What is the difference between a theater and a holiday story? Origins of Ancient Greek Drama and Theater

08.04.2019

In love with life Creativity of the war years

Notes about Leo Kvitko Poetry without comments

Games online - for kids - spot the difference

The first European theatrical performances appeared in the 6th century BC. from religious festivals dedicated to the god of wine and fertility Dionysus. The actors used masks to show the emotions of the characters, as well as to make it clear to the audience of what gender and age the character entered the stage. The millennial tradition that forbade women to play on stage originated precisely in the ancient Greek theater.

The first actor is considered the Greek Thesipus, who won a poetry competition in honor of Dionysus.

In the 3rd century BC. the Romans, inspired by Greek theater, created their own versions of ancient Greek plays and began to stage them on impromptu stages. Slaves acted as actors in such performances. Women were only allowed to play minor roles... As Roman theaters had to compete for the attention of audiences accustomed to gladiatorial combat, public executions and chariot races, plays increasingly featured violent scenes and crude humor. With the spread of Christianity, such notions came to an end.

The emergence of the theater of the Middle Ages

Although in medieval Europe theatrical performances were considered sinful, theatrical traditions developed. Minstrels invented and performed ballads, puppeteers, acrobats and storytellers performed at fairs. During Easter service priests played mysteries - theatrical stories that allow illiterate people to understand the meaning of what is happening.

Later, the mysteries began to be played during other religious holidays, presenting various biblical stories.

Renaissance theater

During the Renaissance (XIV-XVII centuries), interest arose in the revival of the classical Greek and Roman theater. At the junction of the traditions of ancient and medieval theater, secular theatrical performances arose, the Comedy del Arte appeared - an impromptu show created by several masked actors. In these plays, for the first time since Roman times, women were allowed to return to the stage.

In 1576, the first theater building was built in London, before that all plays were played in hotels, on the fairgrounds or in the middle of halls in castles and noble houses. Queen Elizabeth I of England patronized theatrical art, in the era that bears her name, the first professional playwrights appeared, the most famous of which is the great Shakespeare, actors, the tradition of using props and changing costumes during performances. Finally, the classical theater was formed by mid XVIII century.

Matryoshka dolls are considered a primordially Russian souvenir and therefore are so popular among tourists coming to Russia from different countries... All the more interesting is the fact that these wooden painted figurines of elegant beauties, embedded in each other, have far from Russian roots.

The first Russian nesting doll

The prototype of a cheerful, chubby Russian girl, embodied in classic nesting dolls, was brought to Russia from Japan in early XIX centuries. The souvenir from the land of the sun was wooden, nesting figures of the Japanese sage Fukuruma. They were beautifully painted and stylized in the spirit of the traditions of the ancestor country of the modern matryoshka dolls.

Once in the Moscow Toy Workshop, the Japanese souvenir inspired the local turner Vasily Zvezdochkin and the artist Sergei Malyutin to create such toys. Craftsmen carved and painted similar figures that fit one into the other. The first analogue of a Japanese souvenir was a girl in a headscarf and a sundress, subsequent nesting dolls depicted cute funny children - boys and girls, on the last, eighth matryoshka, a swaddled baby was drawn. Most likely, it got its name in honor of the widespread at that time female name Matryona.

Sergiev Posad nesting dolls

After the closure of the workshop in Moscow, in 1900, craftsmen began to make nesting dolls in Sergiev Posad, in an educational demonstration workshop. This kind folk craft became widespread, not far from the capital there were workshops of the Epiphany, Ivanov, Vasily Zvezdochkin, who moved to Posad from Moscow.

Over time, this souvenir toy gained such popularity that foreigners began to order it from Russian craftsmen: the French, the Germans, etc. Such nesting dolls were not cheap, but there was something to admire! The painting of these wooden toys became colorful, ornate, and varied. The artists portrayed Russian beauties in long sundresses and painted scarves, with bouquets of flowers, baskets and knots. At the beginning of the twentieth century, mass production of nesting dolls for foreign states.

Later, male nesting dolls appeared, for example, depicting shepherdesses with a pipe, mustachioed suitors, bearded old men with hooks, etc. Arranged wooden Toys by the most different principles, but the pattern, as a rule, was necessarily traced - for example, the matryoshka-grooms were paired with the matryoshka-brides and relatives.

Nesting dolls of the Nizhny Novgorod province

Closer to the middle of the 20th century, the matryoshka spread far beyond Sergiev Posad. So, in the Nizhny Novgorod province, craftsmen appeared who made nesting dolls in the form of slender tall girls in bright semi-shirts. And Sergiev Posad craftsmen made these toys in the form of more squat and magnificent young ladies.

Modern nesting dolls

Matryoshka is still considered one of the symbols of Russian culture. Modern nesting dolls are made in the most different genres: in addition to classic drawings, they contain portraits of famous political figures, TV presenters, movie and pop stars.

In Sergiev Posad, in the Toy Museum, there are collections of nesting dolls by various masters of the early and mid-20th century, as well as the first nesting dolls painted famous artist Sergei Malyutin.

Tip 4: The origin of your last name: how to find out the history

Each person values his surname. Each person sooner or later wants to reveal the secret of its origin. We will find out what experts are doing to reveal the secret of the origin of the surname.

The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC. In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. ... Prior to that, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings.
The performances of the past few years resembled what we mean by the performance today. There could be only one actor on the stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to see the actor's facial features from a long distance, and masks easily solved this problem.

Download:

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create yourself an account ( account) Google and log into it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Educator - S.A. Dementyeva MDOU d / s "Fairy Tale" preparatory group

William Shakespeare is an outstanding English poet and playwright. Lived: 1564 - 1616. Great playwright William Shakespeare said: "The whole world is a theater, and the people in it are actors."

The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC

In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. ... Prior to that, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings. The performances of the past few years resembled what we mean by the performance today. There could be only one actor on the stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to see the actor's facial features from a long distance, and masks easily solved this problem.

Theater is a union of all arts, it includes music, architecture, painting, cinema, photography, etc.

There was no theater in Russia until the 17th century. Over the centuries, this cultural niche has been filled with rituals and folk holidays, which included elements of theatrical action, and buffoons, musicians, dancers, puppeteers, bear guides.

Types of theater

The first performance took place on October 17, 1672. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was so delighted that for 10 hours in a row he did not get up while the performance was going on. The boyars stood: in the presence of the sovereign, they were not allowed to sit down. The day before, the monarch received the blessing of his spiritual father, Archpriest Andrei Savinov, who assured that the Byzantine emperors also staged theatrical performances. It took Alexei a long time to convince him to allow the use of music, without which it is impossible to arrange a choir. The king reluctantly agreed. The court theater did not have permanent premises. The authorities did not skimp on the cost of costumes for actors and sets for theatrical performances, but saved on paying Russian actors.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

Portrait of the founder of the first court theater Artamon Sergeevich Matveev. 1801.

In the life of the ancient Greeks, theatrical art was given the first place as a way to have fun. The performances were organized at the state level to pay tribute to the god Dionysus during the holidays.

The structure of the performances

Ancient greek dramatic performances differed from modern ones. They consisted of several performances by rival poets working in a tragic and comic direction. Each participant presented one funny story... When staging, a choir of satyrs and three tragedies, united by a storyline, were necessarily used. The performances ended only on the fourth day. They lasted from morning to late evening. The action began with tragic performances, followed by a satire drama. A comedy was staged at the end of the evening.

Musical accompaniment

The choir was provided by the state, since it was impossible to prepare it independently. Over time quantitative composition speakers changed from 6 to 15 people. And the singers were taught by wealthy citizens. The person preparing the choir for theatrical competitions, who provided it with costumes, was called the choir. Along with actors, singers, horegs were exempted from military service for the time required for preparation and performance.

Scene structure

The ancient Greek theater consisted of several parts, among which the orchestra (a place for performing singers), theatron ( auditorium) and sken (a kind of props necessary to achieve greater believability). In order for the audience to better hear the words of the actors, special vessels were used to help enhance the spoken sounds.

Distinctive features

Ancient Greek performing arts were 90% male. In addition to the uncomplicated performance of their roles, the artists demonstrated vocal abilities, ideal diction, flexibility, plasticity. The faces of the people performing on the stage were covered by masks. Their widespread use is associated with the veneration of Dionysus, the absence of female actresses, and the enormous size of the arena. Masks could be tragic or comic, which exactly conveyed the author's idea to the viewer.

Special clothing for the participants of the performances she helped to portray different characters. Being long, voluminous, it hid the necessary pillows or linings used to change the natural proportions of the body. If the audience was interested in the performance, they expressed positive emotions violently. Disapproval was expressed no less vividly. Often this negative reaction was provoked by people specially hired by competitors.

Ancient roman arena

The origin of the theater in Ancient rome associated with lavish harvest celebrations, which were organized at first as playful competitions of small choirs. The jokes they exchanged were sometimes caustic, containing ridicule of the vices of society, especially the top.

The origin of theatrical art

To early representations of ancient Roman theatrical art include the atellans, which received the name of the city of the south of modern Italy. These were light comedic performances. Many young Romans took part.

Literary drama came to the ancient Roman theater from Greece. Here, similar creations were put on Latin.

The Greek Livy Andronicus ended up on the territory of Rome as a prisoner of war. The Greek was appointed in charge of staging the first dramatic performance. It was this that gave impetus to the further development of the theatrical art. It could not, like in Greece, indicate problems in the life of society, so it became more complicated storylines, the entertainment of the Greek originals increased. Despite this, the Romans found it difficult to perceive traditional dramatic stories.

Gladiatorial spectacles

The performances took place during public holidays. They were accompanied by circus, gladiatorial performances that drew attention to themselves, being popular with the people.

Initially, there was no place for staging plays, there was only a pitiful platform with a staircase. The actors became more professional, played without masks. The spectacles were arranged by agreement of the manager of the ancient Roman theater. In other words, simply troupes of actors, with the ruling circles. Costumes actors were no different from the Greek ones. Only a few accents, such as the height of the platform in the shoe, the size of the wigs that create a majestic impression.

The first permanent Roman theater was built by Pompey. The spectators huddled on semicircular benches arranged in several rows. There were separate seats for senators. Roof, intricately decorated facades and curtain.

The origins of the theatrical art of ancient India

Ancient Indian theatrical art was divided into two directions - folk and literary. There are several versions of the origin, the most popular of which attributes this fact to Emperor Bharat. Through him, the fifth Veda was transmitted to people, which united the Word, Action, Lad. The version of the merger of merry performances with the traditional mystery that existed during major holidays remains more likely.

On this occasion, accompanying competitions of strongmen, programs of magicians, musicians, dancers were organized. The production began with dance numbers. Dancers adorned the performance with pantomimic introductions, Vedic recitation. Gradually, the dance was replaced by the performance of artists.

Social system

Complex social system ancient india placed the actors at the lowest level.

They were considered people of a disrespectful caste, as they ridiculed the gods in their speeches. Despite this circumstance, most of them were the most educated and respectable people.

The performances were staged as dance performances. Sign language, rooted in the special rituals of the clergy, was freely used. Indian dance theater borrowed key features from the ancient mysteries. Therefore, the artists required special plasticity and the ability to use an abundant arsenal of pantomime.

Growth in popularity

By the end of the second half of the first millennium BC. e. Indian theatrical art has gained the highest popularity. Despite the coincidence of the time of performance of the plays with the main religious holidays, their entertainment essence was highlighted, displacing the ritual component.

The acting teams are becoming more professional. Each participant takes on a creative role. The gender composition of the troupes varied - it is known about the existence of same-sex and heterosexual groups. Most of them wandered. When they met, spectacular competitions were organized on the joint territory. In addition to monetary awards, the winners received a number of honors.

The arena of Indian dance was sometimes located in a certain building - a small but relatively high one, capable of accommodating 300 people. The length of the performances varied from two to three hours to a couple of days.

Shadow theaters

Indian shadow theater more often depicted scenes from the legendary and revered myths of the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The audience knew the stories of the characters, so they could independently conjecture the missing elements. The action took place behind a transparent screen big size where the actors and puppets were housed. For greater realism, the dolls were cut into pieces, and then even complex movements could be easily imitated. They were made of cardboard, leather or papier-mâché.

In Indian beliefs, God Shiva was assigned the role of the patron saint of dolls, so plays were staged not far from his temple. According to legend, the Indian shadow theater emerged as a result of the fact that Shiva himself with his wife Parvati once looked into the shop of a master puppeteer who carved figurines from wood.

She was so impressed by the skill of the artisan that soon, at her request, Shiva allowed the toys to be revived so that they could dance on their own. Soon after the departure of the divine couple, this magic ceased to work, however, the master restored a wonderful gift by controlling the characters with the help of threads. This gave rise to Indian theater shadows, interest in which is currently fading due to the development modern technologies.

The beginning of the theatrical life of ancient China

Chinese theater originated in early XII century. Initially, these were spectacles in the squares, timed to religious festivals... The performances were based on circus elements, unusual dances with animal figures, acrobatic performances, and fencing.

Gradually, peculiar roles appear, which were used in each play, acquiring new character traits, details of life. Tsan-jun and tsangu were the most popular. The performers of Chinese theaters are no longer self-taught, but trained at special schools operating at the court of the emperor. Bright costumes decorated with traditional paintings and numerous props are freely used.

First poster

Plays are staged in booths - areas under a canopy, equipped with seats for spectators. Or on protruding platforms adjacent to the central temples. This is where the concept of a poster comes from - a special leaflet listing the actors involved and the characters they perform. The genres of Chinese theater are expanding and becoming more complex. They describe the details important events in the life of the state and individuals, giving viewers examples to follow.

Musical accompaniment theatrical performances were transformed from folk melodies. The performances were damn colorful, they contained dance elements, circus numbers... The interpretation of some actions was given by the artists themselves or by the playwrights. Most of the roles were played by women, including men. The acting troupe included members of the same family, outsiders were rare.

Puppet shows

The traditional Chinese stage developed in parallel with the equally popular puppet theater. He lived in a host of varieties. To date, information about them has been lost, so the study presents some difficulties.

The popularity of this art form is associated with the customs of placing special figurines in the grave, designed to help the deceased in the afterlife. Scenes with the participation of such characters were played out during the funeral, gradually turning into an attribute Everyday life... Preserved information about a wonderful multi-tiered sample puppet theater, the characters of which moved with the help of water.

Chinese puppet theater has developed in many directions. It is worth highlighting the performances with flat paper figures, in which the actors and the characters controlled by them participated. Gunpowder, floating scenes and others, about which only fragmentary information has survived.

3. Theater and theatrical performances in Ancient Greece.

4. Tragedies and comedies in the ancient Greek theater.

5. The creators of the theater.

6. Conclusion.

The emergence of the theater.
The theater originated in Ancient Greece about two and a half thousand years ago.
The very word "theater" Greek origin and means "a place for spectacles."
Theatrical performances were a favorite of the ancient Greeks.
The origin of the theater was associated with the religion of the ancient Greeks, namely with
festivities in honor of the god Dionysus - the patron saint of winemakers. In one of
myths tell that Dionysus wanders all over the earth with the crowd
their companions. These are satyrs - forest gods, half-humans, half-goats. Satyrs
long tails, pointed ears and hooves. When to the sound of flutes and pipes
Dionysus comes to Greece, then spring begins in this country, warmer
the sun warms up, flowers bloom, all life is reborn.
At the end of March, Greece celebrated main holiday god of winemaking - Great
Dionysius. Depicting satyrs, the Greeks wore goatskins, tied
long beards from oak leaves painted their faces or covered them up
goat masks. A cheerful procession of mummers moved along the streets of the city and
stopped somewhere in the square. The lead singer came forward. He singsong
talked about the wanderings of Dionysus, about his meeting with pirates and other
adventures, and the rest of the mummers in chorus sang along with him. The lead singer portrayed
now one of the heroes of the myth, now Dionysus himself, now one of the satyrs. Scenes,
played out by the participants of the holiday, and were the first theatrical
spectacles: the lead singer and mummers were actors, and spectators were all
the population of the city.

Theater and theatrical performances in Ancient Greece.
In Greek cities from the end of the 6th century. BC e. built for theatrical performances
special buildings. In almost every Greek city, including the colonies in
the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, had its own theater, and sometimes several (for example,
there were more than ten theaters in Attica). Each of the ancient theaters contained
several thousand spectators. For example, the theater of Dionysus in Athens had about 17
thousand places.
The theater was a favorite show in ancient Greece, all residents were eager
get to the feast of Dionysus, but these festivities (of which they were
theatrical performances) were not staged daily, but only twice a year.
There were no evening performances in Ancient Greece. Performances in theaters in Greece
began at seven o'clock in the morning and continued until sunset: they put in a row
several performances.
"Ancient Greek theater tickets»: A small fee was charged for entering the theater
(in Athens, power belonged to common people, demos, therefore
the state, taking care of the poorest citizens, gave them money to buy
tickets). The ticket was made of lead or burnt clay. The letters are visible on the ticket
Beta (B) and epsilon (E). The letter indicated one of the "wedges" on which
the theater shared staircases, diverging rays. As indicated on the ticket
The "wedge" could take any place, starting from the second row. In order not to
sit at the very top, the Greeks went to the theater before dawn. They took with them a bundle with
pies and a flask of wine, a warm raincoat, a pillow that was placed under
yourself on a stone bench. The theater was rarely half empty.
Most of the spectators were men - citizens and visiting Greeks.
Women, constantly busy with household chores, attended the theater significantly

less often than men. Slaves entered the theater only as servants accompanying

their masters.
The seat in the first row was not only marble, but also free;
they are for honorary spectators (priests of Dionysus, Olympic winners,
strategists).
The audibility was excellent in the theater. If you throw a coin in the center of the orchestra,
its ringing will be heard on the very back benches. The theater building had the shape
a huge thicket, which, like a megaphone, amplified all the sounds of speech and music.
There was no curtain in the Greek theater. The action took place without intermissions,
those. without interruption.
Theaters were located under open air on the slopes and accommodated thousands
spectators. The theater building consisted of three parts.
One part of the theater is a place for spectators. They were divided by passages into sections,
resembling wedges.
Another part of the theater - the orchestra - is a round or semicircular platform on which
the actors and the choir performed. Without songs and dances, not a single one passed
representation. Choir members depending on the content of the performance
portrayed either the friends of the protagonist, or townspeople, or warriors, and
sometimes animals - birds, frogs and even clouds.
The third part of the theater was called skene. It was adjacent to the orchestra
construction. Painted boards or panels were attached to its wall,
depicting either the entrance to the palace, or the portico of the temple, or the seashore. Inside the skene
the costumes and masks of the actors were kept.
Only men participated in the performances. They performed in men's or
women's masks, in special shoes with thick soles to appear taller

growth. Since the actors' facial features were poorly visible from the back rows

theater, the actors put on large painted masks that covered not only
face, but also head. When looking at the actors, it became clear who they were.
depict. Old people have white hair, thin sunken cheeks. If the hero
younger, hair and beard became half gray, young men were portrayed
beardless. The slave could be recognized immediately - his features betray a non-Greek
origin. Usually, each performance was attended by no more than three
actors. There could be many characters in the play, and then each actor
played several roles.
Tragedies and comedies in the ancient Greek theater.
In ancient Greece, there were two main types of performances - tragedy and comedy.
Plays with serious content were called tragedies. In tragedies, usually
the heroes of myths acted, their exploits, suffering and often death were portrayed.
Tragedy in Greek means "song of the goats." From the Greek tragedians to the world
three leading figures of ancient drama gained fame: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides.
Funny plays or songs of cheerful villagers were called comedies.
The characters of comedies - funny and derisive performances -
along with the heroes of myths there were contemporaries of the audience. In democratic
Athens, with its highly developed political life, is rich in material for
I gave comedies myself political life... Consummate master
political comedy was considered Aristophanes (450-388 BC), a native of Athens,
the only political comedy writer whose 11 plays survived to
our days. The distinctive properties of Aristophanes' creativity are:
artistic beauty of form, inexhaustible wit, combination
dramatic, comic and lyrical moods. In their comedies

Aristophanes expresses the interests of the Attic peasantry and the middle strata

urban democracy.

Theatrical performances along with Olympic Games were loved
spectacles of the Hellenes.

Sophocles (b. C. 497-d. 406 BC) - great ancient greek playwright... Created
in the era of the highest flowering of the Athenian slave democracy and its
culture. Together with Pericles, Sophocles was elected strategist (440-439 BC), i.e.
military leaders. Along with Aeschylus and Euripides, Sophocles created and developed
classic ancient attic tragedy; he increased the number of
actors from 2 to 3, reduced the choral parts in comparison with dialogue and action,
introduced decorations, improved masks. Of the more than 120 written by Sophocles
plays survived 7 tragedies and more than 90 excerpts, among them - a fragment
satire drama "Pathfinders". Popularity of Sophocles in Athens
confirmed by the fact that in drama competitions he received the first
reward and neverdid not take third place. The theme of the tragedies of Sophocles, closely
connected with mythological plots... The dramas of Sophocles are characterized by
compositional harmony, proportionality of parts, strict subordination of private
general - artistic idea... Sophocles reveals psychologically truthfully
the inner world of their heroes. The work of Sophocles had a great influence on
world literature since the Renaissance.
Conclusion.
The most important stage in the development of the theater was theater culture antiquity,
In ancient Greece, a theater was created based on folk traditions and new
humanistic ideology. Theater played an important role in public life
ancient Greek democratic city - states. Its development was
inextricably linked with the flowering Greek drama... Greek theater performances,
being part of public celebrations organized by the state,
reflected critical issues public life.