Folk art

artistic, folk art, folklore, artistic creative activities of the labor nation; Poetry, music, theater, dance, architecture, visual and decorative and applied arts created by the people and extensive in the people's masses. In collective artistic work, people reflect their career activities, public and household strengthening, knowledge of life and nature, cults and beliefs. In N. T., which pretended during public labor practice, the views, ideals and aspirations of the people are embodied, his poetic fantasy, the richest world of thoughts, feelings, experiences, protest against exploitation and nest, dreams of justice and happiness. Having absorbed the centuries-old experience of the masses, N. t. There is a depth of the artistic development of reality, the truthfulness of the images, the force of creative generalization.

The richest images, themes, motifs, forms N. t. Arise in the complex dialectic unity of individual (although, as a rule, anonymous) creativity and collective artistic consciousness. The people's team is selected, improves and enriches solutions found by individual masters. The continuity, the stability of artistic traditions (within which, in turn, manifests personal creativity) are combined with variability, a variety of implementation of these traditions in individual works.

The collectivity of N. t., Which constitutes its constant basis and non-primary tradition, is manifested during the entire process of forming works or their types. This process, including improvisation, its fixation by tradition, subsequent improvement, enrichment and sometimes updating the tradition is extremely extended in time. Characteristic for all types of N. T. that the creators of the work are simultaneously by its performers, and execution, in turn, can be the creation of options enriching the tradition; The close contact of artists with perceiving arts, who can act as participants in the creative process, is also important. To the main features of N. t. Belongs and long continuing absentiance, highly artistic unity of his species: poetry, music, dance, theater, decorative art merged in folk rituals; In the people's home architecture, carving, painting, ceramics, embroidery created inseparable integer; Folk poetry is closely connected with music and their rhythm, musicality, and the nature of the fulfillment of most works, while musical genres are usually associated with poetry, labor movements, dancing. Works and skills N. t. Directly transmitted from generation to generation.

N. t. Was the historical basis of all world artistic culture. Its initial principles, the most traditional forms, types and partly images originated in deep antiquity in a professional society, when all the arts were the creation and herdess of the people (see primitive art). With the social development of mankind, formation of class society, the division of labor is gradually allocated by professionalized "high", "scientist" art. N. t. Also forms a special reservoir of world artistic culture. It allocates various layers on social content associated with the class differentiation of society, but by the beginning of the capitalist period of N. t. It is universally defined as the collective traditional art of the working masses of the village, and then cities. Organic communication with the indigenous principles of the worldview of the people, the poetic integrity of relations to the world, the incredited grinding determine the high artistic level of folk art. In addition, N. t. I developed special forms of specialization, continuity of skill and learning to him.

N. t. Different, often far away from each other, people have many common features and motifs that have arisen under similar conditions or inherited from a common source. At the same time, N. T. The centuries absorbed the peculiarities of the national life, the culture of every nation. It retained its life-giving workforce, remains a storehouse of national culture, expressed by popular self-consciousness. This determined the impact and fruitfulness of the impact of N. T. on all world arts, what the works of F. Rabl and W. Shakespeare, A. S. Pushkin and N. A. Nekrasova, P. Breygel and F. Goya, M. and . Glinka and M. P. Mussorgsky. In turn, N. t. Much perceived from the "high" art, which found a diverse expression - from classic frontones on peasant sinks to folk songs on the words of great poets. N. t. Preserved valuable evidence of the revolutionary sentiment of the people, his struggle for their happiness.

In conditions of capitalism, hitting the scope of bourgeois socio-economic relations, N. t. It develops extremely unevenly. Many of its branches are degraded, completely disappear or under threat of displacement; Others lose their valuable features, industrialized or adapting to the market requirements. At 19 in. The growth of national self-consciousness, democratic and national liberation movements, the development of romanticism awaken interest in N. t. At the end of the 19th - 20th centuries. The effect of folklore on world culture increases, some lost industries are restored by N. t., Museums and society of its protection are organized. At the same time, state and private patronism is often subordinated by N. t. Commercial purposes, interests of the "tourism industry", for which cultivates the most archaic features and religious-patriarchal remnants in it.

In the socialist society, conditions have been created for the preservation and development of N. tons; Inheritating and claiming national folk traditions, it is penetrated by the ideas of socialism, the paphos of the reflection of a new, transformed reality; N. t. Enjoy the systematic support of the state and public organizations, his masters are awarded awards and honorary titles. A network of research institutions - institutions and museums studying the experience of N. T. p contributing to its development. Many traditional genres N. t. Die (for example, ritual folklore, conspiracies, folk drama), but others find a new place in life. New forms of folk masses artistic culture are born. Intensively develops artistic amateur (choir, choreographic groups, folk theaters, etc.), which has another nature than N. t., But partly using his heritage. Created over many centuries high samples of N. t. Keep the value of the ever-live cultural heritage, the treasury of the artistic experience of the masses.

People's poetic creativity is a massive verbal artistic creativity of this or that nation; The combination of its species and forms, denoted in modern science with this term, has other names - folk literature, oral literature, folk poetry, folklore. The verbal artistic creativity arose in the process of forming human speech. In a challenge society, it is closely related to other types of human activity, reflecting the origins of his knowledge and religious and mythological ideas. In the process of social differentiation of society, various types and forms of oral verbal creativity, expressing the interests of various public groups and layers. The creation of labor masses was played a crucial role in its development. With the advent of writing, there was a literature historically related to oral N. t.

The collectivity of oral N. T. (meaning not only the expression of the thoughts and senses of the collective, but first of all - the process of collective creation and distribution) causes variability, i.e. the variability of texts in the process of their existence. In this case, the changes could be very different - from minor stylistic variations to a significant processing of the plan. In the memorization, as well as in varying texts, a significant role is played by peculiar stereotypical formulas - the so-called common places associated with certain plot situations, moving from text to text (for example, in the eponsions - the formula for the seat of the horse, etc.).

In the process of existence, the genres of verbal N. t. We are experiencing "productive" and "unproductive" periods ("ages") of its history (the emergence, distribution, entry into the mass repertoire, aging, extinction), and this is due to the ultimately social and cultural -Beed changes in society. The sustainability of the existence of folk texts in public life is explained not only by their artistic value, but also by the slowness of changes in the lifestyle, worldview, tastes of their main creators and keepers - peasants. The texts of folklore works of various genres variable (though in varying degrees). However, in general, traditional has in N. t. Immeasurably greater power than in professional literary creativity.

The collectivity of verbal N. t. Does not mean its discomposition: Talented masters actively influenced not only on the creation, but also to distribute, improve or adapt to texts to the needs of the team. In the contections of labor, there were peculiar professions of performers. N. t. (Ancient Greek Rhase and Aida, Russian Scrometers, Ukrainian Kobzari (see Kobzar), Kazakh and Kyrgyz Akyn, etc.). In some countries of the Middle East and Central Asia, in the Caucasus there were transitional forms of verbal N. T.: The works created by certain persons were distributed, but the text changed relatively little, the author's name was usually known and was often introduced into the text (for example, Toktogul Satylganov in Kyrgyzstan, Sayat-Nova in Armenia).

The wealth of genres, themes, the poetics of verbal N. t. Due to the diversity of its social and living functions, as well as ways of execution (solo, choir, choir and soloist), combination of text with melody, intonation, movements (singing, singing and dance, Telicing, playing, dialogue, etc.). During the story, some genres have undergone significant changes, disappeared, new appeared. In the oldest period, the majority of peoples were generic legends, labor and ritual songs, conspiracies. Later there are magical, household fairy tales, fairy tales about animals, DOGO-National (archaic) forms of Epos a. During the formation of statehood, a classic heroic epic was formed, then historical songs arose (see Song), ballads (see Ballad). Another general lyrical song, a romance, a chastushka, etc. Small lyrical genres and, finally, the working folklore (revolutionary songs, oral stories, etc.) were formed.

Despite the vivid national color of the works of verbal N. t. Of various nations, many motives, images and even plots in them are similar. For example, about two thirds of the plots of fairy tales of European peoples have parallels in fairy tales of other peoples, which is caused by or by developing from one source, or cultural interaction, or the occurrence of similar phenomena on the basis of common laws of social development.

Up to the LateFodal era and the period of capitalism, verbal N. t. Developed relatively independently of written literature. Later, the literary works are more active than before, penetrate the folk medium (for example, the "prisoner" and "black shawl" A. S. Pushkin, "Corobeinists" N. A. Nekrasova; see also about this in Art. Free Russian poetry, Lubric Literature). With others, the parties, the work of folk respories acquires some features of literature (individualization of characters, psychologism, etc.). In the socialist society, the availability of education ensures equal opportunity to disclose the values \u200b\u200band the creative professionalization of the most gifted people. A variety of forms of mass wondering-artistic culture (the creativity of songwriters, chastoch shoes, the composition of intermediates and satirical scenes, etc.) develop in close contact with professional socialist arts; The traditional forms of verbal N. tons continue to play among them a certain role. centuries-old existence ensured the incredible artistic value and a long existence of such songs, fairy tales, legends, etc., which most clearly reflect the features of the spiritual warehouse of the people, his ideals, hopes, artistic Tastes, life. This causes the deep impact of verbal N. T. on the development of literature. M. Gorky said: "... the beginning of the art of the word - in folklore" ("On literature", 1961, p. 452). On the record N. t., It is studied and methodological principles of study, see folklorism.

Folk music (musical folklore) - vocal (mainly song), instrumental and vocal-instrumental collective creativity of the people; It is usually in nozzled form and transmitted thanks to the performing traditions. Being the property of the whole people, music N. t. There is mainly due to the executive art of talented nuggets. These are from different nations, Kobzar, Husar (see Husli), a scrooch (see Scrometers), Ashug, Akyn, Kyushi (see Kyu), Bakhshi, Husan (see Hussans), Hafiz, Olonhosut (see Olonho), AEE (See Aida), Jongleur, Mestrel, Spieleman, and others. The origins of folk music, like other arts, go to the prehistoric past. The musical traditions of different social formations are extremely resistant, the absenteeism. More or less ancient and transformed works are coexist for each historical era, as well as re-created based on them. In the aggregate, they form the so-called traditional musical folklore. Its basis is the music of the peasantry, which last time retains the features of relative independence and is generally different from music related to younger, written traditions. Main types of music N. T. - Songs (see Song), Epic Tale (for example, Russian epics, Yakut Olonkho), Dance Melodies, Danacea Parquares (for example, Russian chastushki (see Chastushka)), instrumental plays and naples (signals dance). Each piece of musical folklore is represented by a whole system of stylistically and semantically related options characterizing changes in folk music in the process of its execution.

The genre richness of folk music is the result of the diversity of its life functions. Music accompanied the entire labor and family life of the peasant: the calendar holidays of the annual agricultural circle (carols (see Carolka), Westerns, Maslennichny, Kupali Songs), Field Works (Logging, Harvest Songs), Birth, Wedding (Lullaby and Wedding Songs), Death (Funeral crying is due). The cattle peoples of the song were associated with a taper of the horse, the cattle pens, etc. Larine genres received the greatest development in the folklore of all peoples, where the shifters of simple, short handles of labor, ritual, dance and epic songs or instrumental, rolling, dance and epic songs are deployed and sometimes complex in the form of musical improvisation - vocal (for example, Russian standing song, Romanian and Moldavian DYUNA) and instrumental (for example, program plays of Transcarpathian violinists, Bulgarian villagers, Kazakh housebristers, Kyrgyz commissists, Turkmen dutarists, Uzbek, Tajik, Indonesian, Japanese and other instrumental ensembles and orchestras).

In various genres of folk music, various types of Melos A - from a cleatative (Karel, Runes, Russian epic, South Slavic epic) to richly ornamental (lyrical songs of near and medium-oriental musical crops), polyphony (cm. Multifolor) (polyritmic The combination of pools in the ensembles of African peoples, the German Choral Accordika, Georgian quarto-second and medium-Russian Polyphony, Lithuanian canonical siter), rhythmics (see Rhythm) (in particular, rhythmophores that summarized the rhythmic labor and dance movements) Sound systems (from primitive narrow-volume lads to the developed diatonics of the "free melodic system"). The forms of the structure, the population (paired, symmetric, asymmetric, etc.), works in general are also diverse. Music N. t. There is in one-haired (solo), antipheral (see Antifone), angrib, choral and orchestral forms. Types of choral and instrumental polyphony are diverse - from heterophonia (see heterophony) and Bourdon (continuously sounding bass background) to complex polyphonic and chord formations. Each national folk musical culture, including the system of musical and folk dialects, forms a musical and style whole and at the same time unites with other cultures in larger folk-ethnographic communities (for example, in Europe - Scandinavian, Balt, Carpathian, Balkan, Mediterranean and Dr.).

The fixation of folk music (in the 20th century with the help of recording technology) is a special scientific discipline - musical ethnography, and its study - ethnomy-language (musical folklorism).

Based on folk music, almost all national professional schools arose, each of which contains samples of various use of folklore heritage - from the simplest treatments for folk melodies to individual creativity, freely implementing folk musical thinking, laws specific to a folk musical tradition. In modern musical practice N. t. It is a fertilizing force for both professional and various forms of amateur art.

In Russia, the most common in the peasant, soldier, the factory medium received the drama "Tsar Maximilian and his dismanding son Adolf", "Boat" (options - "boat", "Shaka Robbing", "Stepan Razin", "Black Crow"); The drama "Tsar Herod" was also played, "as a Frenchman took Moscow." According to its type, they refer to the many peoples of the tyrant, heroic or so-called robbery drama. "Tsar Maximilian" has a literary source - the school drama "Crown of Dimitri" (1704), which is based on the "Life of St. Dimitri"; The "boat" (the end of the 18th century) is a drainage of the folk song "down in Mother's Volga". The final formation of these pieces is associated with the inclusion in their text of fragments from the works of poets of the late 18 - 1st half of the 19th centuries. - G. R. Derzhavina, K. N. Batyushkova, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, motifs and images of chest romance. The satirical plays "Barin", "Naked Barin", "Parsley" also told in Russia.

The most characteristic feature of the People's Theater (as in general folk art) is the open conventionality of costumes and props, movements and gestures; During the presentations, the actors were directly communicated with the public, which could serve replicas, interfere with the action, to direct it, and sometimes take part in it (sing with the performer's choir, to portray secondary characters in mass scenes). The People's Theater, as a rule, did not have a scene, no decorations. The main interest in it is focused not at the depth of the disclosure of the characters of the acting persons, but on tragidity or comic of situations, provisions. The weekend monologues of the heroes are of great importance, the performance of songs (folk or specially composed for presentation), Aria from the operas. In the folk drama there are two types of characters - dramatic (heroic or romantic) and comic. The first features a high solemn style of appeals, monologues and dialogues, second - comic, parody techniques, the game of words. The traditional performance in the People's Theater has subsequently determined the emergence of a special type of theatrical ideas that have received a steady form. These performances in many countries are called the traditional theater. In Asian countries, people's dance pantomimical performances have been distributed from the oldest times. On their basis, the traditional theater of the peoples of Asia was formed: Theaters of the Vagging Topeng in Indonesia, Kolam on about. Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Kathakali in India, etc.

The originality of the artistic and performing techniques of the People's Theater attracted the leaders of the professional theater and used them (W. Shakespeare, Moliere, K. Goldoni, A. N. Ostrovsky, E. de Philippe, etc.).

Folk dance is one of the oldest species N. t. The dance was part of the folk ideas on holidays and fairs. The appearance of rounds and other ritual dances is associated with folk rites (Ceylon dance fire, Norwegian dance with torches, Slavic dances related to rites of curls of birch, weaving wreaths, ignition of fires). Gradually, moving away from ritual actions, dances were filled with new content, expressed new features of life. Peoples engaged in hunting, animal husbandry, reflected in the dance of observation of the animal world. The character and habits of animals, birds, pets were figuratively and expressed: the dance of the Bizon from the North American Indians, Indonesian Penhkalk (Tiger), Yakutian Bear Dance, Pamir - Eagle, Chinese, Indian - Pavlin, Finnish - bull, Russian Zhuravel, Hisac, Norwegian The rooster battle and others. There are dances on the themes of agriculture: Latvian dance Rezinov, Hutsulsky - Drovoskov, Estonian - Sapozhnikov, Belarusian Lyanka, Moldavian Parame (grapes), Uzbek silkworm, Pakhta (cotton). With the advent of craft and factory labor, new folk dances appear: Ukrainian Bondar, German Dance of Glass Drives, Karelian "Like Tkut Sukno" and others. The folk dance often reflects the military spirit, valor, heroism, reproduce the scenes of the battle ("pyrrian" dances of the ancient Greeks, Combining dance art with fencing techniques, Georgian Horumi, Bericaoba, Scottish dance with swords, Cossack dance, etc.). A large place in Dance N. t. Occupies the topic of love; Initially, these dances were frankly erotic; Later, dancing appeared, expressing the nobility of feelings, respectful attitude towards a woman (Georgian Cartuly, Russian Baine Kadril, Polish Mazur).

Each people have their own dance traditions, plastic language, special coordination of movements, taking advantage of movement with music; In some of the construction of a dance phrase synchronously musical, others (at the Bulgarians) - not synchronously. Dancing the peoples of Western Europe are based on the movement of the legs (hands and corps as it were, in the dance of the nations of Central Asia, etc. countries of the East, the focus is on the movement of hands and corps. The national dance is always dominated by the rhythmic beginning, which is emphasized by a dancer (podding, cotton, ringing rings, puments). Many dances are performed under the accompaniment of folk instruments, which dancers often hold in their hands (cassays, Tambourin, drum, Doyra, Harmoshka, Balalaika). Some dances are performed with household accessories (handkerchief, hat, dish, pile, bowl). A great influence on the nature of the performance is suitable: so, the smoothness of the Russian and Georgian dancers helps a long dress covering the feet feet; A characteristic movement in Russian and the Hungarian male dance is a betting on the top of a rigid boot.

The flourishing and popularity of people's dance in the USSR contributed to the emergence of a new stage form - the ensembles of folk dance. In 1937, the ensemble of national dance of the USSR was created, who approved the stage folk dance in professional choreography. Elements of folk dance are used in classical ballet. In all republics of the Soviet Union, professional ensembles of national dance and ensembles of the song and dance have been created. Professional and amateur teams of folk scenic dance are common in the countries of the whole world (see Dance).

Folk architecture, visual and decorative-applied arts include tools, buildings (see wooden architecture, dwelling), homemade utensils and household setting (see wood in art, iron, ceramics, artistic lacquers, furniture, copper, artistic vessels, glass ), clothes and fabrics (see Embroidery, Kilim, Carpet, Lace, Waller, Clothes, Fabrics Artistic), Toys (see Toy), Lubok, etc. The most important artistic and technical processes common in N. t. These are pottery, weaving, art carving, painting decorative, forging, molding artistic, engraving, chasing, etc. Folk architecture and decorative and applied art belong to material production, worn directly creative character; Hence the fusion in them of aesthetic and utilitarian functions, figurative thinking and technical ingenuity.

Creating and issuing an objective environment and giving an objective and aesthetic expression by labor processes, domestic estimates, calendar and family rites, N. t. The invoice was an integral part of a slowly changing building of folk life. In certain features of N. t. The norms of labor and life, cults and beliefs, ascending to the neolithic and bronze century, are traced. The most common element of N. T. serves a ornament born in ancient times, which helps to achieve organic unity of the composition and deeply interconnected with the design technique, the feeling of the object, plastic form, the natural beauty of the material. In some ornamental motives, most of which had initial mythological meaning ("world tree", "Great Goddess" with the upcoming, solar symbols), captured the features of primitive consciousness, mythological and magical ways to communicate with nature. These ancient roots appear, for example, in a folk toy, in which the features of primitive cult plastics are traced. The works of N. t. Often inherent in a specific connection with one or another customary, continuing, and when the memory of the iconic nature or mythological conditionality is lost. This explains the fragility, the ephemerality of many objects of N. T. (Pictures of sand, painted eggs), designed for periodic playback in regularly repeated rigging.

Unlike the "high" art of public tops, N. t. Does not know the contrasting changes in artistic styles. In the course of its evolution, individual new motives appear, but the degree of stylization and the nature of the understanding of old motives are changed; Images associated once with indigenous ideas about the world gradually acquired narrowlyotilitarian meaning (for example, in various chain signs and spell signs that adorned household items) or began to play a purely decorative role, while the form of the subject underwent only minor constructive-functional changes. . The idea of \u200b\u200bthe thing in N. t. It is usually not fixed in the preparatory model or a picture, but lives in the mind and hand of the master; At the same time, the results of its individual ingenuity leading to the development of the most rational techniques of work should be adopted by the national team. By virtue of this, the tradition of constant, but only partial specific changes, which is fixed by centurous selection. Ancient items (for example, wooden buckets in the form of a duck) can be extremely close to nature; The later understanding of these forms in N. t., while maintaining the initial typology and the figurative basis, combine them with the centuries developed by the techniques of generalization, decorative stylization, with the rational use of technical means and materials.

As the Society is class differentiation, there are prerequisites for the emergence of N. t., Serving the needs of the lower layers of society and originally coincided with home artistic work for himself and to the village craft. The presence of a special folk branch is already found in the ancient art (for example, in the waters (see Waives) of the Italian-Etruscan circle resembling neolithic plastic). The initial monuments of the palace and even cult architecture are clearly connected with the simplest ancient samples of folk wooden and stone architecture (Aegean Megaron, German Halle), portable dwellings of nomads, etc., but then the paths of urban and manor construction and folk architecture serving in The main peasant life (residential building, Khumno, Barn, Shed, Hlev, etc.).

In medieval Europe, feudal-church culture opposed the desire to preserve the cultural tradition of the generic system, economic and political closure, the cult of local gods; The expression of this becomes a folk jet in medieval art, usually rich in the images of the animal style (see the animal style). People's worldview, with special cleanliness expressed in pagan decorations-amulets, acts in monuments that are examples of the influence of national culture on the court and church (such reliefs of the Vladimir-Suzdal school (see Vladimir-Suzdal School), grotesque plastic and gothic churches, Ornamentation of manuscripts). However, the underdevelopment of commodity-money relations, the weak differentiation of the forms of life, as well as the principal anonymity of medieval art and the proximity of his masters to the folk environment did not contribute to the complete separation of N. t. In countries, later entering the early development stage, in particular in medieval Russia, similar to The situation is preserved until the end of the 17th - early 18th centuries. In the countries of the East, especially long (until 19-20 centuries) who retained medieval lifestyle, all decorative and applied arts are deeply imbued with folk craft skills and highly developed N. t. Does not have indigenous differences from crafts for privileged layers; In the pictorial art of a number of countries, a folk jet (Chinese, Japanese, Indian Lubok) is strong. Finally, in countries survived by colonization, the basis for N. t. Usually served an ancient native culture, although it absorbed many features of the crops.

With the decomposition of feudalism and the workshop system, a folk art craft is working on the market; Thanks to this, N. t., still keeping close relationship with popular life, develops new types of products, new forms and topics. On the other hand, the identification of artistic individuality and the cult of antique art, approved in the Renaissance era, lead to the fact that N. t. Everything clearer acts as a local, separate, tied to his native antiquity. Folk artistic culture - works of religious art (military painting, icons written in glass, painted sculpture), rapidly developing from 16-17 centuries. (especially in Catholic countries), registration of festivals, lubok, with their naive archaism of forms, - has a completely different figurative system than exquisite, sometimes innovative works of "high" art; Similar discrepancy occurs in the style of household items. This gap is less noticeable where the folk elements are deeply penetrated into the culture of the privileged layers and the church. In Russia, this manifested itself, for example, in the architecture of the palace in p. Kolomensky (17th century), with his abundance of folk wooden architecture forms, and in the countries of Latin America - in the Decor of the Baroque churches, which absorbed the features of the art of pre-columbian civilizations. In 17-18 centuries. In N. t. The ideographic beginning is noticeably weakened. In plant motifs, now the symbolic geometric patterns are now widespread, the decorative system becomes free, diverse. In N. t. There are more and more fresh observations, household plots, the desire for the fabulous folklore understanding of the life of the highest sections of society is increasing, to borrowing forms of dominant styles, imitation of the texture of expensive and labor-intensive materials. However, new motifs and forms (Renaissance, Baroque, Ampira), penetrating N. t., We maintain only a very remote similarity with the sample, simplifying and frozen in a rhythmically clear decorative scheme. In general, at the 17th - early 19th centuries. There is an era of the heyday N. t., who granted an extraordinary diversity of his species and forms. This was facilitated by the equipment of N. t. Previously inaccessible to it materials and instruments, the emergence of new technical capabilities, the expansion of the horizons of folk artists, the development of folk lyrics and satire.

At 19 in. Intensively developing artistic handicraft production is increasingly involved in the system of capitalist economy; The commodity craft in most countries is finally separated from the conservative home. In Russia, after 1861, folk art fishers acquire the nature of private workshops working in the All-Russian market. A narrow specialization of fishing, growing division of labor and standardization of motifs give birth to patterns and forms, extremely fused with virtuoso techniques of technical performance (sometimes reaching almost machine velocity); In this case, handicraft, mechanically impeccable skill more often displaces creativity. Impacting samples of mass urban products, often random and anti-death, the masters destroy the typical unity of technical and aesthetic for folklore. Compositions, previously strictly organized, saturated with semantic associations, become more free, but less logical. In painting, tempera paints are displaced by oil, and later aniline; Folk icon and loft are replaced by oleography; In plastic, the volume and object form loses architectonicity. The image and ornament, previously merged with the thing, now become like a picture passed on the surface. Separate industries, not withstanding competition with cheap factory products, come into decay or die out, but others occur and expand that use mostly technique, stylistics and even samples of professional machine art and commercial art industry. In a number of countries who had previously richest N. T. (England, Denmark, the Netherlands), it almost completely disappears, but intensively develops in industrially retarded areas, which preserved powerful medieval culture layers (Northern province in Russia, Brittany in France, Tyrol in Austria , Slovakia, Balkan countries, Spain, Sicily in Italy).

From the middle of the 19th century, following the recognition of the value of verbal folklore, in a number of countries there is interest in folk decorative art. From that time, aesthetics N. T. (both national and exotic), its colorfulness and rhythmism are increasingly affecting professional architecture, visual and decorative art. The collection of N. collections begins, public organizations and patronage of mugs are reviving a number of fisheries and organize new ones. This activity acquires special scope at the turn of 19-20 centuries. With the spread of the "Modern" style and associated national-romantic flows. However, imposing to people's masters, the solutions of machine type, artists and theorists "Modern" often showed a misunderstanding of the specifics of N. tons. Similar mistakes were committed and later (including in the Soviet practice of 1930-50s.); In a number of capitalist countries, on the contrary, attempts were made to bring the folk sculpture and ornament to abstract art.

The works of modern N. tons are mainly the nature of decorative products and souvenirs, figuratively indicative of the originality of the national culture of one area or another; Due to its obviously needleful mind, they give the funds of the national tradition and direct humanity, the medium created mainly by standardized industrial means. Folk artistic crafts play an important role in the economy of developing countries. In many countries (primarily in the USSR and other socialist states), funds for the protection of folk crafts and their artistic peculiarities are sought, the activities of people's masters are encouraged with the help of competitions and exhibitions, vocational schools and schools are preparing artists and performers. With the participation of research institutes and museums, traditions are carefully studied and samples N. tons are collected, in particular, in order to allocate products and decorative techniques, consonant with the modern way of life. N. t. It has a relaxing effect on the art industry, helping to find the most expressive forms and decor of a household thing; Separate features of N. t. Live in the works of amateur masters, as well as professional artists who use the experience of folk art. A number of folk folk crafts have been revived in the USSR, many have received new development and related to Soviet lives orientation (so, the former centers of iconistics have become world famous centers of lacquer miniatures). In the diverse views and genres of Soviet N. t. The careful preservation of national traditions is combined with latitude of interests and the active perception of Soviet reality.

About N. t. Of various nations, see Sections Literature, Architecture and Fine Arts, Music, Ballet, Drama Theater, Circus in Articles on individual countries and the republics of the USSR.

LIT: Chicherov V. I., K. Marx and F. Engels about Folklore. Bibliographic materials, in the collection: Soviet folklore, No. 4-5, M. - L., 1934; Bonch-Broyevich V. D., V. I. Lenin about the oral folk art, "Soviet ethnography", 1954, No. 4; Lenin heritage and study of Folklore, L., 1970. Prippet V. Ya., Specificity of Folklore, in the book: Proceedings of the anniversary scientific session of LSU. Section of Philological Sciences, L., 1946; his own, folklore and reality, "Russian literature", 1963, No. 3; Chicherov V.I., Questions theory and History of Folk Creativity, M., 1959; Gusev V. E., Aesthetics of Folklore, L., 1967; Bogatyrev P. G., questions of the theory of folk art, M., 1971; Kravtsov N. I., the problems of Slavic Folklore, M., 1972; Chistov K.V. Specificity of the folklore in the light of theory of information, "Philosophy Questions", 1972, No. 6; Schulze F. W., Folklore ..., Halle / Saale, 1949; Cocchiara G., Storia del Folklore in Europa, Torino, 1952 (Rus. Per. - M., 1960); Corso R., Folklore, 4 ED., Napoli, 1953; Thompson S., MotiFindex of Folk-Literature, v. 1-6, Bloomington, 1955-58; Aarne A. The Types of the Folktale. A classification and bibliography, 2 ED., Hels., 1964; Krappe A. H., The Science of Folklore, N. Y., 1964; Bausinger H., Formen der "Volkspoesie", B., 1968; VRABILE G., FOLCLORUL. OBIct. Principii. Metodă. Categorii, Buc., 1970.

Melts M. Ya., Russian Folklore. Bibliographic pointer, 1945-1959, L., 1961; The same 1917-1944, L., 1966; Same 1960-1965, L., 1967; Kouchner Z. I., Folklore of the Peoples of the USSR. Bibliographic sources in Russian (1945-1963), M., 1964; Volkskundliche Bibliogrgiphie B, - LPZ., 1919-957; [CONTINUED], IN CN: INTERNATIONALE Volkskundliche Bibliogrgiphie Bonn, 1954-70.

Bartok B., why and how to collect folk music [per. from Weng.], M., 1959; Kvitka K.V., Emit. Proceedings ..., t. 1-, M., 1971-1973; Essays of the musical culture of the peoples of tropical Africa, Sat. Art., Sost. and ter. L. Golden, M., 1973; BOSE F., Musikailische Völkerkunde, Freiburg Im Breisgau, 1953; Nettl B., Theory and Method in Ethnomusicology L. 1964; Brăiiloiu S. Folklore Musical, in his book: Ceuvres, v. 2, BUC., 1969, r. 19-130.

Alferov A. D., Parsley and His ancestors, M., 1895: Onchukov N. E., Northern Folk Dramas, St. Petersburg, 1911; Russian folk drama of the XVII-XX centuries. Texts of plays and descriptions of ideas, ed., Intr. Art. And comments P. N. Borkova, M., 1953: History of the Western European Theater, under the general ed. S. S. Mokulsky, vol. 1, M., 1956; Avdeev A. D., the origin of the theater, M. - L., 1959; Vsevolodsky-Gerzross V. N., Russian Oral People's Drama, M., 1959; Jivelegov A.K., Italian folk comedy ..., 2 ed., M., 1962; Cohen S. le Théâtre en France Au Moyen-âge, v. 1-2, Nouv. éd., P., 1948.

Tkachenko T. S. People's Dance M., 1954; Khayizovsky K. Ya. Images of Russian People's Choreography, M., 1964; The Encyclopedia of Social Dance, N. Y., 1972.

K.V. Chistov (literature),

I. I. Zhetsovsky (music),

N. I. Savushkin (theatre),

A. K. Chekalov, M. N. Sokolov (architecture, visual and decorative art).

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17 of the most beautiful types of folk art of Russia.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Painted objects, toys and fabric products will be dismissed with themselves foreign tourists in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own kind of needlework, and in this material we collected the brightest and well-known of them.

Dymkovo toy

Dymkovsky toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its saturated and ancient history. She is lying out of clay, then overshadows and burns into the oven. After that, it is written by hand, every time creating a unique instance. Two identical toys can not be.

Zhostovsky painting

In early 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the villages of the former Troitskaya parish (now - Mytishchi district), and they were engaged in painting of lacquered metal trays, sugarders, pallets, boxes from papier-mâché, cigarettes, teams, albums and other things. Since then, the art painting in Zhostovsky style began to gain popularity and attract attention to numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma

Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, originating in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden dishes, which not only connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also the inhabitants of foreign countries.

Freakly intertwined grass patterns from bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background, you can admire infinitely. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented by the most insignificant case, leave the most good and long memory of the Daritel who received them.

Gorodetskaya painted

Gorodetskaya painting exists from mid-19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, horses figures, roosters, floral ornaments. The painting is performed by a free smear with a white and black graphic stroke, decorates ribbons, furniture, shutters, doors.

Filigree

Filigree is one of the most ancient types of metal artwork. The elements of the filigree pattern are the most diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, Christmas trees, walkways, stroit. Weaves are performed from very thin gold or silver wire, so they look easy and fragile.

Ural Malachite

Famous Malachite deposits - in the Urals, in Africa, South Australia and the United States, but the color and beauty of the patterns of Malachite of foreign countries cannot be compared with the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable on the world market.

Gusevskaya Crystal

Products made on a crystal plant of the city of Gus-Crystal can be found in the museums of the whole world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, settings for the festive table, elegant decorations, caskets, handmade statuettes reflect the beauty of their native nature, its customs and original Russian values. Products from color crystal are particularly popular.

Matryoshka

The church and full cheerful girl in a golt and Russian folk dress conquered the hearts of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Now Matryoshka is not just a popular toy, the keeper of Russian culture: this is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which slim scenes, plots of fairy tales and landscapes with attractions. Matryoshka became a precious object of collecting, which can cost more than one hundred dollars.

Enamel

Vintage broots, bracelets, pendants, rapidly "entered" in modern fashion - nothing else like decorations made by technique fingerties. This type of applied art appeared in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals with a variety of paints on white enamel. Then the art of multicast enamels began to be lost, it began to push out a monophonic finiflux: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Tula samovar

In his free time, the worker of the Tula Armory Plant Fyodor Lisitsyn loved to make something out of copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a self-friendlokinous establishment, where they sold copper products, which enjoyed frantic success.

Samovars Lisitsynov were famous for the diversity of forms and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, samovari ovoid shape, with cranes in the form of dolphin, with loop-shaped handles, painted.

Palekh miniature

Palekh miniature is a special, delicate, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian people, beliefs and songs. In painting, brown-orange and blue-green tones are used.

Palekh painting has no analogues around the world. It is performed on Papier Masha and only then transferred to the surface of the caskets of all sorts of shapes and sizes.

Gzhel

Gzhel bush, an area of \u200b\u200b27 villages, located near Moscow, is famous for its clays, the extraction of which is carried out here from the middle of the 17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel masters began to produce half-fueling, faience and china. Of particular interest are still products painted in one color - blue supervicary paint, applied with a brush, with graphic drawing of parts.

Pavlovo-Posal Shawl

Bright and lungs, feminine Pavloposad's scarves are always fashionable and relevant. This folk fishing appeared at the end of the 18th century on the peasant enterprise village Pavlovo, which subsequently developed a boobical manuff. It made wool shawls with a printed pattern, very popular at the time.

Topic 1. People's and Decorative and Applied Arts

People's and decorative and applied arts are an integral part of the artistic culture. Folk art is developing in their laws and interacts with the art of professional artists.

In a wide meaningfolk art (folklore) - these are created by the people on the basis of collective creative experience, national traditions and future poetry (legends, fairy tales, Epos), music (songs, naigershi, plays), theater (drama, dolls, satirical plays), dance, architecture, visual and Decorative and applied art.

Works of folk art have spiritual and material value, are characterized by beauty and benefit. Master of People's Decorative and Applied Arts create their works from a variety of materials. The most common artistic ceramics, weaving, lace carving, embroidery, painting, wood carving or stone, forging, casting, engraving, chasing and other painted dishes, lace napkins, wooden carved boards, embroidered towels and many other works of folk art we can use at home.

Of great importance in folk art is givenornament which decorate the subject (thing) or is its structural element. Ornament's motifs have ancient mythological roots.

In folk art, two directions are distinguished:city art craft andfolk art fishery. As an example of traditional art crafts, you can call: painting on a tree (Khokhloma, Gorodets, Northern Dvina) and Porcelain (Gzhel), a clay toy (Chimka, Kargopol, Filimonovo, Abashevo), Matryoshek (Sergiev Posad, Semenov, Polhov Maidan) , Trays (Zhostovo), lacquer miniatures (Fedoskino, Palh, Mster, Holly), Shawls (Pavlovsky Posad), carved wooden toy (Sergiev Posad, Bogorodskoe), jewelry (Kubachi), etc.

Folk art lives for centuries. Skills of technical skills and found images go from generation to generation, persistent in the memory of folk artists. By virtue of this century, the tradition is selected only the best creative achievements.

Decorative art - this is one of the types of plastic arts. Decorative art is divided into directly associated with architecture -monumental-decorative art (stained glass windows, mosaic, painting on facades and in the interiors, decorative garden-park sculpture, etc.),decorative and applied art (household artistic products). The term "decorative art" is wide on the coverage of concepts. Decorative art is largely due to the art industry anddesign. It, together with architecture and design, forms a material subject-spatial environment, introducing an aesthetic, figurative start.

Decorative and applied art - area of \u200b\u200bdecorative art: the creation of articles that have a practical purpose in everyday life and differing decorative patterns (dishes, furniture, fabrics, clothes, decorations, toys, etc.). All objects surrounding a person must be not only convenient, practical, but also beautiful. The subject should be expressive in general - in the design, proportions, details, as well as in the finish. Paint the jug patterns, decorate the carving of a cutting board, tie a lace napkin, cutting patterns on the fabric - all this requires painmastery. Such products decorated with ornaments refer to decorative and applied arts also because it is necessary to attach hands to create this beauty. Benefit and beauty is always near when artists and from a wide variety of materials (wood, metal, glass, clay, stone, fabrics, and others are taken out of the work (wood).) Create household items that are works of art.

Another area of \u200b\u200bdecorative and applied art is associated with the decoration of the person himself - the creation of a artisticly performed suit that makes up the ensemble together with the headdress, shoes and jewelry. But lately the costume is more and moreto the design of clothes.

However, decorative products demonstrate not only the aesthetic taste and fantasy of the artist. In them, as in the works of other types of art, the material and spiritual interests of people are reflected. And although today products of applied art creates the art industry, they largely retain national characteristics. All this suggests that in the decorative art of a certain historical era, the features of style unity, for example, the period of gothic, modern, classicism, etc. are pronounced.

How can I determine if this product is a piece of decorative and applied art? Sometimes they talk like this: if the vase has a beautiful form, but it is not decorated with anything, then it is not a work of decorative art, but it is worth putting some pattern on it, so it will immediately turn into a work. This is not true. Sometimes the ornaments adorning the vase make it a tasteless fake, turn into a kitsch. Conversely, a clean clay or tree vessel may be so affected by its perfection that his artistic value becomes apparent.

Expressiveness of the line, silhouette, rhythm, color, proportions, shapes, spaces in each of the types of decorative art depends largely on the materials used, the technology of their processing.

The relationship between the form and material is obvious. Plasticity of clay, wood fibrity, fragility and transparency of glass, metal strength allow you to create a variety of shape vessels, its best artistic-shaped solution is due to the properties of the material.

The people's master or artist of decorative and applied arts in his work seeks to show the best aesthetic qualities of materials: wood, textiles, metal, ceramics, glasses, paper, bones, leather, stone, etc.

Decorativeness in folk and decorative-applied art is the main means of expressing beauty.

It should be borne in mind that in each form of art, the artistic image has its own structure due, on the one hand, the peculiarities of the expression of spiritual content, and on the other hand, the technology, the nature of the material in which this content is embodied. The artistic image in folk and decorative-applied art has common and distinctive features.

The decorative image expresses not a single, but general - "species", "generic" (leaf, flower, tree, bird, horse, etc.). Decorative image requires artistic and figurative thinking, mytho-poetic attitude to reality.

Therefore, in folk art, it is customary to distinguish the types of products of traditional art crafts, which reflect the mythological and aesthetic representations of the people. For example, the image of the bird, horse, the tree of life, women, signs-symbols of the earth, water, the sun can be seen in different artistic materials: embroidery, weaving, lace, painting on wood and metal, wood carving, ceramics, etc. stability and The traditional of these images largely determine the high artistic and aesthetic value of works of folk art.

At the same time, the versatility of the types of types in the art of different nations of the world shows their unity associated with the common approaches to the process of the aesthetic knowledge of natural and social phenomena.

Images in professional decorative art also reflect the ideas of this or that nation of beauty. They are also often created on the basis of natural or geometric motifs, however, a lot of freedom is allowed here in the image interpretation.

Analyzing the artistic advantages of a particular work of people's or professional decorative art, it is necessary to pay attention to its shaped solution, accounting for the characteristics of the material, the expressiveness of the form and proportions, on the color solution, the connection of the ornament with the form of products, plastic, scenic or graphic merits of things. At the same time, it is important to note how rhythmic repetitions, composite features of the construction of the ornament and things as a whole affect its shaped solution.

People's and professional decorative and applied arts are interpreted as arts serving the needs of a person and at the same time satisfying his aesthetic needs carrying beauty.

However, it is necessary to know about significant differences between these types of arts. Folk art, transforming reality, is considered by modern art historians as a special type of artistic creativity, the distinguishing signs of which are: the collective start and tradition, the sustainability of the topics and images, the universality of the language understandable to all the peoples of the world, the publicity of spiritual values. All these features of art are determined by the holistic perception of the world.

The results of the artistic and creative activity of the people reflect his life, the views, ideals, therefore, in the works of folk art, the experience of moral feelings, knowledge, behavior was concluded.

Theoretical foundations of folk art, its essence and significance as an artistic system as a whole substantiated leading domestic scientists A. Bakushinsky, I.Y. Boguslavskaya, G.K.Vagner, V.S. Voronov, M.A.Nekrasova, S. B.Rabrechenskaya, A.B. Saltykov and others.

One of the first researchers of folk visual creativity, which recognized the high artistic and scientific value of the "peasant" art was V.S. Voronov. Artistic traditions he defined as "folk style." The scientist believed that the tradition was capable of changing, internally and externally, it was movable. According to Voronov, decorativeness, structurality and ornamentality in the peasant household creativity "claim the undisputed right to refer to the art" and "are a characteristic summary basis, according to which you can always distinguish and allocate the product of artistic peasant labor."

M.A.Nekrasova considers folk art as a creative, cultural, historical system, which claims itself through the continuity of traditions, functionsas a special type of artistic creativity in the collective activities of the people. And each people carry their culture of poetic-shaped and craft traditions. They developed for centuries and grinded by many generations of people. With traditions in folk art, not only skill, but also images loved by the people of motives, artistic principles and techniques are transferred. Traditions form the main layers of folk artistic culture -schools and at the same time determine the special vitality of folk art.

In folk art, artistic skill, technical skill, work methods, motifs are transferred from the master to the student. The artistic system is being worked out collectively.

Main literature

Konstantinova S.S. The history of decorative and applied art. Summary of lecture. - Rostov N / D.: Phoenix 2004.

Butkevich L.M. Ornament History: Tutorial for studies. High. Ped. studies. institutions. - M.: Humanit. ed. Center Vlados, 2003.

Armand T. Tissue painting manual. / Ed. N.N. Sobolev. - St. Petersburg, Polytechnic, 1992.

Sokolova M.S. Art painting on wood. - M.: Humanitar. Ed. Center Vlados, 2005.

Khvorostov A.S. Decorative and applied art at school. - M.: 1988.

Queen N.S., Kozhevnikova L.A. Modern pattering weaving. - M., 1970.

additional literature

1. Decorative and applied arts and folk crafts / O.N. Niribitsky. - SPb.: Polytechnic, 2007.

2. Zhegalova S.K. Murals Khokhloma: story. - M., 1991

3. Konovalov A.E. Gorodetskaya painted: stories about folk art. - Gorky, 1988

4. Skvortsov K.A. Workshop in training workshops. - M.: 1987.

5. Kozlov V.N. Fundamentals of decoration of textiles. M., 1981.

6. Kozlov V.N. Fundamentals of decoration of textiles. M., 1981.

Svetlova L.P. Alphabet of ornament. - M., 1998.

Mititello K. Applique: Technique and Art. - M.: Eksmo, 2003.

Banakina L.V. Patchwork: Technique. Takes. Products. - M.: AST-PRESS BOOK, 2006.

9. Makhmutova HR "Mastery of fabric, knitwear and skin." Book for students. - M.: School press, 2004.

Agel O.I. Artistic patchwork sewing (basics of patchwork sewing and tradition of folk textile flap): educational and methodical manual for the teacher. - M.: School press, 2004.

Gilman R.A. Needle, thread in skillful hands. - M.: Lepleplezdat, 1993.

Drozdova O.E. Patchwork. Ornaments and products. - M.: Fashion and needlework, 2001.

Zhuravleva I.D. Fabrics. Treatment. Care. Coloring. Applique. Batik. - M.: Eksmo, 2003.

Dvorkina N. Goblen for ten evenings. - M., 1998.

Senzyuk PK Composition in decorative art. Kiev, 1998.

Kuzeev R.G., Bikbulatov N.V., Shitova S.N. Decorative creativity of the Bashkir people. - Ufa: Bashka. kn. ed., 1979.

Maksimova M.V., Kuzmina M.A. Loskutic. - M.: Ed. Eksmo, 2003.

Mititello K. Gold Applique Collection. - M.: Ed. Eksmo, 2003.

Shitova S.N. Folk art: felt, carpets and fabrics in the southern Bashkir (ethnographic essays). - Ufa: CHIP, 2006.

Yanbukhina A. G. Decorative Art of Bashkortostan. XX century: from Tamga to the avant-garde. - Ufa: CHIP, 2006.

People's decorative art in our country is an organic part of the folk culture. Poetic images, emotions inherent in Him, Roads and are understandable to all people. It instills a sense of excellent, helps to form a harmoniously developed personality. Being based on long-time traditions, decorative art has a positive effect on the education of a person of the future. Works that are created by masters from the people are a reflection of love for native land, the ability to see and understand the beauty of the surrounding world.

Basic varieties of decorative art

For many centuries, homemade production in peasant families, and starting from the XVIII-XIX centuries and handicrafts, equipped cities and villages with a variety of clay, wood and metal, stuffed fabrics, ceramic and wooden toys, carpets, and others. The most popular has become famous for its brightness And the cheerfulness of a tree, Dymkovsky figures and whistles from clay, Lukutinian painted lacquer boxes. Each of these items is a work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - Khokhloma painting - causes great interest in Russia and abroad.

The distinctive fishery had in the Far East, Russian North, Siberia, in the Caucasus. Fame acquired a metal processing in Dagestan Cuba, a ceramic painting in Balkhara, a notch on the tree of silver Untsukul. People's decorative art, whose species are very diverse, presented in different parts of our huge country.

Vologda Lace - People's Decorative Art

Vologda Lace has gained popularity in European capitals at the end of the XVIII century. And in our time, many foreigners mistakenly believe that lace on the territory of Russia weave only in Vologda. In fact, Elets, Kirishi, Vyatka also have the reason to be proud of their products. Almost all of them possess their unique features. So, Mikhailovsky colored lace is very interesting. In our country they have gained no less popular than Vologda. Nevertheless, as hundreds of years ago, it is in Vologda for a snow-white miracle.

Openwork thread

Openwork carving decorates bone objects of small size: boxes, boxes, pendants, brooches. The work of folk decorative art - bone lace - so poetically called openwork threads.

Three varieties of the ornament were obtained the greatest distribution in the case of cutting on the bone:

• Geometric - plexus of direct and curves lines.
• Vegetable.
• Rocial - stylization of the shape of the sea shell.

The technique of openwork thread is used to create compositions based on ornament and plot. The raw material serves an ordinary cow bone.

Thin work on openwork thread requires special tools: nadfile, pins, klepikov, jigsaws.

Beading

Beading can be proud of a centuries-old history, like beads itself. Residents of ancient Egypt were the first to master the sophisticated mastery of weaving necklaces based on small colored balls from glass, and also decorated with their clothes. However, a truly bloomed beading in the city. During long years, Venice residents carefully kept the secrets of skill. Luxurious beads decorated wallets and handbags, shoes, clothes and other elegant things.

When the beads appeared in America, he replaced with traditional materials used by indigenous people. Here they were separated by the cradle, baskets, seelings, tobacker.

The peoples of the Far North were decorated with beaded embroidery of Unputa, fur coats, reindeer harness, hats.

Batik

Batik - tissue painting with their own hands using fixing compositions. The technique is based on the observation that rubber glue, paraffin when applied to the fabric do not let the paint through themselves.

There are several varieties of batik - nodule, hot, chibori, cold.

The name "Batik" Indonesian, which means "draw", "stroke", "cover drops".

This painting has been used by the peoples of India and Indonesia. In Europe, the batik came in the twentieth century.

Painted

The painting is one of the most ancient types of decorative art. It centuries were an organic part of the original culture and life of the people. This type of decorative art is widespread.

Here are some species of painting:

• Zhostovskaya painting is a famous Russian fishing, which appeared in the XIX century in the village of Zhostovo, not far from Moscow. It belongs to the most popular fishery where Russian folk painting is created. Famous Zhostovy trays are sampled by hand. Most often depict bouquets of flowers on a black background.
• Gorodetskaya painting - fishing, appeared in the middle of the XIX century in the city of Gorodets. The painting is characterized by brightness and conciseness. Themes of her - Stick figures, genre scenes, floral patterns. Decorated the doors, shutters, furniture, strands.
• Khokhloma painting is one of the oldest folk crafts. It originated in the XVII century in Khokhloma, not far from Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma painting is a decorative painting of wooden items, made on a golden background black, red, less often with green. After applying the drawing, the product is coated with a special composition and three-time treatment in the furnace, which allows to achieve a unique honey-golden color. Traditional for Khokhloma are rowan berries and strawberries of red, branches and flowers. Often in compositions appear animals, fish and birds, turning made into the true work of popular decorative art. Wood gold - so often called a khokhloma painting.

We will get acquainted with the various subjects of folk crafts used in kindergarten for the development of children.

Dymkovo toy

Products of Kirov masters amazes with bright patterns, non-standard proportions and shape. Everybody is delighted with elegant, wonderful decorated and painted barynie francs, pony, roosters, goats. The first Dymkov toys appeared in 1811. On Vyatka holiday sold clay dolls with painting. Clay toys made masters of the village of Dymkovo. They were engaged in this with their families.

Now the factory producing Dymkov toys, works in Kirov.

Filimonovskaya toy

No less fame is the center of folk fishing in the village of Filimonovo under Tula, where wonderful clay toys are born. People and animals made by masters are characterized by the fancy of the form and great expressiveness. These are peasants, ladies, soldiers, cows, riders on horseback, rams. Filimon toys cannot be confused with others, as they carry their unique features in the form of modeling and painting. They play all the colors of the rainbow.

A child who saw a Filimonovsky toy, having a non-standard color and shape, awakens a creative start.

Kargopol toy

Kargopol is an ancient city whose residents have long been engaged in a pottery. Preferably they made dishes, but some masters were engaged in a clay toy. True, in 1930, the fishery came into decline. Restoration of cargopol workshops occurred in 1967.

Cargopol toys look sharp on the background of bright Dymkov and Filimonovsky. Color gamut make up brown, black and dark green colors. There are many funny images, simple, but at the same time breathing warmth and humor. These are women-peasants, bearded men, dolls with ribs.

Gzhel's dishes

Not far from Moscow is the village of Gzhel. From the 14th century they were engaged in a pottery. Among the dishes, which were produced by Keyman, - plates and toys, which are painted by brown and yellowish-green paints for ceramics. Now porcelain products released in Gzhel have world glory. The reason for this is the uniqueness of the shape and pattern. Gzhel porcelain is characterized by a blue painting made on a white background. True, Syane is not homogeneous. If you look closely, you can detect the finest shades and halftones, imposing thoughts about the blue sky, river and lake water. In addition to the dishes in Gzheli produce toys and a small sculpture. All that the masters do is striking the harmony of content and forms. This is a real work of popular decorative art. Gzhel acquire dreams each.

Decorative art in kindergarten

The art of people's masters is the property not only for adults. It is important and children who can enthusiastically play and with matryrs from a tree, and with clay toys of Kirov craftsmen. The art of the people awakens the guys of interest the originality of designs, figurativeness and colorfulness. It is clear to children, as its content is simple and concise, but at the same time opens the beauty of the world surrounding it in front of the child. Here and loved fabulous images of animals, which are made of clay or wood, and ornaments with flowers, berries and leaves, more than once visible in life. Masters engaged in the manufacture of clay toys often paint their works by an ornament from geometric shapes: stripes, rings, circles. These drawings also find an understanding of the kids. All clay and wooden products in kindergartens are not only an interior decoration. The guys led by an experienced teacher, the guys carefully look closely, engaged in their drawing and modeling based on samples of folk products.

People's decorative art in kindergarten enters the life of babies, delivering them joy, expanding the horizons, providing a positive effect on an artistic taste. In pre-school educational institutions there must be a sufficient number of folk fishery products. This allows you to decorate the interiors of groups, updating them after a while. Artistic products are shown to children when conversations about folk crafts are underway. All similar items need to be stored in the cabinets of the Cabinet Pedagogy. They must constantly replenish and distributed to the fishery. Younger children need to acquire fun toys, accurate wooden toys. The guys of the middle group will be better suitable for Filimonov and Kargopol. Senior groups are available all types of folk toys, including clay and wooden.

Decorative modeling in a kindergarten provides for the creation of dishes, various figures on the topics of folk toys. In addition, children can produce small decorations for dolls, souvenirs for mothers, grandmothers and sisters for the holiday of March 8.

Under the influence of classes with objects of folk crafts, children are more deeply and interested in the illustrations on the topics of Russian toys, the wealth of their topics spill the imagination of the child during the clamping, making the riche of his knowledge about the world that surrounds it. Classes with use as illustrations of items of folk creativity make it possible to develop the mind of the kids.

However, the positive effect of this is achieved only if children are systematically and systematically acquainted with the objects of decorative and applied art. Based on the knowledge gained, they create decorative work with their own hands. They are invited to reproduce the work of folk decorative art (any). Photo, if not in the presence of the work itself, will help the child to imagine that it will draw or sculpt.

The desire of children to make the creation of beautiful items is largely determined by the careman's attention to these issues. He must have information about popular fishers, be aware of the history of their appearance. If the teacher knows what folk fishing can be attributed to one or another toy, and it can be interesting to tell about masters doing these toys, the children will be interested, and they will have a desire to engage in creativity.

Fine art in junior classes

People's decorative art in the project activities of younger schoolchildren allows children to return to the origins of the folk culture, to the spiritual heritage. In the modern world, the study of the wealth of national culture is the most important task of moral education of children, turning them into patriots of their country. The soul of the nation is embodied in folk fishers, the historical memory of generations is awakened. Rail a full-fledged personality, develop its moral potential, the aesthetic taste of children can not if the conversations about creativity will be reduced to abstract reasoning. After all, the works of craftsmen are an illustration of the best qualities of a folk nature: this is the awakening of respect for your own history and traditions, love for the homeland as a whole and to the place where it was born in particular, modesty, the desire for the beautiful, feeling of harmony.

How to organize an educational process so that the love of the Motherland is not just a beautiful phrase, but did the inner essence of the younger generation cost? What can be taken if there are no performances revealing vividly and shaped the theme of patriotism? This issue is definitely a comprehensive approach is required. Must decide systemically.

In order for the child to understand what is being discussed, it is proposed in the lesson to consider the work of popular decorative art (any). An example of such a work will help to understand the question.

The modern era requires appeal to the very sources of art. Storage, multiplication of folk creativity, the development of its traditions - such difficult tasks are facing teachers, educators, artists.

Fine art in high school

As children, children begin to get more and more, what is a work of popular decorative art. Grade 6 also systemically studies this question.

The working program for the study of visual arts in grade 6 provides three main types of creative activities:

1. Fine work (painting, drawing).
2. Decorative creativity (ornaments, painting, appliqués).
3. Observation of the outside world (conversation).

These varieties allow children to get acquainted with the spheres of artistic creativity. Already during the dating it becomes clear how closely these directions are interrelated and as noticeable they complement each other in the process of solving the tasks that are supplied by the program. Detailed analysis must be subjected to every product of folk decorative art. Grade 6 is the time for the development of artistic taste.

Fine art is taught at school in close connection with other objects. It uses knowledge that is derived from the study of literature, music, Russian, history, technology, biology. This makes it possible to understand the practical meaning of the lessons of visual art, their vital necessity. In a course of literature, such a topic is also studied as "the work of people's decorative art." An essay (grade 6) allows the student to show the knowledge of the subject. Children appreciate the products of folk craftsmen. They must compile a work plan and describe the work of popular decorative art (any). 5-6 sentences for each point of the plan will be enough.

People's decorative art and Russia

Both Tatarstan and other regions of Russia touched folk art. Tatar decorative creativity is bright and multifaceted. It goes to its roots in the long-standing times of paganism - the VII-VIII century. In Kazan Khanate and Volga Bulgaria, the development of art went in line with Islamic traditions. The leading direction was a variety of patterns of the pattern widely manifest itself in various types of Tatar art. Ornaments decorate embroidery, wood thread and stone, ceramics, jewelry, calligraphy. Zoomorphic style was widespread in the articles of the Masters of the Bulgaria of the pagan time.

A feature of Russian decorative art is its massive character. In Russia, decorative art most often anonymously. Gambes furniture and Faberge jewelry, rather, exception than the rule. Unnamed masters created masterpieces of mural, weaving, dishes and toys. Russian art production can be proud of creating great values \u200b\u200bin various fields.

The first evidence of the high development of blacksmith and jewelry can be found in the Scythians and tribes that lived in the territories extending from the Black Sea to Siberia. Here the advantage was given to Scythian beast style. Northern Slavs, contacting the inhabitants of Scandinavia, in the ornament included fragments of human and animal bodies that are bizarrely intertwined. In the Urals, the Ural-Finnish tribes did amulets with images of bears and wolves made of wood, stone or bronze.

Throughout Russia, there were many icon-painted workshops. In Paleh, the Ivanovo region developed the thinnest folk fairy tales and songs on black lacques. From the ancient Byzantium to us, the filigree art of chasing, grain, blacks, carved openwork works on wood and bones came to us. In the XVII century, decorative art has developed in developed artistic production. This is the Rostov painted enamel, the Nizhny Novgorod carving on the outstands, the blackness of silver in Veliky Ustyug. The works of folk masters of decorative art were decorated with palaces and temples.

Western European things are included in Petrovsky: Upholstered furniture, faience. Since the XVIII century, mirrors begin to be widely used. M. V. Lomonosov mastered the art of glass production, mirrors and mosaic smalts. Talented architects of the XVIII and early XIX century developed projects of items of decorative interior decoration. Some architects of that era began their creative way from decorator work, for example Rossi and Voronichin. The imperial courtyard and the highest to know Russia have provided with numerous orders for private enterprises that managed to achieve vertices of skill. Such enterprises include Kuznetsovsky fauces of fauces and porcelain, Popovsky Porcelain factory.

The study of folk art and folk fishers shows that popularization of works of folk creativity affects both adults and children. It brings up aesthetic taste, contributes to the emergence of spiritual needs, causes a sense of national pride and humanity. After all, amazing colorful items are created by folk masters, people whom Nature gave talent, fantasy and kindness.