The problem of serfdom in literary works. Abstract creative story creation story and

One of the most difficult to understand works, which is included in the 5th grade curriculum, is the story of I. S. Turgenev "Mumu". It can be very difficult for fifth-graders to appreciate the full depth and seriousness of a work. The guys, first of all, feel sorry for the unfortunate dog Mumu, they regret and at the same time admire the heroic strength of the deaf-mute Gerasim, someone condemns him for drowning Mumu without trying to resist the lady. That is, first of all, these are emotions. And the whole complexity of this work lies in the fact that, throwing away emotions, to see in the deaf-mute Gerasim a symbol of serf Russia - just as strong, powerful and unable to speak, to resist.

This one is the last in the study of this work. The results are summed up, conclusions are drawn, the facts of the biography of the writer are recalled.

1) Educational:

To repeat the knowledge about childhood and the beginning of the literary path of I. S. Turgenev, plunging into the era in which the writer lived and worked, to develop an interest in the personality of the writer and his work;

Recall the history of the creation of the story "Mumu";

Consider the characters and their actions.

2) Developing:

Form the ability to analyze the text of a work of art;

Develop the ability to express your thoughts, evaluate an action - generalize, draw conclusions;

To form an idea of ​​the heroes of the work based on the comparison of verbal and graphic images;

Learn to concisely present a narrative text;

Develop communication skills, enrich vocabulary;

Continue work on the development of the culture of speech of schoolchildren.

3) Educational:

Education of universal human values;

Ability to work in a group: respect the opinion of a friend, develop a sense of mutual help, support.

Good afternoon guys. We have read the story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Mumu". In our lesson we finish the conversation about this surprisingly interesting, but at the same time very complex work of the great Russian writer of the second half of the 19th century Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Mumu". Today we have to solve a difficult problem, which lies in the following concepts: serfdom and personality. Let's write the topic of the lesson in a notebook.

First, we need to define the meaning of these concepts. At home, according to the explanatory dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov, our classmates looked at the meaning of these words and wrote them down in a notebook. Let's read them. (Prepared students read definitions.)

(Serfdom is a historical system in Russia,The form of dependence of the peasants: their attachment to the land and submission to the administrative and judicial power of the feudal lord. V Western Europe(where in the Middle Ages English villans, Catalan Remens, French and Italian servos were in the position of serfs) elements of serfdom disappeared in the 16th-18th centuries. Central and Eastern Europe in the same centuries harsh forms of serfdom spread; here serfdom was abolished during the reforms late XVIII-XIX centuries In Russia, on a nationwide scale, serfdom was formalized by the Code of Laws 1497, decrees on reserved summers and lesson years and finally - Cathedral Code 1649. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the entire non-free population merged into the serf peasantry. Canceled by the peasant reform of 1861).

Serf man -Serf - 1. Related to social order, under which the landowner had the right to forced labor, property and personality of the peasants attached to the land and belonging to him. 2. Serf peasant.

Personality -A person as a carrier of some properties)

The story "Mumu" was written in 1851, nine years before 1861, when serfdom was abolished. Let's write in a notebook:

1852 - the story "Mumu", 1861 - the abolition of serfdom.

What is serfdom?

(Message from a pre-trained student)

The entire population of Russia was divided into several groups called estates: the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the bourgeoisie (small merchants, artisans, small employees), the peasantry. A person could pass from one class to another in very rare cases. The nobility and clergy were considered privileged estates.

The nobles had the right to own land and people - serfs. More than half of the peasant population of Central Russia was serfs.

What do you know about serfs? (Answers of children)

The nobleman who owned the peasants could impose any punishment on them, could sell the peasants, including dividing families; for example, to sell a mother to one landowner and her children to another. Serfs were considered by law full ownership lord. In fact, it was a legalized form of slavery. The peasants had to work for the landowner in his field (corvee) or give him part of the money they earned (quitrent).

Often the nobles lived in the villages they owned, but it so happened that the nobles traveled, lived in the city or abroad, and the manager was in charge of the village. If the noble lived in own home in the city, she was served by a large courtyard, that is, serfs who lived with their masters in the city.

Guys, what class did I.S.Turgenev belong to?

(Answers of children)

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in the Oryol province. The village of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo is located several versts from Mtsensk. County town Oryol province. A huge manor house, in a birch grove, with a horseshoe-shaped manor, with a church, with a house of forty rooms, endless services, greenhouses, wine cellars, storerooms, stables, with a park and an orchard.

Spasskoye belonged to the Lutovinovs. The last of the Lutovinovs was owned by the girl Varvara Petrovna, the mother of the future writer. What information do you know about her?

Student: Turgenev's mother, Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova, is a domineering woman, intelligent and sufficiently educated, she did not shine with beauty. She was short, squat, with a broad face, spoiled by smallpox. And only the eyes were good: large, dark and shiny. Having lost her father early, she was brought up in the family of her stepfather, where she felt like a stranger and powerless. She was forced to run away from home and found shelter with her uncle, who kept her in austerity and threatened to kick her out of the house for the slightest disobedience. But suddenly the uncle died, leaving his niece a huge estates and almost five thousand serfs.

She was already nearly thirty years old when a young officer, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, drove into Spasskoye to buy horses from her factory. What information do we know about Ivan Sergeevich's father?

Student: It was a young officer who came from an old noble family, by that time impoverished. He was handsome, graceful, intelligent.

Varvara Petrovna immediately fell in love with a young officer. Their wedding took place in 1816. A year later, they had a son, Nikolai, and then a son, Ivan. And what does Turgenev remember about his childhood?

Student: The upbringing of children was mainly occupied by Varvara Petrovna. The suffering endured in the house of her stepfather and uncle was reflected in her character. Wayward, capricious, she treated her children unevenly. “I have nothing to remember my childhood with,” Turgenev said many years later. - Not a single bright memory. I was scared like fire. I was punished for every trifle - in a word, drilled like a recruit. Rarely did a day pass without rods, when I dared to ask what I was being punished for, my mother categorically declared: "You know better about this, guess."

As a child, having learned the horror of serfdom, young Turgenev gave Annibalov an oath: “I could not breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated ... In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, wore famous name: this enemy was - serfdom. Under this name I gathered and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I vowed never to try on ... It was my Annibal's oath. " "Notes of a Hunter", the story "Mumu" - these are the first works in which the vow made by the young writer is carried out.

So let's turn to the story. To begin with, we need to remember the atmosphere of the manor house and its mistress, the lady.

What does the lady's house look like? (In one of the remote streets of Moscow, in a gray house with white columns, a mezzanine and a crooked balcony).

Draw verbal portrait ladies. (Old woman, in a white cap, possibly with a pince-nez).

What did we learn about the lady at the very beginning of the story? (A widow surrounded by numerous courtiers. Her sons served in St. Petersburg, her daughters got married; she rarely left and lived in solitude last years his stingy and bored old age. Her day, joyless and rainy, is long gone; but her evening was blacker than night).

If we summarize our observations, what conclusion can be drawn? Who is this lady and what is the atmosphere of the house in which all the events unfold? (The manor house is neglected, not well-groomed. The old lady, forgotten by everyone, is living out her day. Sons served in St. Petersburg, daughters got married and, probably, rarely visited their mother).

Turgenev shows us a domineering and capricious old woman. But she is not the main character story. Who is the main character? (Gerasim).

We have to work in groups and answer some questions.

In Russian literature, the problems associated with serfdom have been touched upon more than once. A number of writers directed their efforts, some to a greater extent, others to a lesser extent, towards making the long-awaited event come true: the shackles of serfdom fell. Sometimes these were only indirect indications of the terrible position of the peasantry in the power of the landowners. In other cases, it was serfdom that served as the main theme of the literary work.

The first work of this kind in Russian literature is the book by A.N. Radishchev "A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow". This work is dedicated by the author exclusively to the question of the position of the peasants and is directed entirely against serfdom. The picture painted by Radishchev is really terrible. But his book was not written at the right time, and the author personally paid for it. The soil had not yet been prepared for such works, the time had not yet come for the realization of Radishchev's ideal - the fall of serfdom. On the orders of Empress Catherine II, Radishchev was arrested and interrogated, but even here he did not renounce his beliefs. To give legal form to his condemnation, he was accused of treason and exiled to Siberia.

The fate of Radishchev must have served as a formidable warning to more than one writer, and after him for a long time literary works directed directly against serfdom did not appear. Nevertheless, all prominent writers of the subsequent era spoke out against this phenomenon of Russian life, in a more hidden form. This issue was raised by Pushkin and Griboyedov, Lermontov and Gogol.

At Griboyedov, in "Woe from Wit" in several places through the mouth actors his attitude to serfdom is manifested. Separate expressions affecting the situation of the servants slip through Liza, but in the foreground it is necessary to put Chatsky's story about the exchange of landowners who saved his life by the peasants for greyhounds and about the "sale one by one" of "marshmallows" and "cupids".

Pushkin also touched on this issue and expressed himself much more definitely than Griboyedov, becoming, of course, in the ranks of the opponents of serfdom. Everyone knows closing words his poem "Village":
"I will see, friends, the liberated people
And slavery, which fell by the king's mania ... "

At this time, already society, as a result of events in the West, as well as thanks to advanced minds and literary influence, had a different attitude to serfdom and was increasingly imbued with a humane attitude towards the peasants and the idea of ​​the need to free them. This was reflected in the later works of Pushkin: Onegin, as a person belonging to the enlightened strata of Russian society, “replaced corvee with a light quitrent”.

Paid attention to the issue of serfdom and Lermontov. In his " To a strange man Notes sympathetic to the peasantry break through.

There are also few mentions of serfdom in Gogol. Only in a few places in Dead Souls does he touch the peasantry, but here he shows more than once sympathy for him, as, for example, when describing poverty in the village of Plyushkina, in the story of how Korobochka sold her peasant women, and especially in Chichikov's reflection on the list dead souls... Here Gogol himself speaks through the lips of Chichikov, and shows deep sympathy for the peasants, deep lyricism in describing their fate.

Grigorovich, a contemporary of Turgenev, who only shortly before the appearance of "Notes of a Hunter", wrote famous story"Village" and then, next year, "Anton Goremyku". Here, serfdom alone serves as a theme and content, the depiction of the situation of the peasants is not a side touch, and the author's intention is not hidden by it. He openly attacks serfdom, directly declares himself to be its enemy. But now he has nothing to fear the fate of Radishchev, since then half a century has passed, and Russian life has gone far ahead. The ground is already shaking under the feet of the serf-owners. And so, in the first ranks of their enemies, perhaps even at the head of the attackers of serfdom, Turgenev becomes.

The public significance of Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter"

Turgenev was deeply imbued with the consciousness of the pernicious nature of serfdom, its injustice, cruelty and shame. He could not come to terms with its existence, he clearly, definitely realized the need to cancel it and, prompted by this consciousness, struck him sensitive blows. A direct consequence of this way of thinking was the famous "Annibal's oath", Turgenev's oath to himself to use all his strength to overthrow the serfdom that was still shaking then, which for him was, in his own words, his personal enemy.

In order to better implement his plan of attack, Turgenev settled abroad: from a distance he could better, mustering his strength, attack his enemy. Indeed, he carried out this attack, and it took the form of "Notes of a Hunter" - stories that were first published separately in different magazines, and then published by Turgenev himself in the form of a collection in two parts.

"Notes of a Hunter" - this was the fulfillment of Turgenev's "Annibal oath", and in a loud protest against the prevailing shameful injustice - their social significance.

Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter" influenced not only those strata of society that were already inclined to censure serfdom. It is especially important to note that the Emperor Alexander II himself, who had previously spoken out against some laws that facilitated the situation of the peasants, later said that after he had read The Hunter's Notes, he was never abandoned by the thought of the need to free the peasants.

literature

Kargasok

1. Introduction page 3

2. Main part

2.1. Time of writing the story "Mumu" page 4

2.2. Turgenev's attitude to serfdom p. 5

2.3. Writing a story and appearing in print page 7

2.4. Turgenev's childhood in connection with the biography of his mother p. 8

2.5. Real events forming the basis of the story p. 12

3. Conclusion page 14

4. Informational resources page 15

1. Introduction

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is one of the favorite writers of children, although he never wrote specifically for children. The ideology of his stories, the simplicity and grace of his language, the liveliness and brightness of the pictures of nature he painted and the deep sense of lyricism that permeates every work of the writer, are very attractive not only for adults, but also for children.

My acquaintance with Turgenev began in literature class with reading the story "Mumu". He struck me with the drama of the events described, the tragedy of Gerasim's position, the sad fate of the dog.

The purpose of this work is to learn more about Turgenev's childhood years, about the real events underlying the story, about the reasons for its appearance in print, to find out the role and significance of Turgenev for his time as a fighter against serfdom.

Relevance of work: this work can be used in literature lessons in grade 5.

2.1. Time of writing "Mumu"

The main issue of the 40-50s of the 19th century was the issue of serfdom.

The entire population of Russia was divided into several groups called estates: nobility, clergy, merchants, philistines, peasants. A person could pass from one class to another in very rare cases. The nobility and clergy were considered privileged estates. The nobles had the right to own land and people - serfs. A nobleman who owned the peasants could impose any punishment on them, he could sell the peasants, for example, sell his mother to one landowner, and her children to another. Serfs were considered by law to be the complete property of the master. The peasants had to work for the landowner in his field or give him part of the money they earned.

In newspapers and magazines of that time, articles began to appear that the feudal system of the economy was unprofitable.

There was talk in society about the work of the government to abolish serfdom. The ruling circles supported such rumors with the creation of secret committees and minor events. There was even issued a decree "On obligated peasants." This document allowed the landowners to give the peasants plots of land for use for "agreed duties". But the landowner nevertheless remained the owner of these plots and could appoint any "duties" he wanted. Naturally, this decree did not actually alleviate the situation of the serf peasantry.

2.2. Turgenev's relation to serfdom

The progressive people advocated the liberation of the peasants from serfdom. Hopes for permission peasant question assigned to the Minister of Internal Affairs.

also decided to take part in the resolution of the peasant question. He enters the service of the ministry, which he heads. Turgenev sincerely wished and believed that it was possible to fix something and make the life and fate of the serfs easier.

At the end of December 1842, he writes a "note". It was called "A few remarks about the Russian economy and the Russian peasant." This note was a document for admission to the service, was of an official nature. Turgenev relied on knowledge of the Russian countryside, pointed out imperfections in relations between landowners and peasants, and on shortcomings in the law on land ownership. At the same time, he spoke about the natural intelligence of the Russian peasant, his ingenuity, good nature.

Turgenev lasted from June 1843 to February 1845. He served under the command, famous author « Explanatory dictionary”, Whose work he greatly appreciated.

The question of serfdom has become one of the main topics of fiction. Turgenev in his stories depicted the collapse of serfdom. The writer showed that the Russian people are smart, gifted, talented, and such people cannot be kept in slavery. This reflected the progressiveness of the author's views on serfdom.

In the 40-50s, Turgenev was one of the most progressive writers. The entire advanced public of that time listened to his voice. The Hunter's Notes, printed by him in 1852, were an incriminating document directed against serfdom.

“In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was serfdom. Under this name I gathered and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I vowed never to be reconciled. It was my Annibal's oath ... ".

The writer never, from childhood, looked at the people around him from the people as property. He saw serfs primarily as people, often friends and even teachers. It was the serf who first instilled in him a taste for Russian literature.

recalled: “The teacher who first interested me in the work of Russian literature was a courtyard. He often took me to the garden and here he read to me - what do you think? - "Rossiada" by Kheraskov. He read each verse of his poem at first, so to speak, in rough form, with a tongue twister, and then he read the same verse whitewashed, loudly, with extraordinary enthusiasm. "

When the writer inherited half of his mother's estate, each serf family wanted to get into the possession of Ivan Sergeevich. He released the servants and transferred from corvée to quitrent everyone who wished it.

2.3. Writingstory "Mumu" and its appearance in print

1852 This year he died. Turgenev had a hard time going through the death of the writer. He wrote to Pauline Viardot: "For us, he (Gogol) was more than just a writer: he revealed ourselves to us."

Impressed, Turgenev published an article about Gogol in Moskovskiye Vedomosti, which was banned. For violation of censorship rules, the tsar ordered Turgenev to be arrested for a month, and then sent to Spasskoye under supervision.

On April 16, 1852, Turgenev was put on a "moving out" - in a special room for those arrested in the police. Next to the cell where the writer was, there was an execution room, where landowners sent their serfs to be punished. Serfs were flogged there. This neighborhood was painful for Turgenev. The whipping of whips and the cries of the peasants, probably, evoked the corresponding impressions of childhood. He did not stop thinking about the hard lot of the common people.

It was here, in such conditions, that the author of "Notes of a Hunter" wrote his famous story "Mumu". By this, Turgenev proved that he was not going to retreat from his main theme- the fight against serfdom, but will further develop and deepen it in his work. From the conclusion, Turgenev wrote to friends about his further plans: "... I will continue my essays on the Russian people, the strangest and most amazing people as there is in the world. "

After serving a month in prison and receiving an order to go to live in his village, Turgenev read “Mumu” ​​for his friends before leaving. "A truly touching impression," wrote one of the listeners, "was made by this story, which he brought out of his house, both in its content and in its calm, albeit sad, tone of presentation."

With the help of friends, Turgenev managed to print the story. It was included in the third book of the Sovremennik magazine for 1854. The police caught on after, when the story was published.

2.4. Turgenev's childhood in connection with the biography of his mother

Why did Turgenev, a nobleman by birth and upbringing, rebelled against serfdom? It seems that the answer must be sought in the biography of the writer, in his childhood. It was they who left an indelible mark from the horrors of violence and arbitrariness.

Born October 28, 1818 in the city of Oryol, into a wealthy noble family. His childhood was spent among the amazing and unique beauty central Russia in the estate Spassky - Lutovinovo, Oryol province.

The writer's parents were the richest landowners of the region. They had over five thousand serfs. Sixty families served the manor house. Among them were locksmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters, gardeners, clerks, tailors, shoemakers, painters, musicians.

Father - Sergei Nikolaevich, in his youth, an officer of the cuirassier regiment, handsome, spoiled, lived as he wanted, did not care about his family or his vast household. Mother - Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova, a domineering woman, intelligent and sufficiently educated with beauty did not shine. She was short, squat, with a broad face, spoiled by smallpox. And only the eyes were beautiful: large, dark and shiny.

In childhood and adolescence, she suffered many injustices, and this made her character very bitter. To understand this, you need to tell a little of her story.

Varvara Petrovna was an orphan. Her mother, the writer's grandmother, after the death of her husband was left without any means of subsistence and was forced to remarry a widower. He already had children. Varvara Petrovna's mother devoted her whole life to caring for other people's children and completely forgot about her own daughter.

Varvara Petrovna recalled: "Being an orphan without a father and mother is hard, but being an orphan with your own mother is terrible, and I experienced it, my mother hated me." In the family, the girl had no rights. Her stepfather beat her, the sisters did not like her either.

After the death of her mother, her situation became even worse. Unable to withstand the humiliation and insults, the fifteen-year-old girl decided to run away from her stepfather's family in order to find shelter with her uncle - Ivan Ivanovich Lutovinov, a stern and unsociable man, the owner of the rich estate of Spasskoye. She walked more than seventy kilometers. But even her uncle did not feel better.

was a cruel landowner. He oppressed his serfs immensely. He paid little attention to his niece, but demanded slave submission from her. For the slightest disobedience, he threatened to be kicked out of the house.

For fifteen years, the niece endured the humiliation and bullying of her uncle. The girl decided to run.

But the sudden death of her uncle unexpectedly made Varvara Petrovna the owner of numerous estates, several thousand serfs, and a huge financial fortune.

Varvara Petrovna became one of the richest brides in the region. married Sergei Nikolaevich. It would seem that the grievances, oppression, humiliation suffered in childhood and adolescence should make a person softer, more compassionate, but everything can be different. A person can become hardened and become a despot himself. This is exactly what happened to Varvara Petrovna. She turned into an evil and cruel landowner. All the courtyards were afraid of her, her appearance led others to fear.

Turgenev's mother was a very unbalanced and contradictory nature. The main features of her nature were selfishness, despotism, contempt for the poor. And at the same time, she had the traits of a gifted personality and a kind of charm. When she spoke to the peasants, she smelled cologne because she was annoyed by the "peasant smell." She mutilated many of her serfs: she drove some to hard labor, others to remote villages for settlement, and still others to soldiers. She brutally dealt with the servants with the help of rods. For the slightest offense, they were flogged in the stable. Many memories of both her son and his contemporaries have survived about the cruelty of Varvara Petrovna. Pavel Annenkov, a writer close to Turgenev, recalled: “As a developed woman, she did not humiliate herself to personal reprisals, but subject to persecution and insults in her youth, which embittered her character, she was not at all averse from domestic radical measures to correct recalcitrant or disliked subjects. ... No one could equal her in the art of insulting, humiliating, making a person unhappy, while maintaining decency, calmness and dignity. "

The fate of the serf girls was also terrible. Varvara Petrovna did not allow them to get married, she insulted.

At home, the landowner tried to imitate the crowned heads. Serfs differed among themselves by court titles: she had a minister of the court, a minister of mail. Correspondence to Varvara Petrovna was presented on a silver tray. If the lady was pleased with the letters received, everyone was happy, but if, on the contrary, then everyone fell silent with bated breath. The guests were in a hurry to leave the house.

Varvara Petrovna was terrible in anger, she could get angry at the slightest trifle. The writer, as a boy, recalled such an incident. Once, while the lady was walking in the garden, two serf gardeners, busy, did not notice her and did not bow to her when she passed by. The landowner was terribly indignant, and the next day the guilty ones were exiled to Siberia.

Another incident was recalled by Turgenev. Varvara Petrovna was very fond of flowers, especially tulips. However, her passion for flowers cost the serf gardeners dearly. Once someone pulled an expensive tulip out of a flower bed. The culprit was not found and for this they whipped all the gardeners in the stable.

Another case. The writer's mother had one talented serf boy. He was very fond of drawing. Varvara Petrovna sent him to study painting in Moscow. Soon he was ordered to paint the ceiling in a Moscow theater. When the landowner found out about this, she returned the artist to the village and made him paint flowers from nature.

“He wrote them,” Turgenev himself said, “in thousands, both garden and forest, he wrote with hatred, with tears ... they were disgusting to me too. The poor fellow was torn, gnashing his teeth - drank himself and died. "

The cruelty of Varvara Petrovna extended to her beloved son. Therefore, Turgenev did not remember his childhood years well. His mother knew only one educational tool - the rod. She had no idea how she could be brought up without her.

Little Turgenev was flogged very often in childhood. Turgenev later admitted: "They beat me up for all sorts of trifles, almost every day."

Once, some old friend was gossiping about something to Varvara Petrovna about her son. Turgenev recalled that his mother, without any trial or questioning, immediately began to whip him. Sekla with my own hands, and in response to all his pleas to say what he was being punished for, she would say: you yourself know, guess yourself, guess yourself why I’m seizing.

The boy did not know why he was being flogged, he did not know what to confess, so the cutting lasted three days. The boy was ready to run away from home, but the German governor rescued him. He talked to his mother, the boy was left alone.

As a child, Turgenev was a sincere, ingenuous child. For this he often had to pay. Turgenev was seven years old when a famous poet and fabulist came to visit Varvara Petrovna. The boy was asked to read one of the guest's fables. He willingly did this, but in conclusion, to the great horror of those around him, he said that his fables were good, but much better. According to some sources, his mother personally whipped him with a rod for this, according to others, the boy was not punished this time.

Turgenev admitted more than once that in childhood he was kept in tight hands and he was afraid of his mother like fire. He bitterly said that he had nothing to remember his childhood, not a single bright memory.

From childhood, Turgenev hated serfdom and vowed to himself never, under any circumstances, raise his hands against a person, at least in some way dependent on him.

“Hatred of serfdom - even then lived in me, - wrote Turgenev, - it, by the way, was the reason that I, who grew up among beatings and tortures, did not defile my hand with a single blow - but before the“ Notes of a Hunter ”there was far. I was just a boy - almost a child. "

Later, having survived harsh years childhood, having received an education and becoming a writer, Turgenev directed all his literary and social activities against the oppression and violence that reigned in Russia. This is evidenced by the remarkable anti-serf stories. Most of them were included in the book "Notes of a Hunter".

2.5. Real events underlying the story

The story "Mumu" is also close to them in content. The material for writing was a real case that happened in Moscow on Ostozhenka in house number 37.

The prototypes of the main characters of the story are people well known to Turgenev: his mother and the janitor Andrei, who once lived in their house.

Once, while driving around her estates, Varvara Petrovna noticed a peasant of heroic build, who could not answer the questions of the lady: he was dumb. She liked the original figure, and Andrey was taken to Spasskoye by the janitor. From that time on, he received a new name - Dumb.

“Varvara Petrovna flaunted her giant as a janitor,” she said. “He was always beautifully dressed and, apart from red red cotton shirts, did not wear and did not like any; in winter, a beautiful sheepskin coat, and in summer, a velvet undercoat or a blue army jacket. In Moscow, a green shiny barrel and a beautiful gray dappled farm horse, with which Andrei went to fetch water, were very popular at the fountain near the Alexander Garden. There everyone recognized Turgenev's Mute, greeted him warmly and explained to him with signs.

The dumb janitor Andrei, like Gerasim, found and sheltered a homeless dog. I got used to it. But the lady did not like the dog, and she ordered her to be drowned. The mute carried out the order of the lady and continued to live and work in peace with the lady. No matter how bitter it was for Andrei, he remained faithful to his mistress, until his death he served her and, besides her, none of his

I did not want to admit the lady. An eyewitness said that after that tragic end of his pet, Andrei never petted a single dog.

In the story "Mumu" Gerasim is shown as a rebel. He does not put up with the insult inflicted on him by the lady. In protest, he leaves the cruel lady in the village to plow his native land.

The report of the tsarist official from the secret correspondence of the censorship department of that time has been preserved. In it, the official says that after reading the story, readers will be filled with compassion for the peasant, oppressed by the landlord's willfulness.

This document confirms the great artistic expression and the ideological power of Turgenev's work.

I saw in Gerasim a kind of symbol - this is the personification of the Russian people, its terrible strength and incomprehensible meekness ... The writer was sure that he (Gerasim) would eventually speak. This thought turned out to be prophetic.

3. Conclusion

Let's draw the following conclusions:

1. A person who endured suffering and pain in childhood, entering into adult life, behaves differently: someone, like Varvara Petrovna, becomes angry and vindictive, and someone, like Turgenev, is sensitive to human suffering, ready to help people not only in word, but also in deed.

2. The humiliations and insults of the human person and dignity seen in childhood formed in the future writer an aversion to serfdom. Although Turgenev was not a political fighter, but with the help of his literary talent, social activities he fought against serf tyranny.

3. In "Mumu" two forces collide: the Russian people, straightforward and strong, and the feudal world in the person of a capricious old woman who is out of her mind. But Turgenev gives this conflict new turn: his hero makes a kind of protest, expressed in his unauthorized departure from the city to the countryside. The question arises, what is serfdom based on, why do the peasants-heroes forgive the masters any whims?

4. Information resources

1. Large educational reference book. Russian writers of the nineteenth century. M .: Bustard, 2000

2. Life and work: Materials for an exhibition at the school of the children's library comp. and an introductory article, M.: Children's Literature, 1988

3. From memories of the family. Literature grade 5 ed. - M.: Mnemosina, 2010

4. . Biography. A student manual. L .: "Education", 1976

5. Oreshin K. History of the story "Mumu" Change number 000 November 1947. [Electronic resource] / Access mode: Smena - *****> storiya-Rasskaza-mumu

6. Turgenev collected works and letters in 28t. Letters. M.-L., 1961 Vol. 2

7. Turgenev at school: A guide for teachers / comp. .- M .: Education, 19s.

8. Cher about Russian writers. Photo. M .: Children's literature, 1982, 511s.

9. Encyclopedia. What. Who it. in 3v. vol. 3.M .: Pedagogy - Press, 1999

Biography. A student manual. - L: "Education", 1976

Naumova N.N. Biography. A manual for students. - L .: "Education", 1976

Biography. A student manual. L .: "Education", 1976

Turgenev collected works and letters in 28t. Letters. M.-L., 1961, T 2 p. 323

Ibid - p. 389

Life and work: materials for the exhibition in the school and children's library comp. and an introductory article, Moscow: Children's Literature, 1988

From the memories of the family. Literature grade 5 ed. - M .: Mnemosina, 2010, p. 58

Teacher's synopsis

Slide №2 Serfdom is a complex of state laws that attached peasants to a certain land plot and made them directly dependent on the landowner (landowner), which at times led to the deprivation of personal freedom of the peasants. Serfdom has existed in Russia since 1649.

Slide №3 Earlier in Russia there was a local system, which in its content was not serfdom, but represented a rigid form of lease relations. The peasant rented an allotment from the landowner, on which he had to work out the "agreement" until the harvest, as a result of which he returned part of it to the landowner in the form of "rent". This payment was carried out in the period of one week before St. George's Day - November 26, and one more week after it. The peasant had no right to leave without making a payment, and when he paid what was required, he could go to another landowner.

Slide number 4 During the reign, in 1649, published, which was a new Russian list of laws. This code recognized the rule of the landowner over the peasants who worked on his land. Such workers did not have the right to leave their allotment and go to another owner, and also refuse to work on the land altogether, heading, for example, to the city to earn money.

Slide number 5 As a result, the peasants were attached to the land, which gave rise to the name: serfdom. In the event of a transfer of land between landowners, the transfer of workers took place along with it.

Slide №6 Noblemen had the right to sell their serf to another owner without land. Peasants were sold at the discretion of the owner, separating wives and husbands, children and parents.

Slide 7 Since the middle of the 18th century, serfdom has been intensifying in Russia, as a result of which the landowners obtained the right to sell their peasants as recruits, to exile them to Siberia or to hard labor.

Slides №№ 8.9 The dependence of the peasants on the landlords was constantly expanding, and, consequently, their situation worsened: the landowners began to sell and buy serfs, exchange them for things and animals, marry and give in marriage at their own discretion.

Slide number 10 This phenomenon in Russian history described by Ivan Turgenev in his story "Mumu".

Slide number 11 The story is based on real story... The prototypes of the main characters of the story are people well known to Turgenev: his mother and the janitor Andrei, who once lived in their house. Everything described in the house number 37 on Ostozhenka Street, which still exists in Moscow to this day, took place.

Slide number 12 Many years ago, in the distant master's village of Sychevo, there lived a man who was deaf and dumb from birth, named Andrei. But his mistress (mamma Varvara Petrovna) noticed him, admired his guard growth and bearish strength, wished to have that guard in her Moscow house in the janitors. Let him chop wood for the kitchen and rooms, carry water from the Alexander Fountain in a barrel, look after and guard the manor's yard. No one in all of Moscow will have such a giant janitor as the janitor of the widow of a colonel of the Yekaterinoslav regiment. And that it is dumb and deaf as a cork - and even better!

Slide number 13 For a man city ​​work- easy, boring. But Andrei lived and lived, as if not complaining, in the presence of the lady until her death, he performed the service accurately, respected his mistress, did not contradict her in anything.

One day the mute took a liking to a quiet courtyard girl, and the lady, knowing this, decided to give her in marriage to someone else - he endured it. And his little dog, named Mumu, a favorite, rescued from the Fontanka River once in the winter, joy and consolation, meekly drowned himself, if the lady ordered.

How he said goodbye to her there, how he drowned the dog, it is not known. And only since that time Andrei never smiled, he accepted gifts from his mistress gloomily, like a stone, but did not look at the dogs, turned away. After the death of the lady, just as gloomily, without gratitude, he accepted his freedom and went somewhere to Russia.

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