Shakespeare's life is little known, he shares the fate of the overwhelming majority of other English playwrights of the era, whose personal life contemporaries were little interested. There are various views on the person and the biography of Shakespeare. The main scientific current supported by the majority of researchers is the biographical tradition for several centuries, according to which William Shakespeare was born in the city of Stradford-on-Avon in a wealthy, but not a noble family and was a member of the actor troupe Richard Burbedj. This direction of study of Shakespeare is called "Stratfordianism".

There is also the opposite point of view, the so-called "anti-distefrodianism" or "non -rattfordanism", which deny the authorship of Shakespeare (Shakspra) from Stratford and believe that "William Shakespeare" is a pseudonym, which was hiding a different person or a group of persons. Doubts about the loyalty of the traditional point of view are already known since the XVIII century. At the same time, among Ntratfordians there is no unity on who was the real author of Shakespeare's works. The number of probable candidates proposed by various researchers is currently several dozen.

Traditional views ("Stratfordianism")

William Shakespeare was born in the town of Stratford-on-Avon (County Warikshire) in 1564, according to legend, April 23. His father, John Shakespeare, was a wealthy artisan (glove) and the Roshovist, often elected to various public posts, once he was elected by the mayor of the city. He did not attend church worship, for which he paid large cash fines (it is possible that he was a secret Catholic). His mother, neborn Arden, belonged to one of the oldest English surnames. It is believed that Shakespeare studied in the Stratford "Grammar School" (English "Grammar School"), where he received a serious education: Stratford Latin teacher and literature wrote poems on Latin. Some scientists argue that Shakespeare visited the school of King Edward VI in Stratford-on-Avon, where he studied the work of such poets as Ovid and Float, but the school magazines were not preserved, and now nothing can be said for sure.

Recreated Globus Theater, in which Shakespeare troupe worked

Criticism of traditional views ("Ntratfordianism")

Famous autographs of Shakespeare from Stratford

"Nestratfordian" research line is questioned by the possibility of writing Shakespeare from Stratford "Shakespearean Canon" works.

For the definition of terminology, Nesratfordians strictly distinguish "Shakespeare", the author of Shakespeare works, and Shakspra, a resident of Stratford, seeking to prove, in contrast to Stratfordians that these individuals are not identical.

Supporters of this theory believe that the facts known about Shaksper are in conflict with the content and style of Shakespeare's plays and poems. Non -rathfordians nominated numerous theories regarding their present authorship. In particular, as candidates for the authorship of the Pieces of Shakespeare, Nesratfordians call Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlo, Roger Menners (Ratland Count), Queen Elizaven and others (respectively, "Bektonian", "Retlandian", etc. hypotheses).

The arguments of Nesratfordians

Nestratfordians are based, including in the following circumstances:

Representatives of Naintratfordianism

In 2003, the book "Shakespeare. The secret story "Authors who spoke under the pseudonym" O. Kozgroundius "and" O. Melechi ". The authors hold a detailed investigation, speaking of a great hoax, the result of which (allegedly) was not only the identity of Shakespeare, but also many other famous figures of the era.

In the book of Igor Frolov, the Shakespeare Equation, or Gamlet, whom we did not read, "based on the text of the first editions of Gamletta (,, GG), put forward a hypothesis about which historical persons are hiding behind the masks of Shakespeare's heroes.

Dramaturgy

English drama and theater of the time of William Shakespeare

British predecessor playwrights and contemporaries William Shakespeare

Main article: Theater technique in the Epoch of William Shakespeare

Question of periodization

Researchers of the Creativity of Shakespeare (Danish literary crown of Brands, the publisher of the Russian full assembly of the works of Shakespeare S. A. Vengerov) at the end of the XIX - early XX V.V., based on the chronology of works, presented his spiritual evolution from "wakeful mood", faith in The triumph of justice, humanistic ideals at the beginning of the road to the disappointment and destruction of all sorts of illusions at the end. However, in recent years, it has appeared that the conclusion of the author's personality for his works is a mistake.

In 1930, Shakespearem E. K. Chembers offered the chronology of Shakespeare's creativity by genre signs, later she was adjusted by J. McManuey. Four periods were distinguished: the first (1590-1594) - Early: Chronicles, Renaissance Comedies, "Horror's Tragedy" ("Tit Andronik"), two poems; The second (1594-1600) - Renaissance comedies, the first mature tragedy ("Romeo and Juliet"), chronicles with elements of tragedy, chronicles with comedy elements, ancient tragedy ("Julius Caesar"), sonnets; Third (1601-1608) - Great tragedies, antique tragedies, "gloomy comedies"; Fourth (1609-1613) - Drama fairy tales with tragic inspired and happy finals. Some of the Shakespires, including A. A. Smirnov, united the first and second periods into one early.

First period (1590-1594)

The first period is approximately 1590-1594 Years.

According to literary adams It can be called a period of imitation: Shakespeare is still in power of its predecessors. By mood This period of the biographical approach to the study of Shakespeare's creativity was determined as a period of idealistic faith in the best sides of life: "The young Shakespeare punishment punishes in his historical tragedies and enthusiasm and delighted high and poetic feelings - friendship, self-sacrifice and in particular love" (Hungarian) .

Probably the first plays of Shakespeare were three parts of Heinrich VI. The source for this and subsequent historical chronicles served "Chronicles" of Holinsheda. The topic uniting all Shakespeare Chronicles is the change of a series of weak and unable rulers who have led the country to civil enginemen and civil war and restore order with the topical of the tudor dynasty. Like Marlo in Eduard II, Shakespeare does not simply describe historical events, but explore the motives hiding behind the actions of heroes.

S. A. Hungover saw the transition to the second period "in absence Toy poetry youthwhich is so characteristic for the first period. Heroes are still young, but already eaten and the main thing for them in life is to enjoy. The portion of Picanka, the Boyhead, but already the gentle charms of the girls "two Veroness", and even more so the Juliet is not at all. "

At the same time, Shakespeare creates an immortal and most interesting type that has not yet had analogues in world literature - Sir John Falstafa. The success of both parts " Heinrich IV."Not least and the merit of this brightest face of the Chronicles immediately become popular. The character is undoubtedly negative, but with a complex character. Materialist, egoist, man without ideal: honor for him nothing, observant and insightful skeptic. He denies honors, power and wealth: he needs money only as a means to get food, wine and women. But the essence of the Commission, the grain of the image of Falstaff is not only his wit, but also a fun laughter over himself and the world around. His power in the knowledge of human nature, he disgusts everything that connects man, he is the personification of freedom of spirit and unprincipledness. Man of the outgoing era, he is not needed where the state is powerful. Understanding that such a character is inappropriate in the drama about the ideal ruler, in " Henry V."Shakespeare removes it: the audience simply reports the death of Falstaff. According to tradition, it is believed that at the request of Queen Elizabeth, who wanted to see Falstafa on stage again, Shakespeare resurrected him to " Windsor mockery" But this is only a pale copy of the former Falstaff. He confused his knowledge of the surrounding world, there is no more healthy irony, laughter over himself. There was only a smuggling passer.

A much successful attempt to return to Falstafa type in the final play of the second period - "Twelfth Night". Here we are represented by Sir Toby and his entourage, as it were, the second edition of Sir John, however, without his sparkling wit, but with the same infectious good-natured zhuiry. Also invested in the framework of the "Falstafa" predominant of a rude ridicule over women in "Taming of the Shrew".

Third period (1600-1609)

The third period of its artistic activity, approximately covering 1600-1609 years, supporters of a subjectivistic biographical approach to the work of Shakespeare are called a period of "deep soul darkness", considering the sign of the changed worldview the appearance of a melancholic character in a comedy "How do you like it" And calling him almost predecessor of Hamlet. However, some researchers believe that Shakespeare in the image of Jeach just got melancholy, and the period of alleged disappointments (according to supporters of the biographical method) is not really confirmed by the facts of Shakespeare's biography. The time of creating a playwright of the greatest tragedies coincides with the flourishing of its creative forces, solving material difficulties and the achievement of a high position in society.

About 1600 Shakespeare creates "Hamlet"According to many critics, its deepest work. Shakespeare retained the plot of the famous tragedy of revenge, but all the attention was transferred to the spiritual disorder, the inner drama of the main character. The traditional drama of the revenge was introduced a hero of a new type. Shakespeare ahead of his time - the Hamlet is not a familiar tragic hero, which carries out the sake of divine justice. Coming to the conclusion that it is impossible to restore the harmony with one blow, he is experiencing a tragedy of alienation from the world and encourages himself for loneliness. By definition, L. E. Pinsky, Hamlet - the first "reflecting" hero of world literature.

Cordelia. Picture of William F. Yemans (1888)

The heroes of the "great tragedies" of Shakespeare are people outstanding, in which the swallow and evil are stirred. Faced with the disharmony of the surrounding world, they make a difficult choice - how to exist in it, they themselves make their fate and carry all the completeness of responsibility for it.

At the same time, Shakespeare creates drama. " Despite the fact that in the first folio of 1623, it is attributed to comedies, comic in this serious work about the wrong judge almost no. Her name refers to the education of Christ about mercy, along the course of action, one of the heroes threatens a mortal danger, and the final can be considered conditionally happy. This problematic work does not fit into a certain genre, but exists on the verge of genres: how much to morality, it is directed towards tragicomedia.

• Sonnets dedicated to a friend: 1 -126
  • Friend chanting: 1 -26
  • Friendship Tests: 27 -99
    • Bulfle separation: 27 -32
    • First disappointment in the other: 33 -42
    • Deployment and fears: 43 -55
    • Growing alienation and melancholy: 56 -75
    • Rivalry and jealousy to other poets: 76 -96
    • "Winter" separation: 97 -99
  • Celebration of renewed friendship: 100 -126
• Sonnets dedicated to dark lover: 127 -152
• Conclusion - Joy and Beauty of Love: 153 -154

Datrovok problems

First publications

As considered, half (18) Pieces of Shakespeare was published in one way or another during the lifetime of the playwright. The main publication of Shakespeare's heritage is considered to be the Folio of 1623 (the so-called "first folio"), published by actors of Shakespeare's troupe by John Heming, and Henry Conde. This edition includes 36 pieces of Shakespeare - everything except "pericla" and "two noble births". This is the basis of all studies in the field of shakespeare.

Questions of authorship

Pieces, usually considered Shakespeare

• Comedy errors (G. - First edition - probable year of first production)
• Tit Andronik (G. - the first edition, the authorship is controversial)
• Romeo and Juliet
• Sleeping in the summer night (G. - the first edition - GG - the period of writing)
• Venetian merchant (G. - the first edition - the likely year of writing)
• King Richard III (G. - First Edition)
• Measure for measure (G. - the first edition, December 26 - the first statement)
• King John (G. - First Edition of Genuine Text)
• Heinrich VI (G. - First Edition)
• Heinrich IV (G. - First Edition)
• Basic efforts of love (G. - First edition)
• As you like it (Writing - - GG, G. - First edition)
• Twelfth night (writing - no later, G. - First edition)
• Julius Caesar (Writing -, G. - First Edition)
• Heinrich V (G. - First Edition)
• Many noise from nothing (G. - First edition)
• Windsor ledge (G. - First edition)
• Hamlet, Prince Danish (G. - First Edition, G. - Second Edition)
• Everything is good that it ends well (Writing - - GG, G. - First edition)
• Othello (creation - no later than g., First edition - G.)
• King Lear (December 26
• Macbeth (creation - near G., First edition - G.)
• Anthony and Cleopatra (creation - G., First edition - G.)
• Coriolian (G. - Year of writing)
• Pericles (G. - First Edition)
• Troil and Crasress (G. - First Publication)
• The storm (November 1 - the first stage, the first edition)
• Cymbelin (Writing - G., G. - First Edition)
• Winter tale (G. - the only preserved edition)
• Taming of the Shrew (G. - First Publication)
• Two Verona (G. - First Publication)
• Heinrich VIII (G. - First Publication)
• Timon Athens (G. - First Publication)

Apocrypha and lost work

Main article: Apocryphas and lost works by William Shakespeare

Remedified Efforts of Love (1598)

Literary criticism of the works of the Shakespeare Corps

Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in his critical essay "On Shakespeare and Drama" on the basis of a detailed analysis of some of the most popular works of Shakespeare, in particular: "King Lire", "Othello", "Falstaf", "Hamlet" and others - subjected Shakespeare's sharp criticism as a playwright.

Musical Theatre

• - "Othello" (Opera), composer J. Rossini
• - Kapulenti and Monteki (Opera), composer V. Bellini
• - "Prohibition of love, or Palermo obedient" (Opera), composer R. Wagner
• - "Windsor Ramaznitsa" (Opera), composer O. Nyzolai
• - "Sleeping in the summer night" (Opera), composer A. Tom
• - "Beatrice and Benedict" (Opera), Composer of Berlioz
• - Romeo and Juliet (Opera), Composer Sh. Gunno
• A. Toma
• - "Othello" (opera), composer J. Verdie
• - "Storm" (ballet), composer A. Tom
• - Falstaff (Opera), composer J. Verdi
• - "Love Sir John" (Opera), Composer R.Vahan-Williams
• - Romeo and Juliet (ballet), composer S.Prokofiev
• - "Taming of the Shrew" (Opera), composer V. Shebalin
• - "Sleeping in the summer night" (Opera), composer B. Britten
• - "Hamlet" (Opera), composer A. D. Machavariani
• - "Hamlet" (Opera), composer S. Slonim
• - "King Lire" (Opera), composer S. Slonim

• In honor of Shakespeare, the crater on Mercury is named.
• Shakespeare (in accordance with the Stratfordian position) and Cervantes are both died in 1616
• The last direct descendant of Shakespeare from Stratford was his granddaughter Elizabeth (born in 1608), daughter Susan Shakespeare and Dr. John Hall. Three Sons Judith Shakespeare (in the marriage of Quini) died with young, without leaving the offspring.

Notes

Bibliography

• Anikst A. A. . Theater of the Epoch of Shakespeare. M.: Art ,. - 328 ° C. 2nd ed.: M., Drop Publishing ,. - 287 p. - ISBN 5-358-01292-3.
• Anikst A.. Shakespeare: Crafts of playwright. M.: Sov. The company ,. - 607 p.
• Anikst A.. Shakespeare. M.: Mall. Guard ,. - 367 p. ("Life of wonderful people")
• Anikst A.. Creativity Shakespeare.- M.: Goslitisdat ,. - 615 p.

Great English poet and playwright. His works were the classics of world literature and are still relevant. He was able to bring more than 2,000 new words to the speech of the English people. The life of this man is full of legends and riddles, and scientists still can not reveal the secret of his personality. Could a simple poorly educated actor of the London theater write so ingenious works? Lee a person hid under the mask of this talented poet? Despite the fact that the answers have not yet been found, he is rightfully considered the best playwright in world history. William Shakespeare is a man from Stratford.

Brief biography of William Shakespeare

As you can learn from church records, the future poet was born and was baptized in 1564 in the small town of Stratford on the Avon River north of London. His family was more familiar and was considered one of the most wealthy in the city. Father was engaged in usury and subsequently elected to government positions, and the mother came from a noble Saxon family.

Historians believe that William studied at a local grammatical school, where he got the opportunity to learn several languages, in particular, Greek and Latin. Subsequently, his family is ruined and the future poet will have to leave school and get a job. A few years later, he marries his elected Anne Khataui, who will give him three children.

In 1587, leaving the family, he moves to London, joining one of the theater troupe. In the capital, he is offered various roles in the theater, but, according to researchers, she did not follow success on the acting field. Starting writing plays for troupe, he gained popularity among the public. On his plays in the theater even the royal know.

Then William becomes one of the owners of the Metropolitan Theater "Globus", which raised his performances. Subsequently, the theater burned down because of the cannon shots in one of the productions.
In 1612, 25 years later, working in London, the playwright returns to his hometown and in a few years it dies.

Creation

To date, a rare person did not meet anyway with the work of William Shakespeare. "Romeo and Juliet", "King Lear", "Macbeth", "Hamlet" - here is a small list of works that are rightfully considered masterpieces of world literature. Only the play "Macbeth" performed every four hours around the world.

The first period of creative life glorified Shakespeare as the author of the comedy. Optimism is traced in them, the virtues of human and cheerfulness prevail. Pieces ends with a happy finale. "Sleeping in the summer night", "Taming of the Shrew", the "Venetian merchant" appeared from under the poet's feather in the 90s of the XVI century. Historical chronicles also appeared - "Julius Caesar", "Heinrich V". Even in them, Shakespeare managed to show the triumph of the main character and make the finale happy.

One of the most heartfelt works "Hamlet" appeared in the second period of the Creativity of Shakespeare. All the heroes of this tragedy suffer, deceive, expose, and the final turns out to be the opposite of what the poet wrote in the first period of creativity. But at the same time, Shakespeare can convey that in the tragedy heroes are able to live and fight. Life is able to convey the meaning to everyone who is looking for it.

In the last works, Shakespeare managed to talentedly combine the elements of the comedy and tragedy, as well as add fabulousness. Some of the most popular fantasy plays - "Cymbelin", "Winter Tale" and "Storm". These plays were written mostly to the public, which wanted fun and entertainment.

1. For several centuries, historians argue whether Shakespeare has been a real author of his works. The only handwritten source was his testament, in which no words were mentioned about works. Another reason served as its low-formation. Many literary crituals agree that they could not write such deep, versatile works, which are still considered world masterpieces.

2. None of the works of Shakespeare there is no autograph. Scientists have to be content with only six signatures, which they found in official documents - testament and mortgages for real estate.

3. Many historians believe that Shakespeare has committed suicide. The theme of suicide is involved in many of his works. Lady Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Cleopatra, Hamlet - all these heroes or committed with them or led a monologue about suicide.

4. Some biographers give doubt its traditional orientation, because he devoted several of their love poems and sonnets to an unknown man. In London, he lived without a family for a long time, and his best friend was Count Henry Rizly, which in many portraits is depicted in women's dresses and with makeup on the face.

5. It is believed that the playwright was afraid of his own exhumation and this was reflected in some of its works. That is why it is written on his tombstones: "A friend, for the sake of the Lord, not the swarm of the remains taken to this land; Insuitable Blessed in the eyelids, and cursed - touched my dust. "

Dozens of historical documents are preserved about the life and work of William Shakespeare. He was well known for his contemporaries as a poet and Drom Maturg, whose writings were repeatedly published and quoted in verses and prose. Circumstances of his birth, education, lifestyle The overwhelming number of playwrights were immigrants from handicraft families (Shakespeare - the son of a glitter, garlo - son of a shoemaker, Ben Johnson - the son of a bricklayer, etc.). From children of artisans in England, the acting troupes were replenished in the XV century (perhaps, this is due to the medieval tradition of formulation of mysteries in which the craft guilds took part). In general, the theater profession assumed a non-surmocratic origin. At the same time, the level of education at Shakespeare was sufficient for this occupation. He passed the usual grammar school (the type of English school, where antique languages \u200b\u200band literature were taught), but she gave everything to the profession of playwright. "All the way that the profession of playwright was still considered low, but the theaters have already brought a considerable income to their owners. Finally, Shakespeare was both an actor, and the author of the play, and the shareholder of theatrical troupe, he spent the rehearsing and speaking on stage for almost twenty years. Despite all this, there are still disputes, whether William Shakespeare was the author of Pieces, sonnets and poems published under his name. Doubts for the first time arose in the Serne-Di-XIX century. Since then, a lot of hypotheses has appeared on the light, attributing the authorship of Shakespeare's works to someone else.

The names of Bekon, Oxford, Ratland, Derby and Marlo, a list of potential candidates for Shakespeare, of course, is not limited. There are several dozen of them, including such exotic, like Queen Elizabeth, her successor King Yakov I Stewart, author of Robinson Cruzo Daniel Defo or English Romantic Poet George Gordon Bayron. But, in essence, it is not-important, but those who are certain "researchers" consider genuine shek-spire. It is more important to understand why Shakespeare once again refuse to be refused by the author of his works.

The point is not that about the life of Shakespeare allegedly nothing is reliably known. On the contrary, after 200 years of signs about Shakespeare, a strikingly many evidence was collected, and there is no doubt about the authorship of his essays: there is no strong foundation for this.

For doubt, however, there are grounds for emotional properties. We are the legis of the romantic fracture, which occurred in European culture in the XIX century on the 19th century, when new ideas about the work and a figure of the poet, unknown for the previous centuries (not by chance, the first doubts in the shek-spire originated in the 1840s). In the general form, this new pre-installation can be reduced to two interrelated features. First: the poet of Genia-Len in everything, including in ordinary life, and the existence of the poet is inseparable from his work; It is sharply different from the ordinary man in the street, his life is in-dress-on a bright comet that flies quickly and also quickly burns; It is impossible to confuse him with a man of a non-elective warehouse with a man. And the WTO-Paradise: what would this poet write, he will always talk about himself, on the unique-in-room existence; Any his work will be a confession, in any line will reflect his entire life, the corps of his texts is its poetic biography.

Shakespeare does not fit into a similar representation. In this, he is similar to his contemporaries, but only him fell to be, paraphrasing Erasm, dramatically-rom at all times. We do not require that Rasin, Moliere, Calderon or Lope de Vega live according to the laws of romantic arts-property: We feel that I am waiting for us and the barrier is. Creativity Shakespeare is capable of this barrier to overcome. Consequently, with Shakespeare and demand is special: in the eyes of many, he should meet the norms (or rather, the myths) of our time.

However, this misconception is a reliable drug - scientific iso-roster knowledge, a critical approach to crowd of the presentation of the century. Shek-SPIR is not worse and no better than its time, and it is not worse and no better than other historical eras - they should not be addicted or redoing, they must be tried to understand.

Arzamas offers the six most long-lived versions of the one who could write for Shakespeare.

Version №1

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - philosopher, writer, statesman

Francis Bacon. William Marshall engraving. England, 1640

Delia Bacon. 1853 yearWikimedia Commons

The daughter of the settler of the American state of Connecticut Delia Bacon (1811-1859) was not the first one who tried to attribute the writings of Shakespeare Peru Francis Bacon, but she was introduced to the general public with this version she. Her belief in his own discovery was so infectious that the famous writers, to whom she treated for help, - Americans Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Gotorn and Briton Thomas Carlisle - could not deny her. Thanks to their support, Delia Bacon came to England and in 1857 published a 675-page "genuine philosophy of Shakespeare's plays". In this book it was said that William Shakespeare was just an illiterate actor and greedy doller, and the play and poems under his name was composed of a group of "High Thunders and Poets", headed by Bacon - allegedly, the author of the "New Organon" expects to bypass censorship restrictions, I did not give him openly to express my innovative philosophy (that the play was also censored in Elizabethan England, Delia, apparently did not know anything).

However, the author of the "genuine philosophy" did not provide any confirmations in favor of his hypothesis: the evidence, said Delia, lie either in the grave of Francis Bacon, or in the grave of Shakespeare. Since then, many antihyspirians are confident that the real author ordered to bury the manuscript "Shakespeare" plays along with him, and if they find them, the question will be resolved once and for all At one time, it led to a real siege of historical burials throughout England. Delia was the first to appeal to open the grave of Bacon in Saint Albany, the truth is unsuccessfully..

Delia ideas found many followers. As evidence, they made small literary parallels between the writings of Bekon and Shakespeare, quite explained by the unity of the written culture of the time - as well as the fact that the author of Shakespeare's play had a taste for philosophy and was aware of the life of a number of European royal houses For example, this is a Navararian courtyard depicted in the comedy "Besleless Efforts of Love.".

An essential development of the initial hypothesis can be considered attempts to solve "Backon". The fact is that Francis Bacon worked on improving the methods of Steganography - Tynopisi, which in the view of the uninitiated person looks like a full-fledged message with his own meaning In particular, he proposed a method of encrypting the English alphabet letters, resembling a modern binary code.. Bekthonians are confident that their hero wrote the play under the Shakespeare mask at all not for the sake of success among the public - "Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet" and "King Lear", "Twelfth night" and "storm" served as a cover for some secret knowledge.

Version # 2.

Eduard De Ver (1550-1604), 17th Count Oxford, - court, poet, playwright, patron of art and sciences

Eduard de Vevey. A copy of the lost portrait of 1575. Unknown artist. England, XVII century National Portrait Gallery, London

A simple teacher of the English language, who called himself the descendant of the counts of Derby, Thomas Lown (1870-1944) did not believe that the "Venetian merchant" This play Louney from year to year read with students in the classroom. He could write a man of ungivory origin, never happened in Italy. Doubting the authorship of the comedy about Shelokhe, Lown took the anthology of Elizabethan poetry into his hands and found that the poem of Shakespeare "Venus and Adonis" (1593) was written by the same stanza and the same size as the stuff-creation of Eduard de Vera "Women's Variability" ( 1587). De Ver, 17th Count Oxford, could boast antiquity and a good acquaintance with Italy, was known to contemporaries not only as a poet, but also as the author of the comedy (not surviving).

Lown did not hide the amateutant nature of his research and was even proud of them: "Probably, the problem is still not solved precisely because he wrote in the preface to the" Introduced Shakespeare ", - that so far scientists have been involved." Later Oxfordians That is, followers of Louney versions. The name was received by Edward de Vera title, Count Oxford. We decided to call for the rescue of lawyers: in 1987 and 1988, in the presence of the judges of the US Supreme Court and London Middle Temple, respectively, followers of Louney's hypothesis entered into an open dispute with Shakespearers (in London them, in particular, confronted the most respectable from now living specialists in Shakespeare Professor Stanley Wells). Unfortunately for the organizers, the judges both have addicted victory to scientists. But Oxfordians managed to press Bekonnans - to date, the Oxfordian version of Antholspi-rismism is the most popular.

Among the most famous followers of Louney was a psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, who in young years leanned toward the beckonianism, and in 1923, after acquaintance with the "Intrunted Shakespeare", moved to Oxfordianism. So, in the 1930s, Freud began to develop parallels between the destiny of King Lira and the biography of Count Oxford: both had three daughters, and if the English graph did not care at all, then the legendary British king, in contrast, gave his daughters, What had had. Freed from the Nazis to London in 1938, Freud wrote a Lone a warm letter and called him the author of the "Wonderful Book", and shortly before his death on the basis that Oxford lost his beloved father in childhood and allegedly hated her mother for her next marriage, attributed Hamlet Oedipus complex.

Version number 3.

Roger Manners (1576-1612), 5th Count Ratland, - Court, patron of art

Roger Mannerras, 5th Count Ratland. Portrait of Jeremiah Van der Eiden. Around 1675 Belvoir Castle / Bridgeman Images / Fotodom

Belgian socialist politician, teacher of French literature and writer-symbolist Selistene Damblon (1859-1924) became interested in Shakespeare's question, learning about the document found in one of the family archives in 1908. It followed that in 1613 the butler Francis Manners, the 6th Graph Ratland, paid a large sum of "Mr. Shakespeare" and his colleague-actor Richard Barbagda, who invented and drew a witty emblem on the county shield so that Manner was adequately appeared at the Knight's tournament . This discovery was alerted Dumbledon: he noticed that Francis's older brother, Roger Manners, the 5th Count Ratland, died in 1612 - almost the same when Shakespeare stopped writing for the scene. In addition, Roger Manners was in friendly relations with Count Southampton (an aristocrat that Shakespeare was dedicated to his two poems and which is considered the main address of Shakespeare's sonnets), as well as with the Essex Count, whose fall in 1601 indirectly affected the actors of the Globus Theater In February 1601, Essex tried to raise the uprising against the Queen. On the eve of the supporters of the graph persuaded the actors to put the old Chronicle of Shakespeare Richard II, in which it was about the overthrow of the monarch. The uprising failed, Essex was executed (Francis Bacon came to his prosecutor). Southampton was in prison for a long time. The actors "Globus" were called for explanations, but no consequences for them had it.. Manner traveled to countries that served as a place of action for many Shakespearers (France, Italy, Denmark), and even studied in Padua together with two Danes, Rosencran and Guildenster (widespread Danish surname of the time). In 1913, Dammblon summarized these and other reasoning in the French written book "Lord Ratland is Shakespeare".

Cover books "Game about William Shakespeare, or the Mystery of the Great Phoenix" Publishing House "International Relations"

The Damble version has followers and in Russia: so, Ilya Gililov Ilya Gililov (1924-2007) - Literary critic, Writer, Scientific Secretary of the Shakespeare Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences for almost three decades., the author of the book "Play About William Shakespeare, or the Mystery of the Great Phoenix" (1997), claimed that the Shakespeare composed a group of authors headed by the young wife of Count Ratland Elizaveta - a daughter of the famous court, writer and poet Philip Sydney. Gililov was based on a completely arbitrary transmission of a Chester collection, which includes the poem of Shakespeare "Phoenix and Pigeon" (1601, according to Gili-Lov, 1613). He argued that Ratland, Elizabeth and others composed plays and sonnets in purely conspira-learning purposes - to perpetuate their close circle, in which they were made on only their slave rituals. The scientist is the world, with the exception of several abrupt publics, the book of Gililova ignored.

Version No. 4.

William Stanley (1561-1642), 6th Count Derby, - Dramaturgome, State Affairs

William Stanley, 6th Count Derby. Portrait of William Derby. England, XIX centuryTHE RIGHT HON. Earl of Derby / Bridgeman Images / Fotodom

Abel Lefrank. Around the 1910sLibrary of Congress.

The historian of French literature, a specialist in Francois Rabl Abel Lefrank (1863-1952) first thought about the chances of William Stanley to become a candidate for "Real Shakespeare" after the release of the book of respected English researcher James Greenastrite called "The Unknown Noble Author of Elizabethan Comedies" (1891). Greenastritis managed to detect a letter from 1599 signed by George Phenner, a secret agent of the Catholic Church, which said that the count of derby could not be useful to Catholics, since "is busy writing a plays for simple actors."

In 1918, Lefrank published the book "Under Maskaya William Shakespeare", in which the Derby recognizes a much more suitable candidmaker of Shakespeare than previous applicants, if only because the column was called William and his initials coincide with Shakespearers. In addition, in private letters, he subscribed in the same way as the lyrical hero of the 135th Sonet - Will, and not WM and not Willm, as the Stratford Shakespeare itself was done on the persecution of documents. Further, Derby was an experienced traveler, in particular, closely familiar with the Navarre court.

Not surprisingly, Lefrank believed that in Henrich V, there are several extensive inserts in French, which Derby was well owned. In addition, he believed a slave specialist, the famous image of Falstafa was created under the influence of Gargantua and Pantagruel, in Shakespeare's time not yet translated into English.

With all the wonderfulness of these reasoning, the Derbian version had little chance to stand in short with Oxfordian: The Lefranka book was written in French, and by the time she came out, Thomas Louney (by the way, who called himself a descendant of the count of Derby), had already put forward his arguments in The benefit of Eduard de Vera.

Version No. 5.

Christopher Marlo (1564-1593) - Dramaturgome, Poet

Estimated portrait of Christopher Marlo. Unknown artist. 1585 year Corpus CHRISTI COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

The son of a shoemaker, born in one year with Shakespeare and managed to finish Cambridge only thanks to the generosity of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Christopher Marlo turned out to be almost the only candidate for shakespeare of ungivory origin. However, Kelvin Hoffman (1906-1986), the American advertising agent, the poet and the playwright, released in 1955 the book "The murder of a man who was" Shakespeare ", attributed Marlow a love relationship with the noble Thomas Walsingeham, the patron saint of poets and the younger brother of Mighty Sir Francis Wallsingem, the Secretary of State and the Head of the Secret Service at Queen Elizabeth. According to Hoffman, it is Thomas Walsingham, it is Thomas Walsingham, having learned that Garlo threatens the arrest on charges of atheism and blasphemy, decided to save the beloved by imitating his murder. Accordingly, in a restaurant quarrel in DEPTFORD in 1593, not Marlo was killed, and some vagabond, whose corpse was issued for the disfigured body of the playwright (he was killed by a blow to the eye). Marlo himself hurriedly sailed to France for someone else's name, was hidden in Italy, but he soon returned to England, settled in securely near Skedbury - the estates of Thomas Wallsinham in the County County. There he composed "Shakespeare" works by passing the manuscript to his patron. He sent them at first a correspondence, and then, for setting on the stage, London Actor William Shakespeare - a person, well deprived of imagination, but faithful and silent.

The cover of the first edition of the book "The murder of a man who was" Shakespeare ".
1955 year Grosset & Dunlap

Hoffman began his research on the calculation of the phraseological parallelism in the writings of Marlo and Shakespeare, and later I got acquainted with the works of the American professor Thomas Mendenhell, who made up "dictionary profiles" of different writers (with the help of the whole team of women, hardly recalculated millions of words and letters in words). Based on these Slavs, Hoffman declared the full similarity of the styles of Marlo and Shakespeare. However, most of all these "parallelism" were not on the calibration, the other part was related to common words and structures, and a certain layer of obvious parallels testified to the well-known fact: the young Shakespeare was inspired by the tragedies of Marlo, learning a lot from the author "Tamerlan Great", " Maltese Jew "and" Dr. Faust " Today you can only guess, in which the creative rival of the two Elizabethan geniuses would increase, if not death Marlo in 1593 - by the way, in detail fixed by the royal coroner, whose findings witnessed the jury from 16 people..

Attempts to detect the writings of Shakespeare a whole group of authors were undertaken repeatedly, although the supporters of this version could not agree on some particular composition. Here are some examples.

In 1923, an employee of the British administration in India H. T. S. Forrest published a book called "Five authors of Shakespeare Sonyetov", "in which he told about the poetic tournament, arranged by Count Southampton. For the announced by the Count an award in the art of the composition of sonnets, according to Forrest, five major poets of Elizabethan era competed at once: Samuel Daniel, Barnabi Barnes, William Warner, John Donn and William Shakespeare. Accordingly, all five and are the authors of the sonnets, which, believed Forrest, has since mistakenly attributed to one Shakespeare. It is characteristic that one of this company, the author of the epic poem "Albionov England" Warner, did not write at all sonnets, and the other, John Donn, resorted to the form of sonnet only to edema religious poems.

In 1931, Gilbert Slater, an economist and historian, released the "Seven Shakespeare" book, which combined the names of almost all applicants most popular among antihyspirians. According to his version, in the composition of the works of Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, Counts Oxford, Ratland and Derby, Christopher Marlo Slater believed that Marlo "revived" to life in 1594 under the name of Shakespeare., as well as Sir Walter Rali and Mary, Countess Pembroke (writer and sister Sir Philip Sydney). Women were infrequently offered and offered to Shakespeare's role, but for the Countess Pembrook Slater made an exception: in his opinion, "Julius Caesar" and "Anthony and Cleopatra", as well as - in particular - "How do you like it", Which Mary did not just write, but also led himself in the image of Rosalinda.

In this exclusive detailed article, you will learn all the facts of the life of each member of the William Shakespeare family, starting with his great-grandfather and ending with his grandchildren and granddaughters. Also, your attention is presented a genealogical tree of playwright. The article is written on the basis of a reliable source of information. We hope it will be useful to you.

Relatives of William Shakespeare

Shakespeare, Richard (the date of life is unknown) - grandfather William on the paternal line. He was a farmer who lived in the village of Nontterfield and had two laid land. The village was four miles from Stratford, the city in which William was born. Richard Shakespeare rented land from Father Mary Arden, the future bride of his son John and Mother of the famous playwright. The second son of Richard was called Henry. Richard left the will of the will of 38 pounds of 17 shillings and 0 pence, which for its position and age was considered a modest sufficient. From time to time, he paid fines for the failure to appear in the court of the estate and for having troubled behind the cattle and kept a pig in the Yarma, but in the small community of Nontterfield he had a known weight. His friend in Stratford Thomas Evwood bequeathed him a few bulls.

Robert Arden (the date of life is unknown) - grandfather William on the maternal line. He was a rich landowner, he owned two farms and more than 150 acres of land. Robert Arden was essentially the most wealthy farmer and the largest landowner in Wilmkote (a place near Stratford-on-Avone). Preserved inventory of its possessions. Among them and the farmhouse in Nonterfield, where Richard Shakespeare lived with his family, and a house in Wilmkote. Robert had seven daughters, including Mary.

Shakespeare, Henry (date of birth unknown) - uncle WilliamJunior Brother John Shakespeare. He continued the family business and remained a farmer in Nonterfield: he rented the land for the farm in Nonterfield and in the neighboring parish. A little bit known about him. Henry was imposed a fine for attacking one of the close relatives - a husband of one of the sisters Mary Arden, and at eighty, he was excommunicated from the church for non-payment of tithing. He was also penalted for violation of the "Caps Act", in other words, he refused to wear a woolen hat on Sundays. He was fined many times for different misconduct and repeatedly put in prison for debts and offenses. Despite his reputation of an eternal insolvent debtor, Henry knew how to save money and take them. The witness present at his death showed that "in his chests there were many money"; The barns were also full grain and hay "for a large amount".

Arden, Mary. (Arden, Mary, 1608) - mother William, Junior daughter Robert Arden. He married John Shakespeare in 1557. From the whole of Rodni, she was left to a certain put on the Earth for the will of the Father: "The whole earth in Wilmkote, I call Esbis, and the whole harvest from her after Seva and Pahota." Mary was healthy and strong, gave birth to many children and survived to sixty eight years. Whether she knew a diploma, it is unknown, but its signature is clarified and even grace. In any case, to keep in the hands of the pen she knew how to. Mary Arden died in the last days of the summer of 1608, when William Shakespeare did not finish Coriolan, and on September 9, was buried in the parish church. She survived her husband and four children.

Khataui, Anna (Hathaway, Anne, 1555 (1556) -1623) - william's wife He married him on November 27, 1582. In marriage, she gave birth to three children - Suzanne and twins Gamnet and Judith. Anna was born in the family of landowners from Shanmeti - settlements, located near Stratford-on-Avon, but lived in Houlenda, the farmhouse of Elizabethan building. This house was bought by her brother, from the end of the XVIII century. He is known as the cottage Anna Khataui. She was the eldest daughter in the family, and she was concern for younger children. Anna was eight years older than William - in the year of marriage he was eighteen, she was twenty-six. This union was unusual: in the sixteenth century they married women under their own. We do not know whether Anna Khataui could read and write. It is unlikely that something could push it to learning, in any case, 90 percent of the female population of England of that time were illiterate. Anna was the time of marriage in the fourth month of pregnancy. At that time, the preching cohabitation was not unusual, the main thing was to hold the engagement rite, and the wedding could be postponed "for later." Their Stratford neighbors married the same way. The father left Anna Khatauway 6 pounds of 13 shillings and 4 pence - the amount equal to the annual earnings of the blacksmith or the butcher, which was quite enough for the dowry. A practically nothing is known about the relationships of Shakespeare with his wife. Apparently, Anna lived in Stratford, while William worked in London, although he did not leave his affairs in his hometown and probably came home from time to time. William moved to London almost immediately after the birth of twins, which pushed him into such a step to leave his family unknown. In his will, he almost neither did not mention his wife, but Anna Shakespeare was so had the right to a third of his property, and therefore there was no particular reasons to mention it in the official document, he took over one detail. The late thought added to the second version of the will sounds like this: "I leave my wife a second bed and other furniture." This detail was the cause of numerous discussions, in the center of which turned out to be a burning question: why Shakespeare did not leave his wife his "best" bed. In fact, the "best" bed in the house was usually intended for guests. The "second best bed" was the one who was used by a married couple, and rather everything to consider it as evidence of their union. According to the wording of one historian of culture, the marriage bed personified "marriage, marriage, self-perception" and was an "extremely important subject in the house." This bed, strictly speaking, could be a family value from the farm of the Khataui family in Shanmeti. The fact that he added this item to the will after additional meditation indicates its good intention. It is unlikely that he wanted to humiliate his wife at the last minute, although some playoffs of the playwright tend to consider it as a mock. It is quite interesting, however, that, mentioning his wife, he did not feel any need to use the traditional phrase "devotee" or "hot-love"; He did not need generally accepted sentimentality or did not love her. He also did not appoint his wife to his hearthone and instead left everything in his daughter's hands. Therefore, it can be assumed that Anna Shakespeare could be incapable by that time in some sense. Anna died on August 6, 1623 and buried in the church of St. Trinity next to her husband. The inscription on the tombstone says that she died "aged 67 years." This is the only preserved indication at the date of her birth.

Smarter than other women, but if only it!
Heaven worthy was the wisdom of good Mrs. Hall.
The first in it is from Shakespeare,
But the second is entirely from whom she is now
stay in bliss.
So really, passerby, you are a pity tears
Play the thing that cried with everyone?
Crying and still tried to encourage
Cardigo comfort.
Her love lives, her mercy lasts,
And you, passerby, do not be shed and tears.

Grandchildren Shakespeare

Both daughters of Shakespeare had children. One granddaughter Elizabeth presented the youngest daughter William Suzanne. Two grandchildren of Richard and Thomas presented the eldest, Judith Quini, unfortunately, her firstborn died in infancy (name unknown). Elizabeth was married twice, she did not have children, she died at the age of 68. Richard died at 21, Thomas in 19 years old, the reasons for their death are unknown.

Genealogical tree Shakespeare

Sources: books "Shakespeare. Biography »Peter Akreyda and Shakespearean Encyclopedia, as amended by Stanley Wells, with the participation of James Show (translated by A. Schulgata).

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The great playwright England era Renaissance, the National Poet, who received world recognition, William Shakespeare appeared in the town of Stratford, which is north of London. In history, only information about his baptism is preserved on April 26, 1564.

The parents of the boy were John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. They were among the wealthy citizens of the city. The father of the boy in addition to agriculture was engaged in the manufacture of gloves, as well as small-scale usury. He was chosen several times to the Council of the city of the city, he was constable and even mayor.

According to some reports, John belonged to the Catholic religion, for which at the end of his life was persecuted, forced him to sell all her lands. During his life, he paid large amounts of the Protestant Church for the inget of the service. William's mother was neborn, she belonged to an ancient respected surname. Mary gave birth to 8 children, the third of which was William.

In Stratford, Little William Shakespeare received good education at that time. As a child, he entered the grammatical school, where Latin was studied and ancient Greek. For the deeper and complete development of ancient languages, students were involved in the school productions of plays in Latin.

According to some data, in addition to this educational institution, William Shakespeare attended the Royal School, which was also in his native town. There he had the opportunity to familiarize himself with the ancient Roman poetic works.

Personal life

At 18, the young William had a novel with a 26-year-old daughter of Ann Hataway's neighbor, with which they soon got married. The reason for hasty marriage was the pregnancy of the girl. In those days, the trunkles in England were considered the norm, the marriage often passed after the conception of the firstborn. The only condition of such connections was a mandatory wedding before the birth of a child. When in 1583, the young couple was born the daughter of Susan, William was happy. All his life, he was especially attached to her, even after birth in two years twins the son of Hemneta and the second daughter Judith.

William Shakespeare with his wife and children

There were no more children in the family of the poet, most likely because of the second heavy childbirth of his wife Ann. In 1596, Chet Shakespearers will survive the personal tragedy: during the epidemic of Diesenteria, their only heir will die. After the move of William to London, his family remained in his native town. Infrequently, but regularly William visited his relatives.

About his personal life in London historians build a lot of riddles. It is possible that the playwright lived alone. Some researchers of the biography of the poet attribute love to him, including with male floors. But this information remains unproved.

Unknown seven years

William Shakespeare is one of the few authors, about which the information was gathered literally in grains. There are very few direct evidence of his life. Basically, all information about William Shakespeare was extracted from secondary sources, such as statements of contemporaries or administrative records. Therefore, about seven years after the birth of his twins and to the first mention of his work in London, researchers are building riddles.

William Shakespeare. Single preserved lifette

Shakespeare is attributed to the service with a noble landowner as a teacher, and work in the London theaters by Sufler, a working scene and even a horse breeder. But truly reliable information about this period of life there is no poet.

London period

In 1592, the press appears in the press of the English poet Robert Green about the work of young William. This is the first mention of Shakespeare as the author. The aristocrat in his pamphlet has tried to make fun of the young playwright, as he saw a strong competitor in him, but which, not distinguished by noble origin and good education. At the same time, it is mentioned about the first productions of the play of Shakespeare "Heinrich VI" in the London Rosa Theater.

Illustration of the "Heinrich VI" play

This work was written in the spirit of the popular English Genre of the Chronicles. This type of ideas was distributed in the Renaissance era in England, he wore the epic nature of the narration, scenes and paintings were often not related to each other. The chronicles were called upon to chant the statehood of England in counterweight feudal fragmentation and internecine wars.

It is known that William from 1594 enters the major acting community "The servants of Lord-Chamber" and becomes soon his co-founder. The productions brought great success, and the troupe in a short time is so rich, which allowed themselves to build the famous Globus Theater building over the next five years. And by 1608, theatrians acquired themselves also and closed premises, which were called "Blackfreers".

The legendary building of the Globus Theater in 1599

In many ways, the success was facilitated by the favor of the rulers of England: Elizabeth I and her heir Yakov I, who has a theater team acquired a permit for the change of status. From 1603, the troupe was called "King's servant". Shakespeare not only engaged in writing plays, he also took an active part in the production of his works. In particular, information is preserved that William played the main roles in all his plays.

condition

According to some evidence, in particular, about the purchases of real estate William Shakespeare, he earned enough and was successful in financial affairs. The playwright is attributed to exercise by usury.

Mansion William Shakespeare

Thanks to its savings in 1597, William could afford to buy a spacious mansion in Stratford. In addition, Shakespeare after death was immediately buried in the Altar of the Church of the Holy Trinity of the Native City. Such an honor was provided to him not for special merits, but for the fact that he also paid the amount for his burial for his burial.

Periods of creativity

Great playwright has created an immortal treasury that feeds the world culture for more than five centuries in a row. The plots of his plays became inspiration not only for the artists of dramatic theaters, but also for many composers, as well as for film directories. For all his creative life, Shakespeare has repeatedly changed the nature of writing his works.

The first places in their structure often copied the popular genres and plots, such as chronicles, comedies of the Renaissance ("Taming of the Shrew"), "horror tragedies" ("Tit Andronicon"). These were bulky works with a large number of heroes and unnatural to perception by a syllable. On the classic forms of forms of the young Shakespeare comprehended Aza writing drama.

Illustration to the play "Romeo and Juliet"

The second half of the 90s of the XVI century was marked by the appearance of dramaticly honed in the form and content of the essays for the theater. The poet is looking for a new form without departing from the specified framework of the Renaissance Comedy and the tragedy. It fills the old outstanding forms with new content. So the brilliant tragedy of "Romeo and Juliet" appears on the light, the comedy "Sleep in the Summer Night", "Venetian merchant". The freshness of the verse in the new writings of Shakespeare is combined with an unusual and memorable plot, which makes these plays popular among the public from the public.

At the same time, Shakespeare creates a sonnet cycle, famous at the time of the genre of a love poetic lyrics. Almost two centuries, these poetic masterpieces of the master were forgotten, but with the emergence of romanticism, they again found glory. In the XIX century, a fashion appeared on the quoting of immortal lines written on the outcome of the Renaissance English genius.

William Shakespeare at work

Are thematically poems are love messages to an unknown young man, and only the last 26 sonnets out of 154 are an appeal to the black-haired lady. Many researchers see in this cycle autobiographical features, assuming the unconventional orientation of the playwright. But some historians are inclined to think that in these sonnets, William Shakespeare's appeal to his patron and to his friend Southampton Count in a secular social form was used.

At the turn of the centuries in the works of William Shakespeare, works that made his name of the immortal in the history of world literature and theater appear. Practically held, successful creative and financial playwright creates a number of tragedies who brought him fame not only in England. These are the play "Hamlet", Macbeth, "King Lear", "Othello". These works raised the popularity of the Globus Theater to the heights of one of the most visited entertainment institutions in London. At the same time, the condition of its owners, including Shakespeare, has repeatedly increased in a short period.

Illustration of the play "Othello"

At the sunset of his work, Shakespeare composes a number of immortal works that surprised contemporaries with their new form. In them, the tragedy is combined with the comedy, and the fabulous plots are woven into the canvas description of situations from everyday life. First of all, these are the fantasy plays "storm", the "winter fairy tale", as well as dramas on the ancient stories - "Coriolian", "Anthony and Cleopatra". In these works, Shakespeare acted as a large connoisseur of the laws of a drama, which is easily and gracefully collects together the tragedy and fairy tales features, complex high syllables and understandable speech turnover.

Separately, many of the dramatic works of Shakespeare were published in his life. But the full collection of works, in which almost all the canonical play of the playwright appeared, appeared only in 1623. The collection was printed on the initiative of the friends of Shakespeare William John Heming and Henry Kondee, who worked in the Globus troupe. A book, consisting of 36 plays of the English author, saw the light called "First Folio".

During the XVII century, three more folios were published, which came out with some changes and with the addition of previously unnecessary plays.

Death

Since the last years of your life, William Shakespeare suffered a serious ailment, testimony to his changed handwriting, some of the last plays he created in collaboration with another playwright troupe, whose name was John Fletcher.

After 1613, Shakespeare finally leaves London, but does not give up some affairs. He still has time to participate in the trial of his friend as a witness of protection, and also acquires another mansion in the former Blackfriangic parish. For some time, William Shakespeare lives in the estate of his son-in-law John Hall.

For three years before the death of William Shakespeare writes his will, in which almost all property leaves for his older daughter. English writers died at the end of April 1616 in his own home. His wife Ann survived her husband for 7 years.

Monument to William Shakespeare in Leicester Square, London

In the family of the eldest daughter Susan, by this moment the granddaughter of Geniya Elizabeth was already born, but she died childless. In the family of the youngest daughter Shakespeare Judith, who was married literally two months after the death of his father for Thomas Quini, there were three boys, but they all died in his youth. Therefore, straight descendants from Shakespeare left left.

• No one knows the exact date of the appearance of William Shakespeare. In the historians Arsenal, there is only a church record about the baptism of the baby, which was available on April 26, 1564. Researchers suggest that the rite was performed on the third day after birth. Accordingly, an incredible way the date of birth and death of the playwright fell on the same number - April 23.
• The great English poet had a phenomenal memory, his knowledge could be compared with encyclopedic. In addition to ownership of two ancient languages, he also knew modern dialects of France, Italy and Spain, although he himself never left the borders of the English state. Shakespeare disassembled both in thin historical issues and in the current political situation. His knowledge was affected by music and painting, he thoroughly studied the whole Plast Botany.

• Many historians tend to think about the alternative orientation of the poet, referring to the fact of a separate residence of the playwright from the family, as well as his long friendship with Count Southampton, who had a habit of dressing in women's clothing and apply a large amount of paint on her face. But there is no direct evidence to this.
• The Protestant religion of Shakespeare and his family remains doubtfully. There are indirect evidence about belonging to his father to the Catholic denomination. But during the reign of Elizabeth I was forbidden to be an open Catholic, so many adherents of this branch simply covered off the reformers and visited the Catholic worship service secretly.

• The only autograph writer who came to the present day is his testament. In it, he lists all his property to the smallest detail, but never mentions his literary writes.
• For life, presumably, Shakespeare changed about 10 professions. He was a guard at the stables of the theater, actor, co-founder of the theater and the director of performances. In parallel with the acting activities, William led usury affairs, and at the end of his life he was engaged in brewing and handed over the housing.
• Modern historians support the version of an unknown writer, who made Shakespeare with his stacked face. Even the British Encyclopedia does not refuse the version that Shakespeare could create the plays under the pseudonym, Count Edward De Ver. More on a number of guessing it could be Lord Francis Bacon, Queen Elizabeth I and even a whole group of people of aristocratic origin.

• The poetic syllable of Shakespeare had a great influence on the development of English, formed the basis of modern grammar, as well as enriching the literary speech of the British with new phrases, which quotes from the works of the classic were used. Shakespeare left in heritage to compatriots more than 1,700 new words.

Famous quotes Shakespeare

Famous phrases of the classic often contain philosophical thoughts that are expressed very precisely and concise. A large number of fine observations is devoted to the love sphere. Here is some of them:

"The sins of others judge you are so diligent - start with your own and not get to others."

"Oaths, data in a storm forgotten in quiet weather";

"One glance can kill love, you can resurrect it in the same look."

"What does the name mean? Rosa smells a rose, at least a rose name for her, even though not ";

"Love runs from those who chase for her, and those who are running running, throws on the neck."