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Izba in the form of a cerebral wooden log cabin of various configurations is a traditional Russian dwelling for the countryside. The traditions of the huts rise to dugouts and houses with earthwalls of which a purely wooden log cabin gradually began to rise without outdoor insulation.

Russian Rustic Holes usually represented not only a home for the housing of people, but a whole complex of buildings, which included all necessary for the autonomous life of a large Russian family: this is a residential premises, and storage rooms, livestock and poultry premises, indoors for feed reserves (Senakers), the premises-workshops, which were integrated into one fenced and well-protected from bad weather and strangers The peasant yard. Sometimes part of the premises was integrated under a single roof with the house or was part of the indoor courtyard. Only the baths that revered the habitat of the unclean forces (and sources of fires) were built separately from the peasant estate.

For a long time in Russia, horses were built solely only with the help of an ax. Such adaptations as saws and drills appeared only in the XIX century, which to some extent lowered the durability of Russian wooden lines, as saws and drills, as opposed to the ax, left "open" to penetrate moisture and microorganisms. The ax "sealing" the tree, the humming of its structure. Metal was practically not used in the construction of the AB, as it was quite expensive due to its handicraft production (swamp metal) and production.

From the fifteenth century, a Russian oven has become a central element of the survey, which could take up one-quarter area of \u200b\u200bthe residential part of the hut. Genetically, the Russian oven goes back to the Byzantine Bread Furnace, which was concluded in the box and fall asleep with sand in order to maintain warmth longer.

The design of the Hisp did not undergo strong changes since the days of the Middle Ages before the XX century. And to this day, wooden buildings are preserved, which has 100-200-300 years old. The main damage to the wooden house-building of Russia was not nature, but a human factor: fires, war, revolution, regular limits of property and "modern" reconstruction and repair of Russians. Therefore, every day it becomes less and less, it becomes around the unique wooden buildings, adorning Russian land, having your own soul and unique originality.

Shutter (for example in the dam), lifting door, a hole of something (pit, underground, cellar), LAZ

The first letter "T"

The second letter "in"

Third letter "O"

Last beech letter "O"

The answer to the question "The shutter (for example in the dam), the lifting door, a hole of something (pit, underground, cellar), LAZ", 7 letters:
clearo

Alternative questions in crosswords for the word created

In the hut in the floor, Laz in the cellar, underground, where the products were kept, as well as the lid closing it

A vessel in which something dissolves; Lowned pit boards for creation, lime quenching

Lime Box or Human

Lases in the basement, cellar or in any other place located below the floor level, land

Door covering such a hole

The definition of the word was created in the dictionaries

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
worked, cf. Shutter (eg in the dam), lifting door (in the attic, underground, in the cellar, etc.). ? Hole of something. (Pits, underground, cellar, etc.), LAZ. From CREDULLE PMI ... It seemed curly head of snoring. Leskov.

A new intelligent-word-formational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary is a new intelligent-word-formational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
cf. Box or pit for quenching lime. cf. Mal. Lases in the basement, cellar or in some There is a different place located below the floor level, land. Door covered with such a hole.

Examples of the use of the word worked in the literature.

What kind of monstrous acts an Alfons clearlNo matter how much women and men do neither pull into their incompleteness, he does not achieve what he is eager for, because he is eager for impossible.

And I was equal to the entire Aachen magical fraternity when clearl Here is your charms.

Diego, Franciscan Beltsy, the intercession of which, as they said, God clearl Great wonders.

He felt nicely bucolic when, leaving the old botanical text, clearl And called wildflowers.

On the way back, the Zhihacan, just in case, chose different outbreaks from the road, but none of them wonders clearl And with Vajroi did not lie closely.

Special smell of the native house. So smells of happiness ...
The hometown in Russia, in Russia, in the USSR for many was, and for someone and there was a rustic hut.

Russian hut is Russia in Malom. Its fate is largely similar to the fate of the Russian man: sometime is distinctive, switched and good. Real Russian horses reached us thanks to the central and fidelity of the peasantry of the Tests of Starina. The architecture of the Russian Hisp shows the unparalleled resistance of traditions. Not only style, but also a constructive device, the planning structure of the Russian hut and its inner decoration has been developed for thousands of years.

The word "hut" itself (as well as its synonyms of "Yisba", "Istiba", "Intrusion", "Introduction", "Istopka") is used in Russian chronicles, starting from the most ancient times. It is obvious the connection of this term with the verbs "Turn", "to expire." In fact, it always indicates a heated structure (in contrast, for example, from cage).

Hole of chopped from a tree with a seal roof. As a building material, as today, the woods of coniferous species of trees were most often used: pines and spruce, as well as oak. In the XVI and XVII centuries, it was in the custom of covering the roof birch bark from dampness; It gave her a variety; And sometimes on the roof put Earth and Dern in fire protection. For the roofing device, a straw, tes, durank and lemeh were used, which is a small plate, figurily cut from one edge.

Russian architecture was famous for the decorations of the His: carving, coloring, painting and skillfully performed turning parts.

From the facade of the huts decorated the protruding part of the top log, the so-called silence, window platbands, porch, roofing, sash wickets and gates.

Hisp of representatives of higher estates were highlighted in a large size. Inside, they were choirs from a large number of residential and shopping rooms, the poor were content with one room.

The construction of the house for the peasant was a significant event. It is important not only to solve a purely practical task - to ensure the roof over your head for yourself and your family, but also to organize a living space so that it is filled with the life benefits, warm, love. It was believed that it was possible to achieve this only following the traditions of ancestors.

Even the choice of trees in the forest was regulated by a multitude of rules, the violation of which could lead to the transformation of the house built from the house for people to the house against people bringing misfortunes. So, for the cut, it was impossible to take "sacred" trees - they can bring death to the house. The ban spread to all old trees. According to reference, they must die in the forest with their death. A big misfortune will happen if a "violent" tree falls into the log cabin, that is, a tree that has grown at the crossroads of the roads or in place former forest roads. Such a tree can destroy the log house and set the owners of the house.

During the construction of a new house, a great importance was attached to the choice of place: the place should be dry, high, light - and at the same time, its ritual value was taken into account: it should be happy. Happy was considered the place of cubs, that is, the time spent time, a place where people's life took place in complete well-being. The unsuccessful for construction was the place where people had previously stored and where the road was held or stood the bath.

Russian hut is a wooden house partially outgoing in the ground. Despite the fact that the hood of the whole thing consisted of one room, it was conditionally divided into several zones. There was an oven angle in it, which was considered a dirty place and separated from the rest of the hodgepiece of the curtain, was also a female corner (Babi Kut or Sereda) - to the right of the entrance, and the male - at the hearth.

Seni.

To the hollow, often attached a kind of hallway - Seni about 2 meters wide. Sometimes, however, Seni has significantly expanded and arranged in them a hlev for livestock. Used Seni and differently. In extensive, tidy sables held property, mastered something in bad weather, and in the summer they could, for example, lay guests there. Such a dwelling archaeologists call "two-chamber", having in mind that there are two rooms in it.

According to written sources, starting from the X century, unheated extensions to the hill are spread - the crates. They were reported again through the sense.

Cool served as a summer bedroom, year-round pantry, and in winter - a peculiar "refrigerator".

Doors

So we entered the Russian hut, crossed the threshold, which may be easier! But for the peasant the door is not just an entrance and exit from the house, it is a way to overcome the boundaries between the inner and external worlds. There is a threat, danger, because it is through the door that can penetrate the house and an evil person, and evil spirits.

"Small, puzzy, the whole house is escaped" - the castle was supposed to protect from the unfair. However, in addition to the shutters, the Casov, the locks of the symbolic methods protecting the dwelling from the "unclean power": crosses, nettles, spinders, knife, or threshold candle, stuck in the threshold or jamb.

You just don't go to the house and do not go out of it: the approach to the doors was accompanied by a brief prayer ("Without God - no before the threshold"), before a long dear, there was a custom of sitting, the traveler was forbidden to talk through the threshold and look at the corners, and the guest was necessary Meet the threshold and let go ahead yourself.

Bake

What do we see in front of yourself when entering the hut? The furnace, which served simultaneously and the source of heat and the place of cooking, and a place for sleep, was used in treating from a wide variety of diseases. In some areas in the oven wearing and batted. The oven pore personified all the dwelling, its presence or absence determined the nature of the construction (home without a furnace - non-residential). The folk etymology of the word "hut" from "Isodetopka" from "Turn, toasty" (above).

The main function of the furnace is cooking - comprehended not only as economic, but also as sacred: raw, unaware, unclean turned into boiled, mastered, clean.

The huts in which the stove was treated in black were called smoke (without pipe).

Red corner

In Russian hives, a red corner was always diagonally from the furnace.
Rus Izba was always built in a certain way, taking into account the side of the horizon, the red angle was on the east side, in the most distant and well-lit place. It was a home iconostasis where we can see icons, the Bible, prayer books, images of ancestors - those objects that were attached to the highest cultural value.

The icons were installed on a special shelf and had to be standing in a certain order. The most important icons that were to be in every home were considered the icons of the Virgin and the Savior. The red angle was always kept clean, and sometimes decorated with embroidered towels.

Red angle is a sacred place in the house, which is emphasized by his name: Red - beautiful, solemn, festive.

All life was focused on red (senior, honorary, God) angle. Here we trapes, prayed, blessed, it was to the red corner that the head of beds were turned. Here the majority of rites associated with the birth, wedding, funeral.

The red angle was the most important and honorary place in the house. It was considered important that at the entrance to the hut, the man first of all should pay attention to the icon.

Table

An integral part of the red corner - the table. The table was tired - a symbol of abundance, prosperity, completeness, stability. The weekly, and the festive life of a person is concentrated here, a guest is planted here, they put bread, holy water here.
The table is likened to the shrine, the altar, which imposes an imprint on the behavior of a person at the table and in general in the red corner ("Bread on the table, so the table of the throne, and the bread is neither a piece and a board").

In various rites, the table was made of particular importance: during difficult birth, the table was put forward to the middle of the hut, in the event of a fire from the neighboring hut, a table covered with a tablecloth was carried out and went around with a circular structure with him.

Lawn

Along the table, along the walls - pay attention! - benches. For men, long "male" shops, for women and children facial, located under the window. The benches connected the "centers" (oven corner, red angle) and "periphery" at home.

In one or another rite of shop personified the way, the road. When the girl, previously considered a child and wearing one lower shirt, was 12 years old, the parents made her go along the shop back and forth, after which, crossing, the girl should have jumped from the shop into a new sundress, stitched specifically for such a case. From that moment on, the virgin age began, and the girl was allowed to go to round dances and to be considered a bride.

But the so-called "beggar" shop, located at the door. He received such a name because the beggar could be buried on her and any other who entered the hut without permission of the owners.

Matitsa

If you stand up on the middle of the hut and look at the top, we will see the bar, which serves as the base for the ceiling, is Matitsa. It was believed that the uterus was a support of the top of the dwelling, therefore the process of laying the Mathitz is one of the key moments of the construction of the house, accompanied by sopping of bread grains and hops, prayer, treating carpenters.

Matitsa was attributed to the role of the symbolic border between the inside of the hut and the external associated with the entrance and exit. Guest, going to the house, sat down on the shop and could not go for Matitsa without inviting the owners, going to the road, followed by Matitsa, so that the road was happy, and to protect the huts from the bugs, cockroaches and fleas, under Matitsa pushed the found from the harrow tooth.

Window

The windows were first closed with mica or bovine bubbles. Stew in Novgorod and Moscow appeared in the 14th century. But they were very expensive, and put them only in rich houses. Both mica and bubbles, and even a glass of that time only missed the light, and what happened on the street, it was not visible through them.

Looking out the window and see what happens outside the house. However, the windows like the eyes of the house (window - OKO) allow you to observe not only to those who are inside the hut, but also to the one who is outside, from here the threat of permeability.
Using the window as a non-ignited input and output was undesirable: if the bird flies into the window - to be trouble. Through the window, they endured dead unresolved children, adult decesses who have fallen with hot.

Only the penetration of sunlight in the window was desirable and beaten in various proverbs and riddles ("a red girl in the window looks", "a lady in the courtyard, and the sleeves in the hut"). From here and the solar symbolism, which we see in the ornaments of the platbands, adorned windows and at the same time who protected from the unknown, unclean.

In the evenings, when it was dark, Russian huts lit by mud. The beam of Lucin was inserted into special forged siets, which could be fixed anywhere.

Svetts.

Sometimes oil lamps were used - small plates with bent up the edges. Only rather secured people could afford to use candles for this purpose.

The floor in the exhaust was made from broad one-piece plates - briced, broken in half, with a carefully selected one flat side. Putting fees from the door to the opposite wall. So halves were better lying, and the room seemed more. The floor was put on three or four crowns above the Earth, and the subfields were formed. It stored products, different pickles. And the elevation of the floor almost a meter from the ground made the hut lapel.

Interior decoration The traditional Russian huts were not highlighted by special luxury. Each thing was needed in the farm.

Almost everything in the hut was done with their own hands. Long winter evenings cut bowls and spoons, loored buckets, fabrics, embroidered, Napty and Tues, baskets. Although it was not distinguished by the decoration of the huts with a variety of furniture: the table, shops, benches (shops) of the solar (stools), chests, - everything was done carefully, with love and it was not only useful, but also a beautiful, pleasing eye. This is the desire for the beautiful, the skill was transmitted from generation to generation.

Good owners in the hut all glittered cleanliness. On the walls - embroidered white towels; The floor table, benches are scrambled; On the beds lace ruffles - subzora; The salaries of the icons are cleared to the brilliance.
Surely most of you at least once in my life heard from grandmothers about what you can not take garbage in the evening, as well as sweeping.
To the question "Why?" Most of us have heard an excuse: "So accepted."

House cleaning It was done by a broom (or broom), and the rules for the dedelation of garbage were strictly defined: Melie to the threshold, for the company I expel all the negative energy that accumulated. The procedure was carried out in the afternoon, because At night, completely different gates opened on Earth, and there was a risk. Recommended at night not only trash, but also well-being.

As for garbage, they say that a kimoro loves in it. And if it takes it in the evening and throw it out, then she certainly approaches himself some things or plating from there - and quarrels will begin in the house.

A hut on chicken legs

Everyone remembers the fairy tales about Baba Yaga and her hut on the bitter legs, but not everyone knows what this is actually this notorious "hut on the bitter legs".
In Russia, such a hut can be seen mainly in the northern part. Why did they build them and who?

If you turn to Slavic mythology, you can surprise that the domishko is not something else like a corridor in the afterlife. When the hut turns in different directions, she opens its door either into the world of living, or to the world of deceased.

A long time ago, an ancient Finno-Ugric tribes lived in the territories of the Basins of the Upper Volga, Ob and Moscow River. When their relatives were dying, the bodies were burned, and ash carried in the tomb, over which they built the very hut on the bitter legs. They looked like high log houses from a duplex roof. They called them then "dead houses", and they served as a crypt. That's why the hut without windows, without doors. And the chicken legs are actually "smoking", that is, smoking treated smoke. The funeral tradition included the fusion of the feet of the feet of the house.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the world of Russian huts did not die ... and it is not only the popularity of hotels, addobated in the form of Russian hut. Some established rules we transfer to our new world of urban apartments ...

Izba Ekimova Mary Dmitrievna from the village of Rushevo Novgorod district
Kostroma Architectural and Ethnographic Museum Reserve "Kostroma Sloboda"
Museum of national wooden architecture, which is located a few kilometers from Veliky Novgorod
Russian Ethnographic Museum
Museum of Wooden Architecture in Suzdal

The word "Izba" (as well as his synonyms of "Yizba", "Istiba", "empty", "Introduction", "Eastopki") is used in Russian chronicles, starting from the most ancient times. It is obvious the connection of this term with the verbs "Turn", "to expire." In fact, it always indicates a heated structure (in contrast, for example, from cage).

In addition, all three Eastern Slavic peoples - Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians - the term "Istopka" remained and indicated again the heated structure, whether it is a pantry for winter storage of vegetables (Belarus, Pskovschina, Northern Ukraine) or a residential hives of tiny sizes (Novogorskaya , Vologda region), but without fail with a stove.

The construction of the house for the peasant was a significant event. At the same time, it was important for him not only to solve a purely practical task - to provide a roof over his head for myself and his family, but also to organize a living space so that it was filled with the life benefits, warm, love. Such a home can be built, according to the peasants, only following the traditions of the ancestors, the retreats from the covenants of fathers could be minimal.

During the construction of a new house, a great importance was attached to the choice of place: the place should be dry, high, light - and at the same time, its ritual value was taken into account: it should be happy. Happy was considered the place of cubs, that is, the time spent time, a place where people's life took place in complete well-being. The unsuccessful for construction was the place where people had previously stored and where the road was held or stood the bath.

Special requirements were presented to building material. Russians preferred to chop out of pine, spruce, larch. These trees with long smooth trunks were well in the log house, tightly adjacent to each other, kept well inner heat, did not rot for a long time. However, the choice of trees in the forest was regulated by many rules, the violation of which could lead to the transformation of the house built from the house for people to the house against people bringing misfortunes. So, for the cut, it was impossible to take "sacred" trees - they can bring death to the house. The ban spread to all old trees. According to reference, they must die in the forest with their death. It was impossible to use dry trees that were deemed dead - from them at home will be "dry tok". A big misfortune will happen if a "violent" tree falls into the log cabin, that is, a tree that has grown at the crossroads of the roads or in place former forest roads. Such a tree can destroy the log house and set the owners of the house.

The construction of the house was accompanied by a variety of rituals. The start of construction was noted by the rite of the sacrifice of the chicken, the ram. It was carried out during the laying of the first crown of horses. Under the logs of the first crown, the window pillow, Matitsa laid money, wool, grain - symbols of wealth and family heat, incense - symbol of holiness at home. The end of construction was celebrated by the rich treats of all participating in the work.

Slavs, like other peoples, "unfolded" the building from the body from the body sacrificed to the gods. According to the ancients, without such a "sample" a log could not be formed in an ordered design. "Building Sacrifice" as if he passed the exhaust his form, helped create something reasonably organized from primitive chaos ... "Ideally, a person should be a construction victim. But the human victim was resorted only in rare, truly exceptional cases - for example, when laying a fortress to protect against enemies, when it was about the life or death of the entire tribe. In conventional construction, they were content with animals, most often a horse or a bull. Not one thousand Slavic dwellings were investigated by archaeologists and detailed: Based on some of them, the skulls of these animals were found. Especially often find the horse skulls. So the "skates" on the roofs of the Russians are not "for beauty." In the old eye to the back of the skate, the tail from the urine was attached, after which the hut was already absolutely like a horse. Actually, the house was represented by the "body", four corners - four "legs". Scientists write that instead of a wooden "skate", there was no time a real horsepower skull. The surpassed skulls are found under the ranks of the X century, and under the last five centuries after baptism - in the XIV-XV centuries. For half a thousandth, they except to put in a less deep hole. As a rule, this jamb was located under the holy (red) angle - just under the icons! - either under the threshold so that the evil failed to penetrate the house.

Another favorite sacrificial animals when bookmarking the house was a rooster (chicken). It is enough to remember the "Petushkov" as the roof decoration, as well as the widespread conviction that the evil should disappear when the rooster cries. Put in the base of the hut and skull of the bull. Still, an ancient faith that the house is built "on someone's head," talked to be inexperienced. For this reason, they tried to leave at least something, even though the edges of the roof, unfinished, deceiving fate.

Diagram of the roofing device:
1 - chute,
2 - Okhlupin,
3 - stamik,
4 - End,
5 - fire,
6 - the princess stop ("Knes"),
7 - Pedal Snow,
8 - male,
9 - Foving,
10 - Schelch,
11 - chicken,
12 - skip,
13 - bull,
14 - Gnet.

Overlooking

What kind of house built for myself and your family our great-grandfaraded, who lived a thousand years ago?

This, first of all, depended on where he lived, to which tribe belonged. After all, even now, having visited the villages in the north and in the south of European Russia, it is impossible not to notice the difference in the type of dwelling: in the north it is a wooden chopped hut, in the south - Hut Mazanka.

No span of folk culture was invented in the same way, in which his ethnographic science found: People's thought worked in continuation of centuries, creating harmony and beauty. Of course, it also concerns the dwellings. Historians write that the difference between the two main types of traditional houses can be traced during the excavations of the settlements in which people even live before our era.

Traditions were largely determined by the climatic conditions and the presence of a suitable building material. In the north, at all times, wet soil prevailed and there was a lot of building forest, in the south, in the forest-steppe zone, the soil was landing, but the forests did not always have enough, so it had to turn to other building materials. Therefore, in the south, up to a very late time (until the XIV-XV centuries), the mass folk housing was a twilight of 0.5-1 m in the soil. And on the rainy north, on the contrary, there was a terrestrial house with a floor, often even somewhat raised above the ground.

Scientists write that the vintone of the villagers "chose" from under the earth for the light of God for many centuries, gradually turning into the ground hut of the Slavic south.

In the north, with his raw climate and abundance of the first-class forest, the semi-underground housing has become ground (housing) much faster. Despite the fact that the traditions of housing construction from the Northern Slavic tribes (Crovics and Ilmensky) cannot be traced as far back into times, like their southern neighbors, scientists believe that the log horses were erected here in the II millennium to our Era, that is, long before these places entered the sphere of the influence of the early Slavs. And at the end of the first one millennium, our era has already developed a steady type of log dwelling, while in the south, the twilights were dominated for a long time. Well, each dwelling was best suited for its territory.

This is how, for example, the "average" residential hill of the IX-XI centuries from the city of Ladoga appeared (now old Ladoga on the Volkhov River). It was usually square in the plan (that is, if you look at the top) built with a side of 4-5 m. Sometimes the log house was built directly at the place of the future at home, sometimes it was first collected on the side - in the forest, and then, disassemble, transported to the construction site and folded already "full". Scientists told about it - "Numbers", in order of the logs, starting from the bottom.

The builders took care not to confuse them during transportation: a log house required a thorough fit of the crowns.

In order for the logs to make the tight to each other, in one of them they did a longitudinal deepening, where and was convex side of the other. Ancient masters made a deepening in the lower log and watched the logs to be up to the top of the side that had a living tree looked north. From this side, the annual layers are denser and smaller. And the grooves between the logs were caught by marsh moss, having, by the way, the property to kill bacteria, and often wicked clay. But the custom of sowing a log house for Russia is historically relatively new. For the first time it is captured on miniatures of the manuscript of the XVI century.

The floor in the hut porcely was made by an earthen, but more often - wooden, raised above the ground on the beams, logged in the lower crown. In this case, the floor arranged a LAZ into a shallow cellar underground.

Wealthy people usually built themselves at home in two housing, often with a superstructure at the top, which gave house outside the type of three-core.

To the hollow, often attached a kind of hallway - Seni about 2 meters wide. Sometimes, however, Seni has significantly expanded and arranged in them a hlev for livestock. Used Seni and differently. In extensive, tidy sables held property, mastered something in bad weather, and in the summer they could, for example, lay guests there. Such a dwelling archaeologists call "two-chamber", having in mind that there are two rooms in it.

According to written sources, starting from the X century, unheated extensions to the hill are spread - the crates. They were reported again through the sense. Cool served as a summer bedroom, year-round pantry, and in winter - a peculiar "refrigerator".

The ordinary roof of the Russian houses was wooden, seed, trimmed or from Drash. In the XVI and XVII centuries, it was in the custom of covering the roof birch bark from dampness; It gave her a variety; And sometimes on the roof put Earth and Dern in fire protection. The shape of the roofs was scope on two sides with frontones on other two sides. Sometimes all departments of the house, that is, to put down, the middle tier and the attic, were under one slope, but more often the attic, and others and the average floors had their own special roofs. In the rich specimen there were roofs of intricate forms, for example, kemer in the form of barrels, Yapakhnaya in the form of a raincoat. On the outskirts of the roof, the roofs were fade by slit ridges, scars, polishes, or railings with accurate bales. Sometimes teremki was made throughout the outskirts - recesses with semicircular or heart lines. Such recesses were preferably made on Teremes or attics and were sometimes so small and frequent, which was the border of the roof, and sometimes it was so great that there were only three of them on the pair or three, and in the middle of them the windows were inserted.

If the semi-windows, on the roof of the ground, were, as a rule, are deprived of windows, then the windows are already available in Ladoga. True, they are still very far from modern, with binders, vents and clear glasses. The window glass appeared in Russia in the X-XI centuries, but even later it was very expensive and was used mostly in the princely palaces and churches. In simple spasiness, the so-called woolls were arranged (from "dragging" in the sense of push-stick) windows for skipping smoke.

Two adjacent logs cut up to the middle, and a rectangular frame with a wooden latch that went horizontally was inserted into the hole. In such a window it was possible to look - but only. They were called and called "enliter" ... the need was tensioned on them; In general, these holes in the outstands were small, to preserve warmth, and when they were closed, they were almost dark among them. In wealthy houses, the windows were made large and small; The first were called red, the latter were their oblong and narrow figures.

Not small controversy among scientists caused an additional crown of logs, hailing Ladoga huts at some distance from the main one. I won't forget that from ancient houses to our time, it was well preserved if one-day of the lower crown and the random wreckage of the collapsed roof and the flooring: disassemble, the archaeologist, where that. Therefore, the constructive purpose of the found parts is made sometimes a variety of assumptions. What purpose served this additional external crown - a single point of view was not worked out so far. Some researchers believe that he fought Zavaling (a low insulation embankment along the outer walls of the hut), not letting it crawl. Other scientists think that the ancient horses were not glad, the wall was like a two-layer, the residential logo was surrounded by a kind of gallery, which served simultaneously and the thermal insulator and the economic pantry. Judging by the archaeological data, in the rear, the impassely end of the gallery was often located toilet. It is clear to the desire of our ancestors who lived in a harsh climate with frosty winters, use to heat the restroom with an elevant heat and at the same time prevent a bad smell in the dwelling. The toilet in Russia was called "Sad". This word is first found in the documents of the beginning of the XVI century.

Like a sonorn of southern Slavs, the ancients of the northern Slavic tribes remained in use a lot of centuries. Already at that long, the people's talent developed a type of dwelling, very successful to local conditions, and life almost until recently did not give rise to people to move away from the usual, convenient and consecrated samples by the tradition.

Internal space is

Instantyanic homes were, as a rule, one or two, less often three residential premises connected by genes. The most typical for Russia was a house consisting of a warm, heated stove and Seine. They were used for household needs and as a kind of vestibule between the cold of the street and the warmth of the hut.

In the houses of wealthy peasants, in addition to the heaven heated by the Russian oven, there was another, summer, the front room is a hill, which was used in large families in everyday life. The hill snapped in this case is a dutch furnace.

The interior of the hut was distinguished by the simplicity and appropriate placement of items included in it. The main space of the hut occupied the ovens, which was located at the most part of Russia at the entrance, to the right or left of the door.

Only in the South, Central Black Earth Strine of European Russia, the oven was in the far from the corner. The table has always stood in the corner, diagonally from the furnace. Over it was located the Borean with icons. Along the walls were stationary shops, over them - embedded shelves embedded into the walls. In the back of the hollows of the furnace to the side wall under the ceiling, wooden flooring was satisfied. In the South Russian areas behind the side wall of the oven could be a wooden flooring for a sphanish - Paul, Sitting. All this fixed setting of horses was built together with the house and was called the choir outfit.

The oven played a major role in the inner space of Russian dwelling throughout all the stages of its existence. No wonder the room, where the Russian oven was called "Iply, Forep." The Russian oven refers to the type of wind furnaces, in which the fire is divorced inside the furnace, and not on the open area. Smoke comes out through the mouth - the hole in which the fuel is laid, or through a specially designed chimney. The Russian oven in the peasant elevation was the form of Cuba: its usual length is 1.8-2 m, the width is 1.6-1.8 m, the height is 1.7 m. The top of the furnace is flat, comfortable for lying. The furnace furnace is comparatively large: a height of 1.2-1.4 m, up to 1.5 m wide, with a vaulted ceiling and a flat bottom - sub. The mouth, usually rectangular shape or with a semicircular upper part, was closed with a damper cut out on the shape of an iron shield with a handle. Before the mouth, there was a small playground - the sixth, which was put on economic utensils, so as to plunge her in the oven. Russian furnaces always stood on a scrub showed in three - four crowns of round logs or plates, a log-made log was made on top of it, which was smeared with a thick layer of clay, it served under the furnace. Russian ovens had one or four chimneys. The furnaces differed in the design of the chimney. The ancient type of the Russian oven was a stove without a chimney called a curly stove or black. The smoke came out through the mouth and during the firebox hung under the ceiling with a thick layer, which is why the upper wints of the logs in the hollow were covered with a black resinous soot. For the sedimentation of the soot served by ship - shelves, located around the perimeter of the overlooking windows, they separated the flurry top from pure nose. For the exit of smoke from the room, the door and a small hole in the ceiling or in the back wall of the heavers were opened. After the firebox, this hole was covered with a wooden shield, in the southern lips. The hole stuck with rags.

Another type of Russian oven is a semi-dealer or demigound - is a transitional form from a black furnace to a white furnace with a pipe. The demochelter furnaces do not have a brick chimney, but the pipe is arranged above the sixth, and a small round hole goes into the wooden tube is made on it in the ceiling. During the furnace between the nozzle and the hole in the ceiling, the iron round tube is inserted, somewhat wider than self-sinking. After going to the furnace, the pipe is removed, and the hole is closed.

White Russian oven suggests a pipe to exit smoke. Above the sixth of the brick is laid out the nozzle collecting smoke, which comes out of the mouth of the furnace. From the nozzle smoke enters the horizontally laid out on the attic of the boring from the burned brick, and from there to the vertical smoke tube.

In the former times of the furnace were more often from clay, the stones were often added to the crowd, which allowed the oven to heat up harder and keep warm. In the North-Russian provinces, cobblestones were driven into clay layers, alternating clay and stones.

The location of the furnace in the exhaust is strictly regulated. On the larger territory of European Russia and in Siberia, the furnace was located near the entrance, to the right or left of the door. The mouth of the furnace, depending on the terrain, could be turned to the front facade wall of the house or to the side. In the South Russian provinces, the furnace was usually located in the far right or left corner of the sleeve with the mouth, turned to the side wall or the entrance door. A lot of ideas, believes, rites, magic techniques are associated with the furnace. In the traditional consciousness, the furnace was an integral part of the dwelling; If there was no oven in the house, he was considered non-residential. For popular beliefs, under the stove or for her living houses, the patron saint of a homely hearth, kind and helpful in some situations, invested and even dangerous in some situations. In the behavior system where it is essential to such opposition, as "His" - "Alien", the attitude of the owners to the guest or a stranger changed, if he happened to sit on their ovens; As a person who has learned from the host family at one table, and the one who sat on the furnace was perceived already as "his". The appeal to the furnace occurred during all rituals, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich was the transition to a new state, quality, status.

The furnace was second in the meaning of the "holiness center" in the house - after the Red, God's corner, and maybe even first.

Some of the mouths from the mouth to the opposite wall, the space in which all female work was performed associated with the preparation of food was called an oven. Here, near the window, against the mouth of the furnace, in every house there were manual millstones, so the angle is called still pickle. The front corner contained a vessel or shelves with shelves inside, used as a kitchen table. On the walls there were observables - shelves for dining rooms, lockers. Above, at the level of the climbers, there was a furnace bar, which was put on kitchenware and laid a variety of economic accessories.

The oven angle was considered a dirty place, unlike the rest of the pure space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate him from the rest of the room with a curtain of a motley sither, a colored domain or a wooden bulkhead. A stove corner closed by a female partition formed a small room, which had the name "Chulad" or "Silub".
He was exclusively female space in the hut: Here women prepared food, rested after work. During the holidays, when many guests came to the house, the oven was put on the second table for women, where they were drank separately from men sitting at the table in the red corner. Men even their families could not go without particularly need to female half. The appearance of a foreign man was considered in general unacceptable.

The traditional stationary dwelling atmosphere longer was held near the furnace in the female corner.

The red angle, like the oven, was an important reference point of the inner space of the hut.

On the larger territory of European Russia, in the Urals, in Siberia, the red angle was the space between the side and the front wall in the depth of the hut, a limited angle, which is diagonally from the furnace.

In the South Russian regions of European Russia, a red angle is a space concluded between the wall with the door in the senia and the side wall. The furnace was in the depths of the hut diagonally from the red corner. In a traditional housing, almost throughout Russia, with the exception of South Russian provinces, the red corner is well covered, since both components of his walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner is the Borean with icons and the lamp, so it is also called the "holy". As a rule, everywhere in Russia in the red corner, in addition to the Borean there is a table, only in a number of Pskov and Velikoluksky lips. It is put in the simpleness between the windows - against the angle of the furnace. Two benches are docking the tables in the red corner, and on top, above the divinence, - two shelves of the cliff; Hence the Western-South Russian title of the angle "day" (the place where the elements of the housing decoration are connected).

All significant marital life events were celebrated in the Red Corner. Here at the table passed both everyday meals and festive feasts, many calendar rites took place. In the wedding rite, the wedding of the bride, the redemption of her at girlfriends and brother was performed in the red corner; From the red corner of the house at home, she was held on a wedding to church, brought into the house of the groom and led too into a red corner. During harvesting, the first and the latter was installed in a red corner. The preservation of the first and last ears of the crop, endowed with folk legends, magical strength, promised the well-being of the family, home, the whole household. In the red corner there were daily prayers from which any important thing began. It is the most honorable place in the house. According to the traditional etiquette, a person who came to the hut could only go there at a special invitation of the owners. The red angle was trying to keep clean and eleven decorated. The name "red" means "beautiful", "good", "light". He was cleaned with embroidered towels, luffed pictures, postcards. On the shelves near the red corner put the most beautiful homemade utensils, stored the most securities, items. Everywhere, the Russians have been common with a custom when bookmarking at home put money under the lower crown in all angles, and under the red angle lay a larger coin.

Some authors associate the religious understanding of the red angle exclusively with Christianity. In their opinion, the only sacred center of the house in the pagan times was a furnace. God's corner and stove are even interpreted by both Christian and pagan centers. These scientists see in their mutual arrangement, a peculiar illustration to the Russian procheservation was simply changed in God's corner more ancient - pagan, and at first they undoubtedly adjacent to them with them.

What is before the stove ... Think seriously, whether the oven could "kind" and the "honest" sovereign, in the presence of which did not dare to say a grave word, under which, according to the concepts of the ancients, the soul of huts - the house, - could she impersonate " Darkness "? Yes, in no way. With a much larger probability, it should be assumed that the furnace was put in the northern corner as an irritable barrier on the way of the death of death and evil, seeking breaking in housing.

A relatively small space of horses, about 20-25 sq.m, was organized in such a way that in it with a large or less convenience there was a rather large family in seven-eight people. This was achieved due to the fact that each family member knew his place in the overall space. Men usually worked, rested in the afternoon on the male half of the hollows, which included the front angle with icons and shop near the entrance. Women and children were in the afternoon on the female half near the oven. Places for night sleep were also distributed. Old people slept on the floor near the doors, a furnace or on the furnace, on Golbz, children and a hedge of youth - under the caulders or on the reagents. Adult marriage couples in a warm time spent the night in the casions, Seine, in the cold - on the bench under the cauldron or on a platform near the oven.

Each family member knew his place and at the table. The owner of the house during the family meal was sitting under the images. His eldest son was located on his right hand from the Father, the second son - on the left, the third - next to the elder brother. Children who have not reached the marriage, put on a bench, walking from the front corner of the facade. Women ate, sitting on the submissive benches or stools. It was not necessary to violate once the order of order in the house without an extreme need. The man who broken them could be strictly punished.

On weekdays, the hives looked rather modest. There was nothing superfluous in it: the table was stood without a tablecloth, walls without decorations. In the furnace corner and on the shelves were placed everyday utensils.

On the festive day, the hut was transformed: the table was put forward in the middle, covered with a tablecloth, the festive utensils were exhibited on the shelves, stored before that in the casions.

The interior of the hill was different from the interior of the inner space of the presence of the Dutch instead of a Russian oven or in general the absence of a furnace. In the rest of the choir outfit, with the exception of the climb and the peel for the spongas, repeated the stationary outfit of the hut. The penetration feature was that she was always ready for reception.

Under the windows of the huts were made by a shop, which did not belong to the furniture, but were part of the building extension and were attached to the walls stationary: the board was shed by one end to the wall of the hut, and on the other they did the backups: legs, grandmothers, metals. In the vintage sacks, the shops were decorated with an "edge" - a board, brought to the edge of the shop, who hung from her like a frill. Such benches were called "sowing" or "with a canopy", "with a supervision". In the traditional Russian, the housing of the shop went along the walls in bulk, ranging from the entrance, and served for seating, spongas, storage of various economic trifles. Each shop in the hut had its name related either with the benchmarks of the indoor space, or with the presentations of the business of men or women to a certain place in the house (men's, female shops). Under the shops kept various items that, if necessary, it was easy to get - axes, tools, shoes, and so on. In traditional rituals and in the field of traditional behaviors, the shopkeeper acts as a place for which it is not allowed to sit down. So entering the house, especially someone else's people, it was customary to stand at the threshold until the owners will be invited to go and sit down. The same applies to the matchmaker: they went to the table and sat on the shop only at the invitation. In the funeral ritualness of the deceased put on the shop, but not any, but on the flooring along the half.

Long shop - a shop, distinguished from the other in its length. Depending on the local tradition of the distribution of objects in the space of the house, the long shop could have a different place in the hut. In North Russian and mid-Russian provinces, in the Volga region, she stretched from the conic to the red corner, along the side wall of the house. In the Southern Gubnia, she went from a red corner along the wall of the facade. From the point of view of the spatial division of the house, a long shop, like a furnace corner, was traditionally considered a female place, where at the appropriate time they were engaged in those or other women's work, such as spinning, knitting, embroidery, sewing. For a long shop, located always along the Half, put dead people. Therefore, in some provinces of Russia, the match was never sat on this shop. Otherwise, their business could be divided.

A short shop - a shop walking along the front wall of the house leaving on the street. During family meals, men were sitting on it.

The shop, which was near the stove, was called a bunny. They put buckets with water, pots, castors, laid just baked bread.
Powdow's shop went along the wall where the door is located. It was used by women instead of the kitchen table and was distinguished from other shops in the lack of edge on the edge.
Ship's shop - a shop, walking from the oven along the wall or door partition to the front wall of the house. The level of the surface of this bench is higher than other shops in the house. The head of the front has a folder or sliding doors or closes the curtain. Inside it is the shelves for dishes, buckets, pig-iron, pots.

The conic called the male shop. She was short and wide. For most of the territory of Russia, there was a drawer shape with a folded flat lid or drawer with fittings. It was likely to receive its name of the konvik, thanks to the carved side of the horse head, decorated his side side. The konics was located in the residential part of the peasant house, near the doors. He was considered a "male" bench, as it was a workplace of men. Here they were engaged in small crafts: Pellee Napti, baskets, repaired harness, knit fishing nets, etc. The conic was also the tools needed for these works.

The place on the shop was considered more prestigious than on the bench; The guest could judge the attitude towards him, depending on where he was seated - on a shop or on the bench.

Furniture and decoration

The necessary element of the housing decoration was a table that serves for daily and festive meals. The table was one of the most ancient types of mobile furniture, although the earliest tables were global and immobile. Such a table with global shops near him was discovered at the princesses of the XI-XIII centuries (Ryazan lips.) And in the Kiev dugout of the XII century. Four legs of the table from the dump truck in Kiev are racks, lined in the ground. In the traditional Russian dwelling, the mobile table has always had a permanent place, he stood in the most honorable place - in the Red Corner, in which the icons were located. In the North-Russian houses, the table was always located along the flooring, that is, a narrower side to the facade wall of the hut. In some places, for example, in the Upper Volga region, the table was put only at the time of the meal, after eating it put sideways on the side of the way. It was done in order to be in the hill there were more space.

In the forest strip of Russia, carpenter's tables had a kind of form: a massive bottom, that is, the frame connecting the legs of the table, closed by boards, the legs were made short and thick, the big countertop was always removable and advocated a prestole in order to be more convenient to sit. In the substole, a locker with double-hearted doors for dining room utensils, bread, necessary for the day.

In traditional culture, in ritual practice, in the sphere of behavior standards, etc., the table was attached great importance. This is talking about the clear spatial consolidation of it in the Red Corner. Any nomination from there can be connected only with the ritual or crisis situation. The exceptional role of the table was expressed in almost all rituals, one of the elements of which was a meal. With special brightness, it was manifested in a wedding rite, in which almost every stage completed a feast. The table was comprehended in the folk consciousness as the "God's palm", giving bread, so knocking on the table, for which they eaten, was considered a sin. In the usual, unpleasant, time on the table could only be bread, as a rule wrapped in a tablecloth, and salt rod with salt.

In the field of traditional behaviors, the table has always been a place where the unity of people occurred: the person who was invited to dine at the business table was perceived as "his own".
The table was covered with tablecloth. In the peasant dress, the tablecloths were made from dominant as a simple linen weave, and made in the technique of grain and multi-generic weaving. Used everyday tablecloths stitched from two pillar panels, as a rule with a cell pattern (the color of the most diverse) or simply coarse canvas. Such a tablecloth was covered with a table during lunch, and after eating or filmed, or covered her bread left on the table. The festive tablecloths were distinguished by the best quality of the canvas, such additional details as a lace past between two panels, brushes, lace or fringe around the perimeter, as well as a pattern on the fabric.

In Russian life, the following types of bench distinguished: Plurred, portable and don. The bench is a flip - a bench with a flipping back ("Movement") served for seating and spongas. If necessary, arrange a sleeping place on top of the top, on the circular grooves made in the upper parts of the side limiters of the bench, shifted on the other side of the bench, and the last moved to the bench, so it was formed a bed, limited from the front "Move". The back of the patch bench was often decorated with through thread, which significantly reduced its weight. This type of bench was mainly used in the city and monastery life.

The bench is portable - a bench with four legs or two deaf boards, as needed to be assigned to the table, used for seating. If there was not enough space for the spa, the bench could be transferred and put along the bench to increase the space for an additional bed. Portable benches were one of the oldest forms of furniture among the Russians.
The bench Pottal - the bench with two legs, located only at one end of the seat, put such a bench at the shop. Often this type of bench was made from a whole piece of wood in such a way that the legs served two root of the tree, hard on a certain length.

The bed in the old day was attached to the wall of the bench or a shop, to which the other bench was placed. On these lavas lay a bed consisting of three parts: down jackets or perins, headboard and pillows. The headboard or head restraint is a stand under the head that put the pillow. It is a wooden swollen plane on a parsing, the rear could be a solid or lattice back, in the corners - carved or accurate columns. There were two headings - the bottom was called paper and was under the top, the pillow was on the top lay. The bed was covered with a sheet from a canvas or silk matter, and from above was closed with a blanket, which included under the pillow. Beds retained in advance on holidays or weddings, easier during ordinary days. In general, however, beds were the belonging of only rich people, and those stood more for the species in their decoration, and the owners themselves were more willingly slept on a simple animal skins. People of the metropolitan state, we usually destroy the lips, and the poor are sleeping in the furnaces, post-headed their own dress, or on bare shops.

The dishes were put in the banks: these were pillars with numerous shelves between them. On the lower shelves, wider, kept massive dishes, to the upper shelves, narrower, put a small Posa-Doo.

For storage separately used by the court served as a wooden shelf or an open coil cabinet. The desire could have a form of a closed frame or be open from above, often its side walls were decorated with threads or had curly shapes (for example, oval). Over one or two shelves of the dishnowing from the outside, the rail can be nailed for the stake in the dishes and for the plates on the edge. As a rule, the desire was located above the vessel shop, at hand at the hostess. It has long been the necessary detail in the stationary decoration of horses.

The main decoration of houses was the icon. The icons were put on a shelf or an open locker called the Boresh. It was made of wood, often decorated with carvings and painting. The Borean was quite commonly bunk: new icons were put in the lower tier, in the top - old, faded. It was always located in the red corner of the hut. In addition to icons on the thing, the objects were kept in church: holy water, willow, an Easter egg, sometimes the gospel. Important documents were made there: accounts, debt receipts, payment notebooks, memories. Here lay a wing to waste icons. A curtain, closing the icons, or the shit, was often hung on the ship. Such a shelf or locker were distributed in all Russian skeins, as, according to peasants, the icons were supposed to stand, and not hang in the corner of the hut.

The shit was a narrow, long grinding canvas, decorated along one side and at the ends embroidery, woven ornaments, ribbons, lace. The shore hungry hungry to cover the icons from above and from the sides, but did not close the faces.

Decoration of a red angle in the form of a bird, a size of 10-25 cm, called a dove. It is suspended to the ceiling in front of the images on the thread or rope. Doves were made of wood (pines, birch), sometimes painting in red, blue, white, green. The tail and wings of such doves were performed from radiant chips in the form of fans. Birds were also common, the body of which was made of straw, and head, wings and tail - from paper. The appearance of the image of a pigeon as a red corner decoration is associated with a Christian tradition, where the pigeon symbolizes the Holy Spirit.

The red angle also decorated with a cauldress, a rectangular tissue tissue, sewn of two pieces of white thin canvas or sither. The sizes of cautant can be different, usually 70 cm long, 150 cm wide. White pests decorated at the bottom edge embroidery, woven patterns, ribbons, lace. The cauldron was attached to the angle under the images. At the same time, from above, the Bores or icons were obeyed by the shit.

Old Believers considered it necessary to close the face icons from prying eyes, so they were walked by the bellyst. It consists of two crosslinked white canvas panels, decorated with an embroidery geometric or stylized floral ornament in several rows with red cotton threads, cumaches between rows of embroidery, flounces along the bottom edge or lace. The canvas field free from the embroidery bands were filled with asterisks made by red threads. The beloved was suspended in front of the icons, fastening on the wall or a bore with the help of the plated loops. It was integrated only during prayer.

For the festive decoration, the hollow was used by a towel - a tissue of white fabric home or less often factory production, trimmed with embroidery, woven colored pattern, ribbons, stripes of color sither, lace, sparkles, pellets, braid, fringe. It was decorated, as a rule, at the ends. Polytera towels ornamental rarely. The nature and number of decorations, their location, color, material is everything was determined by the local tradition, as well as the appointment of a towel. They hang out on the walls, icons to large holidays, such as Easter, Christmas, Pentecost (Holy Trinity Day), to the prestial holidays of the village, i.e. Holidays in honor of the Sacred Patron of the village, to the cherished days - holidays, held about the important events that have passed in the village. In addition, the towels were stationed during weddings, on a baptized dinner, on the day of meals on the occasion of the return from the military service of the son or the arrival of the long-awaited Rodney. Towels hang out on the walls that make up the red corner of the hut, and in the very red corner. They were put on wooden nails - "hooks", "matches", driven into the walls. According to custom, the towels were the necessary part of the Great Dowry. They were taken to demonstrate her husband's relatives on the second day of the wedding pyr. The modumost hung the towels in the hollow over the mother-in-law of the mother-in-law, so that everyone could admire her work. The number of towels, quality of the canvas, the skill of embroidery - all this allowed to evaluate hardworking, accuracy, taste of a young woman. The towel generally played a big role in the ritual life of the Russian village. It was an important attribute of the wedding, homeland, burial-memorial rituals. Very often, it performed a worship object, the subject of particular importance, without which the ritual of any rite would not be full.

On the day of the wedding, the towel was used by the bride as Fata. It was thrown on his head, it should have protected her from a bad eye, damage in the most responsible moment of her life. The towel was used in the rite of "joining the young" in front of the crown: they were associated with the hands of the bride and groom "forever, for years, long." The towel was gifted by the grandmother, who took childbirth, Kuma and Kum, who were kingdom. The towel was present in the rite "Baby Kasha", which occurred after the birth of a child. However, a special role was played by a towel in the funeral-memorial ritual. According to the beliefs of Russian peasants in a towel, posted on the day of the death of a man on the window, the forty days was his soul. The slightest movement of the fabric was considered as a sign of her presence in the house. In the fortieth, the towel was shaken behind the village of the village, thereby sending the soul from the "Our World" in the "other world."

All these actions with a towel were widespread in the Russian village. They were based on the ancient mythological representations of Slavs. The towel performed in them as an overlap, the sign of belonging to a certain family-generic team, comprehended as an item that embodied the souls of the "parents" ancestors who carefully watched lives.

Such a symbolism of the towel excluded its use to wip hands, face, floor. For this purpose, enjoyed a handicraft, wiping, woolbelt, etc.

Many small wooden items per thousand years disappeared without a trace, rotted, crumbled in the dust. But not all. Something is found by archaeologists, something can tell the study of the cultural heritage of related and neighboring peoples. Single light shed and later, fixed samples fixed by ethnographers ... in a word, we can talk about the inner decoration of the Russian hut.

Utensil

The peasant house was difficult to imagine without numerous utensils, a decade, unless centuries, and literally filling the space. In the Russian village, utensils called "all movable in the house, dwelling," according to V.I. Dalya. In fact, the utensils are the whole set of objects needed by a person in his everyday life. Utensils are dishes for workpiece, cooking and storing food, feeding it on the table; Various containers for storing household goods, clothing; Objects for personal hygiene and housing hygiene; Objects for burning fire, storage and use of tobacco and for cosmetic accessories.

In the Russian village used mainly wooden pottery utensils. Metal-leech, glass, porcelain has been spread less. Wooden manufacturing techniques could be duck, boulder, coolant, carpentry, turning. In a large consumption there was also utensils, made and barks, woven from rods, straw, pine roots. Some of the wooden items needed in the farm have been manufactured by the forces of the male half of the family. The larger part of the objects were purchased at fairs, Torzhok, especially this concerned the coolest and turning utensils, the manufacture of which required special knowledge and tools.

Pottery utensils used mainly for cooking in the oven and serve it on the table, sometimes for suolars, serving vegetables.

The metallic conventional type utensils was mainly copper, tin or silver. The presence of her in the house was a bright evidence of the prosperity of the family, her leaning, respect for family traditions. Such utensils were sold only at the most critical moments of the family's life.

The utensil-filled house was manufactured, acquired, was kept by Russian peasants, naturally on the basis of its purely practical use. However, in some, from the point of view of the peasant, important moments of life, almost each of its items turned out of a utilitarian thing in symbolic. The chest for dowry to one of the moments of the wedding rite from the clothing storage tank turned into a symbol of a family's prosperity, the diligence of the bride. A spoon that turned the recess drawing up, meant that it would be used on a memorial meal. An excess spoon, which turned out to be on the table, foreshadowed the arrival of guests, etc. Some utensil objects have a very high semiotic status, other lower.

Bedia, the subject of homemade utensils, was a wooden container for storing clothes and small household items. In the Russian village there were two kinds of bodies. The first appearance was a long extended wooden deck, the side walls of which were made of solid boards. The hole with the lid on the leather hinges was in the upper part of the deck. The second-type jerny is a dolly or coolest eared with a lid, a height of 60-100 cm, a diameter of the bottom 54-80 cm. Bodnyi usually stored on the castle, stored in the cables. From the second half of the XIX century. began to be replaced with chests.

For storage of bulky household supplies in the cables, barrels, bans, lumps of different magnitude and volume were used. The barrels in the old days were the most ordinary spacing and liquids, and bulk bodies, for example: bread grain, flour, flax, fish, dried meat, rock and different small goods.

For the workpiece of incrustion of pickles, quays, urenations, kvass, water, for storing flour, cereals were used. As a rule, there were bonding works, i.e. Delivered from wooden planks - rivets, pulled by hoops. They were made in the form of a truncated cone or cylinder. They could have three legs that were a continuation of rivets. The necessary supplies of the bag were a circle and a lid. The circle pressed the products placed in the tub, the oppression was put on top. This was done so that the pickles and urines always were in the brine, did not float on the surface. The lid shook the products from dust. The mug and the lid had small handles.

Lookoo was called an open cylindrical container from a loose, the bottom is flat, made of wooden borders or bark. It was done with a handle-spoon or without her. The dimensions of the lubble were determined by the appointment and were called accordingly: "Nabirism", "Mostinka", "Berryman", "Mushroom", and the like. If Lukoshko was intended for storing bulk products, then closed on top of a flat lid.

For many centuries, the main kitchen vessel in Russia was a pot - utensils for cooking in the form of a clay vessel with a wide open top, having a low wreath, a round tool, smoothly narrowing to the Don. The pots could be of different sizes: from a small pot on a 200-300 g of porridge to a huge pot, which accommodate up to 2-3 buckets of water. The shape of the pot did not change at all the time of its existence and was well adapted for the preparation of food in the Russian oven. They were rarely ornamed, the narrow concentric circles or a chain of shallow sneakers, triangles, crushed around the bog or on the shoulders of the vessel, served as decoration. There were about a dozen and more pots of different sizes in the peasant house. Potted pots, tried to handle them neatly. If he gave the crack, he was powered by bark and used for storage of products.

The pot is the subject of household, utilitarian, in the ritual life of the Russian people acquired additional ritual functions. Scientists believe that this is one of the most ritualized items of homemade utensils. In the beliefs of the people, the pot comprehended as a living anthropomorphic creature, which has a throat, handle, spout, shard. Pots are made to divide into pots, carrying a feminine beginning, and pots with a male essence embedded in them. So, in the southern provisions of European Russia, the hostess, buying a pot, tried to determine his genius-sexuality: He is a pot or a pot. It was believed that in the pot the cooked food would be more delicious than in a pot.

It is also interesting to note that in the folk consciousness, the parallel between the fate of the pot and the fate of man is performed. The pot found itself quite widespread use in funeral ritual. So, for the most part of the territory of European Russia, the custom was common to break pots when removal from the house of the dead. This custom perceived as a statement of human care from life, houses, villages. In Olonetskaya lips. This idea was somewhat different. After the funeral, the pot, filled with the deceased hot coal, was put upside down on the grave, while the coals were crumbled and Gasley. In addition, the dead man two hours after death were washed with water taken from the new pot. After use, it was carried away away from home and drove into the ground or threw into the water. It was believed that the last life force of a person focuses in a water pot of water, which is merged during the shelf of the dead man. If such a pot is left in the house, the dead man will return from the world and scare living in the hut.

The pot was used as an attribute of some ritual action at weddings. So, according to custom, the "wedders", headed by his friend and dumps, came to beat the pots to the room, where the wedding night was going on, while they had not come out yet. Beating pots perceived as a demonstration of a fracture in the fate of a girl and a guy who became a woman and a man.

In the beliefs of the Russian people, the pot often acts as a charm. In the Vyatka lips., For example, to protect the chickens from hawks and raven, the bottom of the old pot hung up on the fence. This was done necessarily in the great Thursday before the sunrise, when the witchcraft spells were especially strong. In this case, the pot in this case, as it were, absorbed them into themselves, received additional magical power.

For feeding on the table, the eats were used by such a hundred-loving utensils as a dish. It was usually round or oval shape, shallow, at a low pallet, with wide edges. In the peasant houses were common to the main images of wooden dishes. Dishes designed for holiday days decorated with painting. They depicted vegetable shoots, small geometric shapes, fantastic animals and birds, fish and skates. The dish was used both in everyday and festive everyday. On weekdays, fish, meat, porridge, cabbage, cucumbers and other "thick" eats, eaten after chowers, were served on the dish. On holidays, besides meat and fish on a dish were served pancakes, pies, buns, cheesecakes, gingerbread, nuts, candies and other sweets. In addition, there was a custom to bring the guests to the guests to the guests with wine, a medical, brand, vodka or beer on the dish. The horses of the festive meal was indicated by the removal of an empty dish, covered with another or cloth.

The dishes were used during folk rituals, ghostas, magical procedures. In the maternity rituals, the dish with water was used during the rite of magical cleansing of the guinea and the obstacle, which was held on the third day after delivery. The female "silver grandmother", i.e. Throwing silver coins in a poured woman's woven woman, and the pitiful washed her face, chest and hands. In the wedding ritual, the dish was used for the general showing of ritual items and bringing gifts. The dish was used in some rites of the annual cycle. For example, in the Kursk lips. On the day of Vasily Kaesariovsky January 1 (January 14), a fried piglery was laid on the dish - a symbol of the richness of the house expected in the new year. The head of the family three times raised the dish with a pig to the icons, and everyone else prayed to St. Vasily about the numerous range of livestock. The dish was also an attribute of the soda gadas of girls called "reflores". In the Russian village there was a ban on its use in some days of the folk calendar. It was impossible to serve a dish with a meal on the table on the court of the head of John the Baptist on August 29, (September 11), since, according to the Christian legend, on this day, the cholema's head presented on the dish of his mother Iodiad. In the late XVIII and in the XIX century. The dish also called a bowl, plate, bowl, saucer.

A bowl served for drinking and reception. The wooden bowl is a semicpeurial vessel on a small pallet, sometimes with handles or rings instead of a handle, without a lid. Often along the edge of the bowl made an inscription. Either the crown or over the entire surface, the bowl was decorated with painting, including a vegetable and zoomorphic ornament (bowls with Severodvinsky painting are widely known). Bowls were made of different values \u200b\u200b- depending on their use. Bowls of large size, weighted weight up to 800 g and more, used on a par with scratches, brothers and buckets during holidays and events for drinking beer and braga, when there were many guests. In the monasteries, large bowls were used to serve at the Kvass table. Small bowls, sweeping out of clay, were used in the peasant life during lunch - for feeding on the table, chowers, oars, etc. During the dinner, the kushan was served on the table in a common bowl, separate dishes were used only during the holidays. There were started on the sign of the owner, they did not talk for meals. Guests who came to the house were treated in the same way that they were eating themselves, and from the same dishes.

The bowl was used in various rites, especially in the rituals of the life cycle. It was also consumed in calendar rites. Signals and beliefs were associated with the bowl: at the end of the festive lunch, it was customary to drink to the bottom of the Bow for the health of the owner and the hostess who did not make it considered the enemy. Having caught a bowl, wished the owner: "Good luck, victory, health, and that blood remains no more in his enemies than in this cup." Mention of the bowl and in conspiracies.

For drinking various drinks used a mug. The circle is a cylindrical dishes of a different volume with a handle. Clay and crazy mugs were decorated with painting, and wooden-threaded, the surface of some mugs was covered with weaving from Beresta. They were used in everyday and festive everyday life, they were the subject of ritual actions.

For the drinking beverages used the charm. It is a small round-shaped vessel having a leg and a flat bottom, sometimes a handle and cover could be. Charks usually signed or decorated with carvings. This vessel was used as individual dishes for braga drinking, beer, hint honey, and later - wine and vodka on holidays, as it was allowed only for holidays and this kind of drinks were a festive meal for guests. To drink was taken for the health of other people, and not for themselves. Lifting the guest of the charm of wine, the owner waited from him a response charm.

The charm is most often used in the wedding ritual. The charm with wine offered a newlywed priest after a wedding. In turn, they disappeared from this charm three throat. Doping wine, the husband threw a charm under his feet and stalling her at the same time with his wife, sentenced: "Let those who are going to walk between us and dislikes will be swept away with our legs and disadvantages. It was believed that some of the spouses would come to her, he will dominate the family. The first charm with vodka, the owner brought the sorcerer at the wedding party, who was invited to a wedding as an honorary guest to save young from damage. The second charm sorcerer asked himself and only after that he began to protect newlyweds from the unkind strength.

The only device for food until the forks appeared, served spoons. Basically they were wooden. Spoons decorated with painting or carvings. Complied with various signs associated with spoons. It was impossible to put a spoon so that she restored a cutlets on the table, and the other end of the plate, as an unclean force could penetrate into a bowl of a spoon. It was not allowed to knock with spoons on the table, because from this "the crazy rejoices" and "they will split on the lunch of the worship" (creatures that personify poverty and misfortune). It was considered a sin to remove spoons from the table in the midst, on the eve of the posts put by the church, so the spoons remained on the table until the morning. It is impossible to put an excess spoon, otherwise there will be an extra mouth or sit down at the table. As a gift, it was necessary to bring a spoon on the housewark, together with Karaborate bread, salt and money. A spoon in ritual actions was widely used.

Traditional utensils for the Russian feast were underscians, buckets, brothers, bugs. Endovians were not considered valuable objects that need to be placed on the best place in the house, as, for example, was made with brother or buckets.

Kocherga, gravit, frying pan, bread shovel, pomelo are objects associated with a hearth and a stove.

The kocherga is a short thick iron rod with a curved end, which served for stirring coal in the oven and heat signer. With the help of grasp, pots and cast iron moved into the furnace, they could also be removed or installed in the oven. It is a metallic arrangement fortified on a long wooden handle. Before planting breads into the oven under the oven was purified from coal and ash, sweeping it. The pomelo is a long wooden handle, by the end of which pine, juniper branches, straw, rogged or rag were tied. With the help of bread shovels in the furnace planted bread and pies, and also took them out from there. All this utensils participated in certain ritual actions.

Thus, the Russian hut, with its special, well-organized space, a fixed outfit, mobile furniture, decoration and utensils, was one for the whole world for a peasant.

Russian hut: Where and how our ancestors, a device and decor, elements, videos, riddles and proverbs about the hodge and reasonable housekeeping were built.

"Oh, what choirs!" - So often we say now about a spacious new apartment or dacha. We speak without thinking about the meaning of this word. After all, choirs are a peasant antique housing consisting of several buildings. What were the choirs in the peasants in their Russian sings? How was the Russian traditional hut?

In this article:

- Where did they build before the hut?
- Attitude towards Russian isa in Russian folk culture,
- the device of the Russian hut
- decoration and decor of the Russian hut,
- Russian oven and red angle, male and female halves of the Russian house,
- elements of Russian huts and peasant yard (dictionary),
- Proverbs and sayings, signs about Russian hut.

Russian hut

As I come from the north and grew up on the White Sea, then I will show the article in the northern houses. And I chose the epigraph to my story about the Russian hill, I chose the words D. S. Likhacheva:

"Russian North! It is difficult for me to express my admiration for my admiration, my worship before this edge. When I drove for the first time for the first time, I drove on the Barents and the White Seas, on North Dvina, I visited Pomorov, in the peasant skews, listened to songs and fairy tales, looked at these unusually beautiful people, I was just and with dignity, I was completely stunned. It seemed to me that it was only possible to live truly: measured and easily, working and receiving so much satisfaction from this work ... In the Russian north, the amazing combination of the present and past, modernity and history, watercolor lyrical water, land, sky, terrible strength of the stone , storms, cold, snow and air "(D.S. Likhachev. Russian Culture. - M., 2000. - P. 409-410).

Where did the hut before?

The beloved place to build the village and the construction of Russians was the bank of the river or lake. The peasants were guided by both practicality - proximity to the river and boat as a means of movement, but also aesthetic causes. From the windows of the hut standing at a high location, a beautiful view of the lake, forests, meadows, fields, as well as on his yard with barns, on a bath at the river itself.

The northern villages are visible from afar, they never were located in lowlands, always on the hills, in the forest, in the water on the high bank of the river, became the center of the beautiful picture of the unity of man and nature, fited organically into the surrounding landscape. At the highest place, the church and the bell tower in the center of the village were built.

The house was constructed thoroughly, "on the century", the place for it was chosen quite high, dry, protected from cold winds - on a high hill. The villages tried to locate where there were fertile lands, rich meadows, forest, river or lake. The horses were put so that a good entrance and approach would be provided to them, and the windows were addressed "for the summer" - on the sunny side.

In the north of the house, they tried to have a hill on the south slope so that his top reliably closes the house from the brown cold northern winds. The south side will always warm well, and the house will be warm.

If we consider the location of the hut on the plot, then it was tried to arrange closer to the northern part of it. The house covered the garden part of the site from the wind.

In terms of orientation of the Russian hut in the Sun (North, South, West, East) Also there was a special structure of the village. It was very important that the windows of the residential part of the house were located on the sun. For better illumination of houses in the ranks, they were put in a checkerboard relative to each other. All houses on the streets of the village "watched" in one direction - in the sun, on the river. From the window it was possible to see sunrises and sunsets, movement of ships on the river.

Prosperous place for building horses It was believed to be at which the horned cattle was resting. After all, cows were considered by our ancestors as fertile life, because the cow was often a family feed.

They tried not to build houses on the swamps or next to them, these places were considered "chilly", and the crop on them often suffered from frosts. But the river or the lake next to the house is always good.

Choosing a place to build a house, men wondered - used experiment. Women never participated in it. They took sheep wool. It was placed in a clay pot. And left for the night at the place of the future at home. The result was considered positive if the wool will answer the morning. So the house will be rich.

There were other divisions - experiments. For example, in the evening left the chalk at the place of the future at home. If the chalk attracted the ants, it was considered a good sign. If the ants do not live on this earth, it is better not to put the house. The result was checked in the morning the next day.

Chicken the house began early in spring (great post) or in other months of the year in the new moon. If the tree cut down on a decreasing moon, it will quickly rot, so there was such a ban. There were more stringent prescriptions by day. The forest began to harvest from Winter Nikola, from December 19. The best time for the workpiece was considered to be December - January, according to the first frosts, when the extra moisture comes out of the trunk. Dry trees or trees with growths, trees, who fell to the north, did not cut the dry trees or trees. These beliefs were treated precisely to trees, other materials were not seen such norms.

They did not build houses on the site of houses burned with zipper. It was believed that Zlinia Ilya - the Prophet amazes the places of unclean strength. They also did not build at home where there was a sauna earlier, where someone was covered with an ax or a knife, where human bones were found, where there used to be a bath or earlier the road was held, where there was some misfortune, for example, flood.

Attitude towards Russian hut in folk culture

The house in Russia had a lot of titles: hut, Hut, Terem, Huples, choirs, Khorichnie and Temple. Yes, do not be surprised to -Hram! The choirs (Izba) were equated to the temple, because the temple is also a house, the house of God! And in the hut was always holy, red angle.

The peasants belonged to the house as a living being. Even the names of the parts of the house are similar to the name of the parts of the body of a person and his world! This feature is the Russian house - "Human", that is anthropomorphic names of parts of horses:

• Chela hings- This is her face. Broma could be called the frontal hut and the outer hole in the furnace.
• Schelch- from the word "man", that is, the decoration on the chel is
• Platbands - From the word "face", "on the face" of horses.
• Wanted- From the word "eyes", window. Thus called and part of the female headdress was also called the window decoration.
• Forehead- So called the frontal board. There were also "lobovins" in the design of the house.
• Fifth, Stop - So called part of the doors.

There were in the device of huts and yard and zoomorphic names: "Bulls", "Chicken", "Konk", "Zhuravel" - Well.

Word "Izba" Comes from the Vine Slavonic "Istiba". "Istbie, Istopkoy" was called heated residential log house (and "crate" is a unheated log house of a residential building).

House and hollow were for people living models of the world. The house was the innermost place in which people expressed ideas about themselves, about the world, built their own world and their lives according to the laws of harmony. The house is part of life and the way to combine and form your life. The house is a sacral space, the image of the kind and homeland, the model of the world and life of a person, the connection of a person with the world of nature and with God. The house is a space that a person builds with his own hands, and which with him from the first to the last days of his life on earth. The construction of the house is the repetition by the man of the Creator's case, because the human dwelling, according to the ideas of the people, is the small world created by the rules of the big world.

According to the appearance of the Russian house, it was possible to determine social status, religion, the nationality of its owners. In one village there were no two absolutely identical homes, because each hut carried individuality in himself and reflected the inner world of the genus, in her living.

For a child, the house is the first model of the external large world, he "feeds" and "grows" the child, the child "absorbs" from the house of the laws of life in a large adult world. If the child has grown in a bright cozy good house, in the house in which the order reigns is so the child will continue to build his life. If the chaos house is chaos and in the soul, and in a person's life. Since childhood, the child mastered the system of ideas about his home - radiated and its structure - Matitsa, red angle, female and male parts of the house.

The house is traditionally used in Russian as Synonym for the "Motherland". If a person has no feeling at home - then there is no feeling of the homeland! Attachment to the house, care for him was considered virtue. House and Russian gettingborn, the embodiment of the native, safe space. The word "house" was used and in the sense of "family" - and they said "on the hill four houses" - this meant that four families. In the Russian hollow under the same roof, the overall farming lived several generations of the kind - grandfathers, fathers, sons, grandchildren.

The internal space of the Russian hut has long been associated in popular culture as a space of a woman - she followed him, put on her order and comfort. But the external space is the courtyard and further - it was the space of a man. My husband's grandfather still recalls such a division of duties that was taken into the family of our great-grandfathers: a woman wore water from a well for home for cooking. And the man also wore water from the well, but for cows or horses. Shame was considered if the woman began to perform male duties or vice versa. Since they lived in large families - there were no problems. If someone from women could not wear water now - then this work was performed by another family woman.

The house also strictly observed men's and female half, but there will be a conversation further.

In the Russian north, residential premises and economic were combined under the same roof, So that you can run the economy without leaving the house. So the vital sequal of northerners living in harsh cold natural conditions was manifested.

The house was understood in folk culture as a center of the main life values. - Happiness, wealth, prosperity, faith. One of the functions of the hut and the house was a protective function. The carved wooden sun under the roof is the wish of happiness and well-being to the owners of the house. Image of roses (which are not growing in the north) - the wish of a happy life. Lions and lionesses in the painting - pagan charms, scare away by their terrible kind of evil.

Proverbs about Izbu

On the roof - a heavy hat from a tree - the sign of the sun. The house has necessarily a homemade man. Interestingly, S. Yesenin wrote about the skate: "The horse both in the Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Russian mythology has aspiration sign. But only one Russian man guessed him to put him onto the roof, likening his hut under him - the chariot "(Nekrasov M, and. The folk art of Russia. - M., 1983)

The house was built very proportionally and harmoniously. In its design - the law of the golden section, the law of natural harmony in proportions. Circled without measuring instruments and complex calculations - on a little, as the soul suggested.

In Russian hollow, a family of 10 or even 15-20 people sometimes lived. It was preparing food and spruce, slept, the fabrics, were rushed, the utensils were repaired, they were engaged in all their homework.

Myth and truth about Russian hut. There is an opinion that in the Russian skeins was dirty, there was an antisanitary, illness, poverty and darkness. I also thought so before, so we were taught at school. But it does not fit the truth completely! I asked my grandmother shortly before her care to the world was different when she was already over 90 years old (she rose near Nyandomy and Kargopol in the Russian north in the Arkhangelsk region), as they lived in their village in her childhood - did soap and removed the house in the year and lived in the dark and in the mud?

She was very surprised and told that always in the house was not just clean, but very light and cozy, beautiful. Her mother (my great-grandmother) embroidered and knit beautiful seats to the beds of adults and kids. Each bed and lulee were decorated with her podzors. And each bed has its own pattern! Imagine what kind of work it is! And what beauty in the frame of each bed! Her dad (my great-grandfather) cut out beautiful ornaments on all home utensils and furniture. She recalled how she was a child under his grandmother's supervision with her sisters and brothers (my great-grandfathers). They not only played, but also helped adults. It happened, in the evening, her grandmother will say to children in the evening: "Soon the mother and father will come from the field, you need to take it in the house." And ah - yes! Children take brooms, rags, suggest the full order so that neither the sorts in the corner there are nor dust, and all things in their places were. To the coming of mother and father, the house was always clean. Children understood that adults came from work, tired and they need to help. She also remembered her mother always bleached the stove so that the oven was beautiful and in the house was cozy. Even on the day of birth, her mother (my great-grandmother) blew the stove, and then went to give birth to the bath. Grandma remembered, as she, being an older daughter, helped her.

There was no such that it was clean outside, and inside - dirty. Climbed very carefully and outside, and inside. My grandmother told me that "What is outside is what you want people" (outward is the appearance of clothes, houses, cabinet, etc. - what do they look for guests and what we want to present to people Clothes, outdoor view of the house, etc.). But "what inside is what you really are" (inside is an embroidery is an embroidery or any other work, a clothing wear, which should be clean and without holes or spots, the inner part of the cabinets and other invisible to other people, but visible We are the moments of our life). Very instructive. I always remember her words.

Grandma remembered that the beggars and dirty huts were only in those who did not work. They were considered as if weakly, a little sick, they were sorry for people sick with soul. Who worked - even if he had 10 children - lived in bright clean beautiful outbreaks. Decorated your home with love. Led a big farm and never complained about life. There was always order in the house and in the yard.

The device of the Russian is

The Russian House (Izba) like the Universe shared for three worlds, three tiers: Nizhny - this is a basement, underground; Middle - these are residential premises; Upper under the sky - the attic, roof.

Izba as a design He was a log house from the logs that bind to the crowns. In the Russian north, it was customary to build houses without nails, very durable at home. The minimum number of nails was used only to attach the decor - the breeding, towels, platbands. Built houses "How measure and beauty will say."

Roof- The upper part of the hut gives protection from the outside world and is the boundary of the inside of the house with space. No wonder the roof was so beautifully decorated in the houses! And in the ornament on the roof, the symbols of the sun were often depicted - solar symbols. We know such expressions: "Schirling", "live under one roof." There were customs - if a person was sick and could not leave this world for a long time, then that his soul was easier to move into the world of others, they took off the lid on the roof. Interestingly, the roof was considered a female element of the house - the hut itself and everything in the hollow should be "covered" - and the roof, both vendors, and dishes, and barrels.

Top of the house (People, Towel) Decorated with solar, that is, solar signs. In some cases, the towel depicted the full sun, and on the panels - only half of solar signs. Thus, the sun was shown at the most important points of its path across the sky - at sunrise, in Zenith and at the occasion. In folklore there is even an expression "three-flowered sun", reminiscent of these three key points.

Attic It was located under the roof and it was stored on it that did not need at the moment, remote from the house.

The hut was a two-storey, the living rooms were located on the "second floor", as it was warmer. And on the "first floor", that is, in the lower tier, was sweet.He prevented residential premises from the cold. The soil was used to store products and shared on 2 parts: basement and underground.

Floor Double to preserve heat: downstairs "black floor", and on top on it - "white floor". They laid the floorboards from the edges to the center of the hut in the direction from the facade to the exit. This was a value in some rituals. So, if they came to the house and sat on the shop along the floor, this meant that it came to match. Never slept and did not put the bed along the floor, since along the floorings put a deceased man "On the way to the doors". That is why they did not sleep heads to the exit. Always slept on the head in a red angle, to the front wall, on which icons were located.

Important in the device of the Russian hut was diagonal "Red Angle - Furnace".The red corner always pointed to noon, on the light, on God's side (red face). He was always associated with Veroko (Sunrise) and South. And the oven pointed at sunset, on darkness. And associated with the West or North. Always prayed on the image in the red corner, i.e. To the east, where the altar is located in the temples.

a doorand the entrance to the house, the exit to the outside world is one of the most important elements of the house. She meets everyone in the house. In antiquity there were many believes and different protective rituals associated with the door and the threshold of the house. Probably no wonder, and now many are brought to the door of the horseshoe for happiness. And even earlier, the threshold was put on a braid (garden tool). This reflected the ideas of people about the horse as an animal associated with the Sun. As well as metal created by man with the help of fire and being a material to protect life.

Only the closed door retains life inside the house: "Do not believe everyone, lock the door tighter." That is why people stayed in front of the threshold of the house, especially at the entrance to a strange house, this stop was often accompanied by a brief prayer.

At the wedding in some localities, a young wife, entering the house of her husband, should not have touched the threshold. That is why it was often made on their hands. And in other localities, the sign was exactly the opposite. The bride, entering the house of the groom after the wedding, be sure to be delayed on the threshold. It was a sign of that. That she is now her in the way of her husband.

The doorway threshold is the border of "their" and "alien" space. In the people's ideas, it was a border, and therefore unsafe place: "Through the threshold does not greet," "is not served through the threshold." Through the threshold is impossible and take gifts. Guests are found behind the threshold outside, then admit ahead through the threshold.

In height, the door was lower than human growth. I had to tilt at the entrance and head, and take off the cap. But at the same time the doorway was wide enough.

Window- Another entrance to the house. The window - the word is very older, the chronicles are first mentioned in 11th and is found in all Slavic peoples. In popular beliefs, it was forbidden to spit through the window, throw out the garbage, to pour out something out of the house, as under it "stands an angel of the Lord." "To serve the window (thorough) - to give God." The windows were considered the eyes of the house. A man looks through the window in the sun, and the sun looks at him through the window (eyes of the hut). Therefore, the signs of the Sun often cut on the platbands. In the riddles of the Russian people, it is said like this: "A red girl in the window looks" (the sun). The windows in the house traditionally in Russian culture always tried to orient "for the summer" - that is, east and south. The biggest windows of the houses always looked outside and on the river, they were called "red" or "kosy".

The windows in the Russian gab could be three types:

A) The wolf window is the most ancient view of the windows. Its height did not exceed the height of the horizontally laid log. But in the width it was one and a half times more than height. This window from the inside was closed with a valve, "dragging" on special grooves. Therefore, the window was called "Volokovoy". Through the wolf window, only dim light penetrated. Such windows more often met on economic buildings. Through the wolf window from the huts were output ("outdated") smoke from the stove. Through them also ventilated the towers, Chulans, Take and Chleva.

B) Wild window - consists of a deck made up of four firmly interconnected BRUSEV.

C) The roaming window is the opening in the wall, fortified by two side bars. These windows are also called "red" regardless of their location. Initially, the central windows in the Russian hill were made.

It was through the window that it was necessary to transfer the baby if the children born in the family were dying. It was believed that so you can save the child and provide him with a long life. In the Russian north, there was such a belief that the man's soul leaves the house through the window. That is why the window was put on the window with water so that the soul, who left the person could be washed and fly away. Also, after the commemoration, the towel was postponed to the window, so that the soul was climbed into the house, and then descended back. Sitting by the window, waited to lead. The window at the window in the red corner is the place of honor, for the most honored guests, including the matchmaker.

The windows were highlighted high, and therefore the view from the window did not stumbled into neighboring buildings, and the view from the window was beautiful.

When construction, there was free space (sedimentary grooves) between the windows bar and the log wall of the house. He was covered with a blackboard, which we all are well known and called concubine ("On the face of the house" \u003d platband). The platbands were decorated with an ornament to protect the house: circles as symbols of the sun, birds, horses, lions, fish, caressing (animal, considered a cumulator - believed that if you depict a predator, it would not harm the pet), floral ornament, juniper, rowan .

Outside the window was closed by shutters. Sometimes in the north, so that it is convenient to close the windows, galleries were built along the main facade (they looked like balconies). There is a master of the gallery and closes the shutters on the windows overnight.

Four sides of hut Add to four sides of the world. The appearance of the hut is facing the outside world, and the inner decoration is to the family, to the family, to a person.

The porch of the Russian isob It was more often open and spacious. Here were those family events that the whole village streets could see: they were accompanied by soldiers, met the woven, met newlyweds. They communicated on the porch, exchanged news, rested, talked about things. Therefore, the porch occupied the prominent place, it was high and rose to the pillars or fires up.

The porch is the "business card of the house and its owners", reflecting their hospitality, prosperity and glad. The house was considered non-residential if his porch was destroyed. Decorated the porch carefully and beautifully, the ornament was used the same as on the elements of the house. It could be a geometric or vegetable ornament.

What do you think from what word the word "porch" was formed? From the word "pitch", "Roof". After all, the porch necessarily was with a roof that protects against snow and rain.
Often there were two porches in the Russian hut Two inputs. The first entrance is the main, shops were arranged for conversation and rest. And the second entrance is "dirty", he served for household needs.

Bakelocated near the entrance and occupied about a quarter of the spacing of the hut. The furnace is one of the sacred centers of the house. "The oven in the house is the same that the altar in the church: there is bread in it." "Oven our mother's mother", "House without a furnace is a non-residential house." The oven had a feminine start and was in the female half of the house. It is in the furnace, a raw, unfounded turns into boiled, "his", mastered. The furnace is located in the corner opposite from the red corner. It slept on it, it was used not only in cooking, but also in healing, in folk medicine, in her small children washed in winter, children and old men were buried on it. In the furnaces necessarily kept the damper closed if someone went out of the house (to return and the road was happy), during a thunderstorm (because the oven is one entrance to the house, the connection at home with the outside world).

Matitsa - Bar, walking across the Russian hut, on which the ceiling is held. This is the boundary of the front and rear of the house. The guest coming into the house, without the permission of the owners could not go further by Matitsa. Sitting under Matitsa meant to match the bride. To succeed everything, it was necessary to hold out for Matitsa before leaving the house.

All space of the huts shared on the female and male. Men worked and rested, took guests on weekdays in the male part of the Russian huts - in the front red corner, aside from him to the threshold and sometimes under the remedies. The workplace of the man with the repair was near the door. Women and children worked and rested, walked in the female half of the hollows - near the oven. If women took guests, then guests sat at the stove threshold. Only the female territory of the guests can only go on the invitation of the hostess. Never of representatives of the male half without much extremely needed did not enter the female half, and women are on men. It could be perceived as an insult.

Lawn served not only the seat for seating, but also a place to sleep. Under the head with a dream on the shop led the head restraint.

The shop's shop was called "Konik", she could be a workplace of the host of the house, as well as anyone who went into the house, beggar could be spent on it.

Shelves were made over the shops above the windows above the windows. They put caps, threads, yarn, straws, knives, spice and other household items.

Adult couples in marriage slept in the journals, on the cauldron, in some of their own cells - in their places. Old men slept on the stove or in the stove, kids - on the furnace.

All the utensils and furniture in the Russian northern hollow are located along the walls, and the center remains free.

Svetlitsy It was called the room - the lightweight, the rore on the second floor of the house, clean, well-groomed, for needlework and net lessons. There were a wardrobe, bed, sofa, table. But as well as in the hut, all items were separated along the walls. In the journal there were chests, in which gathered dowry for daughters. How many daughters on the issuance are so many chests. Here girls lived - the bride to issue.

Dimensions of Russian isubi

In antiquity, the Russian hut had no internal partitions and was in the form square or a rectangle. The average sizes of the hut were from 4 x 4 meters to 5, 5 x 6, 5 meters. The middle peasants and wealthy peasants were hindered by 8 x 9 meters, 9 x 10 meters.

The decoration of the Russian isob

Four angle differed in Russian hives: Chimney, Babi Kut, red angle, rear corner (at the entrance under the reservation). Each corner had its own traditional destination. And the whole hollow in accordance with the angles was divided into the female and male half.

Women's half is It goes from the mouth of the furnace (Outside of the furnace) to the front wall of the house.

One of the corners of the female half of the house is Babi Kut. It is also called "bakes". This place is near the oven, the female territory. Here they prepared food, pies, stored utensils, millstone. Sometimes the "female territory" house was separated by a partition or shirma. At the female half of the hollows, there were cabinets for kitchen utensils and edible supplies, shelves for dining rooms, buckets, cast iron, bags, furnaces (bread shovel, kocherga, grasp). "Long shop", which went on the female half of the hollow along the side wall of the house, was also feminine. Here women hung, the fabrics, sewed, embroidered, hung a baby cradle here.

Never a man on the "female territory" did not enter and did not touch the utensil, which is considered female. And someone else's person and guest can even look in Babi Kut could not, it was offensive.

On the other side of the furnace was male space, "Male kingdom of the house." There was a threshold men's shop, where men were engaged in their homework and rested after a working day. Under it, it was often a cabinet with tools for male work. Weekly sit on the threshold shop was considered indecent. On the side shop in the back of the huts they rested during the day.

Russian oven.

Approximately the fourth, and sometimes the Russian oven occupied the third part of the hut. She was a symbol of a homely hearth. It was not only prepared for food, but also prepared the food cattle, baked cakes and bread, washed, heated the room, they slept and dried clothes, shoes or products, dried mushrooms and berries in it. And in the sun, even in winter could contain chickens. Although the furnace and very large, it does not "eaten", but, on the contrary, expands the life space of the hut, turning it multidimensional, bottling.

No wonder there is a saying "to dance from the stove", because everything in Russian beast begins with the oven. Remember the epics about Ilya Muromets? We have said to us that Ilya Muromets "lay on the furnace 30 years and 3 years," that is, could not walk. Not on the reagents and not on the shops, but on the furnace!

"The furnace to us as a mother is native," people said before. Many folk medical practices were associated with the stove. And signs. For example, it is impossible to spit into the oven. And it was impossible to swear when the fire was burning in the furnace.

A new furnace began to warm up gradually and evenly. The first day began with four lungs, and gradually they added one day every day to rolling the entire oven and so that it was without cracks.

First, in Russian houses there were global furnaces that were treated in black. That is, the oven then did not have an exhaust pipe for the exit of smoke. Smoke was released through the door or through a special hole in the wall. Sometimes they think that black huts were only in beggars, but it is not. Such furnaces were in rich sorry. The black oven gave more heat and kept her longer than white. Purchased walls were not afraid of damp or rot.

Later, the ovens began to build white - that is, they began to make a pipe through which smoke went out.

The furnace was always in one of the corners of the house, which was called a chimney, door, small angle. A red, holy, front, large corner of the Russian house was always diagonally from the furnace.

Red angle in russian

Red angle - central main place in the hut, in the Russian house. It is also called the "saint", "God", "front", "senior", "big". It is lit by the sun better than all other corners in the house, everything in the house is oriented towards him.

The Borean in the Red Corner as an altar of the Orthodox Temple and comprehended as the presence of God in the house. The table in the red corner is the church throne. Here, in the red corner prayed to the image. Here all the meals and main events in the life of the family were held at the table: Birth, Wedding, Funeral, Wires in the Army.

There were not only images, but also the Bible, prayer books, candles, they brought the sprigs of consecrated willow in Palm Sunday or birch twigs in the Trinity.

The red corner was especially worshiped. Here, during the commemoration, an excess device was put on a different soul.

It was in the red corner that chopped birds of happiness, traditional for the Russian north suspended.

Places at the table in the red corner were tightly fixed by tradition And not only during the holidays, but also during ordinary meals. Trapez united the family and family.

• Place in the red corner, in the center of the table, under the icons, It was the most honorable. The owner was sitting here, the most respected guests, the priest. If the guest without an invitation of the owner passed and sat down in a red angle - it was considered a gross violation of etiquette.
• Next side of the side of the table - right from the owner and the nearest places to him on the right and left. This is a "male shop." Here they were sitting on the seniority of the family of the family along the right wall of the house to his exit. The older the man, the closer he sits to the owner of the house.
• A. "The lower" end of the table on the "Women's Lavea", Women and children walking along the front of the house.
• Mistress at home It was placed opposite her husband from the furnace on the donkey bench. It was more convenient to serve food and arrange lunch.
• During the wedding newlyweds Also sat under images in the red corner.
• For guests It was its guest shop. It is located at the window. Until now, there is such a custom in some areas to seen guests by the window.

Such a location of family members at the table shows a model of social relations within the Russian family.

Table - He was attached great importance in the red corner of the house and in general in the hut. The table in the hut was standing in a permanent place. If the house was sold, it was sold to him together with the table!

Very important: the table is the ladies of God. "The table is the same as the throne altar, and therefore sit at the table and behave like in the church" (Olonetskaya province). It was not allowed at the dinner table to have foreign objects, because it is the place of God himself. It was impossible to knock on the table: "Do not beat the table, the table is God's palm!" Always on the table should have been bread - a symbol of wealth and well-being in the house. Same as: "Bread on the table - and the table of the throne!". Bread is a symbol of wealth, abundance, material well-being. Therefore, he always had to be on the table - God's Palm.

Small lyrical retreat from the author. Dear readers of this article! Probably, do you think all this is outdated? Well, what have the bread on the table? And you bake homeless bread houses with your own hands - it's easy enough! And then you will understand that this is completely different bread! Unlike bread from the store. Yes, and loaf in form - a circle, a symbol of movement, growth, development. When I didn't bake the pies, not cupcakes for the first time, but the bread, and the smell of bread, the whole house, I realized what a real house was a house where it smells .. bread! Where want to go back. You do not have time? I thought so too. So far, one of the moms, with the children of which I do and whom she has ten !!!, did not teach me the bake of bread. And then I thought: "If a mother of ten children finds the time of the oven your family bread, then I have a right time!" So I understand why the bread is everything head! It is necessary to feel it with your own hands and your soul! And then a loaf on your desk will become a symbol of your home and bring you a lot of joy!

The table was installed necessarily along the Half, i.e. The narrow side of the table was directed towards the western wall of the hut. This is very important, because The direction "Longitudinal - transverse" in Russian culture was attached to a special meaning. The longitudinal had a "positive" charge, and the transverse one is "negative." Therefore, all objects in the house tried to put in the longitudinal direction. Also, therefore, it was along the floorings sitting at rites (walling, as an example) - so that everything successfully passed.

Table tablecloth In Russian tradition, there was also a very deep meaning and constitutes a single integer with the table. The expression "table and tablecloth" symbolized hospitality, hospitality. Sometimes the tablecloth was called the "boss" or "self-bare". Wedding tablecloths kept as a special relic. The table was not always covered with a tablecloth, but in special cases. But in Karelia, for example, the tablecloth should always be on the table. On the wedding feast, the tablecloth took a special and champed it with an inlet up (from damage). The tablecloth could spread on Earth during the commemoration, because the tablecloth is "road", the relationship between the world of the space and the world of man, no wonder the expression "tablecloth - the road" came to us.

The dining table was going to families, baptized before meat and read prayer. Fir chinno, it was impossible to get up during the meal. The head of the family - a man - began to the meal. He cut the food into pieces, cut bread. A woman served everyone at the table, served food. The meal was long, leisurely, long.

On holidays, the red angle was decorated with woven and embroidered towels, flowers, trees branches. Embroidered and wovel towels with patterns hung on the divinence. At Palm Sunday, the red angle was decorated with Willow sprigs, in the Trinity-Berezov branches, Version (Juniper) - to the Great Thursday.

It is interesting to think about our modern homes:

Question 1. The division into the "male" and "female" territory in the house is not by chance. And we have a "female secret corner" in modern apartments - personal space as a "female kingdom", do men interfere in him? Do we need us? How and where can I create it?

Question 2.. And what is in the red corner of the apartment or giving - what is the main spiritual center of the house? Let's look at your home. And if you need to fix something, we will do it and create a red corner in your house, create it really unifying the family. Sometimes there are advice on the Internet to put in a red angle as in the "Energy Center of the Apartment" computer, organize your workplace in it. I am always surprised at such recommendations. Here, in the Red - the main corner - to be what is important in life, which unites the family, which carries true spiritual values, which is the meaning and idea of \u200b\u200bthe life of the family and the kind, but not a TV or office center! Let's think together that it can be.

Types of Russians

Now many families are interested in Russian history and traditions and build at home as our ancestors did. Sometimes it is believed that there should be only one type of house at the location of its elements, and only this type of house "Right" and "historical". In fact, the location of the main elements of the hut (red angle, furnace) depends on the region.

At the location of the furnace and the Red Angle, 4 types of Russian hut difflice. Each type is characteristic of some terrain and climatic conditions. That is, it is impossible to tell: always the furnace was strictly here, and the red angle is strictly here. Let's consider it more in drawings.

The first type is the north-russian hut. The furnace is located next to the entrance to the right or left from it in one of the rear corners of the hut. The furnace is turned to the front wall of the hut (the mouth is the outlet of the Russian oven). Diagonally from the furnace - a red angle.

The second type is the Western Russian hut. The furnace was also located next to the entrance to the right or left of it. But she was turned to the mouth to a long side wall. That is, the mouth of the furnace was near the entrance door to the house. The red angle was also diagonally from the furnace, but the food was prepared in another place of horses - closer to the door (see drawing). The side of the furnace did the flooring for sleep.

Third type - Eastern South Russian hut. The fourth type is Western South Russian Holes. In the south, the house was put on the street not a facade, but a side long side. Therefore, the location of the furnace was completely different. The furnace was placed in the corner far from entering. Diagonal from the furnace (between the door and the front long wall of the hut) was a red angle. In the eastern South Russian skews, the mouth of the furnace was turned to the entrance door. In Western South Russian skews, the mouth of the furnace was turned to the long wall of the house, which went out.

Despite the different types of His, they are complied with the general principle of the structure of Russian dwellings. Therefore, even being far from the house, the traveler could always navigate in the hut.

Elements of Russian huts and peasant estates: dictionary

In the peasant manor The farm was large - in each estate there were from 1 to 3 barns for storing grain and valuable things. And there was a bath - the most distant from the residential building building. Each thing is their place. This principle from the proverb was always observed and everywhere. Everything in the house was thought out and arranged reasonably not to spend extra forces and time on unnecessary actions or movement. All at hand, everything is convenient. Modern ergonomics of dwellings come from our history.

The entrance to the Russian manor was from the street through a strong gate. Above the gate was the roof. And at the gate on the side of the street under the roof. Not only villagers could sit on the bench, but also any passerby. It was at the gate that it was customary to meet and accompany guests. And under the roof of the gate, it was welcome to meet them or talk to goodbye.

Barn- Separately standing small structure for storing grain, flour, supplies.

Banya - Separately worth the building (the furthest from the residential building building) for washing.

Crown- logs of one horizontal row in the Siruba of the Russian Hisp.

Windman- Carved sun, attached instead of towels on the front of the hut. The wish of a rich harvest, happiness, well-being family living in the house.

GUMNO- Playground for grinding compressed bread.

Cool - The design in wooden construction is formed by the crowns from the logs laid on each other. Choir consist of several centes combined by transitions and genes.

Chicken - elements of the roof of the Russian house built without nails. They spoke so "chicken and horse on the roof - in the hives will be quieter." In view of the elements of the roof - lump and chicken. The chicken was stacked by a watery - wrapped in the form of a chute log for removal of water from the roof. The image is the "chicken" not by chance. Chicken and rooster binds to the folk consciousness with the Sun, as this bird notifies the sunrise. A crock of a rooster, according to popular beliefs, distilled unclean power.

Glacier- Pradedunka Contemporary Refrigerator - Looking with Ice For Product Storage

Matitsa- Massive wooden beam, on which the ceiling is a chain.

Concubine - window decoration (window opening)

Barn -Pruck for drying sheaves before grinding. Sheaves laid out on the flooring and dried.

Хлупен- Horse - connects two wings of the house, two roof slides together. Horse symbolizes the sun moving across the sky. This is a mandatory element of the design of the roof, built without nails and charm home. The chick is also called "shell" from the word "helmet", which is associated with the protection of the house and means the helmet of an ancient warrior. Perhaps this detail of the hut was called "Gulup", because when laying in place, he publishes the sound "clap". Ohlupni used to do without nails during construction.

Warm -thus called the most beautifully decorated part of the Russian female headlife on the forehead ("The chewise was also called a part of the window decoration - the upper part of the" Decoration of the forehead, chela "at home. Warehouse - the top of the platband on the window.

Take - Senov, here it was possible to enter right on the cart or on the sleigh. This room is located right above the cattle courtyard. Here they also stored boats, fishing gear, hunting equipment, shoes, clothes. Here dried and repaired networks, malli flax and did other work.

Sink- Lower room under residential premises. The soil was used for storing products and household needs.

Polyati.- Wooden flooring under the ceiling of Russian hut. They were arranged between the wall and the Russian oven. On the climbing it was possible to sleep, as the oven kept the heat for a long time. If the oven for heating was not treated, then vegetables were stored on this time.

Politsa- Figure shelves for utensils over shops in the hut.

Towel - Short vertical board at the junction of two apartments, decorated with the Sun symbol. Usually the towel repeated the pattern of the breeding.

Schelins - Boards on a wooden roof of the house, navalized to the ends above the fronton (Holiday of Holidays), preventing them from Harrowing. The breeds were decorated with carvings. The pattern consists of a geometric ornament. But the ornament with grape berries is the symbol of life and the continuation of the kind.

Svetlitsa - One of the premises in the choir (see "choirs") on the female half, in the upper part of the structure, intended for needlework and other domestic training.

Seni.- The inlet cold room in the hut, usually can not be heated. As well as an entrance room between individuals in the sorry. It is always a shop for storage. The home apparers were kept here, there was a bench with vendines and subsidences, work wear, rocker, sickles, braids, rake. In the Seine did a dirty homework. In the Songy there were doors of all rooms. Seni - Cold Protection. The entrance door was opened, the cold was accustomed to Seni, but remained in them, not reaching residential premises.

Apron- Sometimes at homes from the main facade, "Aprons", decorated with fine threads. This is a boardwalk, protecting the house from precipitation.

Hlev - Placement for livestock.

Choirs- A large residential wooden house, which consists of separate buildings, combined with genes and transitions. Gallery. All parts of the choir were different in height - a very beautiful multi-tiered structure was obtained.

The utensils of Russian isob

Dishes For the preparation of food was kept in the stove and in the stove. These are boilers, cast-iron for porridge, soups, clay marks for baking fish, cast-iron pans. Beautiful porcelain dishes were kept so that it was visible to everyone. She was a symbol of wealth in the family. The festive dishes were kept in the hubby, in the closet - a post was put up. Casual dishes were kept in mounted cabinets. Dining tableware consisted of a big bowl of clay or wood, wooden spoons, bark or copper solon, cups with kvass.

For storage of bread in russian extended painted boxbrightly painted, sunny, joyful. The painting of the box highlighted it among other things as a thing is significant, important.

Tea drank out samovar.

Sieve The flour and as a symbol of wealth and fertility was used, and as a symbol of wealth and fertility was likened to be a heavenly column (the mystery "Sito Vito, heets is covered", the deposit is the sky and the earth).

Salt - This is not only the food, but also a charm. Therefore, it was served to guests with salt as a greeting, a symbol of hospitality.

The most common was clay dishes pot.In the pots prepared porridge and soup. The soup in the pot was well respected and became much tastier and the boost. Yes, and now, if we are comparable to taste soup and porridge from a Russian oven and from the slab - then you will immediately feel the difference in taste! From the stove - tastier!

For the economic needs of the house used barrels, hubs, luxury. Fat food in frying pan, as well as now. We knew the dough in wooden troughs and chains. Water was carried in buckets, jugs.

At the good owners immediately after meals, all the dishes were withered, wiped out and put on the shelves tilted.

Domostroy said this: "So that everything was always clean and ready for the table or in the supply."

To put the dishes in the oven and get from the furnace were needed mixt. If you have the opportunity to try to put a full pot in the oven filled with food or get it out of the furnace - you will understand how physically hard work is and how strong there were women even without fitness items :). For them, each movement was charging and physical education. It's seriously 🙂 - I tried and appreciated how difficult it is to get a big boiler with food for a big family with the help of grasp!

For increment coal used poker.

In the 19th century, metal came to replace the clay pots. They're called cartoon (from the word "cast iron").

For frying and baking, clay and metal Frying pans, marks, roasters, plates.

Furniturein our understanding of this word in the Russian hollow there was almost no. The furniture appeared much later, not so long ago. No wardrobes or dresser. Clothes and shoes and other things were not stored in the hut.

The most valuable in the peasant house - the main utensils, festive clothes, dowy of daughters, money was kept in chests. Chests were always with locks. The design of the chest could tell about the prosperity of his owner.

Decor of the Russian isob

To paint the house (they used to say "blooming") a master of painting. Descended on bright background. Warrant patterns. These are the symbols of the sun - circles and half-facing, and crosses, and amazing plants and animals. Also, the hut was decorated with wood carvings. Women fabrics and embroidered, knitted and decorated their house with their needlework.

Guess what tool made a carving in Russian hut? Ax! And the painting of houses did "Malyary" - the artists called this. They painted the facades of houses - Frontton, platbands, porch, whims. When white ovens appeared, they began to paint in the outbreak and partitions, lockers.

The decor of the front of the roof of the northern Russian house is actually an image of the space. Sun signs on the panels and on the towel - the image of the sun path - sunrise, the sun in the zenith, sunset.

Very interesting the ornament decorating the breeds. Below the solar sign on the panels, you can see several trapezoid protrusions - the paws of waterfowl. For the northerners, the sun rose from the water, and he also sat down into the water, because there were many lakes and rivers around there, therefore, waterfowl was depicted - the underwater world. The ornament on the panels personified the seven-layer sky (remember the ancient expression - "be on the seventh heaven from happiness"?).

In the first row of the ornament, the seaches - mugs, sometimes connected to the trapezes. These are the symbols of heavenly water - rain and snow. Another series of images from triangles is a layer of land with seeds that will wake up and give a crop. It turns out that the sun rises and moves along the seven-layer sky, one of the layers of which contains moisture reserves, and the other - plant seeds. The sun first shines not in full force, then it is in the zenith and rolls down at the next morning to start his way across the sky. One row of the ornament does not repeat another.

The same symbolism ornament can be found on the tricks of the Russian home and on the decoration of the windows of the middle strip of Russia. But in the decoration of the windows there are its own features. On the bottom of the platband - uneven relief of the hut (plowed field). At the lower ends of the side boards of the platband - the heart-shaped images with a hole in the middle - a symbol of seed immersed in the ground. That is, we see the world's projection in the ornament with the most important attributes for the farmers - the seeds of the land and the sun.

Proverbs and sayings about Russian horses and management

• Houses and walls help.
• Every house owner holds. The house is painted by the owner.
• What is at home - such and yourself.
• Nazhi Cherlehu, and there and cattle!
• Not at home Mr., and the house by Mr.
• Not a home owner colors, and the owner is a house.
• Houses - not visiting: Sideways, you will not leave.
• A kind wife's house will save, and thin-sleeve ceases.
• The hostess in the house is that pancakes in honey.
• Mount to someone who lives in the house.
• Kolya Kriva - the mistress is bad.
• What a builder is also the abode.
• Our hostess is all in the work - and the dogs wash the dishes.
• The house is not to weave.
• In the house owner more than a bishine
• Anchirts of the house to start - not the ruin of the mouth walk.
• The house is small, but you do not lie.
• What is born in the field, everything in the house will come in handy.
• Not the owner who does not know his farm.
• It is not a place for wealth, but the owner.
• The house did not utter - and the city does not help.
• The village is rich and the city is rich.
• Good head a hundred hands feeds.

Dear friends! I wanted to show in this hill it is not just a story of the Russian home, but also learn from our ancestors with you to keep a household - a reasonable and beautiful, pleasing soul and eyes, to extend in harmony and with nature, and with your conscience. In addition, very many moments in relation to the house as a home-based hearth of our ancestors are very important and now for us living in the 21st century.

Materials to this article were collected and studied by me for a very long time, checked in ethnographic sources. And I used the stories of my grandmother's stories, which shared memories of the early years of your life with me in the northern village. And only now, during the holidays and my life - to be in the village in nature, I finally completed this article. And I understood why I could not write it for so long: in the bustling of the capital in the usual panel house in the center of Moscow under the roar of cars I was too difficult for me to write about the harmonious world of the Russian home. But here - in nature - I am very quickly and easily, from the heart completed this article.

If you want to learn more about the Russian house in more detail, then below you will find a bibliography on this topic for adults and for children.

I hope that this article will help you to be interested in telling about the Russian house during summer travels to the village and in the museums of Russian life, and will also tell me how to consider with children with children to Russian fairy tales.

Literature on Russian

For adults

1. Bayburin AK Residence in rites and ideas of the Eastern Slavs. - L.: Science, 1983 (Institute of Ethnography. N.N. Miklukho - Maclay)
2. Buzin V.S. Ethnography of Russians. - SPb.: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2007
3. Permlovskaya AB Peasant house in the culture of the Russian North. - Arkhangelsk, 2005.
4. Russian. Series "Peoples and Culture". - M.: Science, 2005. (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N. N. Miklukho - Maclay RAS)
5. Sobolev A.A. Wisdom ancestors. Russian yard, house, garden. - Arkhangelsk, 2005.
6. Sukhanova M. A. House as a model of the world // Human House. Materials of the Interuniversity Conference - SPB., 1998.

For kids

1. Alexandrova L. Wooden architecture of Russia. - M.: White City, 2004.
2. Zarchevskaya E. B. About the peasant choirs. Book for children. - M., 2014.

Russian hut: video

Video 1. Children's informative voice video: Children's Museum of Rustic Life

Video 2. A film about the Northern Russian isa (Museum of Kirov)

Video 3. How to build Russian huts: a documentary for adults

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