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Mikhail Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog" can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society rejected the ideas of the 1917 revolution, showed the dire consequences of human intervention in the natural course of development, be it nature or society. Using the example of the failure of the experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky, M. Bulgakov tried to say in the distant 1920s that the country must be returned, if possible, to its former natural state.
Why do we call the experiment of the brilliant professor unsuccessful? WITH scientific point On the contrary, this experience has been very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he transplants a human pituitary gland to a dog from a twenty-eight-year-old man who died a few hours before the operation. This man is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. Bulgakov gives him a short but capacious description: “The profession is playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is enlarged (alcohol). The cause of death is a stab in the heart in a pub. ” And what? In the creature that appeared as a result of a scientific experiment, the makings of an eternally hungry street dog Sharika is combined with the qualities of an alcoholic and criminal Klim Chugunkin. And it is not surprising that the first words he uttered were swearing, and the first “decent” word was “bourgeois”.
The scientific result turned out to be unexpected and unique, but in everyday life, it led to the most disastrous consequences. The type that appeared in the house of Professor Preobrazhensky as a result of the operation, “ vertically challenged and unsympathetic appearance ”, turned the well-oiled life of this house. He behaves defiantly rude, arrogant and arrogant.
The newly-minted Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov “. wears patent leather boots and a poisonous tie, his suit is dirty, unkempt, tasteless. With the help of Shvonder's house committee, he registers in Preobrazhensky's apartment, demands the “sixteen yards” of living space allocated to him, even tries to bring his wife into the house. He believes that he is raising his ideological level: he is reading a book recommended by Shvonder — the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky. And even makes critical remarks about the correspondence ...
From the point of view of Professor Preobrazhensky, all these are pathetic attempts that in no way contribute to the mental and spiritual development of Sharikov. But from the point of view of Shvonder and those like him, Sharikov is quite suitable for the society they create. Sharikov was even hired in government agency... For him, to become, albeit small, but a boss means to transform outwardly, to gain power over people. Now he is dressed in a leather jacket and boots, drives a state car, controls the fate of a secretary girl. His impudence becomes limitless. All day long in the house of the professor one can hear obscene language and balalaika chirping; Sharikov comes home drunk, sticks to women, breaks and destroys everything around him. It becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the inhabitants of the whole house.
Professor Preobrazhensky and Bormental unsuccessfully try to instill in him the rules good taste, develop and educate it. Of the possible cultural events Sharikov only likes the circus, and he calls the theater counter-revolution. In response to the demands of Preobrazhensky and Bormental to behave culturally at the table, Sharikov notes with irony that this is how people tortured themselves under the tsarist regime.
Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid of Sharikov is more a failure than a success of Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: "An old donkey ... Here, doctor, what happens when a researcher, instead of walking in parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge." He comes to the conclusion that violent interference in the nature of man and society leads to disastrous results. In the story "Heart of a Dog" the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is content with his fate and with himself. But in life, such experiments are irreversible, Bulgakov warns.
With his story "Heart of a Dog" Mikhail Bulgakov says that the revolution that took place in Russia is not the result of a natural socio-economic and spiritual development society, but an irresponsible experiment. This is how Bulgakov perceived everything that was happening around him and what was called the construction of socialism. The writer protests against attempts to create a new perfect society using revolutionary methods that do not exclude violence. And to education with the same methods of the new, free man he was extremely skeptical. the main idea the writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people.

The story "Heart of a Dog" was written by Bulgakov in 1925. but appeared only in 1987. This was the last satirical tale the author. That huge experiment that took place throughout the country at that time, in an allegorical form, was reflected in this work.

The experiment to transform a dog into a person, which is being carried out by the world famous Professor Preobrazhensky, turned out to be successful. and no. It turned out because Professor Preobrazhensky was the best surgeon in Europe and he was ahead of his time. It did not work out, since the result of this experiment not only surpassed all the hopes of the professor, but also terrified, frightened, forced everything to return to normal. These events took place in the midst of building a new society and a new person in Russia. There lived a nice and quick-witted dog, suffering from human cruelty: “But my body is broken, broken, people abused it enough ... Didn't they hit you on the bottom with a boot? They beat me. Did you get bricks in the ribs? Enough has been eaten. " The last straw that overflowed the bowl of Sharik's suffering was the scalding of his left side with boiling water: “Despair knocked him down. His soul was so painful and bitter, so lonely and scary, that small dog's tears, like pimples, crawled out of his eyes and immediately dried up.

Salvation came in the guise of Professor Preobrazhensky, who fed Sharik and brought him to his home. The poor dog does not understand what is happening in this apartment, but he is well fed, and this is enough for the dog. But then the day comes when a terrible experiment is being performed over Sharik. Bulgakov, describing the operation of transplanting the human pituitary gland to a dog, clearly shows his negative attitude towards everything that happens: the formerly cute and respectable Professor Preobrazhensky and Doctor Bormental change abruptly: “Sweat crawled from Bormental in streams, and his face became fleshy and multi-colored. His eyes darted from the professor's hands to the plate on the instrument table. Philip Philipovich became positively terrifying. Hiss escaping from his nose, teeth opened up to gums. " Thinking about the achievements of science, the heroes forget about the most important thing - about humanity, about what torments the unfortunate dog suffered, about the consequences to which this experiment will lead. The pituitary gland, which was transplanted to Sharik, belonged to Klim Chugunkin, a recidivist thief who was sentenced to hard labor, who was killed in a fight. The professor did not take into account those genes that passed to Sharik, as a result of which, as Philip Philipovich said, the cutest dog turned "into such scum that his hair stands on end." Sharik became Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, his first words were obscene curses. He was reborn into an ignorant, spiteful, aggressive boor who simply poisoned the lives of everyone around the professor's house. The upbringing that Professor and Doctor Bormental are trying to instill in him is completely destroyed by the influence of Shvonder, who knows how to put pressure on the basest instincts of Sharikov. The professor's intelligence turns out to be powerless in the face of outright rudeness, arrogance and greed of a half-man, half-dog. The professor understands his mistake: "Here, doctor, what happens when a researcher, instead of walking in parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge." The discovery made by Preobrazhensky, in fact, turns out to be completely unnecessary: ​​“Explain to me, please, why it is necessary to artificially fabricate Spinoza, when any woman can give birth to him at any time. Doctor, humanity itself takes care of this and, in evolutionary order, every year stubbornly, separating from the mass of any filth, creates dozens of outstanding geniuses that adorn the globe. "

When Sharikov turned the professor's life into a real hell, scientists perform another operation: Sharikov becomes what he was originally - a cute, cunning dog. Only the headaches reminded him of those metamorphoses that were happening to him: “So lucky for me, so lucky,” he thought, dozing off, “just indescribably lucky. I have established myself in this apartment ... True, my whole head was stripped for some reason, but it will heal before the wedding. " Sharik's story ended happily, but that huge, risky transformation experiment huge country will end tragically: the balls have multiplied in incredible numbers, and we are still reaping the fruits of this experiment. You can't force history, you can't experiment on living people, you can't help thinking about the consequences of the vain desire to transform human nature and create an "ideal person", "an ideal society" without changing his soul, consciousness and morality - this is the result , to which the reader comes, reflecting on Sharik's transformations in the story "Heart of a Dog".

On one of his significant stories, "Heart of a Dog", M.A. Bulgakov was supposed to work in 1924, and in January - March of the next year he finished writing the last pages.
"Heart of a Dog" is a multifaceted work, despite its apparent simplicity. Absolutely unusual events here (the transformation of a dog into a human) is intertwined with specific everyday signs of the time. The plot of the work is based on the experiment of the world famous scientist - physician Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky. The final result of his experience was to be the creation of a new man, a physically perfect personality.
Experimental material for the operation soon appeared. It was a twenty-five-year-old man, Klim Grigorievich Chugunkin, a non-partisan, thief with two convictions, by profession - a musician who played the balalaika in taverns, was killed with a knife in the heart in a pub. And now, together with Dr. Bormenthal, Philip Philipovich performs a unique operation: he replaces the brain of a dog, Sharik's mongrel, with the cerebral pituitary gland and human glands of Klim Chugunkin. Surprisingly, the experiment was a success: on the seventh day, instead of barking, the human dog began to utter sounds, and then move like a human ...
But gradually the biomedical experiment turns into a social and moral problem, for the sake of which the whole work was conceived. The eternally hungry, homeless beggar Sharik takes on a human form and even chooses a name for himself, which confuses the professor - Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. Having made friends with Shvonder, Sharikov armed himself with the ideas of socialist doctrines, but perceives them distortedly.
Sharik has turned out to be a strange hybrid. From the dog he was left with animal habits and manners: Sharikov snarls, catches fleas, bites, harbors a pathological hatred of cats. From man, the new creature also inherited the worst inclinations that Klim Chugunkin possessed. Like Chugunkin, Sharikov has a sad penchant for alcohol (at dinner, Bormental even has to ask Zina to remove vodka from the table; in the absence of Preobrazhensky, he brings drunken friends into the apartment and starts a drunken brawl), he is dishonest (remember the money he stole from the professor , he blamed the blame on the innocent "Zinka"). Most likely, Klim, accustomed to a riotous lifestyle, did not consider it shameful to perceive a woman only as a source of bodily pleasures, and Sharikov makes an attempt to lure a woman, but he does it rudely, primitively: he sneaks up to Zina at night, pinches the lady on the stairs by eternal malnutrition of the typist Vasnetsov. The genes passed on to the man-dog are far from perfect: he is a drunkard, a rowdy, a criminal. I involuntarily recall: "Do not expect a good tribe from a bad seed." Another reason is the objective conditions in which Sharikov was formed - the revolutionary reality of those years.
From Shvonder and the socialist doctrine he promoted, Sharikov took only all the bad things: he wants to "dispossess" Preobrazhensky, who has as many as seven rooms, and he dines like a bourgeois in the dining room. Meanwhile, Preobrazhensky's talent as a surgeon, his brilliant operations, give the professor the right to material wealth. In addition, Sharikov does not consider it unethical and immoral to report people to the appropriate authorities.
Sharikov's transformation into a man revealed his terrible essence: he turned out to be a rude, ungrateful, arrogant, spiritless creature, vulgar, cruel, narrow-minded. It gets worse every day. The denunciation of Preobrazhensky overflowed the cup of patience. There was only one way out: to return Polygraph Poligrafovich to a dog's appearance, because Sharikov in the guise of a dog is nobler, smarter, more benevolent, more peaceful. Sharik respected Preobrazhensky, felt grateful to him, he pitied the poor secretary, and so on. Indeed, why replenish society with one more personality, if this is not a personality, but a pitiful likeness of a person?
Preobrazhensky's experiment can also be interpreted as a parodic embodiment of the idea of ​​a “new man” born of a revolutionary explosion and Marxist theory. The operation to return to Sharikov his former, doglike appearance is a recognition that the man-idea, born of the revolution, must return (and will return) to his origins, from which the revolution turned him away, first of all, to faith in God. Through the lips of Preobrazhensky, Bulgakov expressed the idea of ​​the danger of a reckless invasion not only in biological nature person, but also in the social processes of society.

"New person"Professor Preobrazhensky. What was it created for?

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov is one of the most significant writers of the first half of the 20th century. In the works of the twenties, one of which is "Heart of a Dog" (1925), his original art system... Analyzing Bulgakov's work, the attentive reader will notice that such masters of Russian literature as N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov. Based on their creative manner a special Bulgakov style is created using fantasy, grotesque and impressionist elements.

The story "Heart of a Dog" is fantastic piece with a satirical focus, but the fantastic plot has a real historical background.

This work reflected the general mood of the post-revolutionary society, the spirit of the times, prompting the fairy tale to come true. The fantastic transformation of Sharik into Sharikov, a dog into a person, means not only the great scientific achievements of the twenties, but also an attempt Soviet power to make “everyone” a person who was “nothing” both socially and intellectually and ethically.

And not just a case from the medical practice of Professor Preobrazhensky, but a symbol of socialist transformations is the fact that the transformation of the "beast into a man" occurs in the interval between the Catholic (December 23) and Orthodox Christmas(the operation was performed on December 23, and "the patient's tail fell off" on January 6).

Therefore, the ending of the story is of particular importance, proving the impossibility of a miraculous transformation " dead soul". In the operating room of Preobrazhensky, at the whim of science, a monstrous homunculus with a dog-like disposition and manners of the master of life appears.

The story has nine chapters and an epilogue. The exhibition shows the meeting of the two main characters - Sharik and Professor Preobrazhensky: “... a door slammed and a citizen appeared out of it. Precisely a citizen, not a "comrade", and even more correctly - a master. Closer - clearer, sir ... ”. Then everything changed in Moscow - the place of "masters" and "masters" was taken by "comrades" and proletarians ".

Deeper meaning the conflict of the story is revealed in the course of the development of the plot about the "new man". A tie is an operation performed on a dog's brain to make it look like a human being. However, this "incomprehensible" work was in vain, because from " cutest dog"It turned out" such scum that the hair stands on end. "

The one in whom they see the "illegitimate son" of the professor, plays the balalaika, sleeps in the wards in the kitchen, throws cigarette butts on the floor, swears, watches "Zinka" in the dark, steals, "behaves indecently", finally writes denunciations on his " daddy ”and threatens to kill him. The scientist created a "dead soul", and a new task arises before him - "to make a man out of this bully."

But change inner world turns out to be much more difficult than making a miraculous transformation from a dog into a human being. According to the professor himself, "no one will succeed." But what is to be done with Sharikov? After all, the professor himself admits that some kind of "formidable danger" lurks in him.

The "experimental creature" makes a journey from "nothing" to "everything" in two months. As a representative of the "labor element", he enlists the support of the authorities, receives a passport, and gets a job in a leading position. Now Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov is the head of the department for cleaning the city of Moscow from stray animals.

What an irony! He is now a useful member of a new society, since he can be set against class enemies who prevent him from living in harmony with his "no longer canine, but human", "the most lousy of all that exists in nature" heart. However, this alliance of his with his “comrades” is temporary, because if someone tunes Sharikov toward them, then “horns and legs” will remain from his former comrades.

Behind the socio-political conflict, the deepest moral conflict... The actions of Sharikov as a “citizen”, inhuman in their immorality, cynicism and heartlessness, compel Professor Preobrazhensky to destroy the results of his experience - to return everything to the “primitive state”. This is the denouement: Sharikov turns into Sharik again.

Thus, the ring composition emphasizes the author's idea of ​​how unnatural and dangerous experiments with human consciousness are. Such are the gloomy thoughts of the satirist about the results of the interaction of three forces: apolitical science, aggressive social rudeness and spiritual power that has sunk to the level of the house committee. Bulgakov looked extremely skeptical at the attempt to artificially and accelerate the upbringing of a "new man" and with sharp satire warned those who would try to overstep the sanctity of the rights of every living being.

An outstanding creation of M. Bulgakov was the story "Heart of a Dog". Written in 1925, it was not published during the writer's lifetime. The manuscript was confiscated from the author during a search in 1926 and banned from publication. It was only published in 1987.

The story was connected with the reality of the 1920s by many threads. It shows the era of NEP, the dominance of philistinism, traces of recent devastation, everyday disorder of Muscovites, the housing crisis, the practice of violent compaction, bureaucracy, the omnipotence of the RAPP, the asceticism of scientists and their scientific experiments of those years.

The story embodies some autobiographical motives, the author's innermost experiences. They are associated with Bulgakov's own hobbies as a doctor, his personal interest in the problems of surgery, physiology, organ transplantation, and diagnostics. Affected also was his relationship with the Rapp people, who, like Sharikov, found "one counter-revolution" in the writer's works.

In the construction of the story, four parts can be distinguished. It opens with a story about the wanderings of a dog that got the nickname Sharik due to a misunderstanding, a nickname that evokes the idea of ​​something round, harmonious, well-fed, while this dog is doomed to a hungry street existence. Sharik's detailed internal monologue includes numerous apt observations of the life of the then Moscow, its way of life and customs, the social stratification of the population into "comrades" and "masters" and, accordingly, the division of institutions vital for the dog into tea, snack bars and canteens, on the one hand, and chic restaurants on the other.

The narrative abounds in precisely captured signs of the time, topographic references (Mokhovaya, Sokolniki, Myasnitskaya, Prechistenka) and imperceptibly includes images reminiscent of Blok's harsh post-revolutionary landscape (black evening, white snow, "dry blizzard", blizzard, hungry dog ​​on the road). At the same time, the author's commentary from a third person is introduced into the monologue with the verbs of the time spent prevailing in its text. A complex combination of two voices arises, a conditional technique that emphasizes the ambiguity of the reproduced situation.

The second part of the story tells about the experiment undertaken by Professor Preobrazhensky, the essence of which is the creation of a new type of person by means of an operation on a dog, into which the pituitary gland (cerebral appendage) of a deceased person is transplanted. Professor's assistant Dr. Bormental records in his diary all the details of the operation, the victim of which is the harmless dog Sharik. The reader finds himself in a semi-fantastic setting of miraculous metamorphoses. Even with his own names, the author emphasizes that it will be about transformations: Sharik came from the Preobrazhenskaya outpost, and the professor's surname is Preobrazhensky. The result of the experiment is the emergence of a low-browed, bristly, disgusting type of male, who has inherited all the qualities of a criminal. From now on, he is Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. This name indicates a pseudo-proletarian origin, and the surname - about a dog's pedigree.

The third part of the work describes the consequences of the experiment. Sharikov is a primitive creature that is distinguished by rudeness and arrogance, arrogance and impudence, malice and aggressiveness. He is the same thief and drunkard as Chugunkin, whose pituitary gland was transplanted to Sharikov. He is devoid of conscience, sense of duty, shame. Sharikov turns life in Preobrazhensky's apartment into a nightmare. The following detail becomes a magnificent detail of the plot: the former stray dog ​​receives the post of head of the subdivision of cleaning the city from stray animals. In the social sphere, Sharikov quickly finds his own kind. To top it all off, he finds a mentor in the person of the chairman of the house committee Shvonder and becomes the object of his educational influence.

As you can see, M. Bulgakov refuses the traditional admiration for the "man of the people" only on the basis of his origin. Moreover, as we have seen, the past of this lumpen is rather dark. The author of "Heart of a Dog" is inclined to judge his hero by his deeds and human significance. And Sharikov, and Shvonder, and all those like them, the writer executes with his satire.

The situation with the assessment of the representatives of the intelligentsia depicted in the story is much more complicated. On the one hand, Preobrazhensky is represented as a magician and miracle worker in science. The inquisitiveness of his mind, his scientific search, the life of the human spirit, his honesty oppose the historical turmoil, immorality and destructive permissiveness that reigned in society. Preobrazhensky is a resolute opponent of any crime and instructs his assistant with wise words: "Live to old age with clean hands." At the same time, he shows obvious shortsightedness, creating a two-legged creature with dog heart without seeing the rapidly spreading contagion spread by the sha-rikrvas. Therefore, the reflection of satire falls on Preobrazhensky, although Bulgakov admires the brilliance of his hero's mind. This is why the writer grants the scientist at the end the epiphany and prompts him to take decisive action.

Preobrazhensky is partly opposed by Dr. Bormental. Ivan Arnoldovich in accordance with the advice of I.A. Krylova professes the principle: "... There speeches do not waste in vain, where you need to use power." Moreover, he resolutely defends violence as a way to fight evil, as a means of reprisal against Sharikov. But this recipe contradicts the concept of the story, which passionately advocates the rejection of any form of violence - against nature, people and man. Therefore, the truth in the dispute between the two scientists remains on the side of Preobrazhensky, and much in Bormental's behavior is presented in an ironic light.

The story ends with an epilogue in which Preobrazhensky, who has recovered his sight, makes a secondary transformation - the transformation of Sharikov into a dog. At first glance, the ending of the work may seem idyllic. However, this idyll is deceiving: the epilogue begins with a terrifying search scene, which depicts the grotesque figures of a young woman, a black man, and nightmare dog, which rose on its hind legs, and ends with the leitmotif "To the sacred banks of the Nile", reminiscent of the chorus of priests from "Aida", the executioners of freedom, love and happiness.

Bulgakov's story, terrible and funny at the same time, surprisingly organically combines the description of everyday life, fantasy and satire, written easily, in a clear and transparent language, is distinguished by its topical sound in our days. She denounces political demagogy, opposes militant ignorance and any manifestation of rudeness. Bulgakov ridicules both the dog's lackey loyalty, and Sharikov's black ingratitude, deep ignorance, striving to master the commanding heights in all spheres of life. The Sharikovs, using their rights, created "devastation" in the country, and now, referring to this devastation, they are seeking votes and rights. The story also warns scientists conducting experiments about the inadmissibility of violence against nature in any of its forms. The ingenious work of M. Bulgakov teaches readers again and again: “Live to old age with clean hands».