (fund 30, inventory 35, file 2851). He sometimes had to give up a job, which was associated with the imposition of a more important burden on him.

D.M. Burmistrov, his brother Pyotr and sister Alexandra took an active part in the revival (reconstruction) of important buildings in Nizhny Novgorod, in particular, a trading house, an overnight house (on Rozhdestvenskaya, 2), built by the honorary citizen of Nizhny Novgorod A.A. Bugrov, combining with the activities entrepreneur (his shops were at the Nizhny Novgorod fair).

But it was for his charitable and socially useful activities that Dmitry Mikhailovich was awarded tsarist awards: Gold medals on the Stanislavskaya and Anninskaya ribbons with the right to wear them around the neck.

D.M. Burmistrov was married to Varvara Mikhailovna Rukavishnikova, daughter of the merchant M.G. Rukavishnikov.

Mikhail Grigorievich Rukavishnikov and Mikhail Vasilyevich Burmistrov were friends, were the vowels of the Nizhny Novgorod City Duma. Both were involved in charity work and were on the Board of Trustees of the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium.

Varvara Mikhailovna was the owner of a house on Zhukovskaya Street (now Minin Street). Now it houses the State Museum of Alexei Maksimovich Gorky, whose staff provided photographs of the Burmistrovs, honorary members of the Institutions of the Empress Maria (V.U.IM).

“I donate and guard” - these words were the motto of the Rukavishnikov family. And the descendants of Mikhail Grigorievich continued his charitable work. “The Rukavishnikovs were affectionate about all the citizens of Nizhny Novgorod, leaving visible material evidence of their affection and love for the city. But their most magnificent gift is the unique palace on the Slope, which belonged to Sergei Mikhailovich, built by him in the spring of 1877 ”. A local history museum was organized in this building at the expense of M.G. Rukavishnikov's children. Unfortunately, this beautiful building fell into disrepair. By now, thanks to the efforts and great responsibility of the director of the museum, Veniamin Sergeevich Arkhangelsky, the Nizhny Novgorod Museum of Local Lore has been restored.

According to the acts of meetings of the City Duma, Dmitry Mikhailovich Burmistrov in 1899 due to illness often did not attend them; on the lists, his last name was crossed out in red pencil, which was usually done by the clerk registering those present. From the meeting on July 9, 1899, his surname began to be crossed out in black pencil, and then from November 25, 1899, his surname was not indicated at all in the lists of vowels of the Duma. In the "Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod City Council about the permanent merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds for 1900" under the heading "Lost" it is indicated:

To determine the exact date of the death of Dmitry Mikhailovich, it was necessary to turn to the register of the Ascension Church. According to the entry in this book, it was established that the merchant of the 1st guild, Dmitry Mikhailovich Burmistrov, died of a heart defect on July 4, 1899; he was buried in the Ascension Church, he was buried on July 6 at the Kazan cemetery. The cemetery was located near the Exaltation of the Cross Monastery (in the area of ​​modern Lyadov Square) and got its name from the church located there in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. This cemetery, like the church, now does not exist, the grave of Dmitry Mikhailovich Burmistrov has not survived.

Dmitry Mikhailovich did a lot for Nizhny Novgorod, and for this he was worthily awarded in his time with the Tsar's awards. Dmitry Mikhailovich was not forgotten by the associates and in 1912 he was included in the list of members of charitable institutions in the city of Nizhny Novgorod. Maybe for this reason, in the encyclopedia "Who's Who in the Nizhny Novgorod Region", the year of Dmitry Mikhailovich's death is erroneously indicated - 1912?

The time has long come to tell about the Burmistrovs merchants, who are part of the beautiful galaxy of Nizhny Novgorod merchants - benefactors:

3. Artistic and architectural value of the house.

House No. 46 on Novaya Street is interesting from an artistic and architectural point of view, which is confirmed by the results of research by experts from the Ethnos Research Institute and by art critics from the Museum of the History of Arts and Crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Their reports are presented in the "Conclusion on the historical, scientific, artistic and other cultural value of house no. 46 on Novaya street in the Nizhegorodsky district of Nizhny Novgorod" (2004) and in the "Conclusion on the artistic and historical value of the carved decor of house no. 46 on Novaya street in Nizhegorodsky district of the city of Nizhny Novgorod "(2005).

The house is a unique volumetric architectural composition:

From the front facade, it looks like a small house, but inside it is a 3-storey building with many conveniently located rooms, storage rooms, nooks, and the dominant feature of the house is a hexagonal belvedere - the only preserved phenomenon of this kind in Nizhny Novgorod wooden architecture;

In the triangular pediment of the attic in the foreground there is a two-frame dormer window, edged with a carved eyelet with a small wrought-iron balcony; the top of the attic is also decorated with carvings;

Under the windows of the first floor, there are panels with blind carvings of floral ornaments - also a rare case in Nizhny Novgorod architecture.

The entire decor is a hand-made blind carving of increased complexity, made in the form of a small floral ornament. For preservation, the carving is covered with a wide cornice. Apparently, the first owners of the house dreamed and hoped to preserve the delicate work of decorators for a long time? And this has been achieved!

The decoration of the house has a number of features noted by art critics:

The use of carved parts made in the traditions of the Nizhny Novgorod blind carving;

Applying a laid-on simulated thread;

Application of saw thread parts;

The decor with fine detailed elaboration of the carved pattern and its compositional construction show the high professionalism of the performers.

Museologists note that such carving is a large-scale artistic phenomenon in the national Russian culture, the number of houses with Nizhny Novgorod carving decreases every year. Therefore, the primary task of the present time is the preservation of each sample of such a thread, especially since in this case an integral object has been preserved in good condition - a residential building located in the center of Nizhny Novgorod.

House No. 46 on Novaya Nizhny Novgorod Street and the experts of NIP Ethnos refer to "bright and unique objects of historical and cultural heritage."

The house has been preserved thanks to the high quality of the original construction. The expert who examined the technical condition of the house noted that the foundation and walls are

in a satisfactory condition.

In addition to the survey results, the quality of construction can be judged by the absence of fungi, mold and traces of the "activity" of wood bugs. Apparently, the wooden elements underwent special processing and wood was used for the felling without squeezed resin (resin). In the house from 1986 to 2000, considerable food supplies of pasta, cereals, flour were stored, and no livestock was kept in them. The brickwork was made "conscientiously" (it is assumed that the strengthening solution was made on the basis of lime and eggs); during the existence of the house, not a single crack and subsidence was found; a house with a careful attitude towards it will stand for more than one century.

Afterword

The results of the archival research and surveys of the house by specialist scientists were sent to the Ministry of Culture of the Nizhny Novgorod Region to confirm the value category of the house, which had the status of a “valuable object of the historical and architectural environment” to be preserved. The Ministry of Culture, having received all the research materials, “noted” in 2005 that the status of the house was reduced to the “background category”, considering its preservation “inappropriate” due to the “change in the urban planning situation”. The same conclusion is adhered to by the Department for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, which contradicts not only the conclusions of the experts, but also Article 29 of the Federal Law No. 73-FZ "On Cultural Heritage Objects (Historical and Cultural Monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation", published in 2002. The author of this essay does not agree with this assessment. The house is a valuable object not only for the residents of Nizhny Novgorod, guests of the city admire it, even foreigners take pictures of it; they are attracted by the unusualness of the "uncommon" patterns. The house is also valuable because for many years it belonged to the Burmistrovs merchant family, which is part of the main cohort of Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneurs and public figures of our city.

The hope that the home's status as a valuable object will be restored has not faded. Both Alexander Alekseevich Serikov and Deputy Minister for Housing Policy and Housing of the Nizhny Novgorod Region Irina Evgenievna Nepomnik, a beautiful sensitive woman who is completely unlike an official, confirmed me in the idea that understanding and justice exist in Russia.

The house will also serve Nizhny Novgorod residents and guests of the city to recreate the image of the Old Nizhny Novgorod, its inexpensive estates.

The information presented in this essay is not complete. There is still a lot to study and "bring up" from the archive facts about the life and activities of the Burmistrovs' family, about their time, environment and people around them. This essay is the beginning for further research with the aim of perpetuating the memory of the glorious family of the Burmistrovs merchants and highlighting unknown or little-studied pages of the history of Nizhny Novgorod.

This essay was created in 2006, its main content is devoted to the main house of the estate of the merchants Burmistrovs - house number 46 on Novaya street.

List of sources and literature used

1. Filatov N.F. "Nizhny Novgorod. Architecture XIV - early XX century ". Nizhegorodskie Novosti editorial publishing center. Nizhny Novgorod. 1994.
2. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 36, ed. xp. 758
3. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35, ed. xp. 2118
4. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35, ed. xp. 3879
5. Khramtsovsky N. I. "A Brief Sketch and Description of Nizhny Novgorod"….
6. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35, ed. xp. 315
7. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 37, ed. xp. 4089
8. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 37, ed. xp. 4169, 4173 - 4175, 4177
9. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 37, ed. xp. 4110 - 4114
10. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 37, ed. xp. 4041
11. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35a, ed. xp. 6408
12. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35a, ed. xp. 10658
13. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35a, ed. xp. 10673
14. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35a, ed. xp. 8571
15. TSANO. Fund 27. Inventory 638, ed. xp. 3161
16. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35, ed. xp. 1598
17. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35, ed. xp. 1601
18. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35, ed. xp. 2393
19. TSANO. Fund 27. Inventory 638, ed. xr. 2490
20. TSANO. Fund 27. Inventory 638, ed. xr. 863
21. TSANO. Fund 570. Inventory 8, ed. xp. 2
22. TSANO. Fund 27. Inventory 638, ed. xr. 1786
23. TSANO. Fund 27. Inventory 638, ed. xr. 2551
24. TSANO. Fund 27. Inventory 638, ed. xr. 3209
25. TSANO. Fund 27. Inventory 638, ed. xr. 1899
26. TSANO. Fund 30. Inventory 35, ed. xp. 1560























Fragment of the estate of the merchants Burmistrovs. May 2008.

Nizhny Novgorod patronage of arts is more than one century. The houses donated to the city by merchants or industrialists are still alive. Enterprising businessmen knew how to use money, but they never spared thousands to help those in need and their hometown.

Genius sponsor

The name of the folk craftsman - self-taught Ivan Kulibin thundered throughout Russia. As you know, he created and presented to Empress Catherine the Great an outlandish clock, where little people play a whole show. The tsarina was amazed at such a gift and immediately gave the inventor to head the mechanical workshop of the Academy of Sciences.

And few people know, thanks to whom Russia learned about Kulibin's talent! The merchant of the first guild, Mikhail Andreevich Kostromin, suggested that the master make a watch for the arrival of the empress in Nizhny Novgorod, moreover, he paid for all the materials and maintained the family of the legendary self-taught for the entire time of work. The merchant himself asked for an audience with Catherine's favorite, Count Orlov. It was then that Kulibin presented the watch to the empress.

The Empress did not forget the generous merchant - she presented the patron with a thousand rubles, a silver mug with her own portrait and a dedication.

The merchant Kostromin was from peasants, earned his fortune with ingenuity and enterprise. He had an amazing flair and generosity. The city retains the memory of the merchant Kostromin - a mansion with columns on Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, 4. Now there is an educational theater.

Trample care

The noble deed of Nikolai Bugrov, a representative of a well-known Old Believer merchant family, is still reminiscent of the building of the City Duma, now the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Court on Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, 1.

Bugrov bought the theater building on Blagoveshchenskaya square (now Minin and Pozharsky squares) Photo: Public Domain

Bugrov, a philanthropist and philanthropist, donated the palace to his native city, however, under funny circumstances. The merchant bought the theater building on Blagoveshchenskaya square (now Minin and Pozharsky squares) and ... a week later presented it to the city council. He explained that his deceased parents lived in this place - they say, it’s not good when, instead of the father’s house, there is a theater. Bugrov also partially sponsored the construction of a pompous palace-palace here, where the city council was located.

The merchant did not skimp on direct financial assistance. Rumor has it that he gave alms only 10 million rubles in his life.

The Bugrovs' family came up with the idea to create an overnight house for 500-800 people at the foot of the Kremlin. Every wanderer could find a place to sleep here, a pound of free bread and a mug of boiling water. It was strictly in the shelter: "Do not drink vodka, do not sing songs, be quiet." Maxim Gorky glorified this house in the play At the Bottom.

Bugrova's lodge Photo: Administration of Nizhny Novgorod

Nowadays, various departments have been in the building of the flop for a long time. Now the historic house has been bought by a Nizhny Novgorod businessman.

And next to this building is the legendary tea house "Stolby". Merchant Dmitry Sirotkin invited the writer Maxim Gorky to arrange in a house on the street. A tanning daytime haven for tramps and the unemployed. The fact is that the tramps were expelled from the nearby Bugrovsk shelter in the morning, and they were allowed back only in the evening - for order. And in the afternoon, they could warm up in the tea room, eat for 3 kopecks. A library, a free outpatient clinic was opened in "Stolby" ...

Not for a pocket - for a heart

Helping the suffering, donating large sums to help the disadvantaged was the norm for the Nizhny Novgorod merchants. With the money of entrepreneurs on the street. Ilyinskaya, the first orphanage appeared, and on pl. Lyadov built a "Widow's House" for widowed poor women and orphans - by the way, by the forces of the same Nikolai Bugrov, who also attracted the relatives of the Blinov merchants to the case.

The widow's house on Lyadov square. Photo of the early 20th century Photo: Public Domain

The merchants opened educational institutions, built churches, and installed a water supply system. One of the gifts to the city is the Christmas Church of the 18th century, built by the Stroganov merchants (its style in architecture was called “Stroganov Baroque”).

In the traditions of the Nizhny Novgorod merchants it was: "Profit is above all, but honor is above profit." These traditions have deep roots. Since ancient times, the best entrepreneurial people were led to fulfill the four main commandments: the first is to make good in righteous ways, the second is to use what has been obtained with reason, the third is to spare no share for those who are in need, and the fourth is not to tempt fate in vain. Long before the famous "Domostroi" Russian merchants put morality in the first place and did not start any serious business without prayer. And so it went on for centuries.

Whether in the 16th or 17th century, not to mention the earlier centuries, merchant names were famous throughout Russia, including Nizhny Novgorod. And how could the people of Nizhny Novgorod not become famous? One of the most ancient trade routes passed by their houses - the blue Volga itself. And not from the Nizhny Novgorod berths, at one point, did Afanasy Nikitin, the most famous of the famous merchants, once sailed off with luggage and supplies, heading for fabulous India? Yes, and Nizhny Novgorod merchants walked to all parts of the world. And in the transcendental Mangazeya, perhaps, more than once the path was tormented.

The goods used to be lost, but the honor never. And it was not the merchant's gentility that raised the merchant - beneficence. Everyone knew that a good merchant would never compromise his conscience: truth is a bought couscous, and a lie is stolen. If someone is dishonest, he will not escape shame, the judgment of the world will not escape, and where there is shame, there is ruin.

It is not for nothing that the merchant Kuzma Minin, who raised the people of honesty to the liberation of Russia from a foreign enemy and from his traitors, has been looked up to by whole generations as a moral model.

In the "Scribes" among the townspeople of Nizhny Novgorod are called "the best people", that along the Volga "they go to the bottom and top by ships and who trade in all sorts of goods in large quantities." A well-known merchant from the drawing-room of a hundred, Semyon Zadorin, was engaged in the salt and fish trade.

They knew in Nizhny the eminent Stroganovs that the banks of the Oka were filled with salt barns.

Entrepreneurship and talent created glory for the Nizhny Novgorod merchants Olisovs, Bolotovs, Pushnikovs, Shchepetilnikovs, Olovyannikovs. Favorable conditions, and sometimes, on the contrary, the most difficult obstacles accompanied the advancement of the most capable and stubborn people from the people to the merchant class, to the first ranks of industrialists and financiers.

Especially many talents among merchants appeared in Russia during the post-reform period. The strongest turned out to be people from Old Believer families, where the upbringing was very harsh. It was they who became the backbone of the Nizhny Novgorod merchants. If someone really got out into people, then often it was not at all by chance. As for the scoundrels, tyrants and burned out from among the merchants, the same Ryabushinsky mentioned above said beautifully about them: “True, there were such people, and many, and I know by names of others, but I will not reproach. Besides, in many of them there was not only bad, but also good; Some have intelligence, some have talent, some have scope, some have generosity. I will not shame and disgrace them or my native city, but I will pray to God for those whom I know ”.

BINDERS Fyodor Petrovich

In 1816, its vowel Fyodor Petrovich Perepletchikov was elected chairman of the City Duma, who played an outstanding role in the history of the development and improvement of Nizhny Novgorod. Perepletchikov came from a merchant family that was engaged in rope craft, which was very common in Nizhny at the time of sailing (at that time, in the area of ​​modern Korolenko, Novaya and Gorky streets, there were numerous rope spinning mills). Fyodor Petrovich achieved great art in the inheritance business. Perepletchikov ropes were valued throughout the Volga. But the greatest fame to Fedor Petrovich was brought not by entrepreneurship, but by activities in the field of city government. He was elected city mayor three times and became famous as a prudent business executive and a generous benefactor.
Both his contemporaries and descendants evaluated his activities only in an excellent degree: the most generous philanthropist (city leaders used the income of the bookbinder's capital even in 1918!); the most charming (the ability to convince listeners, to be an interesting interlocutor aroused the envy of his contemporaries; Perepletchikov managed to charm even the All-Russian autocrat Nicholas I); the most far-sighted (it is to this mayor that Nizhny owes many buildings and undertakings); the most remarkable and famous (a city street was named after him, and on January 10 every year in the churches of Nizhny Novgorod an eternal commemoration according to F.P. Perepletchikov was served).
At the time of his election, Perepletchikov was only 31 years old, but he was already respected in the city. No wonder he was entrusted with the city treasury with all monetary reporting. As the main city financier, Fyodor Petrovich in 1812 took an active part in raising funds for the needs of the people's militia. He also showed an example of disinterested care for refugees from Moscow, tried with all his might to alleviate the needs of Muscovites. He sheltered some of them in his own home.

In 1816, when Perepletchikov was elected chairman of the City Duma, a terrible fire destroyed the Makaryevskaya fair. Perepletchikov acted as a convinced supporter of the resumption of this fair not in the same place, near the walls of the monastery, but in Nizhny. He understood what benefits this would bring to the city, and did everything to make this transfer take place. And I was not mistaken in the calculations. Since 1817, Nizhny Novgorod began to grow rich, improve and expand before our eyes.
Information about the outstanding citizens of Nizhny Novgorod from the merchant class is taken from various sources.
In 1831, two daughters of F.P. Perepletchikova. He was very upset with the bitterness of loss and decided to donate part of his fortune to help the poor. On January 15, 1832, the city Duma considered Perepletchikov's letter, in which he donated to the city the 8 buildings of the Nikolsky market that belonged to him, so that the income from the lease of these premises would go to the poor.

Another significant gift from Perepletchikov to the city was the stone house bequeathed by him in favor of the City Duma with two wings and a piece of land (now Rozhdestvenskaya St., 6). In his will, Fyodor Petrovich indicated that after his death, the income from this house should be at the disposal of the mayor in favor of "charitable institutions and the poor of Nizhny Novgorod." According to Perepletchikov's will, the mayor had to personally dispose of this money, without reporting to anyone, since, as Fyodor Petrovich especially emphasized in his will, “honest, prudent and benevolent people are always elected to this position,” who will not use this income in their benefit, but use it "to help the poor."
In 1834-1836. the city Duma was again chaired by F.P. Perepletchikov, who corrected the position of the mayor for the third time. This three-year period passed under the sign of two visits of Emperor Nicholas I, as a result of which Nizhny Novgorod was completely transformed.
For the third year already, the tsar traveled around Russian cities and everywhere gave impetus to the construction of roads and improvement. This also happened in Nizhny Novgorod. By this time, it was finally clear that the city could not cope with the influx of goods and visitors during the summer fair season. Carts with goods went from the Muromsky and Kazansky tracts to the fair through the Kremlin. However, the gates of the Dmitrievskaya and Ivanovskaya towers turned out to be too small for their flow, which caused many hours of congestion. The streets were not adapted to such a number of carts. They were narrow and rather randomly built up with wooden manor-type houses.

Tsar Nikolai was well versed in engineering and architecture, so all the flaws in the layout of Nizhny Novgorod immediately caught his eye. During his stay in Nizhny (October 10-12, 1834), he ordered to radically rebuild the city, giving architects and officials a number of detailed instructions. The mayor also received them.
Fyodor Petrovich was called to the tsar's office (Nikolai stayed in the house of the military governor on Bolshaya Pokrovskaya). Before the sovereign lay the old plan of the city (1824), which, according to the tsar's will, was to radically change. The emperor in detail devoted Perepletchikov and other representatives of local authorities to his plans. The most important thing was to make ramps for transport bypassing the Kremlin. Nikolay drew their direction with his own hand on the plan. In total, the list of royal orders for the improvement of the city made up a list of 33 items. The emperor, in particular, ordered to buy out all the private houses in the Kremlin, arrange a boulevard along its walls, erect the Upper Volga and Nizhnevolzhskaya embankments, build a garden along the banks of the Volga, straighten the streets, build new barracks and a number of other buildings.
Nikolai also personally discussed the issue of building barracks on the future Nizhnevolzhskaya embankment with the chairman of the Duma, Perepletchikov. Their construction was supposed, finally, to save the townspeople from the standing of the soldiers (the Kremlin barracks could not accommodate all the servicemen of the garrison). Funds for the construction were raised by the City Duma, introducing a special tax from the "real estate" of Nizhny Novgorod residents.


Other work on the improvement of the city was carried out at the state expense. To finance them, on January 5, 1836, a tax was introduced from ships bringing goods to the fair. However, the townspeople had to bear the high costs of moving their own houses to new places in connection with the redevelopment of streets. But here, too, the state came to their aid. In the Nizhny Novgorod public charity order (a provincial institution in charge of the "social sphere" and at the same time having the right to conduct credit and financial activities) was placed the so-called. "Auxiliary capital". In 1836, the City Duma considered the issue of a loan from it for issuing a loan to residents for the construction of houses.
On August 15-17, 1836 Nizhny Novgorod was again visited by Nicholas I. He checked the progress of the work and gave another 54 instructions for the improvement of the city.
On August 16, a solemn reception of officials of the city and the nobility took place in the Main Fair House. There, the emperor singled out the mayor F.P. Perepletchikov, referring to him as a representative of the Nizhny Novgorod merchants, "fellow citizens of the most famous of this class, Kozma Minin."
It must be said that Nicholas the First had deep respect for the memory of the savior of Moscow and even wanted to find out if his descendants remained in Nizhny. Bookbinders took this desire of the sovereign to heart and began to explore the family tree of Minin. Interest in Minin's personality gave impetus to Perepletchikov's yet another charitable initiative. In 1836, the City Duma considered the case "on the construction in Nizhny Novgorod of a house called Mininsky for the charity of poor citizens and retired honored soldiers." Perepletchikov gave 1000 rubles of personal money for this and collected another 4500 rubles from other donors. But this undertaking was realized only after 30 years.

BLINOV Fyodor Andreevich, Aristarkh Andreevich, Nikolay Andreevich

One of the brightest representatives of the Nizhny Novgorod merchant elite was Fyodor Blinov. He started out trading in bread and salt. Got six steamers ("Lion", "Dove", "Voevoda", "Blinov", "Helper", "North"). With their help, a resourceful merchant transported grain cargoes along the Volga, and also delivered salt from Astrakhan and Perm to Rybinsk (only Astrakhan sedimentary salt “Eltonka” up to 350 thousand poods per season). Blinov carried out salt grinding in Nizhny Novgorod at a horse mill, which he built on Sofronovskaya square (now Markina square).
The salt business was very profitable, but there were many dangerous temptations. In 1869, for participation "out of frivolity" in the waste of government salt and for violating the established rules for keeping trade books, Blinov was sentenced to seven days' arrest in prison and compensation for government damage in the amount of 150,096 rubles 70 kopecks. After that, he was engaged only in grain business. Together with his younger brothers Aristarkh and Nikolai, Fyodor Andreevich owned mills in the Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan provinces, traded in grain, flour and cereals in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Blinov was a generous benefactor and did a lot for the city. At his own expense, he paved the Sofronovskaya Square and the Assumption Congress to the Oka (1861), made a large donation for the creation of the Nizhny Novgorod city public bank. He gave a thousand rubles to set up a temporary hospital for cholera patients (1872), 6 thousand rubles - for the establishment of craft classes at the First Children's Shelter (1874), 5 thousand - for setting up a laundry in the Second Children's Shelter (1876) , 3 thousand rubles - for the repair of buildings of orphanages (1877). Finally, with his brothers Aristarchus and Nikolai, he donated a gigantic sum of 125 thousand rubles for the construction of a water supply system in Nizhny Novgorod (1878).
The City Duma in 1871 formed a special commission, which prepared a plan for the construction of a new water supply system and an estimate of costs. It turned out that no more than 450 thousand rubles would be required. Then tenders were announced for this work. They were won by the English firm "Malisson", which undertook to execute the project for 417 thousand.


To pay off the contractor, the Duma prepared to take a loan of 450 thousand rubles out of 5% per annum for a period of 50 years. To pay off it was supposed to increase the tax on homeowners. It was here that the Nizhny Novgorod Duma received a statement from the brothers Fedor, Aristarkh and Nikolai Blinov, merchants A.P. and N.A. Bugrovykh and merchant U.S. Kurbatov. To save the city from a loan, and homeowners from raising the tax, they donated 250 thousand of personal money (Blinovs - 125 thousand, Bugrovs - 75 thousand, Kurbatov - 50 thousand). At the same time, the benefactors set a condition: "The use of water from the new water supply system should be free for all classes of Nizhny Novgorod for eternity."

Aristarkh Andreevich and Nikolai Andreevich Blinovs owned flour mills and cereal factories in the Volga region. Rozhdestvenskaya Street in Nizhny is still adorned with a passage building built by the Blinovs.

BUGROVY Petr Egorovich, Alexander Petrovich and Nikolay Alexandrovich

The founder of the most famous merchant dynasty in the Nizhny Novgorod region, Peter Egorovich Bugrov, was noticed by Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He was delighted with the resourcefulness and enterprise of a specific peasant from the village of Popovo, Semyonovsky district. In an essay about him, the writer tells how, with honest work and mind, Petrukha the balalaika player achieved his fill and turned from a dumpy barge haule into the largest grain merchant, having installed mills on the Linde River. In addition, Bugrov contracted the construction of government buildings and carried out orders in the shortest possible time. At the Lower City Fair, under his watch, bridges were built across the canals. No one was able to strengthen the slope near the Kremlin, sliding into the Volga, until the smart contractor Bugrov took over this business. When, during the Crimean War, the Nizhny Novgorodians gathered the militia from recruits, Bugrov equipped a wagon train for him. The book by AV Sedov "Nizhny Novgorod feat of VI Dal" (N. Novgorod, 1993) contains the following opinion of the writer about Bugrov, included by Dal in his letter to the minister of destinies: "Your Excellency! I dare to introduce the most wonderful peasant in the entire Nizhny family estate, Pyotr Egorovich Bugrov. This is one of those clever minds who have achieved the title of the first contractor of Nizhny Novgorod from a draft hooker. "

The grandson of Pyotr Yegorovich, Nikolai Alexandrovich Bugrov, managed in a clever way to dispose of the millions of capitals acquired by his grandfather and father, having made them more expensive. He was already an omnipotent master who controlled the fate of many people and who was called the uncrowned king of Nizhny Novgorod. Thanks to this powerful man, industries arose and developed, trade flourished, and an unprecedented construction took place. And in the women's lull in Ker, in the Old Believer sketes, they prayed for him as a benefactor and patron.

In the description of M. Gorky, the younger Bugrov appears to be a rather gloomy nature. Even Bugrov's appearance makes a repulsive impression.

“I often met this man on the shopping streets of the city: big, overweight, in a long frock coat that looked like a jersey, in brightly polished boots and a woolen cap, he walked with a heavy gait, thrust his hands into his pockets, walked to meet people, as if he had not seen them, and they made way for him not only with respect, but almost with fear. "

The fact that Bugrov did not forget about conscience, that he tried to observe the code of honor that had been verified for centuries, and that his moral obligations were dear to him, was preserved in documents and in legends many facts. After a fire in 1853, when the theater on Bolshaya Pecherka burned down, Nikolai Alexandrovich's grandfather rented out to the theater his apartment building on Blagoveshchenskaya Square. The noisy performances, where, as the younger Bugrov believed, "naked women jump over naked men," did not fit in with the moral principles of the devout Old Believer, and he turned to the city duma with a request to sell him his grandfather's house. The Duma respected the request of the venerable businessman. Having bought the building, Bugrov handed it over to the Duma free of charge, setting only a condition that "henceforth, the construction of any theater or entertainment establishment should never be allowed in this building."

Nikolai Alexandrovich himself, with huge capital, was content with little; I did not drink or smoke the drunken one, his usual food was cabbage soup and porridge with black bread, he dressed simply - a sheepskin coat, a frock coat, boots ...

And he had dozens of steamers, steam mills, warehouses, piers, hundreds of acres of forest, whole villages. In 1896 Bugrov received the right to supply grain for the entire Russian army. It had representative offices in twenty of the largest cities in Russia. Bugrov's partnership in 1908 processed 4,600 poods of grain per day.

At the stock exchange, where the eminent Nizhny Novgorod merchants discussed transactions, arranging ritual tea drinking in a separate room, Bugrov was invariably revered as the main and foremost. Here each table was nicknamed with the meaning: "insurance", "delivery", "oil", "trusted table", "millionth". Naturally, according to custom, Bugrov, who came to the stock exchange at noon, sat down at the "millionth" table with the richest merchants.

And in the Duma, and at the stock exchange, and at the fair, and in commercial offices, the first word was for Bugrov. He conducted his affairs with brilliance, skillfully and promptly. Knowing his worth, he did not lose his dignity when meeting with the tsar, and he addressed the Minister of Finance Witte, as well as the Governor of Nizhny Novgorod, Baranov, as “you”.

In the tradition of Nizhny Novgorod merchants there were so-called "alms days", during which each of the moneybags was obliged to endow the poor, no matter how many of them came to the gate, with generous alms. The good businessmen did not want to hear about themselves offensive sayings: "Minin's beard, but the conscience is clay." We tried not only to be known, but also to be benefactors. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bugrov also did not skimp on alms.

In the days of the memory of his illustrious ancestor, he arranged "funeral tables". They were placed on Gorodets Square, filling them with bread and jugs with kvass. Poor brethren came here from all the neighborhoods, receiving a gift of food and silver dimes. It was Bugrov who built the famous shelter for the homeless, a shelter for widows and orphans, spared no expense for the construction of churches, hospitals and schools. The foundations of the Bugrovsky buildings are still strong, and his houses themselves still serve people without fail.

Bugrov acquired a lot - he gave a lot. Having lived for more than seventy years (1837-1911), he proved by deeds how a Russian person can be active, enterprising, calculating, and at the same time magnanimous and generous.

When Nikolai Alexandrovich was buried, the whole city followed the coffin. Without stopping, steamers hummed on the spring Volga, giving the last honor to the owner. In the newspaper obituary, he was named first of all "a major benefactor", and then "a representative of the grain business."

Shamshurin V.A. Return to Nizhny Novgorod. Historical studies. (2009):

Father and son Bugrovs built the famous Bed House for the city. The initiator of its creation, Alexander Petrovich, was not destined to see the doors of this institution open. In May 1883, he passed away. The building was ready by October 10, 1883. The son of the deceased, Nikolai Alexandrovich, solemnly transferred the house to the city property, pledging to maintain it at his own expense in memory of his father. A memorial plaque was installed on the wall: “A.P. Bugrov ".

450 men and 45 women could receive shelter there. At the same time, no documents were asked from them. They were allowed here in the evening and only for the night. During the day, the doors of the shelter were closed to restore order. They were not accepted into the shelter while drunk. You could not take alcohol with you, smoke and sing songs (this could disturb the sleep of others). The order was observed by the warders.
In 1887, the city acquired another large charitable institution. This was the so-called "Widow's House". It was built at their own expense and transferred to the jurisdiction of the city by Nikolai Bugrov and the brothers Aristarkh and Nikolai Blinov.


The building was located on the city land near the Exaltation of the Cross Monastery (now Lyadova Square, 2). On October 23, 1887, the Duma approved the charter of the Widow's House. It itself opened on October 30th. It provided free apartments in one or two rooms for widows with children. The kitchens were shared. There was a bathhouse, a laundry, a pharmacy and an outpatient clinic with a hospital room for two departments: adult and children's. In the hospital there were a doctor, a paramedic and a nurse.
Since 1888, a teacher and a teacher of the law have been working with the children. The staff of the Widows' House also included a caretaker, a warden, a doorman, a bellhop, a bath attendant, two stoker-stokers and five watchmen. Salaries were given to all of them by the city Duma. She also paid for all other expenses. The money for this was allocated in advance by N.A. Bugrov and Blinov.
The Blinovs donated 75 thousand rubles, placing them in the city Nikolaev bank. The interest from this huge capital was deducted for the needs of the Widow's House. In turn, N.A. Bugrov donated his houses to the city at the corner of Alekseevskaya Street and Gruzinsky Lane. The city leased them to the military department, which erected a barracks building there (the so-called "Georgian barracks"). Rental income also went to the maintenance of the Widow's House.


Another manifestation of Nikolai Alexandrovich Bugrov's civic position was the new building of the City Duma, which he donated to the city. The house of P.E. Bugrov, the founder of the famous merchant dynasty. Then the Bugrovs sold it, and the theater was located there. Then the house was transferred to the Alexander noble bank for the debts. Nikolai Bugrov bought it out and in 1897 presented it to the city, on the condition, however, that it should never allow the construction of a theater or any entertainment establishment in general, and the proceeds went to distribution to the poor.
The house began to be renovated, but in 1898 it burned down. And according to the project of V.P. Zeidler here in 1901-1904. a completely new building was erected.

Moreover, Nikolai Alexandrovich Bugrov paid over 70% of the construction costs. On April 18, 1904, the grand opening of the Bugrovsky Charitable Corps (now 1 Minin and Pozharsky Square) took place. It should be noted that the refined decoration of the Imperial Pavilion of the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1896, donated by the Tsar to Nizhny Novgorod, was used for its interior decoration. Now the City Council, which has moved to a new location, is located in these luxurious apartments. Some of the premises were rented out for shops. The Duma spent the proceeds, as Bugrov had wished, on charitable purposes.

RUKAVISHNIKOV

Mikhail Grigorievich Rukavishnikov was distinguished by the same strong nature that Bugrov had. Continuing the path of his father, who in 1817 opened three shops at the Nizhny Novgorod fair and began to trade in iron, he managed to give the business a real scale. The pipes of his metallurgical plant did not stop smoking over Kunavin. Rukavishnikov was engaged in the manufacture of excellent steel.

In the "Bulletin of the state of factories and plants in the Nizhny Novgorod province for 1843" it was noted: steel "at this plant ... produced up to 50,000 poods. A total of 90,500 rubles. silver ". Steel was sold at the Nizhny Rodskaya fair and in Persia.

The manufactory advisor, the first guild, the merchant Mikhail Grigorievich Rukavishnikov became one of the most influential persons in the city. The only one of the Nizhny Novgorod entrepreneurs, he subscribes to the magazine "Manu invoices and trade" and the newspaper "Manufacturing and Gornozavodskie Izvestia", adopting the best experience. The matter for him was first of all, he could not endure slackness and laziness, he kept himself in control, and by the end of his life he was nicknamed "the iron old man."

Every year, Rukavishnikov's wealth increased, and he donated a significant portion of it to charity. A large amount was allocated to them at the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, where he was a member of the Board of Trustees. Together with local historian Gatsisky, composer Balakirev, artist and photographer Karelin, entering the "Brotherhood of Cyril and Methodius", Rukavishnikov helped children from needy families. And the brotherhood itself was created precisely in order to take on the costs of supporting the poor students of the gymnasium, to supply them with clothes and books, to contribute money for education.


“I donate and guard” - these words could become the motto of the entire Rukavishnikov family. The descendants continued the charitable activities of the “iron old man”. One of his sons, Ivan Mikhailovich, together with his brothers and sisters, built in Nizhny the famous House of industriousness on Varvarka (now this is the old building of Nizhpoligraf), donated a thousand rubles annually in favor of poor Nizhny Novgorod brides, did not refuse to help the zemstvo, took care of Kulibinsk vocational school.

Another of the sons, Vladimir Mikhailovich, was famous for maintaining a boys' chapel at his own expense, some of its pupils became soloists of the capital's opera houses. The life of Mitrofan Mikhailovich, an honorary member of the Red Cross Society, was decorated with good deeds, having built his gymnasium hostel in Gruzinsky Lane and a surgical hospital (now it is one of the buildings of the gerontological center).

So it turns out that the Rukavishnikovs were affectionate about all Nizhny Novgorod residents, leaving visible material evidence of their affection and love for the city. But their most magnificent gift is the unique palace on the Slope, which belonged to Sergei Mikhailovich and was built by him in the spring of 1877. There is in the beauty, splendor and harmony of this building the very spirituality that we find in the creations of the best architects, whose aspirations are not everyday life, but eternity. The son of the owner of the luxurious palace, the writer Ivan Sergeevich Rukavishnikov, caught it well and conveyed it in his heartfelt prose.

“Early in the spring, the forests that covered the palace were piled down. And a mighty, heavy-weight-slender he appeared to the spring-flooded Volga River ... They built it so that for many, many years there would be no house equal to that in the city. No one has enough audacity or capital ... Everything in that palace is without deceit. Wherever you see marble, that marble is real and a inch thick, not as they are now sawing in a foreign manner, like cardboard sheets. The eye sees the stone column, believe me, do not try it with your hand - it will not ring, not empty. And believe in the capital of the column: bronze, not gilded cardboard. And in the bronze of that copper and tin as in the old lists said. And if in a hundred years there will be a war in that city, and a cast-iron cannonball hits that slender arch, and knocks the kernel off the grinning face of an old satyr, no one’s eye will see any rotten beams or rusty crutches in that place. And he will see the correct circular masonry, and earlier the moderately calcined brick will be crumbled, than the layer of correct cement will pass ... ”.


Ivan Sergeevich wrote about the durability of a skillful creation, at the same time discovering the flaws of a closed, stagnant merchant life, from which he renounced and with which he broke, throwing, like a glove, a reproach to his past in the novel "The Cursed Family". God will judge him. But this act, generated by denial, cannot not be connected with another, prompted by a high spirit of the soul and, of course, corresponding to the family tradition of doing good. Together with his brother Mitrofan Sergeevich, Ivan Sergeevich, after the crushing seventeenth year, set about creating a folk museum in the family mansion. More than seventy works of art, mostly paintings, donated to the city of the Rukavishnikovs even before the revolution, not sparing their collections. These works became the basis of the museum.

It seemed that Russia was dying in the fire of the civil war, churches were crumbling, libraries were burning - and nothing could be saved. But still, there were people who knew: to preserve spiritual wealth means to preserve the homeland. And among these selfless people turned out to be some of the most active descendants of the old merchant family that had emerged from the Balakhna lower ranks. By the way, it will be said that the son of Mitrofan Sergeevich Iulian and grandson Alexander are famous sculptors, in 1987 a monument to the glorious Russian pilot Pyotr Nikolaevich Nesterov was erected in our city by the father and son of the Rukavishnikovs.

BASHKIROV Emelyan Grigorievich, Yakov Emelyanovich, Matvey Emelyanovich,
Nikolay Emelyanovich

It was customary for every good Nizhny Novgorod merchant to conduct any successful deal not only to celebrate in a tavern, but also to light a candle in a church and serve it to the poor. Entrepreneurs invested a lot in the construction of temples.

There were certain days in Nizhny Novgorod when assistance to the poor was obligatory. This, for example, was the day when the fair was closed. Having taken part in the procession and prayer service, the merchants, as usual, returned to their shops, having prepared generous alms. Nizhny Novgorod newspapers printed the names of those who donated to orphanages, helped fire victims, poor families. And lists of donors appeared constantly. But if someone was stingy, the rumor did not spare him.

The rich steamer and miller, the founder of the trading house "Emelyan Bashkirov with Sons" was incredibly stingy and became an anecdotal personality. They say that Emelyan Grigorievich once returned from his mill to the upper part of the city. A cabman was driving along the ramp.

- Sit down, your degree, I'll take you. Inexpensively I will take - a dime.

- Fear God! Eka broke the price. Let's get it for a nickel.

Nearby they move and argue, bargain. Finally, the cabby gives in.

- Well, for your sake, your degree, I agree. Sit down for a nickel - let's go.

- No, brother. Now I won't sit down. Look, in conversation with you, I did not notice how half a mountain passed.

Another case. Bashkirov was awarded the Eagle badge for the high quality of flour. The employees gathered to congratulate Emelyan Grigorievich, hoping for a treat.

- Why did you come? - asks Bashkirov.

- We want to congratulate on the royal grace.

Emelyan Grigorievich wrinkled his brow, reached into his pocket, took out his wallet.

I fumbled in it for a long time. Finally, he pulled out a two-kopeck piece and filed it.

- Here you go. Yes, look, do not drink.

Adrianov Yu.A., Shamshurin V.A. Old Nizhny: Historical and Literary Essays. (1994)

After the death of the elder Bashkirov in 1891, all his millions of capitals went to his sons. The sons turned out to be worthy successors. The names of Yakov and Matvey Bashkirovs were pronounced with respect by the residents of Nizhny Novgorod. Their fame spread throughout Russia. Bashkir flour was considered the best, it was asked in all parts of the province, it became famous abroad. For days on end, grain carts stretched from the Nizhny Novgorod berths to the mills. The mill alone grinds over 12,000 poods of grain every day. The enterprise of Matvey Emelyanovich was located near the Romodanovsky station, Yakov Emelyanovich - in Kunavin.

The Bashkirovs knew a lot about their work. No wonder Yakov Yemelyanovich declared that his family came from the barge haulers. And yet Yakov Yemelyanovich boasted that the cunning character of Gorky's novel "Foma Gordeev" Mayakin was exactly like himself:

- Mayakin? It's me! It has been written off from me, so look how smart I am.

Yakov Yemelyanovich behaved independently, proudly, did not grovel before the dignitaries, but was withdrawn and overly arrogant. And yet, despite human weaknesses, the Bashkirovs were strong, real masters. The mills they built are still standing in Nizhny Novgorod. And what other benefits they bring!


Honest business was never done for the sake of profit alone. Intelligence, quickness, risk - and even with boldness, and even with enthusiasm - were approved on the Volga. There was only no praise for the one who dodged too much, cheated, stole. It is known that the father of Fyodor Blinov, also like the Bashkirovs, a millionaire miller, gave his son, who was imprisoned for salt fraud, a pair of cast-iron pood galoshes. He had to wear them for half an hour on each anniversary of the court. Like, do not drop the merchant's honor, do not lose your dignity.

Volga entrepreneurs liked to compete most of all in new introductions. Thus, the notorious Alexander Alfonsovich Zeveke was the first to build an American-type steamer with a shallow draft in Nizhny Novgorod. His ship "Amazonka" appeared on the Volga in the navigation of 1882, hitting everyone with its huge wheels astern. And then a whole series of such ships appeared.

Skillful entrepreneur Markel Aleksandrovich Degtyarev was famous on the Volga, the detailed Mikhail Ivanovich Shipov was held in high esteem. The Volga residents knew well the plant of Ustin Savvich Kurbatov, where the ships were assembled, and his company, which operated tug-passenger steamers with a distinctive sign - a white stripe on the pipes.

MOROZOV Savva Timofeevich

It is impossible to separate from the Nizhny Novgorod merchants such a brilliant figure as Savva Timofeevich Morozov, who headed the fair committee for several years and, on behalf of the commercial and industrial class of Russia, presented bread and salt to the emperor in 1896. The business impact of the European educated, intelligent and energetic chairman of the committee has been enormous.

One typical case has sunk into the memory of the citizens of Nizhny Novgorod. Finance Minister Witte denied the fair committee a motion to extend the terms of the state bank's loans. The only entrepreneur who was not embarrassed by the refusal was the chairman of the committee himself. In the statement of M. Gorky, who was present at the meeting of the committee, Morozov's speech boiled down to the following:

- We care a lot about bread, but little about iron, and now the state must be built on iron beams ... Our straw kingdom is not survivable ... When officials talk about the state of the factory business, about the situation of workers, you all know what it is - "Position in the coffin ..."

He suggested sending a harsh telegram to the minister. The next day the answer was received: Witte agreed with the arguments of the committee and granted the petition.

Having gained a reputation as a businessman, Savva Timofeevich entered another world - the world of art. He loved theater, painting, read whole chapters from Eugene Onegin by heart, admiring the genius of Pushkin, knew the work of Balmont and Bryusov well. Morozov was haunted by the idea of ​​Europeanization of Russia, which, in his opinion, could be realized only through a revolution. At the same time, he never doubted the talent of his people, financially supported bright talents. The example of the patronage of such major authorities in the business world as Savva Timofeevich Morozov and Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, who created all the conditions for the flourishing of Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin's talent, attracted many of the younger generation of entrepreneurs. This responded not only to new trends, but also to the age-old folk wisdom about the superiority of spiritual wealth over material wealth: "The soul is the measure of everything."

SIROTKIN Dmitry Vasilievich

In the context of a rethinking of traditions, at a turning point in the rapid development of capitalism, it was not easy to form such a large-scale and popular figure of the new formation among Nizhny Novgorod residents, which we now see as a millionaire Dmitry Vasilyevich Sirotkin. This personality was original, and the whimsical fate of Sirotkin developed in a peculiar way.

... The Great Patriotic War was approaching the end. The battles were already fought outside the borders of our Motherland. In the fall of 1944, the troops of Marshal Tolbukhin reached the Danube, intending to liberate Belgrade. But first it was necessary to cross the Danube. The wide river was depressing with its desolation - nowhere was there a boat. And the crossing was required urgently. The regimental commanders puzzled over this task.

In the early morning, the sentries made out a boat through the foggy veil on the river. She glided noiselessly to the shore, overgrown with dense bushes. Fearing to break the silence, the soldiers called out to the boatman only at the moment when he left the boat and began to make his way through the thicket. He was a sturdy, stout old man with a wide, clean forehead and a short white beard. He looked imposing, his gestures were decisive and imperious.

“Take me to the commander,” he said in Russian and looked with such a firm, confident look that the seasoned soldiers did not dare to disobey.

He was brought to the command post. Without wasting time, he suggested to the general:

“I know you need a crossing. I have my own flotilla on the Danube: boats, tugs, barges. All this is not far from here, in a secluded place. You can use it.

- Who are you? - the general was amazed, unable to believe the unexpected help.

- Local entrepreneur. And in the past - the last mayor of Nizhny Novgorod Dmitry Sirotkin.

Such is the amazing story. And the story was told by soldiers returning from the front. Sounds like a legend. But legends are never born out of nowhere.

And therefore there is a reason to turn to the memoirs of one of the Volga residents - Ivan Aleksandrovich Shubin, who met with Sirotkin at the beginning of the century.

“I saw Sirotkin without knowing him at all. At his invitation, I came to the office ... He was of average height, much shorter than me. The inner strength attracted attention. He was in impetuous restraint, and if he lost his temper, then with some impetuosity he would allow himself a few harsh words and only quickly recover himself again. There was not so much severity in him as efficiency. His eyes were gray, lively. Hands are confident, small, light, fast gait. He was very fond of music, attended concerts. I arranged many concerts myself and did a lot for the public, which could pay. At the Lower Bazaar, he organized literary and musical meetings for the poor. The repertoire was chosen by himself, the artistic one was the artist Yakovleva, and the dramatic one was Volkov and Kapralov. They gathered every holiday, and I personally had to visit, they always listened with great attention and interest. They read our classics, poems, and the music was mainly Russian composers ... "

Probably, it is already possible to form a general idea of ​​the personality, whose spiritual interests are quite consistent with the act performed by Sirotkin at the end of his life.

He came from an Old Believer family. His father Vasily Ivanovich was a peasant in the village of Ostapovo in the Purekhovskaya volost of the Balakhninsky district - this is next to the former patrimony of the unforgettable prince Pozharsky.

Vasily Ivanovich traded in wood chips, transported it down the Volga to Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan on ordered bindings, and sold it in bulk. Business went briskly. In a few years, a resourceful peasant became rich and became the owner of the tug "Volia". After graduating from elementary school at Volya, the junior Orphanage worked from a young age as a cook, sailor, water-carrier, and helmsman. The time comes when Dmitry Vasilyevich himself takes the helm of his steamer, also called "Will". This ship was already more powerful than his father's, with an iron hull and a steam engine designed by the mechanic Kalashnikov, famous throughout the Volga. It must be said that the design of the Volya machine was soon awarded a prize at the All-Russian Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. The ambitious Sirotkin achieved his first great success - his ship was recognized as one of the best on the river.

Perseverance, intense self-education, passion for engineering design, a desire to improve every business - all this made Sirotkin stand out among entrepreneurs. Taking on the transportation of oil along the Volga, he created his own type of ships: according to Sirotkin's drawings, the oil-loading metal barge "Marfa Posadnitsa" was built in 1907. The Nobel partnership, competing with Sirotkin's firm, urgently set about building ships of this type.

Sirotkin was recognized as the leader among shipowners. He was elected chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod branch of the Imperial Shipping Society, head of the coordination committee of all Volga region exchanges, chairman of the permanent council of congresses of shipowners in the Volga basin.


Knowing how to work with full dedication, he naturally could not stand any laxity, disorder, or dishonesty. Out of spite, someone wrote a biting ditty about him:

Like on the Volga, on the river

Mithrius has everything in his hand.

With his left hand he will lure

The right one pulls a lot of veins.

Was it really so? The same Shubin recalls Sirotkin: “He knew how to select people and work with them. But, without interfering with work, Sirotkin, unlike Bugrov, did not rely on personal charity, but attracted the public, arranged city trusteeships for the poor ... He called people not by “you”, but by “you”. He had libraries on the barges ... Sirotkin organized insurance for workers against sad cases, and many of the merchants reacted negatively to this. In addition, he did the following thing: he appointed a representative of the workers to the council of merchants' congresses. "

In the spring of 1910, the Volga Commercial, Industrial and Shipping Company was created in Nizhny Novgorod. The managing director was the merchant of the 1st guild of commerce, advisor Sirotkin, in whose hands enormous funds were concentrated at that time. The share capital of Volga was increased to 10 million rubles. And the ships of the society appeared on the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei and Danube. An active entrepreneur is building a large shipbuilding plant near the village of Bor. This plant is still operating under the name "Teplokhod".

1913 year. Nizhny Novgorod residents held elections for a new mayor. Of several candidates, Sirotkin was preferred.

“I promise to serve the city not for honor, but for conscience,” said Dmitry Vasilyevich when taking office. He asked to transfer his salary to the city budget. And he shared his plans: to build a permanent bridge across the Oka, to improve the outskirts, to start work on electrification.

But these plans were not destined to come true. A long war with Germany began. And it was not at all peaceful concerns that burdened the mayor. However, he can be credited with the fact that under him the concession tram was bought out by the administration, the Peasant Land Bank was built, and the transition to universal primary education was carried out.


There are many good deeds on the account of Sirotkin, a personality, undoubtedly, exceptional. But Sirotkin was dissatisfied with the bureaucracy, which he prevented from doing arbitrariness in the distribution of military orders, observing the interests of entrepreneurs.

The head of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial gendarme administration, Colonel Mazurin, reported on October 9, 1915 to the director of the police department that the mayor Sirotkin "was known only as a good and clever businessman, who did not forget his personal" I "and made up a pretty solid fortune out of nothing." Already from this phrase it is clear that the gendarme, to put it mildly, is cheating.

Dmitry Vasilievich recognized the beneficial nature of the February Revolution, began to wear a red bow on his coat and headed the city executive committee of the Provisional Government. Like many active people, it seemed to him that Russia, having freed itself from the fetters of autocracy, would move even faster along the path of progress. However, optimism soon gave way to anxiety. The time has come for turmoil and chaos. And, no longer hoping for the best, foreseeing inevitable cataclysms, Sirotkin decides to go abroad, since he had his own steamers on the Danube.

He left Nizhny, leaving a good memory of himself. His beautiful mansion on the Volga Slope, created by the talented architects Vesnin brothers in 1916, now houses an art museum. In addition, the city owes Sirotkin unique collections of porcelain, shawls and scarves, Russian folk costumes, and gold embroidery. In emigration, he had to learn that the works of art left by him in his homeland are carefully preserved, becoming the property of Nizhny Novgorod residents, and this made him happy. He lived a long life, passing away in the early fifties. They say that after the war he wanted to return to Russia, but did not receive permission.

It is difficult to imagine what a seedy city Nizhny would look like, no matter how meager its history was for events, if the merchants did not participate in its formation. Yes, except about one Lower speech!

One cannot but agree with the deep thought of Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin that "in the half-century preceding the revolution, the Russian merchants played a leading role in the everyday life of the entire country." And Shalyapin should not know this when his talent reached unprecedented greatness thanks to merchants' patronage. Reflecting on a domestic merchant who started a business by peddling with a simple home-made comrade, Fyodor Ivanovich says about him: “... He eats offal in a cheap tavern, drinks tea with black bread bit by bit. Freezes, grows cold, but always cheerful, does not grumble and hopes for the future. He is not embarrassed by what kind of commodity he has to trade, trading different. Today with icons, tomorrow with stockings, the day after tomorrow with amber, or even with little books. Thus, he is made an "economist". And there, lo and behold, he already has a shop or a small factory. And then, come on, he is already a 1st guild merchant. Wait - his eldest son is the first to buy Gauguin, the first to buy a Picasso, the first to take Matisse to Moscow. And we, the enlightened ones, look with nasty open mouths at all the Matisses, Manet and Renoirs that we still do not understand and say nasally and critically: “Tyrant ...” Meanwhile, tyrants have quietly accumulated wonderful treasures of art, created galleries, museums, first-class theaters, set up hospitals and orphanages ... "And here's another thing the merchants credited with the world-famous singer: they" conquered poverty and obscurity, the riotous discord of bureaucratic uniforms and the inflated arrogance of cheap, lisping and lurting aristocracy. "

Whatever hindrances arose, the Nizhny Novgorod merchants remembered the old Testament commandment - to please the fatherland - and believed that the cost of good deeds in the end would pay off a hundredfold. And it was not mistaken: the good names of respectable entrepreneurs have been resurrected in the memory and they are pronounced along with the names of well-known public figures and scientists, architects and artists.