Problems of the story matrenin dvor is short. Problems of Solzhenitsyn's story “Matryonin Dvor

The problem of moral choice in the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's "Matryonin Dvor"

Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor" tells about the life of the village in the fifties. The writer depicts how moral ideals and people's lives change with the advent of collective farms and widespread collectivization. It shows the crisis of the Russian countryside, the dispossession of the peasants. People were deprived of their property, lost the incentive to work.

The life of the peasantry, its way of life and customs - all this can be understood very well by reading this work. The main character in it is the author himself. This is a person who has served a long time in the camps and who wants to return to Russia. But not to that Russia, which was disfigured by collectivization, but to a remote village, to the pristine world, where there will be beautiful nature.

But he was disappointed, in the village there is the same social poverty: “Alas, they did not bake bread there. They did not sell anything edible there. The whole village dragged sacks of food from the regional town. " Having traveled around several villages, he fell in love with the one where a woman of about sixty, Matryona, lived. The peasantry here has lost centuries-old economic and cultural traditions... The author sees the house of his mistress Matryona. You can live in this house only in summer, and even then in good weather: "however, the chips drove out, the logs of the log house and the gate, once mighty, turned gray from old age, and their casing thinned out." Life is the most terrible: cockroaches and mice are running around. People in the village Torfoprodukt have nothing to eat. Matryona asks what to cook for lunch, but there is nothing besides “kart” and “cardboard soup”. But, despite such a hard life, Matryona chooses the life of a righteous man.

Every person in life has a choice. Everyone decides how to live in our harsh world. Some help others, others think of their lives only by the desire for their own happiness, sometimes even harming people. main character he chooses righteousness, which consists in unrequited help to others. It is her moral choice.

The author appreciates kindness, simplicity, meekness in Matryona and sees the extraordinary beauty of the soul. Her entire existence was concluded in work, disinterested assistance to her friends, sister-in-law, neighbors: “But not only a collective farm, but any distant relative or just a neighbor came to Matryona in the evening and said:

Tomorrow, Matryona, you will come to help me. We will dig up the potatoes. " Then she dropped everything and helped, and then she was sincerely glad that the potatoes were large.

The life of the main character is not so easy. Having lost her husband in the war, having buried six children, she did not lose moral ideals... She herself did not strive for hoarding, did not pursue fashion. After working on the collective farm for a quarter of a century, Matryona did not receive a pension, since only factory workers were entitled to pensions: “She was lonely around, and as soon as she became very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory, she was not entitled to a pension ... "

Wealth does not belong to the people, everyone has become slaves in the hands of the state. Replacement occurs moral values: instead of goodness, they become wealth and greed. But Matryona did not lose her life aspirations and spiritual guidelines. Even during her lifetime, relatives began to share the room. Wanting to help her pupil Kira, Matryona gives the logs of the upper room to Kira and even helps to transport them herself. The tractor, transporting the dismantled room, falls under the train, and the heroine dies: “At dawn, the women brought from the crossing on a sled under a dirty sack - everything that was left of Matryona. ... Everything was mess - no legs, no half of the body, no left arm ". Even dies doing a good deed. Such is the righteous Matryona.

Having lost this beautiful woman, society continues to degrade morally. Thaddeus, who in the past loved Matryona, does not grieve about her death, but only thinks how to preserve the remaining logs. This is how people lose their moral values. Even at the commemoration, everyone drinks, and when they get drunk, they begin to sing songs, swearing rushes. Relatives, the closest people are indifferent to the grief of the departed Matryona. And only the author who lived with her was able to see in her a real righteous man: “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was the very righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worth it.

Neither the city.

Not all our land. "

The story ends with these words.

In his work, Solzhenitsyn showed us the environment in which people live. It is the environment that drives them to greed and loss of moral values. People deteriorate and become violent. Matryona, on the other hand, retained a person in herself. The author perfectly shows her Russian character, her kindness, sympathy for all living things. The miserable way of life did not make the soul and heart of Matryona miserable. Only Solzhenitsyn could see in a simple old woman a great soul, a righteous man.

The story "Matryonin Dvor" calls not to repeat the mistakes of the past generation, so that people become more humane and moral. After all, these are the basic values ​​of humanity!

Topic: "The beauty of the human soul"

The problem of human moral beauty.

What true beauty person? What kind moral qualities make a person beautiful?

Matryona is outwardly very simple, does not stand out in any way peasant woman, engaged in hard country labor all her life. Matryona's life was difficult, like all the villagers: they had nothing to buy in the store, and their food was very meager and modest - only potatoes. And Matryona's house is so dilapidated, as if it would crumble to pieces. Mice and cockroaches coexist with the heroine. And she already got used to them.

But how beautiful the soul of the heroine is! Kindness, hard work, responsiveness, the desire to help, to understand another - all this makes her beautiful.

She did not have to ask for help, it was enough to say that tomorrow she would come to help pick potatoes. And Matryona threw all her business and went to help, and she was sincerely happy for the neighbors if the potatoes were big.

Having lived a hard life, she was not angry with people, she was not even offended by the fact that, having worked for a quarter of a century on a collective farm, she did not receive a pension, since only factory workers were entitled to a pension. She was sick - but was considered disabled. As if the state simply forgot that such a woman lives, no one cares about her. Barely at the end of her life, Matryona was able to procure a pension for herself for her husband, but how much envy immediately appeared among fellow villagers and relatives: where does she have so much money.

And Matryona never stopped giving warmth to people. How comfortable and good the storyteller felt in her house. It was easy with Matryona, calm at home.

"A village does not live without a righteous man"- that was the first title of the story. And indeed, it is people like Matryona, the righteous, that is, those who live in truth, make life cleaner, kinder, showing with their lives what is valuable on this earth: not material things, but human relations, mutual understanding and respect. in order to transport Matryona's disassembled house even during her lifetime, as her once beloved man Thaddeus did. The death of the heroine under the wheels of a train while transporting logs across the rails is a terrible warning to people about what should be appreciated in life. With the death of the heroine, the village seemed to be deserted, the kind and sympathetic Matryona did not become.

But the terrible thing is that people did not even notice that such a beautiful woman passed away. The wake was just an excuse to get drunk. And at the end they even sang songs. Here it is, the moral degradation of people. Even relatives are indifferent to Matryona's death.

And only the narrator sincerely regrets her. " We all lived next to her and did not understand that she is the same righteous person, without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worth .Neither the city. Not all our land. "

A person is beautiful in soul, in his actions, in his attitude towards people. It is this conclusion that can be made by reading the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn.

In December 1961, A. I. Solzhenitsyn presented to the editor-in-chief of the magazine “ New world»Twardowski's second story (for acquaintance). It was called "A village is not worth a righteous man", but almost immediately it was renamed " Matrenin dvor". The problem lay not only in the content of the work, but also in the title, which contained a "religious term." The story was published only a year later - in the January 1963 issue of the most widely read literary magazine in the USSR.

Plot tie

That time is usually called the thaw. There were certain reasons for this: many millions of recent prisoners of Stalin's camps and exiles left places with a severe frosty or desert climate and went to the European part of the Union - not to big cities(they were not allowed there), and in the villages and settlements of the middle lane. Here, among the softly rustling foliage of the forests, near the quiet rivers flowing, everything seemed sweet and cozy to the long-suffering. Nevertheless, life even in these parts was not easy. It turned out to be difficult to get a job, although it is easier than quite recently, when even a wheelbarrow would not have been entrusted to a former prisoner. These circumstances did not bother the narrator on whose behalf the story is being told. He felt an urgent need for fairly simple things, namely: to get a job in a rural school as a mathematics teacher, to find a place to live. These were his "primary tasks and raised problems." He was brought to Matrenin's yard by a casual acquaintance who sold milk at the railway station. There were no other options, only elderly woman... Her name was Matryona. And so their acquaintance took place.

Pension

So, it was 1956, a lot was changing in the country, but the collective farm life remained poor. Many aspects peasant life post-Stalin era, as it were in passing, illuminated Alexander Isaevich in the story "Matrenin's yard". The problem of his landlady may seem trivial to the modern reader, but in the first years of Khrushchev she faced many villagers of the vast country. The collective farm pension - beggarly, eighty rubles (8 rubles new, post-reform) - and that was not due to a woman who honestly worked her whole life. She went to the authorities, collected some information about the income of her late husband, faced with constant stupid callousness and malevolent bureaucratic indifference, and, in the end, achieved her goal. She was given a pension, and taking into account the additional payment for housing the teacher (Ignatyich, on whose behalf the story is being told), her income acquired, by rural standards, colossal amounts - as much as one hundred and eighty rubles (18 rubles after 1961) - “you don’t have to die ".

And also a peat machine ...

Peat

Yes, this type of fuel is often used for heating in swampy climates. It seems to be enough for everyone, but in the harsh Soviet reality of the fifties, there was a lack of everything that people needed. This position was largely retained throughout Soviet era... No bread was baked in Vysokoe Pole, no food was sold, all this had to be carried in sacks from the regional center. But, in addition to supplying the population with food, AI Solzhenitsyn talks about another important side of peasant life in the story "Matrenin's Dvor". The problem of heating by the management of the collective farm was completely transferred to the villagers, and they solved it independently and as best they could: they stole peat. Ignatyich naively believed that a truck of fuel was a lot, that it would be enough for the whole winter, but in fact it required three times more. All the women of the village carried peat on themselves - at the risk of being caught, hiding the stolen goods from the chairman, who, of course, took care of the warmth in his house.

Personal life

House Matryona owned a spacious, once solid, but from time and the absence of male hands fell into disrepair. The history of this real estate dates back to pre-revolutionary times. The hostess was married, lived here for a long time, gave birth to six children, none of whom survived. Matryona raised her niece as own daughter, taking her from the large family of her husband's brother. There was also a background: being a bride, she was going to marry Thaddeus, her current "divir", but it did not work out. He disappeared into Germanskaya without a trace, but she did not wait, married his brother. Thaddeus later showed up, was very angry, but Matryona remained with Yefim.

The rights to real estate became the reason for the conflict that arose between the relatives, who were already deciding how they would divide Matrenin's yard. The problems and arguments presented by the future heirs have caused many controversies and mystically led to the death of a woman.

Life and loneliness

The village is a special world in which its own unwritten laws rule. Matryona is considered by many to be stupid. She does not lead household as is customary for almost everyone. The housewives' material problems in the work "Matrenin's Dvor" are illustrated by the absence of a cow and a pig, which the villagers usually cannot do without. She is criticized for this, although, it would seem, who cares about how a single elderly woman lives? She herself quite understandably explains the reason for such negligence. Milk is given to her by a goat, with which the hassle of feeding is much less (the prospect of feeding the shepherd does not smile at her, and her health leaves much to be desired). Mice, a lame cat and cockroaches, of which there are many, live from her living creatures - that's the whole "Matrenin's Dvor". The problem of senile loneliness was, is and will be.

Righteousness

Now we should remember the original version of the title of the story. What does the righteous man have to do with it, and why is this Orthodox concept applicable to the most ordinary peasant woman who lives in poverty, loneliness and does not differ much from many millions of women like her? Soviet Union? How is it different from others? After all, it was not for nothing that Alexander Isaevich wanted to name his work like that? What problems does he raise in the story "Matrenin's Dvor"?

The fact is that Matryona has an important human quality... She never refuses to help others, without making a distinction between "good" and "bad." The chairman's wife, an important lady, came and with aplomb demands (does not ask) to go to work, "to help the collective farm." She does not even say hello, only notifies that you need to take with you. A sick elderly woman seems to want to refuse, but immediately wonders what time to come. As for the neighbors, then there is no need to ask Matryona - she is always ready to harness herself, not even considering it a service on her part and refusing any material reward, although it would in no way harm her. Ignatich never once heard from her a word of condemnation of anyone's actions, his mistress never gossip.

The death of Matryona

The notorious " housing problem»Really spoils ours, in general, good people... And the characters of the work also suffer from this problem. In Solzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin's Courtyard," old Faddey became the spokesman for fussy greed and excessive economy. He is impatient to receive part of the bequest inheritance, and right now. There are problems with the scaffolding: the old woman does not need an extension, he wants to disassemble it and transfer it to himself. By itself, it does not express anything bad, but it is important to note here that Thaddeus knows that Matryona cannot refuse. The problems raised in the story "Matrenin's Dvor" exist in society regardless of the level of wealth. Avarice and haste, in the end, lead to a tragic incident. The overloaded hitch of the sled with building materials breaks off at the crossing, the drivers do not notice it and collide with the tractor. People are dying, including Matryona, who, as always, has undertaken to help.

Funeral and commemoration

Subtle psychologism, irony and even gloomy humor are present in the scene of farewell to the main character of the story "Matryona's yard". The problems and arguments encoded in the funeral laments and laments of various characters are deciphered by explaining their true background. The reader involuntarily becomes offended that over the roughly knocked together coffin of Matryona, a woman in her kind and ingenuous life, such sophisticated and intriguing streams of information rush. There are, however, and people who loved the deceased, they cry sincerely. Thaddeus, meanwhile, is busy: he urgently needs to take out the property before it disappears, and he "solves this issue", keeping up with the commemoration, which, as often happens, ends with an almost cheerful feast. All of this exposes moral problems in the first place.

In the story "Matrenin's Courtyard", as in other works of AI Solzhenitsyn, the writer's annoyance at a vain-selfish attitude to life and faith in a good righteous beginning merge together.

A short story by A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin
yard "has absorbed many themes and problems typical for Russian
literature. Solzhenitsyn created the image of a peasant woman, forcing
remember the peasant women Nekrasov, on whose shoulders there is always
Rus fell a heavy burden of the economy and family. Despite the overwhelming
work and care, Russian women have remained and remain
keepers of eternal spiritual values: kindness, compassion,
disinterestedness, dedication. Their early works
Solzhenitsyn created on the basis of personal life experience. The first
the tale that brought him all-Russian glory, "One day of Ivan
Denisovich ", based on the camp experience of a writer repressed
in the Stalin years, "Matrenin Dvor" - real story that happened
when Solzhenitsyn after the camps got a job in the village
teacher of mathematics.
Time of action in the story - 1956. One can imagine that
the work is out of date, the shortcomings of that life have been overcome. Let's see,
Is it so. At the beginning of the story, the author's hero Ignatyich settles
after the camp to teach in a village with a poetic name -
High Field. But it turns out that it is impossible to live there: the peasants
they do not bake bread, but carry it in sacks from the city. Is the current situation
our country, forced to buy imported products,
not a consequence of ruin Agriculture? Following
the place where the hero falls is called Peat. It seems to be
small detail, but reflected in it global problem impoverishment
the Russian language, which is now being decided at the presidential level,
because it took on catastrophic proportions. Solzhenitsyn himself
always tried to return to the language originality, brightness. He is active
uses folk expressions, proverbs.
The landscape of the Peat product is depressing: the surrounding forests have been cut down,
barbaric peat mining is carried out everywhere, pipes spew black
smoke, a narrow-gauge railway cuts the village in half. Motive railroad
can be considered the most important in the story: the fear of the main character
before the advancing urban civilization and its death are associated with
by train. What appearance the village, such is his outer life
inhabitants: “Without error, I could assume that in the evening above the doors
club radio tape will overstrain, and drunken
Yes, prop up each other with knives. " So have you changed
for the better the ecological situation or the living conditions of people? No,
the story still sounds modern.
Along with publicistic acuteness, the work contains
artistic depth. Eternal problems spirituality,
the inner beauty of a person is revealed by the example of the image of Matryona.
Solzhenitsyn reveals her character in two stages. Reader first
together with the narrator sees only everyday existence
a lonely old woman living on the edge of the village. Hut Matryona long ago
in need of renovation, but still sound and warm. As humorously reports
the narrator, besides him and Matryona, “lived in the hut: a cat,
mice and cockroaches ". Some kind of abandonment of Matryona's courtyard is emphasized
the fact that there is no radio in her hut. The author's hero seeking
after the silence camp, glad about it. He lives month after month with Matryona,
but still sees only the outer side of her existence.
Matryona does not die of hunger only thanks to a small garden,
where potatoes are grown. The collective farm in which she worked all
life, does not pay her pension, since Matryona's husband disappeared without
lead in war, and required documents the loss of the breadwinner has not been collected.
Moreover, this does not prevent the chairman's unceremonious wife from attracting
a lonely old woman to general collective farm work. Often asked
Neighbors and relatives help Matryona. She doesn't refuse anyone
he is embarrassed to take money for help, and the author notices that in the village
unselfish Matryona is mocked. The narrator
knows that Matryona's children died in infancy and she raised
adopted daughter Kira.
Unexpectedly, Matryona's past is revealed to the author. Turns out,
there was love, and separation, and jealousy in her life. Matryona's groom,
Thaddeus, disappeared for three years after the First World War. Without waiting for him,
Matryona married the groom's brother, Efim. Returned Thaddeus
I didn't hack both of them just because of my brother. Efim was related to Matryona
down, "spun" on the side and disappeared at the front, possibly escaped
abroad. Thaddeus basically found a bride with the same
name, got married, but there was no happiness in their family. This is his daughter, Kira,
the childless Matryona begged for upbringing. Lonely sick
the old woman suddenly appeared before my eyes author interesting,
much experienced person.
And here comes the tragic ending. Matryona dies under the wheels
trains. In this, at first glance, accidental death the author sees
symbolic meaning... Thaddeus persuaded Matryona to give her bequest
Kira's room during his lifetime. When transporting logs Thaddeus with a tractor driver
out of greed, he hitched two sleighs at once, one of which
stuck on the rails. Matryona rushed, as she always did, to help
peasants, and then a train swooped down. Urban civilization symbol
crashed into a hut - a symbol village life... Matryona dies,
and with her some amazing spiritual warmth passes away,
which is not found in other inhabitants of the village. They even worry at the commemoration
as if the good did not fall into the wrong hands of Matrenino.
Only after Matryona's death does the author understand what kind of person
she was: “I didn’t chase the purchase ... I didn’t get out to buy
things and then take care of them more than your life. Didn't chase outfits.
For clothes that embellish freaks and villains. " Matryona, in contrast
from fellow villagers, understood the word "good" as good feeling,
and not as acquired things. Initially, Solzhenitsyn wanted to call
the story "A village is not worth it without a righteous man." The writer was able to discern
in the ridiculous and pitiful, in the opinion of others, the old woman is a righteous woman.
In spite of hard life, numerous grievances and injustices,
Matryona remained a kind, bright person to the end.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin's Dvor" (1959) had an autobiographical basis. What the writer saw in a Russian village after his release was typical, and therefore especially painful. The plight of the village, which experienced terrible years collectivization, which fed the country during the war, which raised the destroyed economy after a hard time, so truthfully did not appear on the pages of works. Working on a collective farm for workdays instead of money, no pension and no gratitude of any kind ("The state is minute. Today, you see, it gave, and tomorrow it will take away") - all this is the reality of peasant life, which had to be loudly declared. The original title was - "A village is not worth a righteous man", the final version was proposed by AT Tvardovsky.

The plot basis of the story and its problems. In the center of the story is a simple Russian peasant woman, who has drunk to the brim with the troubles of her country, her small homeland... But no life difficulties they cannot change this sincere person, make him callous and heartless. Matryona could not refuse anyone, she helped everyone. The loss of six children did not harden the heroine: she gave all her mother's love and care adopted daughter Kire. The very life of Matryona - moral lesson, she did not fit into the traditional village scheme: “I didn’t chase after the purchase ... I didn’t get out to buy things and then take care of them more than my life. Didn't chase outfits. For clothes that embellish freaks and villains. Not understood and abandoned even by her husband, burying six children, but not having a sociable disposition, a stranger to her sisters, sister-in-law, funny, foolishly working for others for free - she did not save up property to death ... "

AI Solzhenitsyn's story is written in realistic traditions. And there is no unnecessary embellishment in it. The righteous image of the main character, for whom home is a spiritual category, is contrasted with ordinary people who strive not to miss their own and do not notice how cruelty hurts them. “Matryona did not sleep for two nights. It was not easy for her to make up her mind. It was not a pity for the upper room itself, which stood idle, no matter how much Matryona ever spared neither work nor her good. And this room was bequeathed to Kira all the same. But it was terrifying for her to start breaking the roof under which she had lived for forty years. Even for me, the guest, it was painful that they would begin to tear off the boards and turn out the logs at home. And for Matryona it was the end of her whole life. " The tragic end of the story is symbolic: when the upper room is dismantled, Matryona dies. And life quickly takes its toll - Thaddeus, brother-in-law

Matryona, “overcoming weakness and aches, revived and rejuvenated”: he began to dismantle the barn and the fence, which were left without a mistress.

The inner light of the soul of such people illuminates the life of those around them. That is why the author says at the end of the story: “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was the very righteous person, without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worth it. Neither the city. Not all our land. "

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