The most famous heroes of Jack London. Jack London - biography, information, personal life

Jack London's works were and remain extremely popular all over the world. He is the author of numerous adventure novels and short stories. It should be noted that in the USSR he was the most published foreign author after the storyteller Andersen. The total circulation of his books in the Soviet Union alone amounted to more than 77 million copies.

Biography of the writer

Jack London's works were originally printed on English language... He was born in San Francisco in 1876. Started early working life while still a schoolboy. He sold newspapers, arranged pins in the bowling alley.

After school he became a worker at a cannery. The work turned out to be hard and poorly paid. Then he borrowed $ 300 and bought a small used schooner, becoming an oyster pirate. He caught oysters illegally and sold them to local restaurants. In fact, he was engaged in poaching. Many of Jack London's works are written from personal memories. So, working in a poaching flotilla, he became so famous for his courage and courage that he was accepted into a fishing patrol, which was just fighting against poachers. This period of his life is dedicated to "Tales of the Fishing Patrol".

In 1893 London went fishing to the shores of Japan - to catch seals. This journey formed the basis of numerous stories by Jack London and the popular novel " Sea wolf".

Then he worked in a jute factory, changed many professions - a stoker and even an ironer in a laundry. The writer's memories of this period can be found in the novels "John Barleyseed" and "Martin Eden".

In 1893, he managed to earn his first money by writing. He received an award from a San Francisco newspaper for his essay "Typhoon off the coast of Japan."

Marxist ideas

The following year, he took part in the famous campaign of the unemployed to Washington, was arrested for vagrancy and spent several months in prison. The essay "Hold on!" Is devoted to this. and the novel "The Straightjacket".

At that time, he became acquainted with Marxist ideas and became a staunch socialist. He was a member of the Socialist Party of America either since 1900 or since 1901. He left the London party after a decade and a half, due to the fact that the movement lost its morale, embarking on a course of gradual reforms.

In 1897, London left for Alaska, succumbing to the gold rush. He could not find gold, instead he fell ill with scurvy, but he received a lot of plots for his stories, which brought him fame and popularity.

Jack London has worked in all sorts of genres. He even wrote science fiction and utopian stories. In them, he gave free rein to his rich imagination, amazed readers with his original style and unexpected plot twists.

In 1905 he got carried away agriculture settling on a ranch. Tried to create the perfect farm, but no luck. As a result, he got into big debts.

V last years In the life of the writer, he began to abuse alcohol. Decides to write detective novels, even buys an idea from. But he doesn't have time to finish the novel "The Bureau of Homicide". In 1916, the writer dies at the age of 40.

According to the official version, the cause was morphine poisoning, which was prescribed to him for kidney disease. London suffered from uremia. But researchers are also considering a version of suicide.

Jack London Tales

The stories brought great popularity to the writer. One of the most famous is called "Love of Life".

Events take place in Alaska during the gold rush. The main character was betrayed by a comrade and thrown to the snowy desert. He heads south to escape. He gets a leg injury, loses his cap and gun, meets a bear and even enters into single combat with a sick wolf, which did not have enough strength to attack a person. Therefore, everyone waited to see which of them would die first. At the end of the journey, he was picked up by a whaling ship and taken to San Francisco.

"Travel on" Dazzling "

Jack London wrote this story in 1902. It is dedicated to the real fact of his biography - illegal oyster mining.

It tells about young guy who runs away from home. To make money, he has to get a job on an oyster pirate ship called the Dazzling.

"White Fang"

Perhaps the most famous works Jack London dedicated to the gold rush. The story "White Fang" also belongs to them. It was printed in 1906.

In the story "White Fang" by Jack London main character- Wolf. His father is a purebred wolf and his mother is half dog. The cub is the only one surviving from the entire brood. And when he meets people with his mother, she recognizes her old master.

White Fang settles among the Indians. He develops rapidly, considering people to be cruel, but fair gods. At the same time, the rest of the dogs treat him with dislike, especially when the main character becomes the main character in the sledding team.

One day an Indian sells White Fang to Handsome Smith, who is beaten to make him understand who he is. new owner... He uses the main character in dog fights.

But in the very first fight, the bulldog almost kills him, only the engineer Whedon Scott from the mine saves the wolf. The story "White Fang" by Jack London ends with the fact that the new owner brings him to California. There he begins a new life.

Wolf Larsen

A couple of years before that, another one came out famous novel Jack London - "Sea Wolf". At the center of the story - literary critic who goes on a ferry to visit his friend and is shipwrecked. He is rescued by the schooner Ghost, commanded by Wolf Larsen.

He floats in Pacific Ocean catching cats, everyone around amazes with his frantic disposition. The protagonist of the novel "The Sea Wolf" by Jack London professes the philosophy of life leaven. He believes: the more leaven in a person, the more actively he fights for his place under the sun. As a result, it can achieve something. This approach is a form of social Darwinism.

"Before Adam"

In 1907, London writes a very unusual story for itself "Before Adam". Its plot is based on the concept of human evolution that existed at that time.

The protagonist has an alter ego who is a teenager living among cave ape-like people. This is how the writer describes the Pithecanthropus.

In the story, they are opposed by a more developed tribe, which is called the People of Fire. This is an analogue of the Neanderthals. They already use an arrow and a bow for hunting, while the Pithecanthropus (in the story they are called the Forest Horde) are at an earlier stage of development.

London science fiction

The skill of the science fiction writer Jack London demonstrated in 1912 in the novel "The Scarlet Plague". Events in it take place in 2073. 60 years ago, a sudden epidemic on Earth destroyed almost all of humanity. The action takes place in San Francisco, where an old man who remembers the world even before the deadly epidemic tells his grandchildren about it.

He says that destructive viruses have threatened the world more than once throughout the 20th century. And when the "scarlet plague" came, the Council of Magnates ruled everything, social stratification in society reached its climax. A new disease broke out in 2013. She destroyed most of the world's population, because they simply did not have time to invent a vaccine. People died right on the streets, infecting each other.

My grandfather and his comrades-in-arms managed to hide in a shelter. By this time, only a few hundred people remained on the entire planet who were forced to lead primitive image life.

"Moon Valley"

Jack London's book appeared in 1913. The action of this work takes place at the very beginning of the 20th century in California. Bill and Saxon meet at a dance and soon realize that they are in love.

The newlyweds begin their happy life in a new home. Saxon is engaged in housekeeping, she soon finds out that she is pregnant. Their happiness is darkened only by the strike in the factory, to which Bill also joins. The workers' demands are an increase in wages. But management is hiring strikebreakers instead. Clashes constantly occur between them and the employees of the factory.

Once such a fight happens near the Saxon house. Due to the stress, she has a premature birth. The child is dying. For their family are coming Hard times... Bill is passionate about strikes, he drinks a lot and fights.

Because of this, he ends up in the police, he is sentenced to a month in prison. Saxon is left alone - without a husband and money. She is starving, one day she realizes: in order to survive, they need to leave this city. With this idea, she comes to her husband, who has changed a lot in prison, rethought a lot. When Bill is released, they decide to start farming, making money on it.

They go on a journey in search of the perfect site to start their own business. What it should be, they clearly represent. They meet people, many of whom become their friends. They jokingly call their dream "Valley of the Moon". In their view, the land that the main characters dream of can only be on the moon. So two years pass, they finally find what they were looking for.

By coincidence, the area that suits them is called the Moon Valley. They open their own farm, things are going uphill. Bill discovers an entrepreneurial streak, it turns out that he is a born businessman. Only his talent was deeply buried for a long time.

The novel ends with Saxon's confession that she is expecting a baby again.

Cape Horn

One of Jack London's most entertaining novels is Mutiny on Elsinore, written in 1914.

Events unfold on a sailing ship. The ship is sailing to Cape Horn. Suddenly the captain dies on board. After that, confusion begins on the ship, the team breaks up into two opposing camps. Each of them has a leader who is ready to lead people with him.

The main character finds himself among the raging elements and rebellious sailors. All this makes him stop being an outside observer and start making difficult and responsible decisions himself. Become a strong-willed and strong person.

American writer and public figure, author of famous social and adventure novels, novellas and short stories. In his work, he praised the inflexibility human spirit and love of life. Works such as "White Fang", "Call of the Wild" and "Martin Eden" made him one of the most famous and highly paid literary men in the entire history of the United States (his fee reached $ 50 thousand per book, which was a fantastic amount for the beginning of XX century).

We decided to remember best novels and the writer's story.

Martin Eden

One of the most significant works of Jack London. A young sailor named Martin Eden saves an unfamiliar young man from death, who in gratitude invites him to dinner party... For the first time in a noble society, uncouth and clumsy Martin meets the young man's sister, Ruth Morse, and she instantly wins his heart. He understands that he, simple guy never be with a girl like her. However, Martin does not know how to give up and decides to quit his old life and become better, smarter and more educated in order to win the heart of Ruth.

This famous "northern" story by Jack London tells about willpower and the laws of survival, about courage and resilience, about loyalty and true friendship. White Fang is not only the main character of the work: most of stories are shown through his eyes. In this book you will find a story about the fate of a proud and freedom-loving animal in which the blood of a fierce predator flows. He will face both cruelty and the best qualities human soul: nobility, kindness, mutual assistance, dedication.

Call of the ancestors

Dog traders kidnap Beck, a young half-breed dog, from the master's house and sell him to Alaska. The harsh land, overwhelmed by the Gold Rush, so unlike his sunny homeland, demands from Beck the focus of all vital forces. If he cannot resurrect the memory of wild ancestors in himself, then he will inevitably perish ...

Call of the Wild is one of the best early works Jack London. The author focuses the reader's attention on the law governing the animal world: an individual survives, who is able to adapt better than others to changing environmental conditions. This story became a kind of artistic rethinking of American reality at the beginning of the 20th century.

Wolf Larsen is the captain of a fishing schooner, a cruel and cynical sailor who can easily kill a person. But at the same time, he is a lonely philosopher, a fan of the works of Shakespeare and Tennyson. In his novel, Jack London describes his sea voyages and masterfully reveals the image of this controversial person.

"Hearts of three" - last novel London, his "jubilee", fiftieth, book. The reader is waiting extraordinary adventures, the search for mysterious treasures and, of course, love.

Francis Morgan is the son of a deceased millionaire, a born aristocrat. It all starts with the search for the treasures of the founder of the clan - the formidable pirate Henry Morgan, then an unexpected meeting, unexpected capture, release, pursuit, treasures, the village of Lost Souls with a beautiful queen ... The action takes place almost continuously, the heroes, not having time to get out of one unpleasant situation, immediately fall into another.

The story of the Morgan cousins ​​and the beautiful Leoncia, with whom they both are in love, have been filmed more than once - both in the West and in Russia.

(estimates: 3 , the average: 3,67 out of 5)

Jack London, whose real name is John Griffith Cheney, was born in the middle of winter - January 12, 1876 in the States. The parents of the future writer cannot be called ordinary: John's mother was always stubborn, headstrong, moreover, she was engaged in spiritualism; his father was an astrologer and loved adventure, which was inherited by Jack London.

Little John got the surname "London" when he was not even a year old. During this time, his mother married a member Civil war, John London. Soon the stepfather's surname became creative pseudonym a writer. By the way, Jack is just an abbreviated version of the name John.

Jack was used to hard work from childhood: as a schoolboy, he sold newspapers. To make money, he got up before dawn. Both before and after school, the boy returned to work. Oddly enough, this did not prevent him from reading: as a child, Jack liked adventure literature most of all.

Jack London loved the sea no less than books, so at thirteen he bought a small boat with his own money. On it he took boat trips, caught fish and read.

When Jack was fifteen, he had to get a job in a cannery, since the family had almost no money left to live on. The conditions in the factory were terrible, the wages were paltry, and people were injured every day. Energetic Jack could not stand the monotonous mechanical work, so I started looking for alternative ways to earn money. So he began to engage in illegal fishing for oysters and, starting to lead a riotous life, spent everything he earned on drinking. Recovering himself in time, Jack hired a ship for legal work - hunting for fur seals.

Generally, in his youth future writer he managed to try almost all the "delights" of life: after working for six months on a ship, he joined the march of the unemployed, and as a result, he lived with vagrants for the same amount of time. During this period, Jack decides to get an education and start writing career... Now he took up intellectual work: he graduated high school and even passed the entrance exams to the University of California, Berkeley. But since young London did not have enough money, he had to leave his studies.

Jack began writing his first stories and stories at the age of 22. All his works were constantly returned from the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, which soon served as the basis for writing the novel. After six months of persistent and unsuccessful attempts, his story was still published.

The dizzying success was for Jack London a real gift of fate: now he earned incomparably more than ever, and could afford everything he wanted. Yes, a writer who grew up in poverty valued his wealth highly.

Jack London lived only forty years, but managed to write more than two hundred short stories, novellas and novels. His works became known to the whole world, and “ White Fang"And" Hearts of Three "are included in school curriculum... But the main thing is not even this, but the fact that this person, thanks to his perseverance, courage and hard work, was able to make his dream come true.

Jack London, bibliography

All Jack London books:

Novels

• 1902 - "Daughter of the Snows"
• 1903 - ""
• 1903 - "Letters from Campton to Wes"
• 1904 - ""
• 1906 - ""
• 1908 - ""
• 1909 - ""
• 1910 - "Time-Doesn't Wait"
• 1911 - Adventure
• 1912 - "Scarlet Plague"
• 1913 - ""
• 1914 - "Mutiny at Elsinore"
• 1915 - "

Annotation

The volume presents the most famous works classic American literature by Jack London.

JACK LONDON

White silence

Son of the wolf

At the fortieth mile

In a distant land

For those who are on the way!

Northern Odyssey

Great mystery

Daughter of the northern lights

Law of life

League of old men

Thousand dozen

Shard of the Tertiary Age

Love of life

Brown wolf

One day parking

By the path of false suns

Lone Chieftain's Disease

Gold mine

Aliens from the Land of the Sun

Where the paths diverge

Courage of a woman

Piece of meat

Mapui House

Atu them, atu!

Scary Solomon Islands

The New Gibson Jokers

Night on the Goboto

Parley Pearls

Like the Argonauts of old ...

JACK LONDON

Collection of short stories and novellas

White silence

Carmen won't last two days.

Mason spat out a piece of ice and looked sadly at the unfortunate animal, then, bringing the dog's paw to his mouth, began to bite the ice again, which was frozen with big bumps between her fingers.

No matter how much I met dogs with intricate nicknames, they were all useless, ”he said, finishing his business, and pushed the dog away. “They grow weak and eventually die. Have you seen anything wrong with a dog whose name is simply Kasyar, Sivash or Husky? Never! Look at Shukum: he ...

Once! The emaciated dog jumped up, almost grabbing Mason's throat with his fangs.

What did you come up with?

A strong blow to the head with the handle of the whip threw the dog into the snow; she shuddered convulsively, yellow saliva dripping from her fangs.

I say, look at Shukum: Shukum will not give a blunder. I bet it won't be a week before he picks up Carmen.

And I, "said Malemute Kid, turning over the bread thawing by the fire," I bet that we ourselves will eat Shukum before we get to the place. What do you say to that, Ruth?

The Indian woman threw a piece of ice into the coffee to make it thicker, looked from Malemute Kid to her husband, then to the dogs, but said nothing. Such an obvious truth did not require confirmation. There was no other way out for them. There were two hundred miles ahead of them on an unpaved path, there would only be enough food for six days, and there was nothing for the dogs at all.

Both the hunter and the woman moved closer to the fire and ate their meager breakfast. The dogs lay in the harness, as it was a short day's stay, and enviously watched their every piece.

WITH tomorrow no breakfast, said Malemute Kid, and keep my eyes on the dogs; they completely got out of their hands, and look, they will pounce on us, if the opportunity presents itself.

But I was once the head of the Methodist community and taught in a Sunday school!

And, no one knows why, having announced this, Mason plunged into contemplation of his moccasins, from which there was steam. Ruth brought him out of his reverie by pouring him a cup of coffee.

Thank God we have plenty of tea. I saw tea grow at home in Tennessee. What would I not give now for a hot corn cake! .. Do not grieve, Ruth, just a little more, and you will not have to starve anymore, and you will not have to wear moccasins.

At these words, the woman stopped frowning, and her eyes lit up with love for her white master - the first white man she met, the first man who showed her that in a woman you can see not only an animal or beast of burden.

Yes, Ruth, - continued her husband in that conventional language, the only one in which they could communicate with each other, - soon we'll get out of here, get into the boat white man and go to the Salt Water. Yes, bad water, rough water - like water mountains jumping up and down. And how much of it, how long it takes to drive! You eat ten dreams, twenty dreams - for greater clarity, Mason counted the days on his fingers - and all the time water, bad water. Then we arrive at a large village, there are a lot of people, just like midges in summer. The wigwams are so high - ten, twenty pines! .. Eh!

He fell silent, unable to find words, and cast an imploring glance at Malemute Kid, then diligently began to show with his hands how high it would be if twenty pines were stacked one on top of the other. Malemute Kid smiled derisively, but Ruth's eyes widened with surprise and happiness; she thought that her husband was joking, and such mercy pleased her poor woman's heart.

And then we sit in ... in the box, and - piff! - go. - As an explanation, Mason threw an empty mug into the air and, deftly catching it, shouted: - And now - puff! - already arrived! O great shamans! You go to Fort Yukon, and I go to Arctic City - twenty-five dreams. Long rope from there to here, I grab this rope and say: “Hello, Ruth! How is it going?" And you say, "Is that you, hubby?" I say yes". And you say: "You can't bake bread: there is no more soda." Then I say: “Look in the closet, under the flour. Goodbye!" You go to the closet and take as much soda as you need. And all the time you are in Fort Yukon, and I am in Arctic City. Here they are, shamans!

Ruth smiled so innocently at this fairy tale that the men rolled with laughter. The noise raised by the fighting dogs cut short stories about the wonders of a distant country, and by the time the fighters were separated, the woman had already managed to tie up the sledges, and everything was ready to set off.

Forward, Bald! Hey, go ahead!

Mason deftly snapped the whip and, when the dogs began, slowly squealing, to pull the strings, rested on the swivel pole and moved the frozen sleds. Ruth followed him with the second team, and Malemute Kid, who helped her to start, brought up the rear. A strong and stern man, capable of knocking down a bull with one blow, he could not beat the unfortunate dogs and, if possible, spared them, which the drivers rarely do. Sometimes Malemute Kid almost cried with pity when he looked at them.

Come on, lame ones! he muttered after several futile attempts to move the heavy sledges.

Finally his patience was rewarded, and, squealing in pain, the dogs rushed to catch up with their fellows.

Conversations fell silent. Hard way does not allow such luxury. And driving in the north is hard, murderous work. Happy is he who, at the cost of silence, can withstand a day of such a journey, and even then along the paved path.

But there is no more exhausting work than paving the way. At every step, wide wicker skis fall through and your feet sink into the knee-deep snow. Then you need to carefully pull out your leg - a deviation from the vertical by an insignificant fraction of an inch threatens disaster - until the surface of the ski is cleared of snow. Then you step forward and you begin to lift the other leg, also at least half a yard. Whoever does this for the first time, collapses from exhaustion after a hundred yards, even if before that he does not hook one ski to another and does not stretch out to his full height, trusting in the treacherous snow. Whoever manages to never fall under the feet of dogs for the whole day can, with a clear conscience and with the greatest pride, climb into a sleeping bag; and the gods may envy those who walk twenty dreams along the great Northern Path.

The day was approaching evening, and the travelers, suppressed by the greatness of the White Silence, silently made their way. Nature has many ways to convince a person of his mortality: the continuous alternation of ebb and flow, the fury of the storm, the horrors of the earthquake, the thunderous rumblings of heavenly artillery. But most of all, the most crushing is the White Silence in its dispassion. Nothing moves, the sky is bright as polished copper, the slightest whisper seems sacrilege, and a person is frightened own voice... The only living particle moving through the ghostly desert dead world, he fears his insolence, acutely aware that he is just a worm. Strange thoughts arise by themselves, the mystery of the universe seeks its expression. And the fear of death, of God, of the whole world finds on a person, and together with fear - the hope of resurrection and life and longing for immortality - the vain striving of captive matter; it is then that man is left alone with God.

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Biography, life story of Jack London

Jack London - American writer, socialist.

Childhood

On January 12, 1876, a boy was born in San Francisco (California), who later became one of the most notable persons in world literature. The boy was named John Griffith Cheney. The newborn's mother was Flora Wellman, a music teacher who was very keen on spiritualism. John's own father, astrologer William Cheney, was not at all happy that he would soon have a child. He even asked Flora to have an abortion. However, the woman flatly refused. William continued to insist and brought the pregnant Flora to such a hysteria that she even tried to shoot herself. Fortunately, the woman only slightly hurt herself.

When little John was born, he spent the first months of his life not with his own mother, but with Virginia Prentiss, the former slave of Mrs. Wellman. In late 1876, Flora married John London, a veteran of the American Civil War. After that, Flora took her son and brought him to a new and big family(Flora's new spouse already had two daughters). The kid began to be called John London, and in the family circle and people close to him called him simply Jack.

The London family settled in one of the working-class districts of San Francisco. At that time, the whole country was gripped by a terrible economic crisis, there was practically no money, people were fired by the thousands. The head of the family tried several times to start farming in order to feed the family, but Flora, a lover of easy money, constantly interfered with him, assuring him that this was too long and painful path. The family was poor. London often moved from place to place, children had to change schools, forget friends. Perhaps this is precisely what served to ensure that the offspring of London became close friends and were able to maintain a warm relationship until the end of their days. The last refuge family became the town of Oakland, which is located near San Francisco. It was there that Jack London finally managed to finish elementary school.

CONTINUED BELOW

Due to the fact that the family was in dire need of money, Jack had to start working very early. So, while still a schoolboy, every morning and every evening he delivered newspapers to the nearest districts. On weekends, he set up skittles in the bowling alley and cleaned the beer halls in the park. At fourteen, Jack dropped out of school and got a job as a worker in a cannery. But the work was too hard for young boy... Jack resigned and began to look for new ways to earn money. In the end, he asked Virginia Prentiss, with whom he supported everything. friendly relations, three hundred dollars. A kind-hearted woman could not refuse the boy, who she considered practically her own son. Taking the money, Jack bought a second-hand schooner and began to fish illegally for oysters in San Francisco Bay. A little later, he got a job on a fishing patrol.

Youth

At the age of seventeen, Jack London went to work as a sailor on a fishing schooner called Sophie Sutherland. The team members were engaged in catching fur seals in the Bering Sea. The first long voyage impressed Jack very much, he was struck by the vast expanses of the sea, the feeling of freedom and at the same time the feeling of defenselessness that the endless water column gives.

After sailing for some time, Jack London worked as an ironer in a laundry, and even as a stoker.

Education

At one time, Jack London decided to enter the University of California. He prepared himself for entrance exams and passed them successfully. However, he studied for only three semesters. Jack simply did not have the money to pay for his studies at such a prestigious educational institution.

Political views

In 1894, Jack London became acquainted with the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Young Jack was so impressed by socialist ideas that he immediately joined the Socialist Labor Party of America. In 1900, he became a full member of the Socialist Party of America. In 1914, Jack London renounced his beliefs, claiming that he had lost faith in the fighting spirit of socialism.

Literature

On November 12, 1893, the very first essay by Jack London was published in a San Francisco newspaper. The essay was called "Typhoon off the coast of Japan." The debut work of a young and talented writer had some success.

In 1894, Jack London took an active part in the campaign of the unemployed to Washington. It was at that moment that he clearly realized that physical labor cannot give him everything he dreams of. Only intellectual labor is highly valued. So London came to the conclusion that it was imperative for him to become a real writer.

Throughout his life, Jack London published great amount works - novels, stories, plays, short stories, sketches ... Each of his creations is a description of real situations that he faced in his life. None of the works of London are taken, as they say, from the sky. He himself experienced all those moments (or saw how others experience them) that are captured on the pages of his books.

Jack London wrote in a very light and poetic language. He could deftly and almost imperceptibly for the reader himself instantly immerse him in the thick of events, let him realize and feel the mood of the book. Jack London to this day is one of the few writers who can only clearly characterize the hero through dialogues.

"Golden fever"

In 1897, Jack London succumbed to general madness and went with his comrades to Alaska in search of gold. At first, they were lucky - the friends were able to overtake many gold prospectors, get to the Yukon River and stake out one site. Truth, precious metal they never found it there. As a result, almost all would-be hunters had to return home with nothing. Everyone except Jack London. He brought two things from the trip - scurvy (a disease caused by an acute lack of vitamin C) and images of the future heroes of his books.

Personal life

In January 1900, Jack London was legally married to Elizabeth Maddern, the former fiancée of his deceased university friend. Elizabeth gave birth to her wife two adorable daughters - Bass and Joan. True, already in 1902, Jack fell in love with a girl named Charmian Kitterge. The passion between them was so strong that Jack left Elizabeth. In November 1905, Jack and Charmian were officially married.

Death

The last years of his life, Jack London was in the deepest creative crisis... At one time, he became so desperate that he began to wash down his pain with alcohol. Depression and alcohol caused him to develop uremia (kidney disease). On November 22, 1916, London died of an overdose of morphine (with his help, Jack coped with constant pain in the lumbar region). He was only forty years old. Many researchers are inclined to believe that the writer deliberately took an excessive amount of the drug, since he no longer had the strength to fight for a place in the sun.

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Klim (Saratov)

Very cool