Opera creativity of Russian composers of the 19th century. Birth of a Russian opera

22.11.2020

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Probably, every amateur of Russian music asked as a question: when the first Russian opera sounded, and who were her authors? The answer to this question has never been a secret. The first Russian opera "Cefal and Princis" wrote the Italian composer Francesco Araya to the poems of the Russian poet of the XVIII century - Alexander Petrovich Susharov, and her premiere took place exactly 263 years ago, February 27, 1755.

Sumarokov Alexander Petrovich (1717-1777), Russian writer, one of the prominent representatives of classicism. In the tragedies "Heores" (1747), "Saving and Trour" (1750) put the problems of civil debt. Comedy, Basni, lyrical songs.

It was on this day that St. Petersburg music lovers saw and heard the first stage of opera into Russian text.

Poet Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov prepared a libretto, taking as the basis of the history of love of two heroes from Ovidiyem "Metamorphosis" - Kefala and his wife pruriting. The plot was popular in European art - wrote paintings on him (Correzo), plays and operas (Chiabiara, Ardi, Calderon, and then Gretri, Rehard, etc.). The new opera was called "Cefal and Prokris" (so then the names of the main characters were uttered). In the interpretation of Sumaros, the ancient myth did not change in essence: Tsarevich Cefal, engaged with the Athenian Princis, rejects the love of Goddess Aurora - he is faithful to the spouse, the threats and tests are not afraid of threats; But one day on the hunt, he accidentally pierces the arrow of the Unfortunate Princreece. The choir concludes a performance with the words: "When love is useful, she is premited, but Kohl Love is tear, which is given to the sorrow" ...

Talented librettist ensured the success of the formulation. But no less contributed to this perfectly prepared theater actors and singers.

Araia (Araia, Araja) Francesco (1709-ok. 1770), Italian composer. In 1735-1762 (with interruptions) headed the Italian troupe in St. Petersburg. Operas "The Power of Love and Hate" (1736), "Cefal and Princree" (1755; The first opera on Russian libretto - A. P. Sumarov; executed by Russian artists) and others.

Two years earlier, after one of the concerts, Schlyanin recorded in the memoirs: "Among the speakers there was one young singer from Ukraine, named Gavril, who posted a graceful manner of singing and the most famous Italian opera arias with artistic cadans and exquisite decorations. Subsequently, he performed at the courtyard concerts and also enjoyed enormous success. " The author of the notes often called some Russian singers only by name. In this case, he meant the wonderful soloist Gavril Martzinkovich, who performed in Opere Susharov, the party of Cefala.

The listener accustomed to the sophisticated Italian style was pleasantly surprised, firstly, the fact that the Russian actors did not study all the arias, which were not learned anywhere in other plants, secondly, that the eldest - "from the family no more than 14 years," And finally, thirdly, they sang in Russian.

Giuseppe Valeriani. Sketch of the decorations of the opera "Cefal and Princis" (1755)

Princrais - the role of tragic - performed by the charming young soloist Elizabeth Belogradskaya. Schlyanin calls it also a "virtuoso clause". Elizabeth belonged to the musical and artistic dynasty known already at the time. Her relative - Timofey Belogradsky - was famous for an outstanding butterist and a singer who performed "with the art of the Great Master of the most famous solo and concerts." Known, thanks to the same Schedule, the names of the remaining actors: Nikolai Klutar'ev, Stepan Rashevsky and Stepan Evstafyev. "These young opera artists have struck listeners and experts with their exact phrase, the net performance of difficult and long-term aria, artistic transmission of cadentsies, their declamination and natural facial expressions." "Cefla and Princree" took with delight. After all, the opera was clear and without a program. And although the music did not "glue" with the text, because the author of her - Francesco Araya - did not know a word in Russian and all the libretto was transferred to him thoroughly, the production showed and proved the possibility of the existence of the domestic opera theater. And not only because the Russian language, according to Schedule, "As you know, in its tenderness and painfulness and calautes, the closer to all other European languages \u200b\u200bis suitable for Italian and, therefore, in singing has great advantages," but also because the musical theater Russia could be based on the richest choral culture, which was an integral entity of the life of the Russian people.

The first step was passed. Before the birth of the real Russian musical opera house, only two decades remained ...

Empress Elizabeth Petrovna "appreciated" successful action. Schlyanin Pedantically recorded that she "complained to all young artists a wonderful cloth on costumes, and Araya dearly sable a fur coat and a hundred semi-impellers with gold (500 rubles)."

7 Russian operas with world name

Russian artist and writer Konstantin Korovin.
Boris Godunov. Coronation. 1934. Sketch of the scenery to opera M.P. MUSORURG "Boris Godunov"

Observing as imitation by Western samples, the Russian opera introduced the most valuable contribution to the treasury of the whole world culture. Appearing in the era of the classic heyday of the French, German and Italian opera, the Russian opera in the 19th century not only caught up with classic national opera schools, but also ahead of them. Interestingly, Russian composers traditionally chose for their works plots of a purely nature.

"Life for the king" Glinka

Opera "Life for the king" or "Ivan Susanin" talks about the events of 1612 - the Polish campaign of the gentry to Moscow. The author of Libretto became Baron Egor Rosen, however, in Soviet times on ideological reasons, the editorial office of Libretto was assigned to Sergey Gorodetsky. The premiere of the opera took place in the Bolshoi Theater of St. Petersburg in 1836. For a long time, Susanin's party performed Fyodor Shalyapin. After the revolution "Life for the king" left the Soviet scene. There were attempts to adapt the plot to the demand of the new time: so Susanina was taken to Komsomol, and the final lines sounded like "nice, sing, Soviet system." Thanks to Gorodetsky, when setting the opera in the Bolshoi Theater in 1939, Soviet Stroy was replaced by the "Russian people." Since 1945, the Big Theater has traditionally reveals the season with various productions of Ivan Susanin Glinka. The most large-scale layout of the opera abroad was implemented, perhaps in the Milan "La Scala".

"Boris Godunov" garbage

Opera in which the king and the people were chosen as two actors, Mussorgsky was launched in October 1868. To write a libretto, the composer used the text of the Pushkin's tragedy of the same name and the materials of the Karamzinskaya "Russian State History". The top of the opera was the time of the reign of Boris Godunov in front of the "troubled time." Mussorgsky finished the first edition of the Opera Boris Godunov in 1869, which was represented by theatrical Committee of the Directorate of Imperial Theaters. However, the reviewers rejected the opera, refusing in the formulation due to the lack of a bright female role. Mussorgsky introduced in the Opera "Polish" Act of the Loveline of Marina Mnishek and Falsitria. They also added a monumental scene of a popular uprising, which made the final pain spectacular. Despite all the adjustments, the opera was rejected again. She managed to put only 2 years later in 1874 on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater. Abroad, the premiere of the opera took place in the Bolshoi Theater in the Paris Grand Opera 19 May 1908.

"Peak Lady" Tchaikovsky

The opera was completed by Tchaikovsky early spring in 1890 in Florence, and the first statement happened in December of the same year in the Mariinsky Theater of St. Petersburg. The opera was written by the composer on the order of the Imperial Theater, and for the first time the Tchaikovsky refused to take the order, arguing his refusal to the absence in the plot of "proper substion." Interestingly, in the story of Pushkin, the main character is the name Hermann (with two "n" at the end), and in the opera, a person named Herman becomes the main acting person, but the intentional copyright. In 1892, the opera was first delivered outside Russia in Prague. Next - the first stage in New York in 1910 and the premiere in London in 1915.

"Prince Igor" Borodina

The basis for the libretto was the monument of the ancient Russian literature "Word about the regiment of Igor". The idea of \u200b\u200bthe plot was prompted by Borodin Criton Vladimir Stasov at one of the music evenings at Shostakovich. Opera was created for 18 years, but never was completed by the composer. After the death of Borodin, the work on the work was completed with glazing and Roman korsakov. It is believed that glazing was able to restore the once he heard the superdust of the opera in the author's execution, however, the glazing himself was refuted. Despite the fact that the glazing and Roman Korsakov did most of the work, they insisted that "Prince Igor" is a completely opera Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin. " The premiere of the opera was held at the Mariinsky Theater of St. Petersburg in 1890, after 9 years she saw a foreign viewer in Prague.

Golden Cockerel Roman Corsakov

The Opera "Golden Cockerel" was written in 1908 in the Pushkin fairy tale of the same name. This opera became the last work of Roman Corsakov. Imperial theaters refused to formulate the opera. But as soon as the viewer first saw it in 1909 in the Moscow Opera House of Sergei Zimin, Opera was put in the Bolshoi Theater in the Bolshoi Theater, and then she began her triumphal march worldwide: London, Paris, New York, Berlin, Wroclaw.

"Lady McBet Mtsensky County" Shestakovich

Opera on the motives of the same name Leskova was completed in December 1930, first put in the Leningrad Mikhailovsky Theater in January 1934. In 1935, the opera was shown to the audience Cleveland, Philadelphia, Zurich, Buenos Aires, New York, London, Prague, Stockholm. In the second half of the 30s until the 50s, the opera was prohibited in Russia, and Shestakovich himself was convicted by the leadership of the Communist Party. The work was characterized as "Supbar instead of the music", "intentionally made by the collar-overall" and served as a push for the etching of the composer. The productions in Russia were resumed only in 1962, but the audience saw Opera called "Katerina Izmailov".

"Stone Guest" Dargomyzhsky

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe opera arose from Alexander Dargomyzhsky in 1863. However, the composer doubted her success and examined the work as creative "intelligence", "fun on the" Don Juan "Pushkin." He wrote music to the Pushkin text of the "Stone Guest", without changing any word in it. However, the problems with the heart did not allow the composer to complete the work. He died, asking for the will of his friends Cui and Rimsky-Korsakov to complete the work. For the first time, the opera was represented by the viewer in 1872 on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg. The overseas prime minister took place only in 1928 in Salzburg. This opera has become one of the "fundamental stones", without its knowledge it is impossible to understand not only Russian classical music, but also the total culture of our country.

Opera(italian.opera.- business, work, work; lat.opera.- Proceedings, products, works, MN.C. from Opus) - genre of musical and dramatic art, in which the content is embodied by means of musical drama, mainly through vocal music . Literary Opera Box - libretto. The word "Oga" translated from Italian literally means work, an essay. This musical genre is merged into a single whole poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.

The composer writes the opera to the plot borrowed from the literature, for example " Ruslan and Ludmila», « Eugene Onegin" The verbal text of the opera is called libretto.

Almost every opera begins overtool- Symphonic entry, which in general, introduces a listener with the content of all action.

History of genre

Opera appeared in Italy, in mysteries, that is, spiritual ideas in which episodically entered music stood on a low stage. Spiritual comedy: "Handling St. Paul "( 1480 ),BeveragesRepresents more serious work in which the music accompanied the action from the beginning to the end. In the middle XVI centurygreat popularity used pastoralyor the shepherd games in which the music was limited to the choir, in the nature of the mott or madrigala. In "AMFIPARNASSO", Orazio Vecchychoral singing behind the scene, in the form of five-headed Madrigala, served to accompany the actor games on stage. This "ComMedia Armonica" was given for the first time at the Modenian yard in 1597..

Jacopo Per.

In the end XVI centuryattempts to introduce alone singing into such works ( mondia) Take the Opera to the way on which its development quickly went ahead. The authors of these attempts called their musical and dramatic works. drama in Musica.or drama Per Musica.; The name "Opera" was applied to them in the first half XVII century. Later some opera composers, for example Richard Wagner, they returned to the name "Music Drama".

The first opera house for public ideas was opened in 1637in Venice; Earlier, the opera served only for court entertainment. The first large opera can be considered "Eurydich" Jacopo Per.performed by 1597 . In Venice since the opening of public spectacles for 65 years, 7 theaters appeared; For them, it is written in different composers (number up to 40) 357 operas. Pioneers operas were: in Germany - Heinrich Sheutz("Daphne", 1627 ), in France - Camber("La Pastorale", 1647), in England - Pöresll; In Spain, the first operas appeared at the beginning XVIIIcentury; In Russia, Araya was the first to write Opera ("Kefal and Princrida") to an independent Russian text (1755). The first Russian Opera, written in Russians - "Tanya, or a Happy Meeting", Music F. G. Volkov (1756).

IN 1868.armenian composer Tigran Chuhajyancreates a opera " Arshak II.»- First opera in musical history East.

The sources of the opera can also be considered an antique tragedy. As an independent genre opera arose in Italy at the turn of the 16-17 centuries in a circle of musicians, philosophers, poets in Florence. Circled art lovers "Camert". Participants "Camera" dreamed of reviving ancient Greek tragedy, combine drama, music and dance in one play. The first similar performance was given in Florence in 1600 and talked about the ORFEE and the heredge. There is a version that the first musical performance with singing was delivered in 1594 to the plot of the ancient Greek myth about the struggle of the God of Apollo with the snake Pyfon. Gradually, opera schools in Rome began to appear in Italy, in Venice, Naples. Then the opera rapidly spread throughout Europe. At the end of the 17th and early 18th century, the main varieties of the opera are formed: opera - Seria (big serious opera) and opera - Buffa (comic opera).

Opera in Russia

Opera in Russia appeared at the end of the 18th century, when the Russian theater was opened in St. Petersburg. First, only foreign operas went. The first Russian operas were comic. One of the creators is the Fomin. In 1836, the premiere of Glinka Opera "Life for the king" was held in St. Petersburg. Opera in Russia acquired perfect form, its features were determined: the bright musical characteristics of the main characters, the lack of conversational dialogues. In the 19th century, all the best Russian composers are addressed to the opera.

Observing as imitation by Western samples, the Russian opera introduced the most valuable contribution to the treasury of the whole world culture.

Appearing in the era of the classic heyday of the French, German and Italian opera, the Russian opera in the 19th century not only caught up with classic national opera schools, but also ahead of them. Interestingly, Russian composers traditionally chose for their works plots of a purely nature.

"Life for the king" Glinka

"Boris Godunov" garbage

"Peak Lady" Tchaikovsky

"Prince Igor" Borodina

Golden Cockerel Roman Corsakov

"Lady McBet Mtsensky County" Shostakovich

The Russian composer school, the successor of the traditions of which was the Soviet and today's Russian school, began in the 19th century with composers who united European music with Russian folk melodies, tied the European form and the Russian spirit.

About each of these famous people can be told a lot, everyone is not simple, and sometimes tragic destinies, but in this review we tried to give only a brief description of the life and creativity of composers.

1. Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka

(1804-1857)

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka during the work of the Opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila". 1887, artist Ilya Efimovich Repin

"To create beauty, you need to be a clean soul."

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka is the founder of Russian classical music and the first domestic composer-classic who have reached world glory. His work, relying on the centuries-old traditions of Russian folk music, were a new word in the musical art of our country.

Born in Smolensk province, received education in St. Petersburg. The formation of the worldview and the basic idea of \u200b\u200bCreativity Mikhail Glinka contributed direct communication with such personalities as A.S. Pushkin, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S.Griboyedov, A.A.Delvig. The creative impulse of his works added a long-term trip over Europe in the early 1830s and meetings with leading time composers - V. Bellini, Donzetti, F. Metherson and later with Gllyosa, J. Mareer.

Success came to M.I. Glinka in 1836, after the opera "Ivan Susanin" ("Life for the Tsar"), which was enthusiasticly met by everyone, for the first time in world music, Russian choral art and European symphonic and opera practice were organically connected, and A hero, similar to Susanin, also appeared, the image of which summarizes the best features of a national character.

V.F. Odoevsky described the opera "New Element in Art, and begins in his history a new period - the period of Russian music."

The second opera is the epic "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1842), the work on which was carried out against the background of the death of Pushkin and in the difficult life of the composer, by virtue of the deep innovative essence of the work, was ambiguously met by the audience and the authorities, and brought M.I. Gling heavy Experience. After that, he traveled a lot, alternately living in Russia and abroad, not stopping composing. In his heritage there were romances, symphonic and chamber work. In the 1990s, the Patriotic Song of Mikhail Glinka was the official anthem of the Russian Federation.

Quote about M.I. Glinka:"The whole Russian symphony school, just as the entire oak in the gland, is enclosed in the symphony fantasy" Kamarinskaya ". P.I. Tchaikovsky

Interesting fact: Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka was not distinguished by strong health, despite it was very lung on the rise and knew perfectly perfectly, perhaps if he did not become a composer, he became a traveler. He knew six foreign languages, including Persian.

2. Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin

(1833-1887)

Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin, one of the leading Russian composers of the second half of the 19th century, except for the composer talent was a chemical scientist, a doctor, a teacher, criticism and possessed literary giving.

Born in St. Petersburg, since childhood everyone surrounding his unusual activity, fresting and abilities in various directions, primarily in music and chemistry.

A.P. Corodin is a Russian composer-nugget, he did not have professional music teachers, all his achievements in music through independent work on mastering the composition of the composition.

On the formation of A.P. Borodina influenced the creativity of M.I. Glinka (as well as on all Russian composers of the 19th century), and Impulse to the dense occupation in the early 1860s gave two events - first, acquaintance and marriage with a talented pianist E.S.protopopopova, secondly, a meeting With M.A. Balakiev and joining the creative Commonwealth of Russian composers, known as the "mighty hand".

In the late 1870s and in the 1880s, A.P. Borodin travels a lot and tours in Europe and America, meets with advanced composers of his time, his fame is growing, it has become one of the most famous and popular Russian composers in Europe of the late 19- th century.

The central place in the works of A.P. Borodina occupies the opera "Prince Igor" (1869-1890), which is a model of the national heroic epic in the music and which he himself did not have time to finish (His friends A.A. Lelzunov and N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). In the "Prince of Igor", against the background of the majestic paintings of historical events, there was a reflection of the main thought of the composer's creativity - the courage, calm greatness, the spiritual nobility of the best Russian people and the mighty power of the entire Russian people, manifested when protecting the Motherland.

Despite the fact that A.P. Borodin left a relatively small number of works, his work is very diverse and it is considered one of the fathers of Russian symphonic music, which influenced many generations of Russian and foreign composers.

Quote about A.P.Borodina:"The talent of Borodin is equally mighty and amazing both in symphony and in the opera and in the romance. The main qualities of it is the Giant strength and width, colossal scope, swiftness and gusty, connected with amazing passion, tenderness and beauty. " V.V.Stovov

Interesting fact: The name of Borodina is called a chemical reaction of silver salts of carboxylic acids with halogens, which results in halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, which he first studied in 1861.

3. Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky

(1839-1881)

"The sounds of human speech, as the outdoor manifestations of thoughts and feelings, should without tendering and rapidly become music of truthful, accurate, but artistic, highly artistic."

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky is one of the most brilliant Russian composers of the 19th century, a member of the "mighty bunch". The innovative creativity of Mussorgsky is far ahead of his time.

Born in the Pskov province. As many talented people, since childhood, showed abilities in music, studied in St. Petersburg, was, for family tradition, military. A decisive event that was determined that Mussorgsky was not born for military service, but for music, he became a meeting with M.A. Balakiev and joining the "mighty bunch".

Mussorgsky is great because in his grand works - Operators "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina" captured in music the dramatic milestones of Russian history with a radical novelty, which Russian music did not know before him, showing the combination of mass folk scenes and a variety of wealth of types, The unique character of Russian people. These operas, in numerous editors, both the author and other composers, are among the most popular Russian operas in the world.

Another outstanding work of Mussorgsky is the cycle of piano plays "pictures from the exhibition", colorful and inventive miniatures are permeated by the Russian theme-refrain and Orthodox faith.

In the life of Mussorgsky, everything was both greatness and tragedy, but he always was distinguished by genuine spiritual purity and unconscious.

Its recent years were heavy - vital vitality, non-recognition of creativity, loneliness, addiction to alcohol, all this determined his early death in 42 years, he left a relatively few writings, some of which were completed by other composers.

Specific melody and innovative harmony of Mussorgsky anticipated some features of the 20th century musical development and played an important role in the formation of styles of many world composers.

Quote About M.P.Morusorgsky:"Ordinary Russian sounds in everything that Mussorgsky" N. K. Roerich

Interesting fact: At the end of the life of Mussorgsky, under the pressure of "Friends" of Stasov and Rimsky-Korsakov, refused the copyright to their works and presented them with Tristi Filippov.

4. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

(1840-1893)

"I am an artist who can and must bring the honor of his homeland. I feel great artistic power, I have not yet done the tenth more thing that I can do. And I want to do all my soul. "

Petr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, perhaps the greatest Russian composer of the 19th century, raised Russian musical art for an unprecedented height. It is one of the most important composers of world classical music.

The native of the Vyatka province, although the roots on the father's line in Ukraine, Tchaikovsky has shown musical abilities since childhood, but the first education and work was in the field of legal entity.

Tchaikovsky is one of the first Russian composers- "professionals" - he studied the theory and composition in the new St. Petersburg Conservatory.

Tchaikovsky was considered the "western" composer, in opposition to People's Frames "mighty bugs", with which he had good creative and friendly relations, but his work was no less permeated by the Russian spirit, he managed to uniquely connect the Western Symphony Heritage of Mozart, Beethoven and Shuman with Russian Traditions inherited from Mikhail Glinka.

The composer led an active life was a teacher, conductor, criticism, by a public figure, worked in two capitals, toured in Europe and America.

Tchaikovsky was a man emotionally unstable, enthusiasm, despondency, apathy, quick-tempered, violent anger - all these sentiments changed in it quite often, being a very sociable person, he always sought to solitude.

To allocate something better of Tchaikovsky's creativity - a difficult task, he has several isometric works in almost all music genres - opera, ballet, symphony, chamber music. And the content of Tchaikovsky's music is universally: with inimitable melodies, it covers images of life and death, love, nature, childhood, the works of Russian and world literature are revealed in a new way, reflected deep processes of spiritual life.

Composer quote:"Life is only then charm, when consists of alternating joys and grief, from the struggle of good with evil, from light and shadow, in a word - from a variety in unity."

"Big talent requires great hard work."

Quote about the composer: "I am ready for a day and night to stand the honorable guard at the porch of the house where Peter Ilyich lives, - to such an extent I respect him" A.P.chekhov

Interesting fact: Cambridge University in absentia and without the protection of the dissertation honored the Tchaikovsky title of Doctor of Music, as well as the Paris Academy of Fine Arts chose him by a correspondent member.

5. Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov

(1844-1908)

N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A.K.Lazhovov with their students M.M. Chernov and V.A. Senilov. Photo 1906

Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov is a talented Russian composer, one of the most important figures in creating an invaluable domestic musical heritage. His peculiar world and the worship of the eternal comprehensive beauty of the universe, admiration for the miracle of being, unity with nature have no analogues in the history of music.

Born in the Novgorod province, in the family tradition became a maritime officer, a lot of European countries and two Americas went on a warship. Music education first received from the mother, then taking private lessons from Pianist F. Kanill. And again thanks to M.A. Balakirev, the organizer of the "mighty bunch", which introduced Roman Corsakov to the musical community and influenced his work, the world did not lose the talented composer.

The central place in the legacy of the Roman Corsakov is operas - 15 works that demonstrate the diversity of genre, stylistic, dramaturgical, composite solutions of the composer, nevertheless having a special handwriting - with all wealth of the orchestral component, the mains are melodic vocal lines.

Two main directions are distinguished by the creativity of the composer: the first is the Russian history, the second is the world of fairy tales and epic, for which he got the nickname "Fabank".

In addition to the direct self-creative activity, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov is known as a publicist, the compiler of the collections of folk songs, to which he showed great interest, as well as the end of his friends - Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky and Borodin. Roman Korsakov was the creator of a composer school, as a teacher and head of the St. Petersburg Conservatory, he released about two hundred composers, conduits, musicologists, among them Prokofiev and Stravinsky.

Quote about the composer:"Roman Korsakov was a very Russian man and a very Russian composer. I believe that this is his original Russian essence, his deep folk-Russian basis today should be especially valued. " Mstislav Rostropovich

Fact about composer: The first lesson of counterpoint Nikolai Andreevich began like this:

- Now I will talk a lot, and you will listen very carefully. Then I will speak less, and you will listen and think, and finally, I will not talk at all, and you will think of your head and work yourself, because my task as a teacher - to become you unnecessary ...