Who is the Turkic group of peoples? History of the Turkic peoples

* This item is implemented in the syllabus at the discretion of the teacher

Lecture 1. IntroductionThe first Turkic tribes.

1.Historiography of general Turkic history.

2. The concept of the culture of nomads.

3. States of the Huns

4. Turkic states

To date, there are very few communities in the world that received their name at the very beginning of history, determined their geography of residence, developed historically and have survived to this day as turbulent, continuous streams of the river. One of these communities is the Turkic nation or community. For the Turks inhabiting the Turan space, the “golden apple” is represented as a symbol of a round ball made of pure gold or ruby ​​on the thrones located in the eastern, western, northern and southern directions, which stimulate the thirst for its acquisition. This golden ball is both a symbol of victory and a symbol of dominion. It is located in those regions that are waiting to be conquered. The concept of Turan must be considered in the realities created by history.

Turan

Turan was originally the name of the territory of present-day northern Iran, which was named so by the Persians. This word began to exist from the 4th century AD. The meaning of the root of the word Turan is the word Tura (Front), which was used in the Iranian Avesta (the old religion of the Iranian Sassanids, the sacred book of the Zoroastrians) in a certain sense. In the sacred book of the Zoroastrians, this word is used as a personal name and the name of a tribe of nomads.

The root of the word Türks or a root with a similar name appeared at the very beginning of our era. We must not forget that these words have always been associated with the meaning of "Turkic". The word "tura" in Persian means extreme, courage, selflessness. The most accurate meaning of the word Tura was determined by Marquat. According to the aforementioned scientist, the well-known homeland of the Persians called "Airyanem waejo" was located in Khorezm. The war between the Persians and the Turanians once determined the course of world history.

Nomads living at the mouths of the Amu Darya River and Lake Aral called themselves Turanians. One of the most important and significant facts is the work of Ptolemaeus (translated by the Armenian translator S? Rakl? Anania’nin), which speaks of the administrative territory in Khorezm called "Tur", which is a confirmation of the existence of the Turanian tribe.

The great migration of tribes, served as a change in the national map of the Asians. Gradually, the word Tura began to be used for the enemy tribes of the Persians as Yue-chi, Kushans, Khionis, Hephtalites and Türks. This idea reached its climax in the works of Mahmud of Kashgar. This scientist, who is very fond of Turkism, speaks of the emergence of Turkic values ​​and the mission of the Turks as a "sacred phenomenon" sent down by God. Alisher Navoi, being a fan of the Turkic culture, proved that the Turkic language is in no way inferior to Persian.

Geographical concept of the terminology "Turan": This name comes from the name of the Turan people. The Turkic states were named Turan. This term is mentioned in a work called "Hvatay-namak" in the Pahlavi language in Arabic and Persian sources. Islamic scholars (Arab, Persian and Turkic) very often used the term Turan in their works. Arab geographers indicate that the Turks lived in the territories located in the eastern part of the Syr Darya River. Therefore, other geographers also believed that the homeland of the Turks (Turan) was the territory between the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya.

The word Turan became known to Europeans from the eastern library of De Herbelot. The sources stored in this library say that Afrasiyab, the son of Faridun, comes from the Turkic clan Tur and was the great ruler of all countries located in the eastern and western parts of the Amu Darya River. the state of Turkestan, indicated on the maps of the 16th century Ortelius and Mercator. The word Turan began to be used in the scientific terminology of European countries at the beginning of the 19th century.

Turanian languages

The term Turanian languages ​​was first used by the historian Bunsen (1854).

Castren divides the ancient Altai languages ​​into five subgroups: Finno-Ugric, Semitic, Turkic-Tatar, Mongolian and Tungusic. Subsequent research has made some changes regarding the grouping of languages. The first two subgroups of languages ​​were separated from the last three groups forming the Altaic language group.

SETTLEMENT OF TURKS

The Turks, who are one of the most ancient and fundamental peoples, over the course of their approximately four thousand-year existence, settled on the continents: Asia, Africa, Europe.

The name "Turk"

The fact that the Turks are an ancient people made researchers look for the name “Turks” in the oldest historical sources. Targits (Targit), mentioned by Herodotus as one of the eastern peoples, or the so-called Tiraki (Yurki) (Tyrakae, Yurkae), who lived on the lands of Iskit, or Togharman, mentioned in biblical legends, or Turughi, found in ancient Indian sources, or Traki, or Turukki, which are mentioned in the old sources of Western Asia, or Tiki, which, according to Chinese sources, played an important role in the 1st millennium BC, and even the Trojans were Turkic peoples who bore the name "Turk".

The word Turk was first used in writing in 1328 BC. in the history of China in the form of "tu-kiu". The emergence of the name "Türks" on the historical arena took place together with the creation of the state of Gok-Türks in the 6th century. AD The name "Turks", found in the Orkhon inscriptions, in most cases is referred to as "tyuryuk". It is known that the first political entity that bore the word “Turk” in its name was a Turkic state called the Gok-Turkic Empire.

The meaning of the word "Turk"

Different meanings were assigned to the name "Turk" in sources and studies: T'u-kyue (Turk) = helmet (in Chinese sources); Turk = Turk (abandonment) (in Islamic sources); Turk = maturity; Takye = a person sitting by the sea, etc. From the document in the Turkic language it was found out that the word "Turk" has the meaning of strength, power (or "strong, mighty" as an adjective). According to A.V. Le Coq (A.V. Le Coq) used here the word "Turk" is the same as "Turk", meaning the Turkic people. This version was also confirmed by V. Thomsen, a researcher of Gök-Türkic inscriptions (1922). Later, this circumstance was fully proved by the studies of Nemeth.

The first political entity to use the word “Turk” to designate the official name of the Turkic state was the Gok-Turkic Empire (552-774). This suggests that the word "Turk" does not have an ethnic character characteristic of a particular community, but is a political name. Starting from the creation of the kingdom of the Gyok-Türks, this word first meant the name of the state, and then it became the common name of other Turkic peoples as well.

The habitat of the Turks before the beginning of the nomadic movement from the last century is the cause of controversy. Historians based on Chinese sources. The Altai mountains are recognized as the homeland of the Turks, ethnographers - the northern regions of inner Asia, anthropologists - the area between the Kyrgyz steppes and the Tien Shan (God's Mountains), Art historians - northwestern Asia or the southwest of Lake Baikal, and some linguists - the east and west of the Altai mountains or the Kingan ridge.

The Turks, who were the first to pacify horses and began to use them as an animal for riding, spread high views of the state and society over wide geographic areas. Their settled and nomadic life is based mainly on the culture of animal husbandry and self-sufficient farming. Historical sources also indicate that the Turkic nomads were made because of economic difficulties, that is, because of the lack of living in their native Turkic lands. Severe droughts (Hunnish resettlement), dense population and lack of pastures (Oguz resettlement) forced the Turks to wander. The Turks, who, in addition to farming on small plots, were engaged only in animal husbandry, had other natural needs: for clothes, various food products, etc. Then, when the available lands became insufficient to feed the constantly growing population, the neighboring Turkic lands were still poorly populated, rich in natural resources, and had a favorable climate.

These circumstances, indicated in the sources of the Turkic history as the main reasons for the migrations, contributed not only to their direction to different countries, but also to the attack on other Turkic lands, which were comparatively more favorable for trade. Thus, some Turkic tribes, attacking others, forced them to roam as well (for example, the nomads of the 9-11 centuries).

Hun name

The political unity of the Huns, stretching from the Orkhon and Selenga rivers to the Huango-Kho river in the south and having its center in the Otyuken district, which was considered the sacred country of the Turks, is seen from the 4th century BC. The first historical document associated with the Huns was a treaty concluded in 318 BC. After that, the Huns increased the pressure on the Chinese lands. Local rulers, after long defensive wars, began to surround the zones of residence and places of military concentration with protective structures in order to protect themselves from the Hunnic horsemen. One of the Chinese rulers Xi-Huang-Ti (259-210 BC) built the famous Great Wall of China (214 BC) against the attacks of the Huns. And at this time, when the Chinese brought proof of protection from Turkic attacks, two important events took place: the birth of the Han dynasty, which for a long time brought up discerning emperors (214 BC) and the arrival of Mete Khan as the head of the Hunnic state. (209-174 BC).

Mete-khan, responding with a war to the constant demands of the land by the Mongol-Tunguz tribes, conquered them and expanded his territory to the northern Pechla, he returned to the southwest and forced the Yue-chi, who lived in Central Asia, to leave. Mete Khan, developing trade relations with China, took control of the steppes that stretched to the Irtysh bed (Kie-Kun = the country of the Kirghiz), the land of the Ting-Lings, to the west of them, northern Turkistan and conquered the Wu-Suns who lived along the banks of Issyk-Kul. Thus, Mete Khan gathered all the Turkic tribes that were in Asia at that time under his rule and a single flag.

In 174 BC. The Great Hunnic Empire, with its military and property organization, domestic and foreign policy, religion, army and military equipment, art, was at the very height of power and subsequently served as an example to the Turkic states for centuries. Mete Khan's son Tanhu Ki-Ok (174-160 BC) tried to preserve this inheritance.

At the beginning of the 2nd century BC. Asian Huns represented three groups: 1- in the vicinity of Lake Balkhash the remains of the Chi-chi Huns, 2- in the vicinity of Dzungaria and Barcola- Northern Huns (they moved here in 90-91 BC from the Baikal-Orkhon region) , 3- on the territory of northwestern China - the southern Huns, who, being promoted to the east by the Suenpi tribe from the Mongolian clan, in 216 were almost completely expelled from their lands. The southern Huns, the disagreements among themselves, were divided into two more parts, and China, which increased the pressure in 20, completely seized their territory. However, the Asian Huns existed until the 5th century. and some descendants of the Tanhu clan created short-lived small states. Three of them: Liu Tsung, Hia, Pei-liang.

After the fall of the Chi-chi power, some Huns dispersed and continued their existence, especially in the steppes east of the Aral Lake. The masses of the Huns, increased in number due to the other Turkic tribes living there and the Huns who came there in the 1st-2nd centuries. from China, after a while they got stronger and headed, presumably due to climate change, to the west. After the Huns conquered the country of Alan in the middle of the 4th century, they appeared on the banks of the Volga in 374. The great offensive of the Huns led by Balamir fell first on the eastern Goths and destroyed their state (374). The Hunnic attack, which continued with amazing speed and skill, this time defeated the western Goths along the banks of the Dnieper and King Atanarik with a large group of stars. Gottow fled west (375).

The Great Migration of Nations, which began in 375, is of great importance in the history of the world and especially Europe. The Great Migration had a direct impact on the fall of the Roman Empire, the ethnic and political formation of Europe and, starting a new era (Middle Ages), is considered a turning point in the history of Europe. in 395 the Huns began to operate again. This offensive was carried out from two fronts: one part of the Huns advanced from the Balkans to Trakia, and the other, a large part, through the Caucasus to Anatolia. This offensive represents the first appearance of the Turks in Anatolia. the capture of Byzantium under their rule is the main goal of the Huns, and since the tribes of barbarians, constantly threatening Western Rome with ruin, were enemies for the Huns, it was necessary to maintain good relations with them. With the appearance of Uldiz on the Danube, the second wave of the Great Nations Migration began. Turkic tribes. ... a generation, illuminated history the people, his everyday life morals, customs, and ... culture peoples Russia, including the Bashkirs. In a new way interested them history and the morals of the freedom-loving the people ...

The role of the Huns in the ethno and sociogenesis of the Kazakh the people

Abstract >> History

Hunnu with Kangyuis. Everyday life Huns according to the Romans ... Among the many aspects origin Kazakh the people can be distinguished ... can be traced throughout stories Turkic peoples... Hunno-Chinese relations ... in themselves and synthesized culture many peoples Asia. First ...

An ethno-speaking group speaking the Turkic languages. This population group is considered one of the ancient, and its classification is the most complex and still causes controversy among historians. Nevertheless, 164 million people today speak the Turkic language. The most ancient people of the Turkic group are the Kirghiz, their language has remained unchanged to this day. And the first information about the appearance of the Turkic-speaking tribes dates back to the first millennium BC.

Current population

The largest number of modern Turks is this. According to statistics, this is 43% of all Turkic-speaking peoples or 70 million people. Then there are 15% or 25 million people. Slightly fewer Uzbeks - 23.5 million (14%), after - - 12 million (7%), Uighurs - 10 million (6%), Turkmens - 6 million (4%), - 5.5 million (3%) , - 3.5 million (2%). Subsequent nationalities make up 1%:, Kashkays and - on average 1.5 million Others less than 1%: Karakalpaks (700 thousand), Afshars (600 thousand), Yakuts (480 thousand), Kumyks (400 thousand), Karachais (350 thousand ), (300 thousand), Gagauz (180 thousand), Balkars (115 thousand), Nogais (110 thousand), Khakass (75 thousand), Altai (70 thousand). Most of the Turks are Muslims.

The ratio of the Turkic peoples

Origin of peoples

The first settlement of the Turks was in North China, in the steppe zones. They were engaged in land science and cattle breeding. Over time, the tribes settled, so they reached Eurasia. The ancient Turkic peoples were:

• Huns;
• turkuts;
• Karluks;
• Khazars;
• Pechenegs;
• Bulgars;
• Cumans;
• Oghuz Turks.

Very often in the historical annals the Turks are called Scythians. There are many legends about the origin of the first tribes, which also exist in several versions.

Language group

There are 2 main groups: east and west. Each of them has a fork:

• Eastern:
  • Kyrgyz-Kypchak (Kyrgyz, Altai);
  • Uyghur (Sarig-Uighurs, Todzhins, Altai, Khakass, Dolgans, Tofalars, Shors, Tuvinians, Yakuts).
• Western:
  • Bulgar (Chuvash);
  • Kypchak (Kypchak-Bulgar: Tatars, Bashkirs; Kypchak-Polovtsian: Crimeans, Krymchaks, Balkars, Kumyks, Karaites, Karachais; Kypchak-Nogays: Kazakhs, Nogays, Karakalpaks);
  • Karluk (Ili Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs);
  • Oguz (Oguz-Bulgar: Balkan Turks, Gagauz; Oguz-Seljuk: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Capriot Turks, Turkomans, Qashqays, Urums, Syrian Turks, Crimeans; Oguz-Turkmen peoples: Trukhmen, Qadzhars, Gurmentarshi, Tukhmen , salars, carapaces).

Chuvash speak the Chuvash language. Dialectics of the Yakuts in Yakut and Dolgan. Kypchak peoples are located in Russia, Siberia, so Russian becomes native here, although some peoples retain their culture and language. Representatives of the Karluk group speak Uzbek and Uyghur languages. Tatars, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs achieved independence of their territory and also preserved their traditions. But Oguz people tend to speak Turkmen, Turkish, Salar.

Characteristics of peoples

Many nationalities, although they live on the territory of Russia, but they retain their language, culture and customs. Vivid examples of the Turkic people who are partially or completely dependent on other countries:

• Yakuts. The indigenous people often call themselves Sakha, and their Republic was named Sakha. This is the easternmost Turkic population. The language got a little from the Asians.
• Tuvans. This nationality is found in the east, closer to the border with China. Native Republic - Tuva.
• Altaians. They keep their history and culture the most. They populate the Altai Republic.
• Khakassia. They live in the Republic of Khakassia, about 52 thousand people. Some of them have moved to the Krasnoyarsk Territory or Tula.
• Tofalars. According to statistics, this nationality is on the verge of extinction. Found only in the Irkutsk region.
• Shors. Today there are 10 thousand people who have taken refuge in the southern part of the Kemerovo region.
• Siberian Tatars. They speak Tatar, but live in Russia: Omsk, Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions.
• Dolgans. These are prominent representatives living in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today the nationality consists of 7.5 thousand people.

Other peoples, and there are six such countries, have achieved their own nationality and now they are prosperous countries with a history of a Turkic settlement:

• Kyrgyz. This is the oldest settlement of Turkic origin. Even if the territory was vulnerable for a long time, they managed to preserve their way of life and culture. They lived mainly in the steppe zone, where few people settled. But they are very hospitable and generously meet and see off guests who come to their house.
• Kazakhs. This is the most widespread group of Turkic representatives. It is a very proud, but at the same time strong-willed people. Children are brought up strictly, but they are ready to protect their neighbors from bad things.
• Turks. A peculiar people, they are patient and unpretentious, but very cunning and vindictive. Non-Muslims do not exist for them.

All representatives of Turkic origin are united by a common thing - history and common origin. Many have managed to carry through the years and even in spite of other problems, their traditions. Other representatives are on the verge of extinction. But even this does not interfere with getting acquainted with their culture.

Altai language family. As a result, lin-guistic. classification, introduced in the 19th century, in the category of the so-called. many peoples are included, to-rye before that they were not included in their composition. T. n. settled in Russia, the CIS, Turkey, China, Iran and other states. Turks are Azerbaijanis, Altai, Balkarians, Bashkirs, Gagauz, Dolgans, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Karachais, Kirghiz, Kumyks, Nogais, Tatars, Teleuts, Tuvinians, Turks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Khakassians and Drums, Yakuts. In 1990, the number of Turks was 132.8 million. According to World. assemblies of the so-called, in the world there are approx. 200 million people belonging to the Turks (2007). In Russia, approx. 30 T. number of 12 million 750 thousand people. (2002).

Proto-Türkic are considered (Huns), the movement to-ryh on the W was noted in the end. 3 - early. 2nd century BC. At the beginning of our era. Ogur tribes (see. ) - ancestors - migrated to the west. direction. Prabolgar. groups as ethnic. the community had developed long before the formation of the Türk itself. tribes (Turkuts). In the 2nd and 4th centuries. in the Urals, an unification of the nomadic tribes of the Huns took shape, moving into the middle. 4 c. on the Z and laid the foundation , which marked the end of the centuries-old domination of the Iranian-speaking. nomadic tribes of the Scythians, and opened the way to the movement to the Z Türkic-speaking. nomads (in the 9-10th centuries the Pechenegs and , in the 11th century. ). Turk. tribes, primarily the Onogurs-Bulgarians and Savirs (see. ), were part of the Hun Federation. In the 5th century. The Turks called the horde rallied around Prince Amin (Mongolian name meaning wolf). According to the legend, the Altai Turks - tuku (Turkut) - descend from the west. Huns. In the 6th century. the Turks formed into a small people living to the east. slopes of Altai and Khangai. As a result of several successful wars (since 545), the Turks managed to subdue all the steppes from the Khingan (northeastern China) to the Azov. seas. The state of the Turks was called Türk. kaganate, to-ry in 604 disintegrated to the West. and East. Turkic kaganates. From ser. 6 c. to the 30s. 7 c. Bulgarians and Suvars were part of the Türkic, then the West. Turk. kaganate. Bulgarians. a component is present in a number of T. Caucasus: Azerbaijanis, Balkars, Karachais, Kumyks. On the ruins of the first Türks. and other associations appeared Kimak, Uigur kaganates. Noble Turk. the Ashina clan was headed by the Khazars. unification of hordes (see. ), who lived in the Caspian steppes. In the 11th century. to the Turk. dialects were spoken by many peoples from Marble. sea ​​and slopes of the Carpathians to the Great Wall of China. Ancient so-called. were nomads, they subjugated many agriculture. peoples who became their agriculture. base. Orkhon-Yenisei runic inscriptions are the most important historians. and cultures. monuments (see. , ). Turk. the communities had a common cult of Tengrikhan - the god of the sky, the sun, a common cult of ancestors, as well as similarities in everyday life, clothes, methods of warfare; collection of information about the ancient Turk. tribes compiled in the 11th century. .

Mongol-Tatars. invasion of Eastern Europe in the 1220s – 40s. set in motion masses of nomads. In the Eurasian steppes, the Kypchaks were defeated (the Kypchak steppe of the pre-Mongol period is known as , it stretched from Altai to the Carpathians); conquered in 1236 ... In the beginning. 1240s founded , it included Khorezm, North. Caucasus, Crimea, Volzh. Bulgaria, Urals, West. Siberia. The bulk of the population was made up of the Kypchaks, the language of which was the state language. In the 1st floor. 15th century the late Golden Hordes were formed. ethnopolitical. associations - Astrakhan., Kazan., Crimea., Siberia. khanates, Nogai Horde; at the end. 15 - early. 16th century Kazakh formed. (as part of the Kazakhs, the Senior, Middle, and Younger zhuzes were historically formed) and Uzbek. khanates. Their population consisted of different people. Turkic-speaking tribes (Nogai, Kipchaks, Bashkirs, Kazakhs) and peoples (Kazan Tatars, Chuvash), as well as Finno-Ugrians (Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi). During the existence of the khanates, there was a movement of the so-called. In particular, it meant. the mass of the Chuvash. population migrated to the territory of Bashkiria and to the West. Siberia, where places were assimilated. Turks (Bashkirs, Siberian Tatars) and Kazan-Tatars. migrants. All R. 16th century T. n. The Volga and Ural regions (Chuvash, Tatars, Bashkirs) became part of the Rus. state, T. Siberia - in the 17th century, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Middle. Asia - in the 18-19th centuries. After construction in the 17th and 18th centuries. there was a resettlement of the Chuvashes, Tatars-Mishars, Kazan. Tatars and other peoples in the regions of the so-called. .

Unlike language material. and spiritual culture of the ancient. Chuvash (religion, including the pantheon, applied, musical, choreographic creativity, monumental and small forms of sculpture), with the exception of certain elements (for example, similarity... As a result, it lasts. interaction with a number of so-called, with their ethnicity. groups (first of all of the Tatar ethnic group), the Chuvash developed similar features, which can be traced both in the material and in the spiritual culture.

Lit .: Bichurin N. Ya. Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. T. 1-2. M. - L., 1950; T. 3. M. - L., 1953; Klyashtorny S. G. Ancient Türkic runic monuments as a source on the history of Central Asia. M., 1964; Pletneva S.A.Nomads of the Middle Ages. M., 1982; Gumilyov L. N. Ancient Turks. M., 1993; Kakhovsky V.F. The origin of the Chuvash people. Ch., 2003; Ivanov V.P. Ethnic geography of the Chuvash people. Ch., 2005.

About the Turks.

The same Wikipedia speaks about the modern Turks somehow quite vaguely: “the Turks are an ethno-linguistic community of peoples speaking the Turkic languages”. But about the “ancient” Türks, she is very eloquent: “The ancient Türks are the hegemon tribe of the Türkic Kaganate, headed by the Ashina clan. In Russian-language historiography, the term Türküts is often used to denote them (from Türk. - Türk and Mong.-Yut - Mongolian plural suffix), proposed by L.N. Gumilev. By physical type, the ancient Turks (Turkuts) were Mongoloids. "

Well, well, let the Mongoloids, but what then to be with Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical "Mediterranean" subrace. And the Uyghurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Central European subrace. If anyone does not understand, all three peoples, according to today's terminology, are Turks.

The picture below shows the Chinese Uyghurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in her appearance, then you can judge for yourself the appearance of the second one. (photo from uyghurtoday.com) See what the correct facial features are. Today, even among Russians, this is not often found.

Especially for skeptics! There is already no one who has not heard anything about the Tarim mummies. So, the place where the mummies were found - Xinjiang Uygur National District of China - and in the photo their direct descendants.

Distribution of haplogroups among the Uighurs.

Please note that R1a predominates with the Asian marker Z93 (14%). Compare with the percentage of haplogroup C, also shown in the diagram. As you can see, the C3, typical of the Mongols, is completely absent.

Small addition!

You have to understand that haplogroup C is not purely Mongolian - it is one of the oldest and most widespread haplogroups, it is found even among the Amazon Indians. A high concentration of C today reaches not only in Mongolia, but also among the Buryats, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Kazakhs-Argyns, Australian aborigines, Polynesians, Micronesians. Mongols are just a special case.

If we talk about paleogenetics, the area here is even wider - Russia (Kostenki, Sungir, Andronovo culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.

Let me explain for those who believe that haplogroup and nationality are one and the same. Y-DNA does not carry any genetic information. Hence the sometimes bewildered questions - I, Russian, what do I have in common with a Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information (eye color, hair color, etc.) is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Haplogroups are just marks by which one can judge the ancestors of a person.

In the 6th century, intensive negotiations began between Byzantium and the state today known as the Türkic Kaganate. History has not even preserved the name of this country for us. The question is why? After all, the names of more ancient state formations have come down to us.

The kaganate only meant a form of government (the state was ruled by the khaan chosen by the people, kaan in a different transcription), and not the name of the country. Today we do not use the word “Democracy” instead of the word “America”. Although someone like her does not suit such a name (just kidding). The term "state" as applied to the Turks is more befitting of "Il" or "El", but not the kaganate.

The reason for the negotiations was silk, or rather trade in it. Residents of Sogdiana (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I did not make a reservation, writing "my". There is evidence that in the Zarafshan Valley (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to grow a silkworm and produce matter from it no worse than Chinese, but this is a topic for another article.

And it is not at all a fact that the homeland of silk is China, and not Sogdiana. Chinese history, as we know it, is 70% written by Jesuits in the 17th-18th centuries *, the remaining thirty were “supplemented” by the Chinese themselves. Especially intensive "editing" went on during the time of Mao Zedong, the entertainer was still the same. He even has monkeys from which the Chinese descended. were their own, special.

*Note. Only a small part of what the Jesuits did: Adam Schall von Belle took part in the creation of the Chongzhen calendar. Later he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics, in fact, he was engaged in Chinese chronology. Martino Martini is known as the author of works on Chinese history and compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant in all the Sino-Russian negotiations during the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the Jesuit Parreni. The result of Gerbillon's activity was the so-called so-called imperial edict of religious tolerance in 1692, which allowed the Chinese to accept Christianity. Emperor Qianlong's mentor in science was Jean-Joseph-Marie Amyot. The Jesuits, led by Régis in the 18th century, participated in the compilation of a large map of the Chinese Empire, published in 1719. In the 17th and 18th centuries, missionaries translated into Chinese and published 67 European books in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese to European musical notation, European military science, mechanical clocks and the technology of making modern firearms.

The Great Silk Road was controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, the same "black aristocracy" (Italian aristocrazìa nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompagni, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rovere (Lante), Crescenti, Colonna, Luassimo, Chidzhi Ruspoli, Rospillosi, Orsini, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Piccolomini, Pamphili, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Torlonia, Teofilakty. And don't be fooled by Italian names. Taking the names of the people among whom you live is a long tradition of the initiated **. This aristocrazìa nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the entire Western world, and it was at their direction that, later, Jewish merchants took out all the gold from Byzantium, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the empire fell, conquered by the Turks ***.

Notes.

* It is the members of aristocrazìa nera who are the true "masters of the world", and not some Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Coons. From Egypt, anticipating its imminent fall, they migrate to England. There, quickly realizing what "nishtyaki" the teachings of the crucified one carry with them, most of them move to the Vatican. My dears, read the Masonic literature of the 18th-19th centuries, everything is very frank there - today they are "encrypted".

** The Jews simply adopted this, and much more, from the arsenal of their masters.

*** If anyone does not know, almost the entire gold reserve was also taken out of the USSR, before its end.

It is worth adding here that the Hephthalite tribes, also called White Huns, Huns-Chionites, and to whom Central Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria), Afghanistan and northern India (Gandhara) belonged were completely conquered by the Ashina Turks (Bactria passed to the Persians). The question arose - Persia does not want to buy Turkic silk - we will trade with Byzantium, there the demand for it is no less.

Silk was to the world economy of the time what oil was today. It can be assumed what pressure was exerted on Persia in order to force it to abandon trade with the Turks. In general, it is worth writing a separate article about the secret diplomacy of that time, but today we are interested in precisely the negotiations, or rather the journey of Zimarch, sent by Emperor Justin as an ambassador to the Turks in Altai.

Information about the embassy has come down to us in the writings of several authors, I will use the description of Menander the Protector. This will allow us to get closer to the solution - who the Turks really were - Mongoloids or still Caucasians: “From the Turks, who in ancient times were called Sakas, the embassy came to Justin for the world. Vasilevs also decided at the council to send the embassy to the Turks, and a certain Zemarkh from Cilicia, who at that time was the strategist of the eastern cities, ordered to equip this embassy. "

That is how much you need to be sure that “people are grabbing everything” presented to him on a silver platter with the name “official history” in order to lie about the Mongoloid nature of the Türks? We look at the same Wikipedia: “Saki (Old Persian Sakā, Old Greek Σάκαι, Lat. Sacae) is a collective name for a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of the 1st millennium BC. NS. - the first centuries A.D. NS. in ancient sources. The name goes back to the Scythian word saka - deer (cf. Osset. Sag "deer.) Both ancient authors and modern researchers, Saks, along with the Massagets, are considered the eastern branches of the Scythian peoples. Türkic tribes are already understood as Türkic. In the Achaemenid inscriptions all Scythians are called "Sakami". "

Few people know about this: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is the white deer. Remember the Strabo parva Scythia, later called Little Tartaria by cartographers.

I return again to the theme of the bell ringing. This passage describes the ritual of purification carried out by the Turks for Zemarkh: “On fire from young sprouts of incense tree they dried them (things of the embassy), whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, ringing bells and beating tambourines ...” You still continue to believe that the use of the bell ringing is the prerogative of the Christian religion - then we come to you ... (Pardon! I apologize for the foolishness ... I could not resist ...)

Now about the technological level of the Turks: “The next day they were invited to another room, where there were wooden columns covered with gold, as well as a golden bed held by four golden peacocks. There were many carts in the middle of the room, in which there were many silver items, discs and something made of reeds. Also, numerous images of tetrapods made of silver, none of them is inferior, in our opinion, to those that we have. " (emphasis mine)

Especially for those who consider Tartary a fake.

A little about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith in his book "Empieres Of The Silk Road" notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. submitted to the Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries, bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type are still found - the result of invasions and sieges. Since about 553, it occupied the territory from the Caucasus and the Sea of ​​Azov to the Pacific Ocean, in the area of ​​modern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of China * to the Vitim River in the north. Klapro argued that all of Central Asia was under the control of the Turks. (Klaproth, "Tableaux historiques de L" Asie ", 1826)

You should not assume that it was something unshakable, the Turks, like other peoples, quarreled among themselves, fought, dispersed in different directions, they were conquered, but again and again, like the legendary Phoenix bird, they rose from the ashes - Russia to that a good example.

*Note. Do not confuse the real wall with the "remake" shown to tourists today: "... a magnificent and almost perfect structure, which modern travelers see at a distance of almost fifty kilometers from the capital, has little in common with the ancient Great Wall, built two thousand years ago. Most of the ancient wall is now in a dilapidated state "(Edward Parker," Tatars. History of origin ")

Istarchi called all fair-haired Turks Sakaliba. Constantine Porphyrogenitus and a number of eastern authors called the Hungarians Turks. In all early Arabic geographical writings, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter "Türks". The geographic school of al-Jahain, starting with Ibn Rust and up to al-Marvazi, attributed the Guzes (Uighurs), Kirghiz, Karluks, Kimaks, Pechenegs, Khazars, Burtases, Bulgars, Magyars, Slavs, and Rus to the Turks.

By the way, the Turks of Ashina are considered by the Chinese to be the "branch of the House of the Huns". Well, and the Xiongnu (Huns) are 100% Mongols. Don't you know? Ay-ya-yay ... If not - contact your comrades from "Sanity", they will show you pictures of Mongols, I answer ...

And one more addition.

You know, I was always surprised by the fact that people who do not have something claim to own it. A typical example is Sanity. What, not even "sensible", but simply "thoughts" can be discussed in "people", whose brain apparatus is completely devoid of the very mental functions - only basic instincts and other people's "attitudes". There, I mean the upper part of their body, there is nothing else. I'm not even talking about the presence of mentally ill in their ranks ... But, here you go - "sane", period. Jews among them - a separate song, they are in their minds, in their articles Russophobia literally from all cracks ... (Who in the subject, I think, guessed - we are talking about a "free artist" and some other "comrades").

It was not by chance that I said about "other people's attitudes" - all the reservations and omissions in my articles are not accidental. The private information that we have today allows us to classify a significant part of the members of "Zdravomysl" to the so-called fourth group with a predominance of right-brain instinctive-animal states.

The question of the Turks would remain incomplete without evidence of who the Huns (Huns) are: “In addition, the question of the origin of the Huns is closely related to the question of what race and tribe the famous Huns in the history of Europe belonged to. This is evident at least from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to an area not only completely alien to Sinology, but even, to a certain extent, belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the history of the Hunnu refers to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, then the question of the relationship of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as a country through which the Hunnu moved to the West (if these two peoples are the same), or where the Hunnu and the Huns collided (if they are different). " (K.A. Inostrantsev)

All those who wish to get acquainted with this issue in more detail, I refer to the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, doctor of oriental studies K.A. Inostrantseva "Huns and Huns, analysis of theories about the origin of the Hunnu people of the Chinese chronicles, about the origin of the European Huns and about the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, Second revised edition.) I will give only his conclusions.

“The results of our research boil down to the following three conclusions:

I) The Hunnu people, who roamed to the north of China and founded a powerful state, were formed from the strengthened Turkish clan. A significant part of the subordinate tribes consisted, in all likelihood, of the Turks, although, both from the founding of the state, and especially during its prosperity, various other tribes, such as Mongolian, Tunguzian, Korean and Tibetan, were included in it.

II) After the disintegration of the state into two parts (the disintegration caused more by political and cultural reasons than by ethnic difference - the southern Hunnu more obeyed the influence of Chinese civilization, while the northern Hunnu preserved their tribal traits better), the northern Hunnu could not maintain their independence, and some of them moved to West. According to the historical news that has come down to us, these resettled Huns followed the usual path of nomads through Dzungaria and the Kyrgyz steppes and entered Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century A.D.

III) In North-West Asia and Eastern Europe, the Turks of the Hunnu or Hunnu clashed with other tribes. First of all, Finnish tribes stood in their way (at which it is difficult at the present time to decide whether the Turks completely dissolved in the Finnish mass or, on the contrary, contributed to the conversion of the Finns into a nomadic equestrian people). The further the Huns moved, the more the Turkish element became thinner among them, and other peoples, such as Slavic and Germanic, mixed in. It is very likely that there was very little in common between the subjects of Mo-de and Attila. However, it seems to us beyond doubt that the invasion of the formidable conquerors of the 4th-5th centuries is connected with and caused by coups in the extreme eastern limits of Asia. "

And what did these Xiongnu look like?

Below in the photo are fragments of a carpet (bedspread, mantle) found in one of the burials of the Xiongnu in Noin-Ula (31 mounds). Embroidered on canvas is the ceremony of (presumably) making a drink of catfish. Pay attention to the faces.

If the first two, most likely, can be attributed to the Mediterranean subrace, then a man on horseback ... Meet a similar type today, you would say - a pure "hare".

Of course, the carpet was declared imported. Well ... It is quite possible ... Professor N.V. Polosmak believes: “The dilapidated fabric found on the floor of the Xiongnu burial chamber covered with blue clay and brought back to life by the hands of restorers has a long and difficult history. It was made in one place (in Syria or Palestine), embroidered in another (possibly in Northwest India), and found in the third (in Mongolia) "

I can assume that the carpet fabric could well have been imported, but why is it embroidered in India? Didn't you have your own embroiderers? Then what about it.

In the photograph, the anthropological material from the burial of Noin-Ula mound 20 represents well-preserved enamel covers from seven lower teeth of constant change: right and left canines, right and left first premolars, left first and second molars. On the first left premolar, facets of artificial wear were found - linear traces and shallow cavities. This type of deformation could appear when doing handicrafts - embroidery or making carpets, when the threads (most likely woolen) were bitten by the teeth.

The teeth belong to a woman of 25-30 years old, Caucasian appearance, most likely from the coast of the Caspian Sea or between the Indus and Ganges rivers. The assumption that this is a slave does not stand up to criticism - the mounds of Noin-Ula, according to the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Xiongnu nobility. The main thing here is that the woman was embroidering, and many more, as evidenced by the marks on the teeth. So why did they rush to declare the found carpet imported? Because those depicted on it do not fit into the official version, which says that the Xiongnu were Mongoloids?

For me, the facts are of paramount importance - new ones appear - my opinion changes. In the official version of history, the opposite is true - there the facts are adjusted to the prevailing versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.

Let's turn again to Wikipedia: "The Indo-Scythian kingdom is an amorphous state in terms of borders, created in the Hellenistic era on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by the eastern branch of the nomadic tribe of the Scythians - the Sakas." Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but scientists (Doctor of Historical Sciences T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read the place above where I speak about the territory of the Turkic state again. The presence of a huge country always means the movement of not only material resources, but also people. What is surprising if a woman born in one place is married thousands of kilometers from her father's house?

All carpets from the Noin-Ula burial mounds were made in one place and, approximately, at the same time. Their similarity was pointed out by S. I. Rudenko: "The technique of embroidery of drapery-rugs is characterized by the imposition of multi-colored threads of weak twist on the fabric and fixing them on its surface with very thin threads." A similar technique of embroidery "in attachment" is found in burials already from the 1st century BC. BC NS. throughout the territory inhabited by the Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why declare them imported?

But what about the Mongols, you ask?

In fact, the Mongols were conquered by the Turks back in the 6th century, and since then have been part of the Turkic state? Could Chinggis Khan, whom modern historians attribute to the Mongols *, stand at the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not exclude such a possibility, remember Stalin. However, it never occurred to anyone to call Georgia the ruler of Russia. Can we talk about the Mongols as the conquerors of the universe? Well ... It's not even a bad joke ...

*Note. Arab sources, the same Rashid ad-Din (Rashid at-Tabib), call Genghis Khan a native of one of the Turkic tribes.

In modern history, the Turks were the most unlucky. Under Soviet rule, almost all references to this people were destroyed (Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of 1944, which actually banned the study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates), and scholars of Turkic studies went together to "logging". The authorities simply chose to replace the Turks with Mongols. What for? This is already a topic for another article, and it is closely related to the question of whether Stalin was in fact the sole ruler, or, albeit the main one, but still a member of the Politburo where issues were decided collegially, by a simple majority.

Quite a reasonable question: the conquest of Russia by the Mongols to this day remains the only officially recognized version of history, so all scientists are mistaken, am I the only one so smart?

The answer is no less reasonable: scientists are simply serving the current government. And the authorities did not do such tricks yet - for most of the 20th century Russia lived with a firm conviction that communism, invented by a Jew, a descendant of famous rabbis, is our Russian bright future. I'm not even talking about Christianity. Look at the zeal with which people, having betrayed their own gods, praise strangers. Continue further?

Above I spoke about the riddle of the Turks, in fact there is no riddle - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns (Huns), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred different names given by others - they are all one and the same people. As K.A. Foreigners: “the Hunnu clan won - everything is done by the Hunnu, the Xian-bi clan won - everything is done by the Hsien-bi, and so on. From this comes the frequent change of names in the history of nomadic peoples. "

Unfortunately, there remains one more question that has not received any explanation today: why did the Caucasoid population of Altai, Siberia, Kazakhstan mutate into Mongoloids so quickly, over the course of some one and a half thousand years? What was the reason for this? The notorious fly in the ointment (Mongols) in a barrel of honey? Or some more serious and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?

Let's summarize.

We can say with confidence that the Turkic state (states) was not mono-national; in addition to the Turks themselves, there were a lot of other nationalities in it, and the ethnic composition changed depending on geography. And the Turks themselves preferred to be related to the local nobility.

Neo-pagans today talk about - everywhere there were "ours"; The "thinking", in turn, stamping their feet, squeal - everywhere there are only Mongols. Neither one nor the other is wrong, Russia is an excellent example of this - are there many Russians, say, in the north of Yakutia? But this is the same country.

Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Hoffman cite the results of studies of two Xiongnu burial grounds (Tebsh-Uul and Naima-Tolgoi): “The paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is distinguished by pronounced Mongoloid features, the second - Caucasoid. If, for clarity, we resort to a comparison of the modern population, then we can say that the people who left these monuments differed from each other, as, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks - from Georgians and Armenians. " You can compare modern Russian and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what is the conclusion? Are they residents of different states? Or are there no "national" cemeteries today?

The Turks themselves were Caucasians, in fact, these are Turanian tribes, descendants of the legendary Aryans.

The Turks became the ancestors of not only the Russian people, but almost three dozen others.

Why were the Turks erased from our history? There are a lot of reasons, the main one is hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has much deeper roots than is customary to think today ...

P.S. An inquisitive reader will definitely ask the question:

Why do you need this? Why rewrite history at all? What's the difference, how it actually happened, it's not worth changing anything - let it be as it was, as we are all used to it.

Without a doubt, the "ostrich pose" is very comfortable for the majority - I see nothing, I hear nothing, I know nothing ... It is easier for a person who has shut himself off from reality to endure stress - only reality does not change from this. Psychologists even have the term "hostage effect" ("Stockholm Syndrome"), which describes the defensive-unconscious traumatic connection that arises between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capture, abduction and / or use (or threat of use) violence.

Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noted: "Russia rose from its knees only to stand with cancer." And while we are all "Ivans who do not remember kinship" we will again and again be put in a pose known to everyone in the Kama Sutra.

We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some kind of dead-end Byzantium! Realization of this fact is our only chance to regain its former greatness.

It was the Steppe that helped Muscovy to withstand the unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, the Germans, Swedes, Estonians ... Read Karamzin and Solovyov - they are so frank, you just need to be able to separate the wheat from the chaff. "... the Novgorodians drove the Muscovites beyond Shelon, but the western Tatar army suddenly attacked them and decided the case in favor of the Grand Duke's troops" - this is Solovyov about the battle on June 14, 1470, and this is Karamzin, speaking of the war of 1533-1586, describes the composition of the troops Principality of Moscow: "apart from the Russians, the princes of Circassian, Shevkal, Mordovian, Nogai, princes and Murza of the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan went day and night to Ilmen and Peipus."

And it is the Steppe, call it Tartary or something else, we betrayed, flattered by the promises of the grandiose Western emissaries. So why cry now that we live badly? Remember: “... And, throwing the pieces of silver in the temple, he went out, went and hanged himself. The chief priests, taking the pieces of silver, said: It is impermissible to put them in the church treasury, because this is the price of blood. Having made a conference, they bought the potter's land for the burial of the strangers; therefore, that land is called "the land of blood" to this day. " (Matt., Ch. 27)

I would like to end today's article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: “... there is no other way out for the All-Russian state: either to become what it has been called to be for centuries (a world power combining the West with the East), or it is inglorious to go down the path of fall, because Europe is itself In the end, we will be overwhelmed by our external superiority, and not by us, the awakened Asian peoples will be even more dangerous than Western foreigners "

Actually, I considered the article finished, just a friend, after rereading it, asked to add - literally one or two more minutes of your attention.

People often, both in the comments and in the PM, pay attention to the discrepancy between my views and the official version of history, give links to "left" sites like "Anthropogenesis", and sometimes to the opinion of well-known scientists. Good ones, I know the academic version just as well, and maybe even better than many KONT visitors, you shouldn't bother yourself.

Once upon a time, in other matters not very long ago, people believed that the flat earth rests on three huge whales, which, in turn, swim in the endless ocean, and in general, we are the center of the Universe. I'm not kidding, I'm absolutely serious. Just now, very briefly, I voiced the version of the world order, which quite recently, by historical standards, of course, was taught in the best European universities.

The key word here is "believed." They didn’t check, but they believed it. An unenviable fate awaited that small group that decided to "check". Do you think something has changed since then? No, today they no longer make fires in the squares, today they act much smarter, those who think otherwise are simply declared fools. If the name of Giordano Bruno is still known to many, then how many “ridiculed” have simply sunk into oblivion. Do you think there were no great ones among them?

S.A. Zelinsky, speaking about methods of manipulating consciousness, cites a technique (one of many) called “ridicule”: “When using this technique, both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people can be subjected to ridicule. against which the fight is being waged. The choice of the object of ridicule is carried out depending on the goals and the specific information and communication situation. The effect of this technique is based on the fact that when individual statements and elements of a person's behavior are ridiculed, a playful and frivolous attitude is initiated towards him, which automatically extends to his other statements and views. With the skillful use of such a technique, it is possible for a specific person to form an image of a “frivolous” person, whose statements are not trustworthy. " (Psychotechnology of hypnotic manipulation of consciousness)

The essence has not changed one iota - you have to be like everyone else, do like everyone else, think like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy ... Today's society has never needed thinking individuals, it needs "sensible" rams. A simple question. Why, in your opinion, is the theme of lost sheep and shepherds, that is, shepherds, so popular in the Bible?

Until next time, friends!

Myths are created to keep people in check. When they manage to imperceptibly inculcate into the consciousness of the masses, as the cultural and information apparatus does, myths acquire tremendous power, for most people are unaware of the manipulation taking place.<...>Content and form of mass media<...>rely entirely on manipulation. When applied successfully, and this is undoubtedly the case, they inevitably lead to the passivity of the individual, to a state of inertia that prevents action. It is precisely this state of the individual that the media and the entire system as a whole strive to achieve, since passivity guarantees the preservation of the status quo. (G. Schiller. Manipulators of consciousness.)

When I was small and the trees were big, I really liked magicians, especially the elder Hakobyan. He removed the top hat from his head, showed it to the public - it was empty, then made several passes with his hands and pulled out a huge crawl by the ears. This action led me into indescribable delight. Father, tried to explain the mechanism of focus, to which I quite logically stated - well, try it yourself ... Today I have been a “grandfather” for five years, two grandchildren, but to this day I still am amazed at the “tricks” of the adherents of the “true” story - the rabbit no - there is a rabbit ...

We are trying to understand the terms "Turks", "Slavs", "Rus".

About the Russians.

If you adhere to the "official" version, it is more or less clear only with the Russians. Rus - Wends (Venets), habitats - the Black Sea region, Pomerania, the Baltic and, most likely, part of the Russian north, which, in general, correlates well with Snorri Sturluson's statement that Odin's clan migrated to Scandinavia from the Black Sea coast, where , in turn, came from Altai. Well, and who were the indigenous people of this region, I have written more than once in my articles. Back in 2009, a group of French geneticists (Keyser and others), using DNA material extracted from the bone remains of the Andronovites, Karasuks, Tagarians and Tashtyks, studied the genes responsible for the pigmentation of the eyes and hair. It turned out that the majority - 65% had blue (green) eyes, and 67% had blonde (blond) hair. Add here the inhabitants of Tarim - only one conclusion suggests itself - it is the Caucasoid population of southern Siberia, Kazakhstan and the northern part of China that is indigenous to those places.

In 2003, a joint Russian-German expedition conducts excavations on the territory of the Turano-Uyuk depression, located at the spurs of the Western Sayan Mountains (mound Arzhaan-2). The result was the discovery of Scythian burials of the VIII-VI centuries BC. NS. From an interview with the scientific leader of the expedition, Konstantin Chugunov: “The current excavations in Tuva, where monuments of the turn of the VIII-VII centuries BC were discovered, unexpectedly confirm the correctness of Herodotus's assumptions, since they date back to the time when there were no Scythians in the Black Sea region, again according to archaeological data. The finds in the Arzhaan-2 mound have no analogues in archeology. All samples of the Scythian triad are so highly developed that initially we could not even imagine that they were created earlier than in the VI century BC. This overturns ideas about the Asian nomadic culture: about the origin and development of Scythian art, which surpasses in terms of development even the contemporary art of archaic Greece ... The antiquity of the finds suggests that the Scythian tribes came to the Black Sea region from Central Asia. "

We can say with confidence: the Rus are the same Turks or Scythians (R1a) - call it what you want, only the already "diluted" N1c1. From their homeland in Siberia and Altai, the Turks settled throughout Asia; some migrate to the Black Sea region, and from there they disperse throughout Europe.

There they mix with local tribes *, primarily with N1c1. Traditionally, this people is called the Finns (Finno-Ugric). Without a doubt, the Finns are their descendants, but there are still a bunch of ethnic groups, the ancestor of which is also this people.

*Note. “The migrations were not organized and massive, but consisted of individual clans or, most likely, of groups of warriors. At first they came to their neighbors as mercenaries and only later seized power. The Indo-Europeans spoke practically the same language, but in new places they took wives from the locals, and, over several generations, as a result of mixing, new daughter languages ​​appeared, the basis of which was Indo-European. By the beginning of the first millennium BC. most of Eurasia was already Indo-European ... "(Christopher Beckwith," Empieres Of The Silk Road ")

Let's say the Rurikovichs (or those who call themselves them) have a haplogroup N1c1. It was not by chance that I added the phrase “those who call themselves them”, there is no data confirming that Rurik had N1c1, respectively, we can either believe or not believe. But that's not even the point, let's see how this haplogroup is distributed: the Yakuts and Eastern Buryats have 80-90%, the Chukchi about 50%, the Khanty, Mansi, Nenets up to 40%, the Udmurts up to 50%, the Mari 30% , among the Finns up to 70%, among the Sami from 40 to 60%, among the Baltic peoples (Estonians, Lithuanians, Latvians) from 30 to 40%, among the Russians: Arkhangelsk region - from 35 to 45%; Vologda region - from 30 to 35%.

The ancestral home of N1c1 is presumably China, the territory of the modern province of Yunnan. You have to understand that the Chinese themselves are not the indigenous population there, they came from somewhere in the west in a very small group. The legends that have come down to us speak of "a thousand families". China was once inhabited by completely different peoples.

For what reason N1c1 left their homeland, today it is impossible to say, only one thing is clear, unlike R1a, they mastered the north of Eurasia. Hence, it can be assumed that their heyday fell on the pre-glacial period * - no one in their right mind and sober memory will climb into the ice. Apparently the legends about Arctida, Hyperborea, the island of Tula, which Pytheas describes in his work "On the Ocean", have a very real foundation. The snide reader probably has a question - where are the remnants of the same Hyperborea? Why not found?

Only the Late Quaternary Lake Mansi in the south of Western Siberia had a size of more than 600 thousand km² The area of ​​all glacier-dammed lakes of the plains and plateaus of North Asia was at least 3 million km². Now close your eyes for a second and imagine how, one or the other, periodically, broke through the dam and with the speed of a Formula 1 sports car, cubic kilometers of water rushed into the Arctic Ocean. What could be left there?

*Note. Previously, it was believed that man appeared in the Arctic at most 10,000 years ago, a significant part of scientists did not even agree with this figure. Today, finds are known that make it possible to push the date back to 45,000 years: “At the Bunge-Toll / 1885 site, a wolf's humerus was found with a hole left by a sharp object, after which the animal lived for several more months (the wound was overgrown). Direct dating of the wolf's shoulder with a hole showed an age of about 45-47 thousand years ago, and this figure can be taken, since the animal continued to live after being wounded. This is not postmortal, but intravital damage, and its mechanics exclude bites, gnawing and other events that do not require human participation. The one who crippled the wolf from BT / 1885 hit him with a spear, and that was 45,000 years ago. The same age gives the dating of the remains of a mammoth killed by humans from the Sopochnaya Karga, while the age of the mammoth remains is controlled by the age of the overlying deposits (along the cut of the coastal cliff where it was found), that is, the dating lying above is naturally younger than the remains of the killed mammoth. " (Pitulko, Tikhonov, Pavlova, Nikolskiy, Kuper, Polozov, “Early human presence in the Arctic: evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains”, Science, 2016). Even 8500-9000 years ago in the East Siberian Arctic (the New Siberian Islands and the north of the Yano-Indigirskaya lowland) it was significantly warmer than now - the remains of birches are found up to the latitude of the modern oceanic coast.

Let's turn to Masudi: “In the upper reaches of the Khazar river there is an estuary that connects with the Naitas Sea (Black Sea), which is the Russian Sea; no one except them (the Rus) swims on it, and they live on one of its banks. They form a great people, not obeying either the king or the law ... "

“Before the year 300 (AD 912) it happened that ships with thousands of people came to Andalusia by sea and attacked the coastal countries. The inhabitants of Andalus thought that these were the pagan peoples who showed themselves to them in this sea every 200 years, and that they entered their country through the arm that flows out of the Ukiyanus Sea, but not through the arm on which the copper beacons are located (Gibraltar). I think, but God knows best that the arm is connected to the sea of ​​Mayotas and Knitas and that these people are the Rus, which we spoke about earlier in this book; for no one but them floats on this sea, which joins the Ukiyanus sea. "

Strabo: "Up to the isthmus of the Tauride and Kartsinitsky gulfs, the space is occupied by Tavro-Scythians, and the whole country beyond the isthmus and up to Borisfen is called Lesser Scythia (parva Scythia)." Later, this part will be renamed into Little Tartary, and under this name it will still be found on the maps of the 18th century.

From myself I will add - the Rus, in all likelihood, are also related tribes to the Etruscans (or the same tribes, simply called the Etruscans by their neighbors). There is no direct confirmation of this, but Lamansky came to exactly this conclusion. By the way, the English scientist Robert Brown noted the striking similarity of the Yenisei writing with the Etruscan one.

And yet, the Russians are openly hostile to the Slavs, or rather to those who were understood by them in the 9th-10th centuries.

I suggest using your own brain - Russian = Slav - why? The country in which we all live is called Russia (Rus). Note, not Slavia, not Slavia, nor something else similar, and we ourselves - russians.

In fact, the answer is very simple, I do not quote it only for one reason - I do not want to upset the jingoistic patriots, "thinking" and other little adequate personalities. Some of them, like "stasiks" and "vadiks", simply cannot be worried for medical reasons ...

Now about the Slavs.

Although Niederle and a number of other researchers argued that the etymology of the word "Slav" is unknown, let me disagree with him. Almost everywhere - in ancient Greek, Latin, modern Western languages ​​and even Arabic, the word Slav means only one thing - slave.

Anything can be ... Since childhood, we have been hammered into our heads with the imperative “all peoples are equal,” only, behold, our empirical experience confirms the opposite.

However, how to deal with this: “Says the Jew Ibrahim ibn Yakub: the lands of the Slavs stretch from the Syrian (ie Mediterranean) Sea to the Ocean in the north. The peoples from the inner (northern) regions, however, took possession of a part of them and live to this day between them. They form many different tribes. In the old days they were united by a king whom they called Maha. He was from a tribe called Velinbaba, and this tribe is respected by them. Then discord broke out among them, their union disintegrated; their tribes formed parties, and each tribe came to power with its own king. Currently they have 4 kings - the king of the Bulgarians; Buislav, king of Prague, Bohemia and Krakow; Meshekko, king of the north; and Nakun (prince of encouragement) in the far west. The country of Nakuna is bordered in the west by Saxony and partly by the Mermans (Danes). As for the Buislava country, it stretches in length from the city of Prague to the city of Krakow for 3 weeks' journey and borders on the country of the Turks along this length. The city of Prague is built of stones and lime. It is the largest trading place in those lands. Rus and Slavs arrive there from the city of Krakow with goods. In the same way, Muslims, Jews and Turks come to them from the lands of the Turks with goods and a running coin. They take out slaves, tin and various furs from them. Their country is the best in the north and the richest in food.

As for the Meshekko country, it is the longest of their (Slavs) countries, rich in grain, meat, honey and fish. He levies taxes in minted coins, which provide for the maintenance of his people. Each month everyone receives a certain amount of them (taxes). He has 3,000 men at arms, and these are such fighters that a hundred of them is worth 10 thousand others. He gives people clothes, horses, weapons and everything they need. If one of them has a child, then regardless of whether he is male or female, the king orders to immediately highlight the content. When the child reaches puberty, then, if he is male, the king finds him a wife and pays the marriage gift to the girl's father. If it is a girl, that king gives her in marriage and gives the marriage gift to her father.<...>To the west of this city lives a Slavic tribe called the Ubaba people. This tribe lives in a swampy area northwest of the Meshekko country. They have a large city by the Ocean, which has 12 gates and a port, and they use lifting blocks arranged in a row for it. " (Is this about Vineta?)

Or this, already Masudi: “The Slavs make up many tribes and numerous clans; this book of ours is not included in the description of their tribes and the distribution of their clans. We have already talked above about the king, whom they obeyed, in the old days, the rest of their kings, that is, Majak, the king of Valinana, which tribe is one of the indigenous Slavic tribes, it is revered between their tribes and had superiority between them. Subsequently, there were strife between their tribes, their order was violated, they were divided into separate tribes and each tribe chose a king for itself; as we have said about their kings, for reasons that are too long to describe. We have already set out the totality of all this and many details in two works of our Akhbar al-Zaman (chronicle of times) and Ausat (middle book). "

Procopius of Caesarea writes about the sklavins: "Their way of life is like that of the Massagetae ... They preserve the Hunnic customs" (Procopius of Caesarea, "War with the Goths")

Al-Khvarizmi, the lands between the Rhine and the Vistula are also inhabited by as-Sakaliba (Slavs). And such quotes can be typed on more than one article.

Not quite in the subject, but interesting: “Most of their tribes are pagans who burn and worship their dead. They have many cities, as well as churches, where bells are hung and struck with a hammer, similar to how our Christians strike a board with a wooden mallet. " (Masudi) So where does the bell ringing come from? Today even small children know that there are bells in the church, or rather in the church. And the church is a Christian temple, and suddenly it turns out that Christians were knocking on the board with a wooden mallet. And it’s not kosher at all - pagans and church bells ... How do you command to understand this?

All of the above somehow does not really fit with the image of the slave people, don't you think? So which Slavs we dragged to the heap? And, in general, remember Gorky: “Yes - was there a boy, maybe there wasn’t a boy?” Some modern researchers (Plamen Paskov and his group) even deny the very existence of the Slavs. In my opinion, this is not true.

"Heap-Mala" is a favorite technique of our "friends". How do you think, if you mix a kilogram of honey with a spoonful of shit, we get a little more than a kilogram of low-quality honey? Nope ... We'll get a kilo of top-notch shit. This "poetic" image is our history today.

To begin with, let's deal with the word "Slavs" itself and the translation from the Arabic word صقالبة.

The chronicles mention some "words", "Slovenia" but whether they are synonymous with the word "Slavs" today no one can say for sure, well, if only "thinking". PA Shafarik noted that the very word “Slavs” first appeared in the grammar of Miletiy Smotrissky in 1619 and can hardly be attributed to the self-name of the people.

It is even more confused in the texts of the Arab chroniclers. Anyone is called Slavs there. For example. Al-Kufi in his "Book of Conquests" ("Kitab al-futuh"), speaking about the campaign of 737 against the Khazaria, calls the Khazars Slavs, Masudi - Bulgars.

Ibn Fadlan's translator, A.P. Kovalevsky, although he believed that the term "saklabi" in Arabic means the Slavs, nevertheless wrote: “... since the authors were not very well versed in ethnic characteristics, and even more so in the languages ​​of the northern peoples, this term quite often denoted all kinds of northern peoples and the Germans on the Rhine, and the Finns, and the Bulgars. Thus, it is necessary in each individual case to decide what content the given author put into this word. "

A.N. Sherbak emphasized that among Eastern historians and geographers, this ethnonym could denote a person not only of Slavic origin, but could be applied in general to fair-skinned people, i.e. to the Turks, Finns, Germans. (A.M. Shcherbak, "Oguz-name. Muhabbat-name")

I undertake to assert - there were no "great" Slavs. To clarify, not the Slavs as such, but the "great" Slavs.

Can the "Slavs" be considered one of the ancestors of the Russian people? Of course, you can, because the slaves also gave birth. If someone thinks that slavery has never existed in Russia, gentlemen, read Russkaya Pravda - there were slaves, and there was also a division of society into castes.

So who are the Slavs really, let's try to figure it out:

1. They were very similar to both the Rus and the Turks.

2. They lived among these two peoples, side by side with them.

3. It is likely that they spoke similar languages.

4. And despite all this, the Slavs were not recognized as equal by either one or the other.

So who? Most likely R1b ​​are the ancestors of modern Europeans.

Have you ever wondered where the eternal confrontation between Russia and the West began? Berdyaev wrote in his book The Fate of Russia: "The problem of the East and the West, in essence, has always been the main theme of world history, its axis."

And this is Danilevsky: "The reason for the phenomenon lies<…>in the unknown depths of those tribal sympathies and antipathies that constitute, as it were, the historical instinct of peoples, leading them (apart from, though not against their will and consciousness) to a goal unknown to them ... It is this unconscious feeling, this historical instinct that makes Europe not to love Russia ... In a word, a satisfactory explanation<…>this public hostility can only be found in the fact that Europe recognizes Russia<…>something alien to myself<…>and hostile. For an impartial observer, this is an incontrovertible fact. " (N.Ya.Danilevsky, "Russia and Europe") He almost came close to realizing the fact why the West hates Russia so much. There was only one small step left, which stopped him - it is not clear.

The Rus and the Turks literally filled the entire world of that time with slaves, including the Slavs; sometimes, after successful campaigns, the prices of slaves fell so low that some had to simply be killed. So why should Europe love us?

Now remember the spoon of shit I mentioned above. Our "friends" are their work, they did not fail to take advantage of the confusion, they mixed everything in a heap - the Russians, the Turks, the Slavs. What for? Why should Russia be aware of itself as a great country? Moreover, why should the Russians, the same Tatars, be considered their brothers, and vice versa?

A.M. Akhunov in his work "Islamization of the Volzhko-Kama region" in the chapter on al-Sakaliba writes: “There is still no final decision on how to translate this term into Russian, as“ Slavs, ”or otherwise? The fact is that Russian orientalists want to see only Slavs in the Sakaliba and do not accept other options. Tatar scholars no less confidently assert that the correct translation is "Kypchaks", or "Turks."

Why do "Russian orientalists" need this? On this, perhaps, it is worth dwelling in more detail.

"Russian" history is no longer Russian for a long time. Since the times of Peter the Great, foreigners in Russia have felt much at ease. Bülfinger on November 10, 1725, in his letter to Bayer, informs: “Our rules and privileges have already been settled.<…>According to the regulations, we have a permanent and rather rich fund of Livonian customs duties. He is at our complete disposal, so we can calculate the salary in advance.<…>We have an excellent library, a rich chamber of naturalists, a mintskabinet, our own printing house with an engraving, and everything that is necessary for the development of sciences.<…>Correspondence on scientific matters is completely free.<…>I am convinced that no academy or university has such privileges and such support. "

And Bayer himself: “When I arrived in St. Petersburg, I almost believed that I was in another world.<…>I didn't have to take care of household items, tables, beds, chairs, etc. - The Academy provides all this to everyone. I was given provisions for four weeks - everything I wished for. My kitchen has never been so richly endowed, and I would need to have a fair amount of company to drink so much wine in four weeks.<…>To give you an idea of ​​the Library, I will only say the following: Mr. Duvernoy assured me that there was no such book, even one of the rare ones, on mathematics, medicine and physics, which he would like to see and could not find here. It was the same with me with regard to books on antiquities. I got everything I could need. "

We Russians are hospitable people, but not to the same extent ... And where are those "books on antiquities" today? Please note that the overwhelming majority of Germans came to St. Petersburg as young, novice scientists, practically without any merit or experience. I don’t believe in fairy tales about enlightened Europe and unwashed Russia for a long time. And suddenly such a sinecure to ordinary "goldfinches": “Generally speaking, Russia is a big world, and St. Petersburg is a small world. Happy is the young man who, as a learned traveler, begins his scientific years in this big and small world. I came - saw - and was surprised, but meanwhile I did not come from the village. " (Schlözer)

And, here, our own, Russian scientists were in much worse conditions. Wonderful are your deeds, Lord ... Or we don’t know something, and so important that the history of the 17th-18th centuries seems to today's researcher to be a continuous ball of illogical actions, incomprehensible actions, strange desires ...

If in the Soviet historical literature of the 1940-1950s. the historiographic significance of the works of foreign members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was mainly denied, then with the death of Stalin the assessments change to the opposite, and by the 70s they write about their significant contribution to the formation of Russian historical science. There is nothing surprising here, they began to prepare for the collapse of the USSR already under Khrushchev.

The "virus" of the eternal struggle of Russia with the Steppe and the Tatar-Mongol yoke acts imperceptibly, slowly destroying the consciousness of people. "Destroys today ...

« Russia cannot be understood apart from the history of tribes and peoples living on the territory of the Great Steppe and adjacent forest and mountain ranges from the Pacific Ocean to the Carpathians for thousands of years. "

At different times, different people came to the same conclusion. Read the same Prince Trubetskoy, and many others: “Some readers of my books are outraged by the description of the Caucasian appearance of my heroes - the Huns, Huns and ancient Turks of the center of Asia fifteen to two thousand years ago. And I understand them. After all, they have not been to the archaeological excavations of Sayan and Altai, have not seen mummies from the Pazyr, Ukok, Arzhaan burial mounds, clothes and artifacts testifying to the highest culture of their owners. In addition, they live in a world of false historical ideas about ancient Eurasia inculcated by the Eurocentric ideology. And in them everything that lies to the east of the Volga should be Mongolian ... They do not even think about the fact that today there are so many poor Mongols that it is completely understandable why they could not leave traces of their presence in Europe. " (Sabit Akhmatnurov)

About the Turks.

The same Wikipedia speaks about modern Türks somehow quite vaguely: "Turks are an ethno-linguistic community of peoples speaking Turkic languages." But about the "ancient" Türks, she is very eloquent: “The ancient Türks are the hegemonic tribe of the Türkic Kaganate, headed by the Ashina clan. In Russian-language historiography, the term Türküts is often used to denote them (from Türk. - Türk and Mong. -Yut - Mongolian plural suffix), proposed by L.N. Gumilev. By physical type, the ancient Turks (Turkuts) were Mongoloids. "

Well, well, let the Mongoloids, but what then to be with Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical "Mediterranean" subrace. And the Uyghurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Central European subrace. If anyone does not understand, all three peoples, in today's terminology - Turki.

The picture below shows the Chinese Uyghurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in her appearance, then you can judge for yourself the appearance of the second one. (photo from uyghurtoday.com) See what the correct facial features are. Today, even among Russians, this is not often found.

Especially for skeptics! There is already no one who has not heard anything about the Tarim mummies. So, the place where the mummies were found - Xinjiang Uygur National District of China - and in the photo their direct descendants.

Distribution of haplogroups among the Uighurs.

Please note that R1a predominates with the Asian marker Z93 (14%). Compare with the percentage of haplogroup C, also shown in the diagram. As you can see, the C3, typical of the Mongols, is completely absent.

Small addition!

You have to understand that haplogroup C is not purely Mongolian - it is one of the oldest and most widespread haplogroups, it is found even among the Amazon Indians. A high concentration of C today reaches not only in Mongolia, but also among the Buryats, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Kazakhs-Argyns, Australian aborigines, Polynesians, Micronesians. Mongols are just a special case.

If we talk about paleogenetics, the area here is even wider - Russia (Kostenki, Sungir, Andronovo culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.

Let me explain for those who believe that haplogroup and nationality are one and the same. Y-DNA does not carry any genetic information. Hence the sometimes bewildered questions - I, Russian, what do I have in common with a Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information (eye color, hair color, etc.) is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Haplogroups are just marks by which one can judge the ancestors of a person.

In the 6th century, intensive negotiations began between Byzantium and the state today known as the Türkic Kaganate. History has not even preserved the name of this country for us. The question is why? After all, the names of more ancient state formations have come down to us.

The kaganate only meant a form of government (the state was ruled by the khaan chosen by the people, kaan in a different transcription), and not the name of the country. Today we do not use the word “Democracy” instead of the word “America”. Although someone like her does not suit such a name (just kidding). The term "state" as applied to the Turks is more befitting of "Il" or "El", but not the kaganate.

The reason for the negotiations was silk, or rather trade in it. Residents of Sogdiana (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I did not make a reservation, writing "my". There is evidence that in the Zarafshan Valley (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to grow a silkworm and produce matter from it no worse than Chinese, but this is a topic for another article.

And it is not at all a fact that the homeland of silk is China, and not Sogdiana. Chinese history, as we know it, is 70% written by Jesuits in the 17th-18th centuries *, the remaining thirty were “supplemented” by the Chinese themselves. Especially intensive "editing" went on during the time of Mao Zedong, the entertainer was still the same. He even has monkeys from which the Chinese descended. were their own, special.

*Note. Only a small part of what the Jesuits did: Adam Schall von Belle took part in the creation of the Chongzhen calendar. Later he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics, in fact, he was engaged in Chinese chronology. Martino Martini is known as the author of works on Chinese history and compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant in all the Sino-Russian negotiations during the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the Jesuit Parreni. The result of Gerbillon's activity was the so-called so-called imperial edict of religious tolerance in 1692, which allowed the Chinese to accept Christianity. Emperor Qianlong's mentor in science was Jean-Joseph-Marie Amyot. The Jesuits, led by Régis in the 18th century, participated in the compilation of a large map of the Chinese Empire, published in 1719. In the 17th and 18th centuries, missionaries translated into Chinese and published 67 European books in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese to European musical notation, European military science, mechanical clocks and the technology of making modern firearms.

The Great Silk Road was controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, the same "black aristocracy" (Italian aristocrazìa nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompagni, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rovere (Lante), Crescenti, Colonna, Luassimo, Chidzhi Ruspoli, Rospillosi, Orsini, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Piccolomini, Pamphili, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Torlonia, Teofilakty. And don't be fooled by Italian names. Taking the names of the people among whom you live is a long tradition of the initiated **. This aristocrazìa nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the entire Western world, and it was at their direction that, later, Jewish merchants took out all the gold from Byzantium, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the empire fell, conquered by the Turks ***.

Notes.

* It is the members of aristocrazìa nera who are the true "masters of the world", and not some Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Coons. From Egypt, anticipating its imminent fall, they migrate to England. There, quickly realizing what "nishtyaki" the teachings of the crucified one carry with them, most of them move to the Vatican. My dears, read the Masonic literature of the 18th-19th centuries, everything is very frank there - today they are "encrypted".

** The Jews simply adopted this, and much more, from the arsenal of their masters.

*** If anyone does not know, almost the entire gold reserve was also taken out of the USSR, before its end.

It is worth adding here that the Hephthalite tribes, also called White Huns, Huns-Chionites, and to whom Central Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria), Afghanistan and northern India (Gandhara) belonged were completely conquered by the Ashina Turks (Bactria passed to the Persians). The question arose - Persia does not want to buy Turkic silk - we will trade with Byzantium, there the demand for it is no less.

Silk was to the world economy of the time what oil was today. It can be assumed what pressure was exerted on Persia in order to force it to abandon trade with the Turks. In general, it is worth writing a separate article about the secret diplomacy of that time, but today we are interested in precisely the negotiations, or rather the journey of Zimarch, sent by Emperor Justin as an ambassador to the Turks in Altai.

Information about the embassy has come down to us in the writings of several authors, I will use the description of Menander the Protector. This will allow us to get closer to the solution - who the Turks really were - Mongoloids or still Caucasians: “From the Türks, who in ancient times were called Sakas, the embassy came to Justin for the world. Vasilevs also decided at the council to send the embassy to the Turks, and a certain Zemarkh from Cilicia, who at that time was the strategist of the eastern cities, ordered to equip this embassy. "

That is how much you need to be sure that “people are grabbing everything” presented to him on a silver platter with the name “official history” in order to lie about the Mongoloid nature of the Türks? We look at the same Wikipedia: “Saki (Old Persian Sakā, Old Greek Σάκαι, Latin Sacae) is a collective name for a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of the 1st millennium BC. NS. - the first centuries A.D. NS. in ancient sources. The name goes back to the Scythian word saka - deer (cf. Osset. Sag "deer.) Both ancient authors and modern researchers, Saks, along with the Massagets, are considered the eastern branches of the Scythian peoples. Türkic tribes are already understood as Türkic. In the Achaemenid inscriptions all Scythians are called "Sakami". "

Few people know about this: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is the white deer. Remember the Strabo parva Scythia, later called Little Tartaria by cartographers.

I return again to the theme of the bell ringing. In this passage, a description of the purification rite carried out by the Turks for Zemarch is given: "On the fire from young sprouts of incense tree they dried them (things of the embassy), whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, ringing bells and beating tambourines ..." You still continue to believe that the use of the bell ringing is the prerogative of the Christian religion - then we come to you ... (Pardon! I apologize for the foolishness ... I could not resist ...)

Now about the technological level of the Turks: “The next day they were invited to another room, where there were wooden columns covered with gold, as well as a golden bed held by four golden peacocks. There were many carts in the middle of the room, in which there were many silver items, discs and something made of reeds. Also, numerous images of tetrapods made of silver, none of them is inferior, in our opinion, to those that we have. " (emphasis mine)

Especially for those who consider Tartary a fake.

A little about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith in his book "Empieres Of The Silk Road" notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. submitted to the Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries, bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type are still found - the result of invasions and sieges. Since about 553, it occupied the territory from the Caucasus and the Sea of ​​Azov to the Pacific Ocean, in the area of ​​modern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of China * to the Vitim River in the north. Klapro argued that all of Central Asia was under the control of the Turks. (Klaproth, "Tableaux historiques de L" Asie ", 1826)

You should not assume that it was something unshakable, the Turks, like other peoples, quarreled among themselves, fought, dispersed in different directions, they were conquered, but again and again, like the legendary Phoenix bird, they rose from the ashes - Russia to that a good example.

*Note. Do not confuse the real wall with the "remake" shown to tourists today: “… A magnificent and almost perfect structure, which modern travelers see at a distance of almost fifty kilometers from the capital, has little in common with the ancient Great Wall, built two thousand years ago. Most of the ancient wall is now in a dilapidated state "(Edward Parker," Tatars. History of origin ")

Istarchi called all fair-haired Turks Sakaliba. Constantine Porphyrogenitus and a number of eastern authors called the Hungarians Turks. In all early Arabic geographical writings, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter "Türks". The geographic school of al-Jahain, starting with Ibn Rust and up to al-Marvazi, attributed the Guzes (Uighurs), Kirghiz, Karluks, Kimaks, Pechenegs, Khazars, Burtases, Bulgars, Magyars, Slavs, and Rus to the Turks.

By the way, the Turks of Ashina are considered by the Chinese to be the "branch of the House of the Huns". Well, and the Xiongnu (Huns) are 100% Mongols. Don't you know? Ay-ya-yay ... If not - contact your comrades from "Sanity", they will show you pictures of Mongols, I answer ...

And one more addition.

You know, I was always surprised by the fact that people who do not have something claim to own by this... A typical example is Sanity. What, not even "sensible", but simply "thoughts" can be discussed in "people", whose brain apparatus is completely devoid of the very mental functions - only basic instincts and other people's "attitudes". There, I mean the upper part of their body, there is nothing else. I'm not even talking about the presence of mentally ill in their ranks ... But, here you go - "sane", period. Jews among them - a separate song, they are in their minds, in their articles Russophobia literally from all cracks ... (Who in the subject, I think, guessed - we are talking about a "free artist" and some other "comrades").

It was not by chance that I said about "other people's attitudes" - all the reservations and omissions in my articles are not accidental. The private information that we have today allows us to classify a significant part of the members of "Zdravomysl" to the so-called fourth group with a predominance of right-brain instinctive-animal states.

The question of the Turks would remain incomplete without evidence of who the Huns (Xiongnu) are: “In addition, the question of the origin of the Huns is closely related to the question of which race and tribe the famous Huns in the history of Europe belonged to. This is evident at least from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to an area not only completely alien to Sinology, but even, to a certain extent, belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the history of the Hunnu refers to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, then the question of the relationship of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as a country through which the Hunnu moved to the West (if these two peoples are the same), or where the Hunnu and the Huns collided (if they are different). " (K.A. Inostrantsev)

All those who wish to get acquainted with this issue in more detail, I refer to the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, doctor of oriental studies K.A. Inostrantseva "Huns and Huns, analysis of theories about the origin of the Hunnu people of the Chinese chronicles, about the origin of the European Huns and about the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, Second revised edition.) I will give only his conclusions.

“The results of our research boil down to the following three conclusions:

I) The Hunnu people, who roamed to the north of China and founded a powerful state, were formed from the strengthened Turkish clan. A significant part of the subordinate tribes consisted, in all likelihood, also of Turks, although, both from the founding of the state, and especially during its prosperity, it included various other tribes, such as: Mongolian, Tunguzian, Korean and Tibetan.

II) After the disintegration of the state into two parts (the disintegration caused more by political and cultural reasons than by ethnic difference - the southern Hunnu more obeyed the influence of Chinese civilization, while the northern Hunnu preserved their tribal traits better), the northern Hunnu could not maintain their independence, and some of them moved to West. According to the historical news that has come down to us, these resettled Huns followed the usual path of nomads through Dzungaria and the Kyrgyz steppes and entered Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century A.D.

III) In Northwest Asia and in Eastern Europe, the Turks of the Hunnu or Hunnu faced other tribes. First of all, Finnish tribes stood in their way (at which it is difficult at the present time to decide whether the Turks completely dissolved in the Finnish mass or, on the contrary, contributed to the conversion of the Finns into a nomadic equestrian people). The further the Huns moved, the more the Turkish element became thinner among them, and other peoples, such as Slavic and Germanic, mixed in. It is very likely that there was very little in common between the subjects of Mo-de and Attila. However, it seems to us beyond doubt that the invasion of the formidable conquerors of the 4th-5th centuries is connected with and caused by coups in the extreme eastern limits of Asia. "

And what did these Xiongnu look like?

Below in the photo are fragments of a carpet (bedspread, mantle) found in one of the burials of the Xiongnu in Noin-Ula (31 mounds). Embroidered on canvas is the ceremony of (presumably) making a drink of catfish. Pay attention to the faces. If the first two, most likely, can be attributed to the Mediterranean subrace, then a man on horseback ... Meet a similar type today, you would say - a pure "hare".

Of course, the carpet was declared imported. Well ... It is quite possible ... Professor N.V. Polosmak considers: “The dilapidated fabric found on the floor of the Xiongnu burial chamber covered with blue clay and brought back to life by the hands of restorers has a long and difficult history. It was made in one place (in Syria or Palestine), embroidered in another (possibly in Northwest India), and found in the third (in Mongolia) "

I can assume that the carpet fabric could well have been imported, but why is it embroidered in India? Didn't you have your own embroiderers? Then what about it.

In the photograph, the anthropological material from the burial of Noin-Ula mound 20 represents well-preserved enamel covers from seven lower teeth of constant change: right and left canines, right and left first premolars, left first and second molars. On the first left premolar, facets of artificial wear were found - linear traces and shallow cavities. This type of deformation could appear when doing handicrafts - embroidery or making carpets, when the threads (most likely woolen) were bitten by the teeth.

The teeth belong to a woman of 25-30 years old, Caucasian appearance, most likely from the coast of the Caspian Sea or between the Indus and Ganges rivers. The assumption that this is a slave does not stand up to criticism - the mounds of Noin-Ula, according to the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Xiongnu nobility. The main thing here is that the woman was embroidering, and many more, as evidenced by the marks on the teeth. So why did they rush to declare the found carpet imported? Because those depicted on it do not fit into the official version, which says that the Xiongnu were Mongoloids?

For me, the facts are of paramount importance - new ones appear - my opinion changes. In the official version of history, the opposite is true - there the facts are adjusted to the prevailing versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.

Let's go back to Wikipedia: "The Indo-Scythian kingdom is an amorphous state in terms of borders, created in the Hellenistic era on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by the eastern branch of the nomadic Scythian tribe - the Saks." Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but scientists (Doctor of Historical Sciences T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read the place above where I speak about the territory of the Turkic state again. The presence of a huge country always means the movement of not only material resources, but also people. What is surprising if a woman born in one place is married thousands of kilometers from her father's house?

All carpets from the Noin-Ula burial mounds were made in one place and, approximately, at the same time. S.I. Rudenko pointed out their similarity: "The technique of embroidery of drapery-rugs is characterized by the imposition of multi-colored threads of weak twist on the fabric and fixing them on its surface with very thin threads." A similar technique of embroidery "in attachment" is found in burials already from the 1st century BC. BC NS. throughout the territory inhabited by the Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why declare them imported?

But what about the Mongols, you ask?

In fact, the Mongols were conquered by the Turks back in the 6th century, and since then have been part of the Turkic state? Could Chinggis Khan, whom modern historians attribute to the Mongols *, stand at the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not exclude such a possibility, remember Stalin. However, it never occurred to anyone to call Georgia the ruler of Russia. Can we talk about the Mongols as the conquerors of the universe? Well ... It's not even a bad joke ...

*Note. Arab sources, the same Rashid ad-Din (Rashid at-Tabib), call Genghis Khan a native of one of the Turkic tribes.

In modern history, the Turks were the most unlucky. Under Soviet rule, almost all references to this people were destroyed (Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of 1944, which actually banned the study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates), and scholars of Turkic studies went together to "logging". The authorities simply chose to replace the Turks with Mongols. What for? This is already a topic for another article, and it is closely related to the question of whether Stalin was in fact the sole ruler, or, albeit the main one, but still, a member of the Politburo where issues were decided collegially, by a simple majority.

Quite a reasonable question: the conquest of Russia by the Mongols to this day remains the only officially recognized version of history, so all scientists are mistaken, am I the only one so smart?

The answer is no less reasonable: scientists are simply serving the current government. And the authorities did not do such tricks yet - for most of the 20th century Russia lived with a firm conviction that communism, invented by a Jew, a descendant of famous rabbis, is our Russian bright future. I'm not even talking about Christianity. Look at the zeal with which people, having betrayed their own gods, praise strangers. Continue further?

Above I talked about the mystery of the Turks, in fact there is no mystery - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns (Huns), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred different names given by others - they are all one and the same people. As K.A. Foreigners: “The Hunnu clan won - everything is done by the Hunnu, the Xian-bi clan won - everything is done by the Hunnu, and so on. From this comes the frequent change of names in the history of nomadic peoples. "

Unfortunately, there remains one more question that has not received any explanation today: why did the Caucasoid population of Altai, Siberia, Kazakhstan mutate into Mongoloids so quickly, over the course of some one and a half thousand years? What was the reason for this? The notorious fly in the ointment (Mongols) in a barrel of honey? Or some more serious and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?

Let's summarize.

We can say with confidence that the Turkic state (states) was not mono-national; in addition to the Turks themselves, there were a lot of other nationalities in it, and the ethnic composition changed depending on geography. And the Turks themselves preferred to be related to the local nobility.

Neo-pagans today talk about - everywhere there were "ours"; The "thinking", in turn, stamping their feet, squeal - everywhere there are only Mongols. Neither one nor the other is wrong, Russia is an excellent example of this - are there many Russians, say, in the north of Yakutia? But this is the same country.

Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Hoffman cite the results of studies of two Xiongnu burial grounds (Tebsh-Uul and Naima-Tolgoi): “The paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is distinguished by pronounced Mongoloid features, the second - Caucasoid. If, for clarity, we resort to comparing the modern population, then we can say that the people who left these monuments differed from each other, as, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks - from Georgians and Armenians. " You can compare modern Russian and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what is the conclusion? Are they residents of different states? Or are there no "national" cemeteries today?

The Turks themselves were Caucasians, in fact, these are Turanian tribes, descendants of the legendary Aryans.

The Turks became the ancestors of not only the Russian people, but almost three dozen others.

Why were the Turks erased from our history? There are a lot of reasons, the main one is hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has much deeper roots than is customary to think today ...

P.S. An inquisitive reader will definitely ask the question:

- Why you it is necessary? Why generally rewrite history? What's the difference, how it actually happened, it's not worth changing anything - let it be as it was, as we are all used to it.

Without a doubt, the "ostrich pose" is very comfortable for the majority - I see nothing, I don't hear anything, I don't know anything ... It is easier for a person who has shut himself off from reality to endure stress - only reality does not change from this. Psychologists even have the term "hostage effect" ("Stockholm Syndrome"), which describes the defensive-unconscious traumatic connection that arises between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capture, abduction and / or use (or threat of use) violence.

Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noted: "Russia rose from its knees only to stand with cancer." And while we are all "Ivans who do not remember kinship" we will again and again be put in a pose known to everyone in the Kama Sutra.

We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some kind of dead-end Byzantium! Realization of this fact is our only chance to regain its former greatness.

It was the Steppe that helped Muscovy to withstand the unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, Germans, Swedes, Estonians ... Read Karamzin and Solovyov - they are so frank, you just need to be able to separate the wheat from the chaff. "... the Novgorodians drove the Muscovites beyond Shelon, but the western Tatar army suddenly attacked them and decided the case in favor of the Grand Duke's troops."- this is Solovyov about the battle on June 14, 1470, and this is Karamzin, speaking of the war of 1533-1586, describes the composition of the troops of the principality of Moscow: "In addition to the Russians, the princes of Circassian, Shevkal, Mordovian, Nogai, princes and Murza of the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan went day and night to Ilmen and Peipus."

And it is the Steppe, call it Tartary or something else, we betrayed, flattered by the promises of the grandiose Western emissaries. So why cry now that we live badly? Remember: “... And, having thrown the pieces of silver in the temple, he went out, went and hanged himself. The chief priests, taking the pieces of silver, said: It is impermissible to put them in the church treasury, because this is the price of blood. Having made a conference, they bought the potter's land for the burial of the strangers; therefore, that land is called "the land of blood" to this day. " (Matt., Ch. 27)

I would like to end today's article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: “... for the All-Russian state there is no other way out: either to become what it has been called to be from the centuries (a world power combining the West with the East), or it is inglorious to go down the path of fall, because Europe itself, in the end, will suppress us by the external by their superiority, and not by us, the awakened Asian peoples will be even more dangerous than Western foreigners "

Actually, I considered the article finished, just a friend, after rereading it, asked to add - literally one or two more minutes of your attention.

People often, both in the comments and in the PM, pay attention to the discrepancy between my views and the official version of history, give links to "left" sites like "Anthropogenesis", and sometimes to the opinion of well-known scientists. Good ones, I know the academic version just as well, and maybe even better than many KONT visitors, you shouldn't bother yourself.

Once upon a time, in other matters not very long ago, people believed that the flat earth rests on three huge whales, which, in turn, swim in the endless ocean, and in general, we are the center of the Universe. I'm not kidding, I'm absolutely serious. Just now, very briefly, I voiced the version of the world order, which quite recently, by historical standards, of course, was taught in the best European universities.

The key word here is "believed." They didn’t check, but they believed it. An unenviable fate awaited that small group that decided to "check". Do you think something has changed since then? No, today they no longer make fires in the squares, today they act much smarter, those who think otherwise are simply declared fools. If the name of Giordano Bruno is still known to many, then how many “ridiculed” have simply sunk into oblivion. Do you think there were no great ones among them?

S.A. Zelinsky, speaking about methods of manipulating consciousness, gives a technique (one of many) called "ridicule": “When using this technique, both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people against which the struggle is being waged, can be ridiculed. The choice of the object of ridicule is carried out depending on the goals and the specific information and communication situation. The effect of this technique is based on the fact that when individual statements and elements of a person's behavior are ridiculed, a playful and frivolous attitude is initiated towards him, which automatically extends to his other statements and views. With the skillful use of such a technique, it is possible for a specific person to form an image of a “frivolous” person, whose statements are not trustworthy. " (Psychotechnology of hypnotic manipulation of consciousness)

The essence has not changed one iota - you have to be like everyone else, do like everyone else, think like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy ... Today's society has never needed thinking individuals, it needs "sensible" rams. A simple question. Why, in your opinion, is the theme of lost sheep and shepherds, that is, shepherds, so popular in the Bible?