District Housing Development Fund. Winter House of Khantov - Cube Dime

Khanty-Mansiysk traditional dwelling

The study of the house of Khantov and Mansi is carried out on the example of a portable type of dwelling inherent in the main Olenevodam Siberia. The Obzhrov had a conical building, with a wooden frame and felt walls, - chum (See Appendix, Fig.1).

This type of construction best corresponded to the economy of reindeer breeders. It was very convenient, with a nomadic, to carry from place to place this light, simply assembled design. Usually the installation of the house occupied less than forty minutes from Khanty.

Chum began to build from the main central pole ( kutop Yuh.), which was considered sacred (according to some reports, the sacred was considered the pole, which was opposite the entrance to the dwelling). One Six was invested in the other for the other, followed by a queue on both sides, the rest of the eclipses were laid out, which were the framework of the construction of [Takhtueva A.M., 1895: 43].

Focus ( chowl.) Constructed in the middle of several flat stones or iron sheets, covered along the edges of thick logs. The structure was such that the diameter of the base was approximately nine meters, and at the top, at the point of contact of the stroke, the hole remained uncrowed with the skin, which served as an exit for smoke.

In the warm season, the surroundings were covered with tires made from score berer. In the summer of the Chum, all the peoples of Western Siberia were put without deepening. The floor was an earthen or covered by mats from the rods. Khanty-Mansi slept on the disturbed coniferous branches, covered with reindeer skins. Snow served in the winter natural surface. Four layers of tires stacked on top of the frame, stitched from the deer skins (the outer tire of the fur to the top, inner - the fur down). The edges of the plague of the plague were laid in snow, earth and turf for greater tightness.

There are no strict orientation on these peoples from these peoples: the chum put the entrance to the river or in the direction of the nomadic, in the leeward side, sometimes nomads put their buildings with a circle or semicircle, and smoke with deer in the middle [Sokolova ZP, 1998: 10].

World Mode Model Sottom

"The worldview of the people ... What is it manifested? What are its components? Mythology, ritual, attribute, behavioral norms, nature attitude ... All these aspects of being are implemented in traditional societies at different social levels" [Gemiev I.N., 1990: 3] .

The mythology of the Obian branch of Finno-Ugric peoples determines not only the picture of the world, the worldview and the social structure of Khantov and Mansi, but also "Cosmos" inside the residential space. In the religious and mythological ideas of Mansi, the Cosmos includes three spheres (vertical structure): the upper world, medium and earthly.

Heavenly, the upper world - the sewage sector of the God of Demiurge Numi-Toruma (hunt. Toram), by the will of which land was created. Judging by the main cosmogonical myth, Gagara sent by Numi-Torum, took out a lump of a lump of the ocean, which then increased to the size of the Earth [Gemuev I.N., 1991: 6; Homich L.V., 1976: 18]. God Demiurg created the heroes of the first generation, but later for the inappropriate behavior destroyed. The heroes of the second generation turned into community patrons of the communities of people united by the Unity of Origin. Further, Numi-Torum created forest giants, animals, and, finally, people, after which they retired and handed the board to one of the sons.

Mir-Sustne-Hum "Circling its landmarks", the youngest of the sons of the Supreme God, manages the life of people, and lives in the second, earthly level, as well as many other local deities live in the middle world. In the underground kingdom there lives the god of disease and death - Kul-Offic and subordinates of him creatures [Gemuev I.N., 1991: 6; Homich L.V., 1976: 21].

Under the ground there were bad and harmful perfumes, the supreme gods lived on top, but "the membership of the housing for three spheres is clearly correlated with the specifics of the person in him" [Gemuev I.N., 1991: 26]. A man in the clean territory of the gods, while the woman had the right is in a residential space, but only when she was almost equal to a pure person, that is, when she does not give birth and does not menstruy. At the same periods, she should dwell in special small houses ( man-Col.) who are associated with a certain run-up of the Lower World.

Zoning Housing Mansi in the horizontal plane is advisable to start with the southern (opposite entrance) of the Holy Wall ( mule). This place is identified with the top of the plague, family fetishes and other shrines are stored there: Pubs, ITTERMA, talismans. Space at the mule from the inner and outdoor side is forbidden for a woman. Outside, in front of the mule, the inspent of the pillar is certainly for tying a sacrificial animal ( ankvyl). Usually, Moula is assigned treats for peace-grazing-hums and homemade, bloody sacrifices are performed. Obviously, Mul is strongly involved in sacred practice.

On the other hand, the north dwelling zone was located on the other side. The focus, as a rule, was in the right of the entrance of the corner or in the middle. In the interval between the crust and the right wall there was an image Samsay-Oki - Spirit of the lower world, whose function was the protection of the entrance, the threshold.

Next, there was a division of space on social characteristic. As a rule, it personifies the sexual hierarchy. Most honorable place ( mouli Palom), designed for guests (men), was pal. (Nara) at Moula, which was in the proximity of the corner narods. Further to the door (the opening part of the plague) housed family members and a relative, and the male population was closer to the Chulla, and the female - to the exit.

Above given examples, I.N. Gemuev proves that the Khanty-Mansiysk House in the miniature repeats the image of the universe in the form in which it exists in the traditional worldview. The researcher very clearly distributed the most sacred centers, which are polar zones: the synthesis of the upper shelves and the mule, and the connection of the underground world with the threshold and the entrance to the dwelling. No wonder, during the construction of a new house, bringing the bloody victim or instillation of the remains of the sacrificial animal under the threshold, is observed with almost all peoples of Russia leading the traditional lifestyle.

"Attachment to space, the cosmization of the personality, that in the traditional society directly corresponds to its formation, the transition from a pretty-minded-childhood to an adult," responsible before God and people "is directly connected with Mansi with the creation of his own family, at home. In this sense, the house that By itself, there is a cast of space, objectively founded on its principles "[Gemuev I.N., 1990: 219]. A person is trying to create harmony of his world, through streamlining and imposing his vision of the picture of the world on the structure of his house.

The peoples of Khanty and Mansi mythology is almost the same. The difference is some of the names of the gods and in the fact that Khantov has an idea, about the likeness of all three worlds, that is, they believed that there are the same activities on the heavenly and underground levels as on average, the difference consists only that In the mortgage world, everything happens on the contrary (the horse of the skin is turned out with meat, and the fur is down).

The three-story building of the Universe and its projection on the dwelling of the same type, however, this is not the only partitioning of the house of the house of Hunt. There are still a view of the horizontal (linear) division, according to which the upper world is the southern part where other people fall. At the same time, the lower world is a part, somewhere in the north-west, the blizzards of the sea, it is from there to people come in spirit, bringing a disease.

Consider in more detail the distribution of places in the dwelling of the kantov. In the plague, the separation strip passes from the entrance to the far wall, it was on it that the center was made in the center. Behind the hearth - inclined pole ( symy), There are two horizontal poles from the entrance to him from the entrance, on them a transverse rod, traded into the hook hole for hanging the boiler. "To the left and right of the separation strip - removable floorboards, then on the sides - litters from mats and deer skins. Plot near the entrance - for firewood, opposite the entrance - the sacred, on the dividing strip - the kitchen, on the boards - dining, on the bedding - sleeping "[Khomich L.V., 1995: 124].

As noted by L.V. Homich, the most honorable place - in the middle of the left half, there are spouse-hosts there, then in the middle of the right half, where guests are located. The zone for the middle of the Symyza is the place of unmarried men or parents-parents, closer to the entrance, like Mansi, - unmarried women. Obviously the same attitude among all the peoples of Siberia to a woman, its definite role and location in a residential space of the house. This is the projection of the social sphere on the housing plan in traditional culture.

Khanty and Manci tremblely treated the world around. They did not consider themselves smarter than animal, the only difference between the person and the beast was in the unequal physical possibilities of one or another. Before you cut down a tree, people apologized for a long time. Slubali only dry trees.

It was believed that the tree had a living, but helpless soul, moreover, the tree was a link with the heavenly world, as the macushkin of the tree stuck in the clouds, and the roots went deep into the ground. Therefore, it is wood that is the main building material, symbolizing the place defined for a person in space.

Obzhni, choosing a conical design mainly as housing, tried with the help of architectural principles, streamline their model of the world. The dwelling was associated with all three worlds and had a clear location in the cosmic representation of the universe. These main provisions of the cosmogonic model of the Peoples of the Peoples Khanty and Mansi are transferred to the model of a residential building.

Most of the kantov traditionally led half-seed lifestyle, moving from permanent winter settlements to seasonal, located on fishing grounds. Winter House of Khantov is a cut-down semi-dryer, and the ground log house is low: in 6-10 logs (up to 2 meters high), with a stove-crust and spacious, along the walls.

To build such a hatch hut - "Earth's house" - you must first unscrew the pit with a size of about 6 x 4 m, and a depth of 50-60 cm, and sometimes up to 1 m. Over the pit in the corners there are four columns, they put longitudinal and Cross crossbars. They serve as "Makers" of the future ceiling and at the same time support for future walls. To obtain the walls, they first put in the slope at a distance of the step from each other, the pillars, which are relying on the mentioned crossbars. The following stages of construction can be determined by yourself, considering the cut-down hedgery in ethnomyr - its construction was carried out according to the traditional technology of Khanty.

Options for such a dwelling could be a lot. The number of columns could be from 4 to 12; They were put directly to Earth either at a low log house made of logs and in different ways were connected at the top; covered with solid or split logs, and on top of earth, turder or moss; Finally, there were differences in the domestic device, and in the roof - it could be flat, single-sided, two-tie on the skate of riser, two-tie skim, etc.

Paul in such a dwelling - earthlings, initially earthenings were and Naras along the walls - Khanta simply left the walls of the unbearable land - the exaltation, which then began to wash the boards, so that the Nara was obtained.

In ancient times, the fire was divorced in the middle of the dwelling and smoke went through the hole at the top, in the roof. Only then began to close it and turned into a window, which was closed with a smooth transparent ice. The appearance of the window became possible when the focus of the fireplace type appeared - the chawl, standing in the corner at the door. You will tell you the guide during the excursion to you in detail in detail during the excursion and you will understand the mystery "inside the rotten tree red fox runs."

If you are not interested in details, you can simply consider this compact home yourself, to imagine the lifestyle of the kantov, make photos - the peoples park of Siberia and the Far East are open to independent visits to the guests of Ethnomir year-round.

National housing of Khantah and Mansi. At the end of the nineteenth century U.T. Sirelius described about thirty types of residential buildings of Khantah and Mansi. As well as economic structures for storing products and things, for cooking, for animals.

They can be counted more than twenty varieties. With a kind tenth, the so-called cult builds - sacred barns, houses for the feminine, for the images of the dead, public buildings. True, many of these buildings with different appointments are similar in design, but nevertheless their variety is surprising.

Is there one khanty family? Fisherman's hunters are four seasonal settlements and on everyone - special housing, and a reindeer herd, wherever it comes, only the Chum puts everywhere. Any construction for a person or animal is called cat, hot (Hunt.). Definitions are added to this word - birch, earthy, making up; Its seasonality is winter, spring, summer, autumn; Sometimes size and shape, as well as the appointment - a dog, deer.

Some of them were stationary, that is, stood constantly in one place, and others - portable, which could be easily put and disassembled. - Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn; Sometimes size and shape, as well as the appointment - a dog, deer.

There was a mobile home - a big covered boat. On the hunt and in the way often use the simplest types of "houses". For example, in the winter they make snowy holes - whom. Snow on the parking lot is dumped into one pile, and in it the passage in her side. The inner walls need to quickly fasten, for which they are first a little tapping with the help of a fire and berers. Sleeping places, i.e., just ground, covered with fir branches.

The vetkiphyts are softer, but they are not that it is not necessary to sharpen - even hack it is impossible; It was believed that this is a tree of an evil spirit. Before you go on peace, the entrance to Noura is plugged with clothes, bark or moss. If a few people spend the night, then a wide pit is digging in a snowy pile, which is covered with all the skiing available in the group, and on top of snow. As soon as the snow freezes, skis are removed. Sometimes the pit is made so wide that two rows of skis are required for the roof and in the middle of the pits are written by pillars. Before the snowy pit, sometimes put a barrier.

Burning both in the winter, and in the summer they built a variety of. The easiest way is to: find two trees who are part of a few steps away from each other (or drive two risers with development), put a crossbar on them, to lean the Christmas trees to it or the sixth, and on top to store branches, birest panel or grass.

If a long-lasting stop is a lot, then there are two such assoles facing open sides to each other. Between them leave the passage where the bonfire is bred to heat in both directions. Sometimes they organized a fire for smoking fish.

The next step to improvement is to install barriers close to each other and input through a special door hole. The hearth is still in the middle, but it is necessary to exit smoke in the roof. These are already a slag that build more durable on the best fishing grounds - from logs and boards to serve for several years.

More overhaps were built with a log cabis. They were put on the ground or dug up to them for them, and then the dugout was obtained either semi countryman. Traces of such dwellings archaeologists are associated with distant ancestors Khanty - another era of Neolith (4-5 thousand years ago).

The basis of such frame housing was the support pillars, which converged at the top, forming a pyramid, sometimes truncated. This basic idea was developed and improved in many directions.

The number of columns could be from 4 to 12; They were put directly to the ground either on the neva-juicy log house from the logs and were connected differently at the top, covered with solid or split logs, and on top of earth, turder or moss; Finally, there were differences in the internal device. With a certain combination of these signs, one or another type of housing was obtained.

Here's how to build on Vakha Mag-Hat - "Earthly House". It is allocated above the ground only with its upper part, and the lower in-depth is 40-50 cm. The pits length of about 6 m, the width of about 4 m. Over the pit in the corners put four collars, on them are longitudinal and transverse crossbars. They serve as "Makers" of the future ceiling and at the same time support for future walls.

To obtain the walls, they first put in the slope at a distance of the step from each other, the pillars, which are relying on the mentioned crossbars. Two counterbases of opposite walls are connected by another crossbar.

On the side walls of the log in the middle of the height is fastened with a transverse crossbar of the entire length of the future at home. Now, when the lattice base of the ceiling and walls is ready, they are imposed on it, and then the land is falling asleep.

Outside it looks like a truncated pyramid. In the middle of the roof left the hole - this is a window. It is closed with smooth transparent ice. Walls at the house - inclined, and in one of them - the door. It opens not to a lobby, and up, that is, something like the west in the cellar.

The idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a dugout originated, apparently, many nations independently of each other. It was built except Khanty and Mansi their neighbors of Selkups and Kets, more far-fighters, Altai and Yakuts, in the Far East - Nivhi and even Indians of North-West America.

Paul in such dwellings was the Earth itself. At first, for sleeping places, they simply left the walls of the unbearable land - the elevation, which then began to wash the boards, so the Nara was obtained. In ancient times, the fire was divorced in the middle of the dwelling and smoke went through the hole at the top, in the roof.

Only then began to close it and turned into a window. This became possible when the focus of the fireplace type appeared - the chavival, standing in the corner at the door. Its main advantage is the presence of a pipe that is out of living space. Actually, the chum and consists of one wide pipe. For her, a hollow tree was used and put the rods in a circle, cropped. At the bottom of the pipe - Zev, where the fire is bred and hang the boiler on the crossbar.

A mystery is folded about the chudel: "Inside the rotten tree, red fox runs." He warmly heats the house, but only until firewood burns. In winter, the chum drove the whole day, the pipe is plugging at night. In folklore, a lot of plot nodules were tied around a wide tube. The hero looks into it to learn about what is happening in the house, then deliberately drops the snowflake and extinguishes the fire. On the street put a global baking oven for baking bread.

At the initial stages of its history, Khanty, like many to them, built dugouts of various types. They prevailed among them dugouts with a frame of logs or boards. Of these, there were subsequent logging houses - houses in the traditional understanding of the word for civilized countries. Although, according to the worldview of Khanty, the house is all that surrounds a person in life ... Hands of Khanty cut off from the forest, the joints of the logs were caught moss, other materials.

Actually, the construction technology of a chopped house has changed little over the years. Neighboring for centuries with the Nenets, Khanty borrowed from the latter and most adapted for the nomad of the Chum - a portable dwelling of nomads-reindeer breeders. At the heart of his Khanty Chum like the Nenetsom, differing from him only in detail. In the plague, two or three families often live, and naturally life is regulated by the moral and ethical norms of the people developed for the century, the rules of intratous behavior, aesthetics of life and being. The Chum has not yet been covered with Berestov sheets, deer skins, tarpaulter.

Currently, it is preferably covered by deer and tarpaulo skins. In temporary buildings, mats and skins were laid on sleeping places. In permanent dwellings there were Naras, also covered. The fabric canopy isolated the family and, in addition, defended from the cold and mosquitoes. A kind of "microfer" for a child served a cradle - wooden or barking. The indispensable affiliation of each house was a table on low or high legs.

Shelves and stands were arranged for keeping home utensils and clothes, puffed wooden pins into the walls. Each item was located on his place allotted, some men's and female things were kept separately.

Diverse were the economic buildings: barns - platforms or log, canopies for taking and smoking fish and meat, conical and single storage.

There were also shelters for dogs, simokura symocrats for deer, pens for horses, flocks and chlev. For tied horses or deer, installed posts, during sacrifices they were tied to sacrificial animals.

In addition to household existed public and cult facilities. In the "public house" images of the ancestors of the dinom social group were kept, holidays or meetings were arranged. Along with the "guest houses" they are mentioned in folklore. There were special buildings for menstruating women and women in labor - the so-called "small houses".

In villages or deaf, hard-to-reach places built a barrels for the storage of cults of the cult. The northern groups of Obzhrov had miniature houses in which the images of the dead were placed. Some places built canopies for snoring the bearish skulls.

Settlements could consist of one house, from several houses and fortresses-towns. The volume of villages was more determined by the cosmogonical views of the people than social needs. The policy of "enlargement" of settlements in the nearby past today goes into the past, and Obdorish khanty begin to put at home in the taiga, on the banks of the rivers, as insert.

Traditional dwelling nomadschum - indigenous dwelling
residents of Yamala

Traditional residents of residents of cities

Multi-storey
house

Relevance of the research topic

Today, Khanty is on the verge
"Rebirth", depersonalization in general
"Boiler" living in the north of peoples.
Traditions Khanty, Mansi and Selkups
Forgotten, "smoothed", become
"We will be deeply dedicated."
The study of indigenous culture will help
society to preserve invaluable knowledge and
competently use them in the future
Design of housing, clothes and other
Science regions.

Object of study

culture of the people of Khanty

Subject of study

Handy Khanty - Chum

Hypothesis of research

Suppose that studying the culture of the people
Khanty, we understand that the form of construction
housing is not accidental because it can be
associated with the worldview of the people, in his way
Life

Objectives of research

- Get acquainted with literature;
- visit the boarding school;
- Detect the link of architectural form
Plague with Khanty culture.

Characteristics of the people Khanty

Among Khanty
stand out
Three ethnographic
Groups
(North, South
and oriental)
Aligned
dialects, self-discharges,
features in farm and culture

Lifestyle Khanty.

- River fishing;
- Taiga hunting;
- reindeer herding.

Women are engaged

- stretching skins;
- sewing clothes made of deer fur;
- Embroidery beaded

Design Chuma

Winter capital buildings were either frame
in-depth in the ground, pyramidal or trunopyramidal form, or brasses.
Reindeer herders in the tundra lived on overheads in the plaggers,
covered covered with coarse shores or
Berests.
In the design of the plague there are no little things.
Conical shape good
Adapted to features
Landscaping open tundra. It
Sustainable winds.
With a steep surface of the plague easily rolls
snow

Design Chuma

Conical design of Chuma
Released in centuries.
It is extremely simple, all
Details are indispensable.
Three long poles are placed in a circle, and
Bind over a deer tendon. Then in the framework
The rest of the rod are inserted. Chum is covered
Nyuki.
Summer version of the tires
Produced out
Berests. Labour intensive
manufacturing process
such a nose occupied sometimes
All summer period.
Winter version of tires - deer skins.
Today, nomads use tarpaulin,
cloth.

Interior Space Chuma

Winter Chum Tundrovik
put in wind covered
places. Where near the river
for fishing fish where under
the snow is a lot of yagel and where there is
Fuel for the hearth.
The central place in the plaume is a hearth. In the haven
Times is an open fire, today
Metal stove.
Chum is conditionally divided into men's and
Female halves. On male
Half placed hunting
accessories here home
Meet guests. On feminine
Half is accommodated in all
Home appliances, products
Food, clothes, cradle.

Vertical Model of Peace and Chum

Vertical model is a comparison
The buildings of the world with a tree, a tree of life.
The upper world is Crohn, the middle Milgol, the underworld - roots. At all
Plants in Culture Khanty occupy
Special place, in particular, trees.
The vertical model of the world explains the structure
plague. The top hole in the chum is intended
For free communication with the gods. Absence
The windows are explained by the fact that the creatures of the lower
Peace can peer in the windows and
bring harm to people.

conclusions

Touching history and culture, I realized that the form
The dwellings are not accidental, as in terms of
physical laws, since in terms of belief
People.