"Peter first" (Tolstoy): Analysis of the novel, the image of Peter, the system of characters. The cooking "The characteristic of Peter the first in the novel of the same name
Lesson on the topic: "The image of Peter in Roman A.N. Tolstoy "Peter first" "
Objectives lesson:
give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe changes to the author's views on the role of Petrovsky transformations;
identify the ideological and artistic task of A.N. Tolstoy - show Peter the first as a statesman caused to life with historical necessity;
to reveal the role artistic means In creating the image of Peter.
Orgmoment.
The importance of the topic to explore the creativity of Tolstoy. Setting the goals of the lesson. The sound of the topic in the work of other writers. At this stage, the lesson students turn to the previously studied material, to lecture material Previous lesson, listen to the performance of a specially prepared student.
Presentation.
In previous lessons, we talked about the work of A.N. Tolstoy, the peculiarities of his novel "Peter First", in the center of which is the image of Peter. It is this image that we will devote our lesson.
Write down in the notebook theme lesson (/ Presentation, Slide No. 2 /: The image of Peter in the Roman A.N. Tolstoy "Peter First".)
What goals can we put in front of ourselves working on this topic? (Slide number 3)
give a characteristic of the image of Peter in the novel;
review artistic means used by the author when creating the image of Peter.
Peter's first personality and his era were worried about the imagination of writers, artists, composers of many generations. From Lomonosov to this day, this topic does not come down from pages of artistic works. What writers addressed her, how did the image of Peter seen?
Over 20 years worried this topic and A.N. Tolstoy. In 1917, he wrote a story "Peter's Day", and he worked on the first to death above the death.
Message of the student (according to the story of Peter's Day, a brief comment on the king's image in it.)
How is Peter depicted in the story? Did the views of the Tolstoy changed to the role of Peter by the time of writing a novel? What is it connected with?
Look at the desk. (Presentation, Slide №4) Story "Petra Day" Roman "Peter First"
... the raw wind drove a strong fog from the sea ... blew the rotten straw with thes and centers ...
The swollen river Bila in the breveled embankments ...
A royal city was built on the edge of the Earth, in the swamps, at the most nonmetchy. To whom he was needed, for what flour, there was still a new one, it was necessary to lean the blood and to die thousands, - the people did not know. ... The open sea was from here - to feed my hand. The wind covered it with a cheerful asb.
... Desired, the beloved here was a place. Well, of course, on the Azov Sea, Belos and Wipes, mined with great works, well on the White Sea ... But not to be compared with the Baltic Baltic Sea - a wide dear to watered cities, to rich countries.
Your attention is the episodes in which the construction of St. Petersburg is described. Left - excerpts from the story, and on the right - from the novel. We offer to compare them. What distinguishes these two descriptions from each other?
So, the look of Tolstoy on the role of Peter's transformations of the first has undergone changes. After returning to his homeland in 1922, Tolstoy came to the conclusion about the need for transformations.
3. Image of Peter in the novel. The formation of Peter's personality. The need for transformations. Petra's artistic agents.
Implementation of homework, work with text.
Now we turn to the image of Peter in the novel.
When we talked about the composition of the novel, they noted that it was dictated to the goal to show the formation of Peter's personality. What is the image of Peter Tolstoy different from Pushkinsky? (Pushkin Peter - the current personality)
Tell me how Tolstoy depicts the formation of Peter's personality? (Presentation, Slide No. 5)
Student responses.
Prove examples from the text that Russia needed transformations. Did the thick contradiction of Peter's transformations reflected? (Presentation, Slide No. 9)
Student responses. (It is possible to use slides No. 6-8 (presentation, slides6-8) illustrating the need for transformations).
Why exactly Peter, and not Golitsyn could become a converter of Russia? (Presentation, Slide number 10)
Student responses.
Speaking about Peter, it is impossible not to pay attention to the artistic means used by the author. What funds, in your opinion, play the most important role? (Presentation, Slide No. 11)
(Reception of contrast, speech characteristic).
Give examples of using contrast reception in the text.
What are the peculiarities of Peter's speech?
(laconicism, emotionality, imagery, proximity to folk). (Presentation, Slide number 12)
Pay attention to a small excerpt from the text (presentation, slide №13): "Peter rushed the door ... on two shifted shops, covered with her head, slept Streshnev. Peter threw the blanket. Grabbed the rare hair of a frightened boyar ... spit him in his face, pulled on an earthen floor, beat his throat ... "
Tolstoy admitted: (Presentation, slide number 15): "In a person, I try to see a gesture that characterizes his mental state, and this gesture shows me a verb to give a movement that reverends psychology."
So, an important means of disclosing the image of Peter is the "inner gesture", the reception concluded in the use of verbs for the purpose of transfer psychological state Hero.
Write down the main artistic agents used by the author to create the image of Peter (Presentation, Slide No. 16)
4. Generalization of the material. Summarizing. Homework.
It's time to summarize our classes. Tell us briefly about the results of our work (presentation, slide number 17).
interest in the image of Peter Tolstoy passed through all the work;
in the novel "Peter the first" Tolstoy showed the formation of the personality of Peter and the need for transformations;
the novel reflects the inconsistency of Peter's activities;
the most significant when creating the image of Peter became the following artistic means: "Inner gesture", reception of contrast, speech characteristic. (Students make an entry in the notebook)
Home task for lesson on the topic "The image of Peter in the novel by A.N. Tolstoy" Peter the first ".
Book 1, Chapter 7, 4.
A pleasant wind was filled with four large straight sails on the grottoes and fock masts and two straight nose - at the end of a long bushprit ... a little clinging to the left side, the ship "Saint Georgy" slid along the spring sunny, and gray sea. Someone, surrounded by foam, seal fragile ice floes. On the cumbersome, like the tower, the stern crowded the Brandenburg flag. The ship's deck was clean, washed, glittered with copper. A cheerful wave hit Oak Neptune, on the nose under a bushchprit took over rainbow dust.
Peter, Alexashka Menshikov, Alyosha Brovkin, wolves and sickly, with a trimmed beard, a large pop broot - all dressed in a German, gray cloth, dress, in the filament of stockings and yuffed shoes with iron buckles - sat on the convolution of resin ropes, smoked in a good tube tobacco.
Peter, putting his elbows on high-handed knees, cheerful, kind, said:
Friedrich, Kurfürst Brandenburg, to whom we sail to Koenigsberg, my brother, - see how you will meet ... We are looking for him ... Lives in fear: on the one hand, his Swedes are humbered, on the other - Poles ... We all have already found out. Will ask us the military union - you will see guys.
We'll think about it too, "said Alekska.
Peter slipped into the sea, wiped the end of the sleeve tube:
The fact that we have this union for nothing. Prussia with Turks will not fight. But guys, in Koenigsberg, do not bite - the head will turn the head ... So that the glory did not go about us.
Pop Titka said with the confirmation of North:
Our behavior is always decent, there is nothing to threaten ... And such a sane - Kurfürst - did not hear.
Alasashka replied:
Lower king, higher Duke - it turns out the Kurfürst. But, ka-nonseshfully, this is the country ruined, is interrupted from the bread on the kvass.
Aleshka Brovkin listened to hesitating blonde eyes and a mustleful mouth ... Peter blew into his mouth smoke. Alyosha coughed. Laughed, began to shove him under the sides ... Alyosha said:
Well, FAQ, FAQ ... tea, after all, it is afraid, suddenly we are - and to them.
On them, balding among the ropes, I looked at the old captain, Finn. I could not believe that one of these cheerful guys - the Moscow king ... But it was not something ones in the world ...
From the left side, the sandy shores floated. Occasionally a sail was seen. To the West per edge went full sails ship. It was the sea of \u200b\u200bVikings, Hanseatic merchants, now - the ownership of the Swedes. The sun cloned. "Saint George" gave a shock and Fordewind, gently hung on the waves, sailed to a long shallow separating from the sea closed Frishgaf Bay. Rose Lighthouse and Low Fortress Fortress Pile, guarding the passage to the bay. Swimming, shot from the gun, threw anchor. The captain asked Muscovites to dinner. As a role in this episode plays a description of the landscape? List artistic tools with which the creation of a similar background is achieved.
What does Peter appear in this scene?
What role does this episode play in the tex?
Describe Peter's speech.
Theme lesson. Theme, microthem, the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe text
Lesson. We compose a story
Formation of communicative and cultural competencies;
Development of reader culture and understanding of the author's position.
1. Educational:
Repeat and summarize the studied "Analysis of the Episode";
Know the structure of the compositions-reasoning, plot and outworking elements, the definition of the episode, the role of the episode in the text; an episode analysis scheme;
Be able to analyze the episode from the novel "Peteri", to determine his role in the novel,
Interpret text.
2. Developing:
Enrichment and complication vocabulary; strengthening the communicative properties of speech;
Develop the ability to analyze, compare, summarize, synthesize.
3.Toist:
Raising civil position;
Formation of humane relationships.
Type of lesson
Lesson summarizing knowledge, improvement of skills and skills.
Reproductive, problem.
Organizational forms of education
Frontal, individual.
Structure lesson
Linear
Means of education
1. Concept material.
Poster "An analysis scheme for an episode of prosaic text. Working plan - reasoning ",
"The role of an episode in the text"
Support "Method of artistic image".
2. Didactic material.
Cards "The composition of the writings - reasoning", "Story elements. Increased elements "," Definition "," The role of an episode in the text "," The scheme for analyzing the episode of prosaic text. Working plan "The role of an episode in the text".
3. Destination material ..
Photocopies of the head of the novel "Peter I" (Book 3 Chapter 2 (5).
Photocopies of articles from the book M. Sverdlova "On the other side of good and evil. Alexey Tolstoy: from Buratino to Peter "- M., 2004, p. 78-79.
Preparation for lesson
Written concise retelling chapter (book 3 Chapter 2 (5), plan, name.
Board design
The structure of writings - reasoning. The role of the episode in the text. An analysis of the episode from the novel A. N. Tolstoy "Peter I".
During the classes
I Motivation of cognitive activity.
Find errors in episodes from the book known to you. (see Attachment)
See Kochina T. G., Ledolyv, A.V. Control and verification works on literature. Grade 11. - M., 2003, p. 115.
II goal setting.
Today, we are two lessons by analyzing the episode from Roman A. Tolstoy. The lesson has a generalizing character.
III actualization of knowledge, skills, skills. Poll (using didactic material).
1. Definition.
In science definitions of the episode a lot. Here are just two. Read (see Appendix).
What unites these definitions? What is the difference?
Write down any definition.
Name Synonyms for the word "episode" (excerpt, fragment, part).
2.Rol episode in the text.
We are always trying to understand why you need some fragment in the text, what is his role in the work.
Read what functions of the episode can be in the text (see Appendix).
Determine the function of such episodes: the last meeting of Onegin and Tatiana, Son Oblomov, the first meeting of Natasha Rostova and Anatol.
Give your examples.
3. The episode as part of the plot.
The episode enters any element of the plot. Read the set of plot elements (see Appendix).
In which element of the plot includes such episodes? Duel Onegin and Lensky, the death of Bazarov, the life of Natasha and Pierre.
An episode can be an outstretched element. Read this set
(See Attachment).
Give examples of such fragments.
4. Summary - reasoning.
An analysis of the episode is constructed as reasoning. Recall the argument scheme (see Appendix).
5.Cheme analysis of the episode.
Read the scheme (see Appendix).
What's not clear?
And now we turn to a specific episode.
IV. Forming skills and skills.
Create an episode plan (simple or quote).
Come up with a few names of the episode (reflect the topic or idea).
2. Check homework
Several people read compressed retelling
What is successful? What can be changed?
3. Check assignment at the board.
4. Analysis of the episode (according to the "Analysis Scheme of the Episode"). Blind3 Chapter2 (5).
Introduction
How can I have accession? Invite the thesis of reasoning (new Russia is built, but what a terrible price. Complex relations of the king and the people).
And maybe another thesis.
Read the literary critic M. Sverdlova's article on the novel "Peter I". (See Appendix)
What role does this episode play? (Professionalism is the basis of the state of Peter I, without reform professionals impossible).
Main part
The main part begins with a compressed recovery.
What place does the episode occupy in the composition of the text? What happens in 4 master?
(The king visiting Menshikov, talks about the preparation of the war with Karl XII).
What happens in 6 masterpiece? (Peter returns home, says Menshikov about
Golikov, begins).
How are all these episodes are connected? (City construction, exit to the sea - state policy. Selection talented people - State need.)
What place does an episode occupy in the plot? (development of action).
What are the topics, the problems of the novel are reflected in this fragment? (Corruption surrounded by the king, the construction of St. Petersburg, the cruelty of the era, the talented Russian people, the Justice of Peter).
How are the characters in this episode reveal? (Peter is stern, fair, intelligent; Golikov is talented, persistent; Bearded independent, wise).
Prove the text.
Why is there no bearded name? (symbolism).
What subject world Fragment?
Find a landscape.
Find a portrait.
Find the interior.
Why are they needed here? (Details create an image of an era).
Find the motifs of the fragment. The motive is built according to the formula: who - to whom the action.
(Moting of the king and simple man. A simple man tells the king of bitter truth, the court deceive the king).
What associations arise?
Laboratory work
Work in groups or in pairs.
Study of the form of narration, organization of speech, episode language.
(See "Episode Analysis Scheme").
Verification of work.
Conclusion
Who can already conclude?
This episode helps to understand the character of the main character. We see that Peter is indifferent to the origin of people, their professional qualities are important.
What topics are developed here?
How does a fragment reveals the idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel as a whole?
Peter broke the order established by centuries, blown the life of all people. People are capable and active people overlook the fore. But the price that the people pay for the transformation is exorbitant and terrible.
V. Reflexia
VI. Maximum task
Write a draft writings on the subject of the lesson.
Literature
1. Belova A. V. Lectures in ChGU (Cherepovets).
2. Sverdlov M. on the other side of good and evil. Alexey Tolstoy: from Pinocchio to Peter. M., 2 0 0 4.
3.Sididova M. "Not tolek". Analysis of the episode from the novel M. Sholokhov "Silent Don" - Russian language and literature for schoolchildren, 2003, No. 4.
4. I go to the lesson of literature. Preparing for an examination composition. Grade 11. - M., 2002. (Immitable E. ,. Shtilman S., Demidenko E., Volkov S.).
5.Obina T., Ledgelov A. Control and verification works on literature. Grade 11. M., 2003.
application
Scheme analysis of the episode of prosaic text. Working Plan - reasoning
The role of the episode in the text.
Introduction
1. What is the episode? Give a definition.
2. On the role of this episode in the work (thesis of the composition).
Main part (arguments and examples).
1. Comprehensive retelling of this fragment.
2. Episode in the text composition.
Why this episode is located here? What episodes before and after? What
Communication with other fragments?
3. Episode in the plot of works.
Tie, exposure, development, climax, disconnection, epilogue.
4. What topics, ideas, problems (questions) Text reflected in this episode?
5. Decoration of characters in this fragment. New in the characters of heroes.
6. What is the subject of the work?
Landscape, interior, portrait.
Why is this this episode?
7. Motives episode.
Meeting, dispute, road, sleep and the like.
Association.
Biblical, folklore, antique.
8. What behalf of the narration is conducted?
9. Organization of speech.
Narration, description, monologue, dialogue.
10.Sonal means.
Analysis of the episode of prosaic text. A. N. Tolstoy "Peter I" (Book 3, Chapter 2 (5). Preparation for the composition
The line between poetry and prose from Turgenev
Theme lesson. Rtem, Microthem, the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe text
Lesson. We compose a story
Writing with artistic speech style
Trails and figures.
Conclusion (conclusion)
1.Rol episode in the work (roll call with accession).
2. What are the topics of the works develop in this episode?
3. Express fragment to disclose the idea of \u200b\u200bthe text.
Overactions - reasoning
I. Thesis (the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe composition).
Because since.
II. Justification: Arguments and examples.
What follows from this?
Therefore, therefore, so therefore.
III. Output.
Ensharge with the thesis.
Definition
Episode (Greek. Looking, outsiders) - one or another to a certain extent completed and independent part literary workwhich depicts the completed event or important moment In the fate of the character.
Episode - part (excerpt, fragment) of a artistic work, which has a relative completion and representing a separate moment of development of the topic.
The role of the episode in the text
1.Characterological.
The episode reveals the character of the hero, his worldview.
2.Ithological.
Episode reveals the mental state of the character.
3. The episode shows a new turn in the relationship of heroes.
Scene elements
1. Exposition
2. Revolution
3. Development of action
4. Culmination
5. Issue
Empty elements
1. Description:
3. Landing episodes.
M. Sverdlov
The question of the meaning of life
What takes place moral quest In "Peter the first"? Professional quest. Are the meaning of life looking for the heroes of the novel? Yes,
In a professional field.
The meaning of life for the heroes "Peter of the First" in professionalism. Why is the boyar - extra? Because loafers. Boyars are opposed to special specialists in their own business, Professionals: A merchant Artem Brovkin (the most cunning
And Czech), officer Alexey Brovkin (most executive),
Blacksmith (the most skillful), painter of Golikov (most talented).
In Petrovskaya Russia, as Alexey Tolstoy, a man - or a professional, or "cannon meat" describes it. Therefore, all around Peter must become professionals: Old Boyarin Romodanovsky - to become a professional and inquiry (most cruel) professional, Tsarevna Natalia (the most artistic) - master the theatrical case, paying Boyarin Buinosov (stupid himself) for idleness - the role of professional jester.
And a professional over professionals - the King Peter himself; It is because it is both a carpenter, and a ship, and artillers, and a blacksmith, that the profession of the king ("Father of the Peoples"), according to the logic of the novel, there is the sum of all other professions plus generalizing all professions superhuman will.
So, let's sum up: the question of the meaning of life for the heroes "Peter of the First" is not moral, but the "technical" question; Their choice is not between good and evil, but between useful and useless.
Find errors in episodes
1.Vasiliy Golitsyn jasted on the stool, with an annoyance he looked at Mamienikin to flow. Sophia, sitting against him, smiles affectionately ...
I want to marry you ...
The rapidly Vasily jumped up, waving his hands, ran out of illuminated sizes to the door to the door and there was on the bedroom. Sel. Pulled his head ...
Big feet turned socks inside.
2. Singing the eyes of Peter glittered excitedly. An hour was decisive - it was necessary to tell the new king. Who? Alexander or Ivan? Is the son of Naryshka or son Miloslavskaya? Both more unfeasured boys, for both strength - in relatives. Ivan - hot mind, strongly bodily. Alexander is a weak, patient, Wei from him Rope ... What preferred? Who? Yasinskaya Svetlana Georgievna
Roman A.N. Tolstoy "Peter First".
Roman A.N. Tolstoy "Peter the first" A.M. Gorky called "the first
in our literature, a real historical novel "," Book -
for a long time.
Relaxed one of the most interesting eras in Russia's development -
the era of the root breakage of patriarchal Russia and the struggle of the Russian
people for their independence, Roman A.N. Tolstoy "Peter First"
will always attract readers with their patriotism, unusual -
freshness and high artistic skill.
This novel introduces the reader with Russia end of XVII -
early XVII century, draws a struggle of a new young Russia, striving
to progress, with Russia old, patriarchal, clinging
for the old days, it approves the irresistibleness of the new one. "Peter first" is
a huge historical canvas, the widest painting of morals, but
first of all, this is, according to A.S.Serafimovich, a book about Russian
character.
The identity of Peter and his era was worried about the imagination of writers,
artists, composers of many generations. From Lomonosov to
the day the topic of Peter does not come down from pages of artistic
teaturas. Pushkin, Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, Block, and others turned to her.
Over twenty years worried the topic of Peter and Alexey Tolstoy:
the story "Peter's Day" was written in 1917, the last challenges
you are his historical novel "Peter First" - in 1945. Not immediately
i managed to A.N. Tolstoy deep, truthfully and comprehensively draw a pet
rovsky era, show the character of Petrovsky transformations.
"I was aimed at Peter for a long time, from the beginning of the February
revolution, - wrote A.N. Tolstoy. - I saw all the stains on his cam
alas, - But still Peter stuck in the mystery in the historical fog. "
This is also evidenced by his story "Peter's Day", and
gedia "On Diff" (1928).
It is characteristic that A.N. Tolstoy appealed to the Petrovsk epoch
1917; In the distant past, he tried to find answers to Mu
his questions about the fate of the Motherland and the people. Why exactly
a writer addressed this epoch? Petrovskaya Epoch - time
educational reforms, native breaking of patriarchal rus
he was taken as something resembling 1917.
In the story "Day of Peter" Tolstoy sought to show Peter
The first pilot landowner who wants to change the life of
noah country. "Yes, fully, - he writes, if the king wanted good Russia
Peter? That was Russia to him, the king, the owner, tavering his annoyance
and jealousy: how it is his courtyard and cattle, bars and all
it is worse, a stupid neighbor? "Negative attitude to Peter
and its converter activity was associated as
gaut researchers, with rejection and misunderstanding A.N. Tolstov in
1917 by the October Revolution.
In the play "On the DB" there is a wider characteristic of the time
meni Peter and his environments. The epoch is still in the gloomy
tones. Through a number of episodes passes the motive of the tragic
nativity Peter. He is alone in his vast country for which
roy "Belly has not regretted"; People against the converter. Lonely
Peter and in the middle of their "chicks": Menshikov, Shafirov, Shakhovskaya-
all liar and thieves. Lonely Peter and in his family - he changes him
Catherine. Despite the fact that in the tragedy "on the punch" (on
boo is raised by Peter all Russia) Peter has already been drawn
by the state leader, he still remained for Tolstoy
the mystery is from here and the approval by the writer's futility
converter activity and image collapse of all it
perennial works. Element wins Peter, and not the opposite, as
pushkin in the poem " Bronze Horseman ".
One of the best works Soviet literature on historical
the topic was "Excellent", according to A.M. Gorky, Roman
A.N. Tolstoy "Peter First".
The beginning of work on this novel coincides with the events,
in the life of our country. 1929 - year of historical fracture.
It is at this time that Tolstoy again refers to the image
Petrovskaya era. He feels the rollback of the distant Petrovsky,
"When cracks and collapses old world", with our time,
there is a certain consonance between these two era.
Ideological idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel "Peter first"
1. First of all, the writer had to determine what would
for him the main thing in the novel, and from these positions to select
related material in the writings of historians, historical documents,
memoirs. This major for Tolstoy, according to him, appeared
"The formation of a person in the era." He spoke about it in conversation
with the team of the editorial office of the magazine "Change": "Personality
in the historical era - the thing is very complicated. This is one of the tasks.
my novel. "
2. Otherwise, the question is solved and the question of Petrovsky transformations. All
narration stroke, the whole system of artistic images should
were emphasized the progressive importance of converter measures
pleasses, their historical pattern and necessity.
3. One of the most important tasks was for fat "identification
era moving forces "- permission of the problem of the people, his historical
whole role in all country transformations finally
complex relationships of Peter and the people.
These are the main tasks, whose resolution is thick
come only in the late 20s. Ideological idea Roman found
the corresponding expression in the composition of the work, in all its
components.
Composition and plot of the novel
"The historical romance cannot be written in the form of a chronicle, in the form of
stories ... need first of all, as in every artistic
the canvas - composition, architectonics of the work. What it is -
composition? This is primarily the establishment of the center, the center of view
the artist ... In my novel, the center is Figure Peter I.
So, in the center of the narration of Tolstoy - Peter, the formation of it
personality. However, the novel did not let the masterfully written
peter's biography. Why? Tolstoy it was important to show not only
Peter as a big historical figure, but also an era that
contributed to the formation of this figure.
The formation of the personality of Peter and the image of the era in her historical
clear movement determined the compositional features of the novel.
Tolstoy is not limited to the image of life and activity
his hero, he creates a multifaceted composition, which gives him
the ability to show the lives of the most different layers of the population of Russia,
the life of the masses. All classes and groups of Russian society
presented in the novel: peasants, soldiers, firemen, artisans,
nobles, boyars. Russia is shown in a rapid flow of historical
events in the collision of public strength.
Strikes the wide coverage of the events of the Petrovsk era, variety
created characters.
The action is transferred from the poor peasant huts of eggs
kina on the noisy areas of the old Moscow; from the Svetlitsy power,
the predatory printed sofya - on the red porch in the Kremlin, where
kiye Peter becomes eyewittress of fierce cruising
venev; From the chambers of Natalia Kirovna in the Preobrazhensky Palace -
in the German slob, from there in the steppe scaled by the southern sun,
for which the army of Golitsin is slowly moving; from Troitsko-Ser-
guys Lavra, where night from the Preobrazhensky palace fled
Peter, - in Arkhangelsk, under Azov, abroad.
The first chapters of the novel paint the fierce struggle for power between
two boyars groups - Miloslav and Naryshkin, representing
old, boyars, Doparerovskaya Rus. Neither
the group did not interest the interests of the state, nor the fate of the people.
Tolstoy signs it with almost the same type of remarks evaluating
board of some and others. "And everything went old. Nothing is not
it happened. Over Moscow, over cities, over hundreds of counties ...
sour centenary twilight - poverty, butter, idleness "(after
victories of Miloslavsky); But the Naryshkina won - "... became
mother and edit as old custom. Changes special did not happen "
This understands the people himself: "That Vasily Golitsyn, that Boris -
one of them is joy. "
Tolstoy shows that the people play a decisive role in those
events that are played in the Kremlin. Only with support
the people of Naryshkin managed to break Miloslavsky, etc. Displeasure
the people their position manifests itself in a number of mass scenes.
Approximately from the fourth chapter of the first book Tolstoy shows
how increasingly the relationship between Mattering Peter
and Sofia, which leads to the fall of the former government later.
Peter Stonalizy the autocratic ruler and with his characteristic
determination, overcoming the resistance of the boyars, starts the struggle
with Byzantine Rus. "All Russia rested, - writes Tolstoy. Felling
change, "hated the speed and cruelty of the innovative not only
boyars, but also a local nobility, and clergy, and Sagittarius:
"It was not a world, but a zabak, everyone breaks, everyone is disturbing ... do not live -
hurry ... in the abyss we ride ... "resisted and the people -" Little
it was the same burden - fibers for a new incomprehensible work - on
shipbuilding shipyards in Voronezh ". Fighting in the forest is dense,
on the Don - the response of the people to all the life of life during the reign
The first book ends with a cruel suppression by Peter Streletsky
rebellion. Her final is better to read out loud: "All winter were torture and
executions ... The whole country was covered by horror. Old worn by
dark corners. The Byzantine Rus ended. In Martov Wind
they mounted behind the Baltic coasts of the ghosts of commercial ships. "
The second book, according to the fattest "more monumental,
more psychologic, "she talks about how it moved with
rus - starts from the image "reluctant" awakening
Moscow, the painting of St. Petersburg under construction ends.
The monumentality of the novel is not manifested in the image of large
events close-up, and in the image of the construction of a new
Russia. The struggle of the old and new becomes decisive in
development of the actions of the novel. Tolstoy shows what complex
conditions arises young Russia, what difficulties had to
to overcome Peter on the path of conversion of Russia.
In the second book compared with the first one is depicted less
historical events, action concentrates around the sink
by the Northern War, it began "Narva Confucius", feverish
defense strengthening, factories, first
successes in the war with the Swedes - the capture of Noteburg, entering the mouth
Neva and the foundation of the city of the fortress, which was decided to call
Peterburg.
A great place is assigned in this book by psychological characteristics.
rintics. Each of the episodes of private and public Life Helps
brighter to present this or another side of the era of Peter, his convert
nozzles (for example, a description of the lives of Bunos and Brovaya families
et al.) Tolstoy shows how new breaks into everyday life, the old rush
the foundations. The progressive character of Petrovsky transformations is emphasized
Tolstoy in the image of the overall revival of the country, in the appearance around
Peter new people going down with the times and understand
rosy needs. Among them and people from the People's Environment: Menshikov,
family of Brovka, Fedosey Sklyaev, Sparrow.
"Petrova's nest chicks", people energetic, picked up by Peter,
opposed to the old Moscow boyars - Buckinosov, Lykov
and another shown with a thick with irony. Boyarism appeared
but continued hating Peter and his innovations.
In the second book, a social motive sounds with even greater force
protest people. Irritation sounds in conversation of men in the Kabaska
on the barbart, and in the behavior of Muhkov, in their unkind views,
in the drawings, in the open hatred of peasants to landowners and boyars.
Tolstoy shows the deafly bully protest that should
he was poured into the uprising on Don under the leadership of Bulavin.
To live "by will, not by the decree of the sovereign," people run in
the woods. Raskolnikov movement, although the reaction is inherently
is one of the forms of protest against the intensive inknet in
the period of the Board of Peter.
At the mouth of the Neva, the fortress city is laid. The desired sea is now from here -
to feed your hand, the conversion of the army for a decisive victory
over the Swedes and the return of the ISONO Russian land - Yuryev and Narva.
The third book of Roman is dedicated to the struggle for Yuriev and Narva.
"The Third Book - wrote Tolstoy himself - the most important part of the novel about
Peter, it refers to the most interesting period of Peter's life.
It will show the legislative activities of Peter, its nov-
aphony in the field of changes in Russian life, the ride of the king for
border, his environment, society of time. In the third part will be given
paintings not only Russian life, but also the west of the time - France,
Poland, Holland. All the main tasks that I put, starting
roman, will be implemented in this part. "
The third book, as well as the second, begins with the description of Moscow. Never passed
so much time, but we have another, updated Moscow. In the second
the book shows a leopard, largely oblique life in the capital, and,
the inhabitants feel it that they are brewing big events that live
it is all anxious, nevertheless the life of the city flows while
still. In the third book, Moscow appears other: steep changes
they ran into her life. New broke into life changed her usual
surface. No more than the jalads at the Boyar courtyards, "the gate is closed
ho, on a wide yard - quietly, people are taken to war, boyars sons
or the son-in-law in the shelves of nonsense officers or used to the sea, cheap
are given to schools. "It feels that life goes into the new capital -
The third book is a book about the brilliance of the victories of Russians over
the troops of Charles XII. It has a problem cultural Development Ros-
these, the problem of the formation of a new intelligentsia. Especially brightly shown
the image of the young Russia who won in the difficult struggle.
However, and in this book does not weaken, but, on the contrary, it sounds with a new
loy social conflict - The growth of contradictions between Peter and the people.
The book remained, unfortunately, unfinished.
"Human, - wrote A.N. Tolstoy, - as well as a historic period of time -
it can be understood only dialectically - in motion, in the struggle, in contradiction. "
So he depicts Petrovskaya era - in motion, in the fight new
There are no indications of certain dates in the text, there are no references to the numbers,
syatsa, and still, the time movement is felt in everything: in how it grows
and Peter is lying, how the life of the country as a whole and Moscow changes in
like new, with difficulty perceived earlier, firmly enters life
of people. The appearance of people, their characters, life, fate. (Family eyebrows
kyina and Prince Buckinos). The rapid time is manifested in general
revitalizing the life of the country, in how "representatives of some layers raising
i quickly up, others are unable to walk at a rapid rate of events
and rendered abruptly back. "
In the novel of Tolstoy, in each line it is felt by the beating of the pulse
of the country, the movement of the people who came out of all the harsh
tests: And in the creative work and in the struggle mined the glory of his homeland.
A.S. Makarenko admired the vigorous sound of the novel Tolstoy: "The most important thing
and the finest thing in the book is a living movement of living people ...-
it is a healthy and always cheerful movement of the Russian people. "
Bardykina Elena Borisovna, MOU SOSH №23 M. Yebelsk
Study of Roman Alexei Tolstoy "Peter First"
On the study of the novel by A.N. Tolstoy "Peter the first" it is advisable to take 4 hours.
1 lesson: Repetition of the concept of "historicism", "historical novel", the topic of history in the works of A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, the fate of the Russian historical novel in the 20th century.
2 lesson: creative biography A.N. Tolstoy (based on the homework in the form of the facts of facts), the topic of Peter and Russian history in the work of A.N, Tolstoy (composition, features of the style and language of the novel; Based on the analysis of the text, the compilation of the support scheme "Supporters and the enemies of Peter" , "People in the novel."
3 and 4 lessons Dedicated to the image of Peter.
Purpose: During the analysis of text, show
1) how contradictory "and complex character of Peter is formed,
2) As in the struggle for power and the implementation of ideas, the state and politician is being formed and husbands, who made the goal of his life to the ministry of Fatherland
3) the identity value of Peter in the history of the country
4) What artistic means is creating a thick image of Peter - statesman and man.
Tasks solved during the lesson:
Educational:
1. Knowledge of the text of Roman A.N. Tolstoy "Peter first";
2. Through the knowledge of the text of the novel, the idea of \u200b\u200bRussia is 17-18 centuries, about the people of that time
3. To know with picturesque canvases, musical worksdedicated to Peter and his time
4. On the theory of literature to introduce a new concept - the "gesture theory". Repeat the concepts of "historicism". "Historical Romance", "literary hero", artistic means Hero characteristics / portrait, comparison, detail, interior, speech characteristic /.
Educational:
1. careful, attentive attitude to the literature as the historical memory of the people;
2. bring up aesthetic taste using the novel language as a sample;
3. On the example of Peter and his associates to raise patriotism, love for their homeland, the desire to serve the Fatherland.
Developing:
1. Using the tasks of a creative nature to form a figurative thinking, develop imagination;
2. Through the understanding of the emotions and feelings of the heroes of the novel to develop emotions and senses of students;
3. The ability to give a characteristic of the hero using the algorithm; Develop analytical and logical thinking, the ability to draw conclusions and generalizations.
Intracmotive and intercessrene
Literature: With previously studied works by A.S. Pushkin "Poltava", "Copper Horseman", information P on the theory of literature historical rum, characteristic of the hero, comparative characteristics of the hero, an episode analysis "
Russian language: vocabulary from the point of view of origin, incomprehensible speech.
History: Knowledge of the history of Russia 17-18 centuries, personality historians
Peter the first and meaning of its transformations for the country.
Music: Works dedicated to the 17th century (Mussorgsky "Hovanshchina"),
Peter (Gliere "Copper Horseman").
art: Pictures depicting life and morals 17B.,
portraits of Peter and Sofia.
The lesson repeats the theme of Peter the first as a cross-cutting in Russian literature, the ability to give the characteristic of the hero, analyze the episode; The material of the previous lesson is attracted - supporters and opponents of Peter.
As homework To this lesson, students are invited to re-read the chapters dedicated to Peter, write a portrait, to make a list of historical events depicted in the novel.
Individually:
Pick up the text of the novel, drawing Dopererovskaya Rus / on the card /
Checking homework is dispersed, throughout the lesson.
On the lesson, only 2 episodes are analyzed in detail; The text of the following episodes is used: the first appearance of Peter in the novel, the young king in Preobrazhensky, Arkhangelsk. Azov, ride abroad, Narva. The lesson will be studied by a new concept on the theory of literature "Theory of the gesture" introduced by A. Tolsty, will be consolidated by the concepts associated with the characteristic of the hero.
During the lesson, the following types of work on the development of speech are used:
answer to a question in monologue form,
retelling the scene when the characteristic of the hero,
the ability to conduct a dialogue - listen and hear comrade, answer the question, ask a question;
elements of oral verbal drawing;
work with the dictionary
The following types of independent work are used in the lesson:
Work in groups / episode analysis /
Training brainstorming / Project of the monument to Peter
Work in pairs allows each student to take part in the discussion, after taking your answer, discussed him with a neighbor.
Homework is given at the end of the lesson. Common to all / as a result of a conversation about Peter /: Pushkin said about Peter "... He himself has a world history." Why? Do you agree with him? Task for choosing:
Crosovop "image of Peter in Russian culture, literature, music, painting, etc. (the task of a creative nature, designed for extensive and diverse knowledge, a wide range. Assumes multivariates)
Create algorithm Characteristics of Peter (task implied reproductive level, but allowing us to be creatively approaching).
During the classes
1. Driving.
Teacher's word: We have pictures of famous masters Vasnetsov. Avilova, Goriushina-Sorokopulov. On them we see Russia the second half of the 17th century
- What does she appear before us?
(In the pictures of the gray sky, a cloudy day, and on this background, the clothes of people depicted in the picture are highlighted with bright stains. Rus here is fabulous, some kind of real. As if the dormant, spending something)
-And now let's see what she saw her in his novel Alexei Tolstoy . (The word student who was preparing this message at home)
-And what is known From the history of O.position of Russia in the middle of 17v.?
(Russia demanded change, they were trying to implement Alexey Mikhailovich, Sophia, etc.).
The transformations were shown, as we see, and to Peter, but only he went on his predecessors due to its energy and passion. V.O. Klechevsky wrote: "Selfhood itself is disgusting as a political principle. It never recognizes civil conscience. But you can put up with a person in which this unnatural power is connected to self-sacrifice, when self-depletion, without regretting himself, goes on a break in The name of the common good, risking breaking about the irresistible obstacles and even its own business "
What features of Peter answered Klyuchevsky? / self-sacrifice in the name of the common good /
"Let us remember how to evaluate the identity of Peter today's historians."
/ Students are called generalization-performance of the student based on the materials of the textbook "History of Russia end 17 - 19th century" p.41-43 /
2. Work with the epigraph.
The image of Peter was interested not only by historians, but also sculptors, artists, writers. Pushkin has always attracted a strong personality of this person: "You ask me about" Peter ". It will be little small: I will get the material - I'm put in order, suddenly copper monument. " Such a monument was "Poltava" and "Copper Horseman".
It was a vague time.
When Russia is young
In cooles, the strength is straining, mans with the genius of Peter.
Then academician, then the hero
That navigator, then carpenter.
He is a comprehensive soul
On the throne eternal worker was.
-Side keywords epigraph. How do you understand them?
3. Theme and lesson purpose.
I think you have already understood what our today's conversation will be about
and you can formulate the topic of the lesson.
Theme formulation /
"I was aimed at Peter for a long time. I saw all the stains on his Camzole, I heard his voice ... The era of Peter is an amazing picture of the explosion of creative forces, energy, and enterprise," said A. Tolstoy.
Before Tolstoy, an unresolved problem got up: how to show the image of Peter, how to draw the character of a historical personality. Pictulate Peter only as a progressive king, without focusing on its cruelty? Or draw Peter as a cruel person? As we managed to answer these questions, we learn when, using the algorithm, we will give the characteristics of Peter.
4. New material.
Depicting the era of Peter, Tolstoy does not give a biography of Peter, but shows it only due to the historical events that took place at that time. List these events.
-When we first meet Peter on the pages of the novel? 0Birth attention to the portrait, what is its features from Tolstoy? What part of the portrait of Tolstoy highlights on during the whole novel? Why?
/ For the first time we meet the king Peter also a boy during the Streetsky Bunta. We see his little frightened child. "Kruglit and stupid, he pulled out the neck. Eyes are round, like a mouse. Little mouth is compressed with fright." Through the whole novel, Tolstoy turns attention to the eyes, since they are the "mirror" of the human soul, reflect his mental state. main feature Portrait of Tolstoy is building it according to the "mosaic" principle: a brief, dynamic, scattered throughout the novel, draws a hero in motion /
The second time we see Peter on the shore of Jousy, and then in Preobrazhensky. Tolstoy is very attentive to the details and masterfully uses it. Here, for example, Notebook Peter on arithmetic. What she saysabout the character of your master?
/ Notebook All in ink stains, it is written and in oblivion, inaudible. The owner of this notebook is not very adjacent in the teaching, a gust, impatient, constantly in a hurry. In the fun games -Nist, demanding /
Scene in the cathedral. Work in pairs.
In the initial 4 chapters, we see Peter's struggle for power with Sofia, as well as in this scene. What do we see here Peter and Sophia?
/ Peter is still powerless, but already trying to resist Sofye. While Sophia considers himself a full-fledged government, not paying attention to either Ivan or Peter. /
Pay attention to the film of Repin "Tsarevna Sophia". What features of character, like Tolstoy, shows the artist?
/ Sofya Surova, she has men's features. The face is very tough, the lips are severely compressed, the eyes sparkle with a cold, cruel glitter. This is a powerful woman, aware of his strength, who does not want to give up without a fight /
Can I use a picture as an illustration for a novel?
/ Opinions can be different, but in the end the students come to the fact that the picture can be used as an illustration, because the repin shows those traits of character to which Tolstoy /
Tolstoy shows how the controversial character of Peter is being formed in the struggle. What contradictions do you see in the character of Peter?
/ On the one hand, democratic / close to Menshikova, Aleshka Brovkin, lives simple, without comfort and well-being. life, on the other hand, is incorporated; On the one hand, the pain, sharp, on the other hand, knows how to slander to pretend to be spreeless in the old one; On the one hand - decisive and bold, on the other - runs from Preobrazhensky in one shirt, etc.
Tolstoy pays particular attention to the formation in the nature of Peter such a feature as cruelty. Trace how this _ is formed.
/ Peter passes several stages, where we see how it gradually becomes more cruel. Torture in Trinity - Peter is experiencing disgust for torture, trying not to take part in them; Then shows mercy to the walked woman, making himself; Then it should be crushed with the Gykler, and finally disgraced with rebellious firing. /
Work in parach
"Survise the picture of Surikov" Morning Strelleskaya execution. " What is shown on it?
/ In the picture - the early Moscow womb is a terrible morning of Kazni Sagittarov. Among the crowd that filled in the Red Square, firemen stand out in white suicide shirts with candles in their hands. Last Minutes Before execution, minutes of marginal spiritual stress, the artist is confronted by the confusion of the Archers and the Tsar: Historically, the first personifies the old outgoing Rus, and Peter is a new turning stage in the life of the Russian state. In the form of a redhead, all the power of the riots, their hatred for the king is expressed. Fight of the goggles of the Sagittarius and the king is the psychological axis of the composition. Peter and his associates are endowed with the same character, the same faith in the rightness of their case.
Surikov gives his proper state mission of Peter, but admires the courage of Sagittarov. The opposition is on the personal enemies of Peter, and the enemies of his business, so it openly participates in execution. /
-What unites the picture and the scene of execution written in the novel?
« In the novel, the execution described the eyes of a foreigner, the Cesar Messenger. He also marks the cruelty of execution, adding that the Archers submitted, but did not accept /
So, was the cruelty of a congenital character line?
/ No, it was not congenital, but formed under the influence of time, was caused by necessity, etc.
Independent work
- do the excerpts from the articles of Tolstoy, what are they united?
/ Tolstoy argues that the external gesture is associated with a human speech, sometimes even replaces the word. /
-Cl point of view of the "gesture theory" Analyze the episode of Peter's meeting with merice Zhigulin. The behavior of any character is due to thick psychologically, andpsychology the person is determined by the course of history and the provision of Lipa in the outside world.
/ A rich and intelligent merchant does not praise the king and does not pray, knocking his forehead about the floor, but only bow. Zhigulin got used to everything in trade
pretend indifferent, hypocrite, hide your feelings, and therefore almost does not produce mental confusion, only slowness and caution in the movements are visible, restraint in words is heard. But the king does not hide his feelings. Zhigulin is confused: it was decided quickly, in his favor. The merchant quickly copes with confusion, try again not to hit the face. Peter calls the merchant by patronymic - an unprecedented violation of all Staromoshkovsky ideas about the hierarchy. It is unexpectedly for Zhigulin, shocked, forgets what he was taught and falling into his feet. /
- What is the essential feature of this scene?
/ Tolstoy depicts the physical movement of characters, transmits their dialogue, but not a word talks about thoughts, and it is still clear that the merchant is experiencing during the dialogue. /
Work in groups.
In the novel there are several turning points forming the identity of Peter. What do we see Peter? What edges of the character reveal before us?
1 Group: Arkhangelsk
/ The main sense is shame, you have to go through the humiliation to destroy the contempt of foreigners. At night, it does not think about himself, makes a decision, but the usual life delays. /
2 Group: Azov Hike
/ Peter - inexperienced enthusiast, wanted to take from the fall - failed. I suffered a defeat, but I did not despair, I was matured, ready for a new campaign with a new army, a new fleet. /
3 Group: Ride abroad
/ Works on shipyard by sailor, learning shipbuilding. Builds plans - "cut down" window to Europe, because This requires the interests of the country /
4 Group: Narva hike
/ Restless, uncertain in victory. Leaves the army, realizing that
this is shameful, but understands that his presence will not change.
Understood the weakness of his army /
5 group Why so in detail Tolstoy talks about defeats
and so short - about the victories?
/ It was the defeat that Peter's character was formed, his dedication, the ability to achieve the goal, not to give up before difficulties. /
The greatness of Peter as a statesman grows from comparison with other kings, its contemporaries.
-What still monarchs do we see in the novel? How do they characterize tolstoy?
/ The king August is a beautiful, magnificent, brought up in the spirit of the Great Fashion, narcissist, spends millions for the maintenance of women, does not know how to lead the state and troops, runs from Karla. The main goal is to do with pretty women and follow your appearance.
King Karl - Fanatic of War, ambitious, ascetic, does not want anything about knowing, except for the battle and personal glory. The whole passion and will of him focused on the battle itself, he does not think about the country: only war, only a fight. /
-What is different from them Peter?
/ Peter is not too concerned about its appearance. Even at the reception at the Kurfüstin, we see it with dirty nails, and during the whole novel on this item - a simple, not the tsarist clothes draws attention to Tolstoy. Unlike Karl, Peter goes into battle for the interests of his country - Russia needs access to the Baltic Sea. The strong army and the fleet are also needed for personal glory. Tolstoy shows Peter as a wonderful patriot. His ideas are large, state, go far /
Peter's character is shown in motion, in development, in action. Throughout the whole novel, Tolstoy draws Peter not only as a statesman, but also as a person.
-What do we see Peter - a man?
"We see his fear, his joy, his sadness. ... /
-What artistic agents used Tolstoy to characterize his hero?
/ Of the entire variety of artistic agents, Tolstoy chose only a few, but brought them to perfection:
1. The ring is revealed in the plot
2. One character is characterized by different actors
3.Porrette - "Mosaic" / In the text of the narrative, individual repeating parts are scattered
4. Like as a means of psychological characteristics
In front of a person standing on the fracture of history, various roads are opened. It is hidden the opportunity to go through any of the events. Why did he choose one or another?
No one-dimensional people: even a decisive choice is influenced by different properties of a person. You can take any of the features of a person - in front of us will be only part of the person. Alexey Tolstoy saw Peter in many of his manifestations. In this he followed Pushkin.
/ Fact E. now how attention on the epigraph /
But another passage.
It is terrible in the surrounding needle! What a thought on the chel!
What power is hidden in it!
And in this horse what fire!
Where are you jumping, proud horse?
And where do you lower your hooves?
About Powerful Lord of Fate!
Aren't you over the most beless
At the height, the Scum
Russia raised on rapids?
-Side in passage keywords. What features of Peter's character notes Pushkin, and after him and Alexey Tolstoy?
This is an excerpt from the poem "Copper Horseman", addressed to the monument to Peter, the work of the sculptor Falcon. Monument is a bit equal in the world sculpture. In the monument, the sculptor wanted to show people a beautiful image of the creator, the statesman, the hero, the benefactor of his country - "a giant on a bronze horse" ... He rises to the top of the rock, serving a pedestal - this is the emblem of defeated difficulties.
Falcone created a sculptural monument. Pushkin and Tolstoy - literary. Let's summarize how they see Peter.
PE T R
Clever
Foreign, etc.
Human
Gusty
Unrestrained, etc.
Work in groups. Svv
Create a project of the monument to Peter.
(Groups read projects, justifying their choice.)
Homework and summing up.
References
A.N. Tolstoy "Selected Works", M., "Fiction", 1990
E.B.Skorospelova "Soviet literature", M., "Higher School", 1979, p. 90-102
S.Serov "A.N. Tolstoy and Russian History", in the book of A.N. Tolstoy "Selected Works", M., "Fiction", 1990, p.3- 18.
Brief literary encyclopedia, T.7, M., " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1978, p.542
Roman A. N. Tolstoy for me, a person interested in the history of Russia has a special value. In the novel we find a description of the era, description of characters (both the characters of the folk and characteristics of the aristocrats). Trace the threads that bind people and power. From the novel Tolstoy we get full picture The relationship between the authorities with the people and the people with the authorities, so the wise minds of many historians, so important to me. The problem of the relationship between the people and the state is, without a doubt, the eternal problem of Russia. Of course, A. N. Tolstoy could not get around her in his work. After all, each talented writer is always part of his people, and this problem becomes a personal problem for him. Tolstoy was able to live and create in a very difficult and controversial period of our history, when, in my opinion, the problem of the relationship of the people with the authorities acquired unprecedented sharpness. Therefore, it is legitimately the writer's appeal to the origins, to our story. After all, and understand and comprehend the past - it means to understand and comprehend the present and the future (in my opinion, this statement does not require evidence). The era of Petrovsky reforms, indirect transformation of life of Russia early XVIII century, as it is impossible, in my opinion, it helps to understand the entire essence of this eternal problem In our country.
GDZ relationships of the people and the state clearly appears from the first pages of the novel. King died, begins time of Troubles. The novel shows the excitement of the people for their destiny and the fate of Russia. Tolstoy showed that the Russian people do not think their fate in the detachment from the destiny of the Fatherland. True, in my opinion, the people of Russia are inclined to be afraid of sharp, indigenous reinforces, both the life of the state and the reorganization of life of their own. It is possible therefore supporters of the prince of Sophia, who wanted a serene government "in old", managed to direct the people against Peter, from which the transformations were waiting. The scenes of the murder of Matveyev, the folk unrests once again emphasize the fear of the people for their future. The uneducated folk mass is not devoid of the possibility of understanding the need for change (perhaps this is caused by the present of our problems).
A young king is growing, and dissatisfaction with the people of Sophia is growing. Peter begins to gain the support of the people. Alasashka Menshikov, leaving the people, becomes his main assistant. From the peasant children, the Preobrazhensky and Semenovian shelves are formed, so nicely served by the Fatherland.
Having come to power, Peter begins to reform. He starts them brutally. But Tolstoy, in my opinion, correctly justifies this cruelty. "Dark" people are unable to understand its benefit, this is caused by the violent involvement in change.
Peter, imposing customs, alien to the Russian lifestyle, causes national discontent, which took place in the Streletsky riot. Brutal violence with tolstoy rippers shows the unwillingness of the state to understand the psychology of the people. It seems to me the main problem relations between the authorities and the people in Russia.
Huge, in my opinion, the merit of A. N. Tolstoy is that he managed to show not only the confrontation of the people and power, but also the unity with the state. Such an example is the scene of battles with the Swedes. These scenes are superbly shown by the unity of power with the people, and above all on the example of the king. Peter helps to drag the guns, is in the very thick of battles, talks with soldiers. Tolstoy showed how the abyss disappears, separating power and the people. People are united, the people mighty acts on the fore. But at the same time, I cause a deep feeling of bitterness. The circumstance in which the people and the authorities united. Is it possible only before the face of external danger? While I come to the conclusion that yes.
Having conceived the construction of St. Petersburg at the disheveled mouth of the Neva, Peter again begins to lay the ditch, that the abyss that faces the people and power. The city grows "on the bones". This serves as another confirmation: the unity of the people and the authorities in peacetime is unattainable.
For me, in the novel of Tolstoy "Peter I", the relations of the people and the authorities appeared in all their diversity and contradiction, the author solves the problem definitely: he denies the violence of the state over the people, whatever it justifies. To solve this question should everyone. My point of view coincides with the point of view of the author. It is hardly possible to justify the suffering of the people with good intentions.
Peter's identity was so significant in the history of Russia, which by itself affected the era. Peter becomes the center of the application of the current forces, it turns out to be the head of the struggle between local nobility and an emerging bourgeoisie. The epoch was needed such a person like Peter, and he himself was looking for applying his forces.
The effect of the novel unfolds on a huge geographic space: it is Russia from Arkhangelsk to the Black Sea, from its Western frontiers to the Urals; These are European cities where Peter visited. The story covers a whole epoch, limited to the activities of the main character of Roman - Peter. The writer shows Peter for twenty-five years.
The novel depicts the main events of that time: a rebellion in Moscow in 1682, the Board of Sophia, the campaign of the Russian army in the Crimea, the flight of Peter in Trinity-Sergiev Lavra, the struggle for the Azov, Peter's travel abroad, Streletsky Riot, War with the Swedes, the foundation of St. Petersburg . The objective fate of the main character identified the construction of the novel. However, even before Peter, we look at the pictures of the life of Doparyrovskaya Rus. The historical inevitability of transformations is obvious. The country as if stopped waiting for fundamental changes in life. It is felt primarily in the deaf discontent of the peasants, a small nobility, boyars, Streetsky detachments. There is a question about who will be able to implement grandiose transformations expected in society. Nor Sophia, nor Tsarevich Ivan, nor Vasily Golitsyn are capable of it. In this regard, it is interesting in the novel to oppose Vasily Golitsyn Peter. An enlightened dreamer, Golitsyn in his works about the ideal state and social structure anticipated many ideas of Peter. Against this background, the writer draws Peter, growing and husband in the functions of a racing shelf in the deaf corner of the countryral Preobrazhensky Palace. The author shows how the story itself chooses Peter, as objective circumstances form the qualities of his personality, which are necessary to the figure affecting the course of historical events.
Writer reproduces life ties and contradictions of all classes of society. Peasants, boyars, merchants, opposition shooters, splitters and soldiers, clergy and courtiers of Petrovsky borrowed under the pen of a wonderful artist. In the center of the narration - Peter and its closest colleagues: Prince Romodanovsky, merchant Brovkin, Elguin, Admiral Golinnov, Alexander Menshikov, Lefort and others. But from the sight of A. N. Tolstoy, the ordinary person, a man of labor, does not fall out. The writer shows the creative genius of the Russian people, without which no transformations would be impossible. Reproducing the living appearance of the Petrovsky era, the author is not limited to summarizing paintings of the people's life. The role of the people in Petrovsky transformations is disclosed in the novel much deeper. In the kaleidoscope of numerous characters, images of ordinary people from the people, craftsmen, workers are not lost. Their golden hands, an increase, a subtle artistic flair created wonders of technology and art, drove the first piles for the future Russian capital.
A. N. Tolstoy shows the winsitis of the Russian man who honors the memory of Stepan Razin, does not inclice the heads before oppressors. The peasants, for example, Roptali and at the king himself, gathered in the robbery gangs and went into the forest, joined the splitters, in search of will fled to Don. But it was in respect of the people to the king and something else: the Rope and condemning the sovereign - "Miriada", "Antichrist", - simple people They saw in it an extraordinary king reformer, not a hard-hard-hard, inquisitive, simple in communication, brave in battle. It is not by chance that the writer reduces his heroes from the people with Peter. These meetings and sovereign talks with people work open his attitude towards his own people. The voice of the people sounds in the author's speech. In a wide epic diffraction of the narrative of Russia, Peter I, the position of the story writer, who speaks from the face of the people, assesses the past from his point of view.
It is this position that eloquently indicates that the story of Peter and his time in the novel is this fair and objective judicial judgment of the people above the story. The truthful image of the role of the people in the indigenous transformations of Russian life under Peter I and memorable portraits of heroes, numerous episodes and mass scenes create a unique picture of the Petrovsky era.
Image of PetraI. In Roman A.N. Tolstoy "PeterI."
In the novel "Peter I" A. N. Tolstoy with historical truthful depicted time, events, people, their life and morals. "To understand the mystery of the Russian people, his greatness," the author wrote, "it's good and deeply recognize his past: our story, the indigenous nodes, tragic and creative epochsin which the Russian character was tied. "
A. N. Tolstoy widely highlighted the most important events of the Petrovsky era, showed the role of various segments of the population and the huge historical meaning of the figure of Peter I.
On the pages of Roman Tsarevich Peter appears in the stage of Streletsky insurgent, when his mother, Natalia Kirillovna, puts the boy on the porch: "Kruglitic and stupid, he pulled the neck. Eyes round, like a mouse ..." He saw a bloody massacre, gentle cruelty , incited Khovansky and Vasily Golitsyn. These events left an indelible mark in the soul of Tsarevich, caused a nervous shock.
Peter grew very moving, excited, impressionable; It was impossible to keep the palace in the greenhouse atmosphere, where two brothers were wound.
There was a struggle for power, and Peter his frivolous behavior, inappropriate for the king games, scratches, bruises and chicks on his hands shocked Boyar.
Peter pulled into the German settlement; He is very interested in life in Cuka, where he is surprised everything: "And what is it for? And what is it for what? And how is it arranged?" So he will remain for life, thanks to his lively curiosity, he will constantly learn, everything is passed through himself, do not be afraid of any work, no difficulty. He must come to everything; To carry out reforms, he needs the independence of the mind, the lack of authorities.
A. N. Tolstoy shows the extraordinary endurance of Peter, which day could do without sleep, without a meal, forcing everyone in the fun army to unconditionally accept his rules of the game, which turned into a serious study of military science. Comrades for these games are boys from common people, intelligent, devotees and bold - core of the future guard.
A ship workshop was organized in one of the chambers of the Preobrazhensky palace, where, under the leadership of the Germans, the gallets and ships were built under the leadership of the Germans, studied arithmetic and geometry. Boris Golitsyn advised Peter to build shipyard on Pereyaslav Lake and sent him the necessary literature, and Natalia Kirillovna said: "You gave birth to a good son, I will be smarter than everyone, give a term.
Peter, who loved Nemku Anna Mons (later for betrayal, crossed out from the heart), married A. Lopukhina, young, stupid and primitive maiden, who wants her husband to sit near her skirt. But Peter from morning to evening was in the works and concerns - rash ships were built on Pereyaslav Lake.
Having learned from the uncle Leo Kirillovich about the conspiracy of Sophia, that the royal power hangs on the hairs, Peter recalls the horrors of children's years, the execution of supporters of Naryshkina, and his fountains happen. He rides in the trinity; Sophia, having learned about this, says: "His free, run, run." Holding to the troops, she was mistaken: Sagittarius went to Peter, despite the threats of Sofia. "As a dream from memory - the government went, life" from Sofia.
The situation in the country forced Peter to be cruel and merciless (often over measure); Terrible theft, launch, the backwardness caused a terrible anger.
Mature Peter after the defeat under the azov; The failure ordered him, he became stubborn, evil, businesslike. It aims to a new campaign; To do this, strengthens combat power: builds a fleet in Voronezh. And two years later, the victory did not make himself wait.
Brutal and irreconcilable was the struggle of Peter with boyars; He broke down the old boyars of the Duma, now admirals were sitting in her, engineers, generals, foreigners - they were all like-minded people of the young king.
Details describes A. N. Tolstoy deep changes in the consciousness of Peter after a trip abroad. There was a lot there were extraordinary and wondering for Russian eyes. Peter was remembered Sleepy, poor and driving Russia, he does not know yet, "which forces to extract people, to produce their eyes ... The hell led to the king in such a country!". All these thoughts cause mad malice in their own and envy to foreigners. The first rush is to translate, pass forward. "But who, who? The enemy is invisible, do not want, the enemy - everywhere, the enemy - in him itself ..."
In the Holland, Peter operates at the shipyard by a sailor, is not afraid of any labor, studying shipbuilding. The identity of Peter is actively formed, his active, the state mind is revealed, everything is subordinated to the main goal: to turn its country to the path leading from stagnation and isolation to progress, to the introduction of a Russian state into a circle of advanced states as a great power. He aims to war with strong opponent - Sweden to have access to the Baltic Sea. Understanding that for this you need to be well equipped and armed, it decides to build factories in the Urals.
The defeat near Narva was not broken by Peter, and forced to act: "... I have not learned to fight yet ... so that here the gun shot, it is necessary to charge it in Moscow." He begins to carefully prepare and after three years, performing a new army, with new guns against the Swedes, wins, firmly on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
Speaking as a realist writer, A. N. Tolstoy truthfully describes the bookmark of the new capital of Russia - the city of St. Petersburg. Peasants work in terrible conditions: swamps, half-beetled, encouraged, patients; The city is erected on the bones of human.
A. N. Tolstoy looks like a Peter not only as a large historical personality, which is subject to thousands of people, but also transmits the ability of the king to keep friendship and respect for Leffort, listen to his advice. Lefort's death was for Peter a huge loss: "There will be no other such friend ... joy - together and concerns - together."
A. N. Tolstoy abundance of folk talents, which Peter marked and sent to learn abroad, as I understood that without young scientists it was impossible to transform transformations in the country. Peter appreciated people not for titles and titles, but for talentedness, skills, skill and hard work, so there was a lot of immigrants from the people in his surroundings: this is Alexashka Menshikov, and the family of Brovkin, and Fedor Sklyaev, and Kuzma, and the Sparrows brothers, and and many others.
They were understanding and supporting the king nobles and boyars: Prince-Caesar Romodanovsky, skilled commander Sheremetyev, diplomat Peter Tolstoy, Admiral Golovin, Dyack Vinus.
The majority of Peter's plan, the harder it becomes his character, he is inexorable to those who interfere with advancement, inhibits the implementation of his ideas.
A very important role in the reforms of the king was played by merchants: "God connected us by one rope, Peter Alekseevich, - where are you, there we are," says Peter on behalf of the merchants Ivan Brovkin.
With all the magnitude of the transformation of Peter I, not only did not improve the fate of the people, but, on the contrary, led to an increase in operation, an increase in overclocking with beggar peasants. They were chased for thousands of miles to build ships and cities, separating with families, get iron, kept to death in soldiers. All this is also lit in the novel.
A. N. Tolstoy created the monumental image of Peter I, but this is not the ideal figure of "Venginia". He portrayed higher weave It is coarse and affectionate, good and evil, humane and cruel. But, of course, Peter I was a genius man in its potential and the scale of transformations produced in Russia.
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Figure Peter I and the turning point of his time always interested Russian writers. Petrovskaya Theme was reflected in the works of A. D. Kantemir, M. V. Lomonosov, G. R. Dervin, A. N. Radishcheva, A. S. Pushkin.
Personality in the novel is interpreted as a point of application of the historical forces that sometimes act in the desire of a person. The role of personality depends on whether its path coincides with an expensive story. For a progressive figure, it is important not only to obey her will, but also to take the initiative to be an active Creator people's Fate. Such a presentation was required by the rules of socialist realism: to portray the hero as a life converter.
The novel is named after the main character. Attention to it is explained not so much by his personal qualities as the role of what he played in the history of Russia. The appearance of Peter was prepared by the display of the state crisis in Russia. Tsar Fedor Alekseevich dies, and the nearest tsarist relatives and boyars choose who of his two younger brothers to call the king. At this time, the name of Peter sounds in many ways by chance. The need for a strong king is put forward by time. Against the background of folk poverty and confusion in power, "boy in motley narrow cafanic" appears.
Peter speaks before us is not the finished, established personality. The writer shows his hero in motion, in development, in the process of its complex formation. The first volume covers the most early childhood Peter. For the first time we see Him still afraid of the child in the next night of a monomachov hat, when, at the request of the rebellious shooters, the Queen and Matveyev show a boy with a porch to the people. Next are other episodes of the real biography of Peter.
The image of the hero in subsequent chapters is changing. That is a teenager of the years of twelve, "a boy with a deaf voice and non-moving owl eyes", which Alexashka Menshikov, his future favorite, teaches tricks. That is a Peter, already sprawling the wings, giving the first prevent the imperial claims of his older sister. During the solemn criticism in the Assumption Cathedral, the hero violates the clean and benevolent church ritual, in the presence of the boyars enters into barcias with Sofia. So he is awkward, the long-grade young man with exorbitantly large red hands, with small, still piercing mustache on a challenge face.
In the plot of the novel correctly emphasizes that the youth and youth of Peter were full of sharp dramatic clashes and a tense struggle for power. Peter is opposed to the Favorite of Sofia, Golitsyn, both externally and in political behavior. The future king has an active character, the desire to prove himself in business. The first of these cases had fun shelves, in relation to which the hot, unbridled temper of the king was fully manifested. This feature is explained in the novel by the infinite power and the permissiveness of the sovereign and the unconditional humility of all others. Gradually, the fun troops, turning into the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, are becoming powerful, supporting a husband Peter in the fight against the old way of life, whose keeper is princess Sophia. It is supported by the boyars and Sagittarius.
The main socio-political conflict of that time was the turning point in determining historic path Russia. The famous historical episode clarifies the role of Peter's personality in the fate of our country.
The exception of nature of the hero is bordered by a demonism. His look "Dark, gaze, inhuman". Its sharpness, incontinence, cruelty in relation to enemies, imperisibility, suspicion is extremely aggravated. The features of the hero are becoming more and more unlicasal. The historical necessity strengthens, even exagresses, those of which are transmitted by society, the country in this moment time. The character of Peter, well known for documentary sources, acquires artistic accuracy.
Despite the scene incompleteness of the novel, the nature of the ruler is described quite fully. In his image, the features of the people's leader who knows the road to the new best Life And ready to sacrifice with her and someone else's fate. The combination in the image of real and fictional makes the image of the hero contradictory. Peter I is shown as an embodiment of the best features national CharacterAs "People's Tsar-Drumpet" and as a topist of world history.
The image of Peter the Great is characterized by swiftness, dynamism, unprotected ease. Alexei Tolstoy, as it were, the history of Russia, whipped by the will of Peter, diminishing its current.
War hikes, campaigns were an integral part of Peter's policies. And although they greatly exhausted the state, they had to lead them as a result of historical need. The original Russian lands in the south were captured by Tatars and Turks, who blocked the path of Russia to the Black Sea. Exit to the Baltic is closed by Swedish garrisons. Initially lost battles only harden the young king. "From trouble and shame under the azov, the cuisa cutyrine immediately amazed, the failure with mad risks would climb him. Even close to others did not know - another person: angry, stubborn, businesslike."
Voronezh is erected by shipyard, the fleet is hastily built. For the next year, Peter takes the Azov: "... In the first head it was a victory over his own: Cube overgrowed Moscow." The writer shows Peter, mastered the 14th crafts, at the reception of ambassadors and for a blacksmith horn, fastening tackle on a sailboat and in the powder smoke battles, in the royal rest and in the scene of the innovative feast. During the war with the Swedes, Peter did not wash, ate on the go. " With the face, the burned sun, with palms in bloody corns, in the dusty, missing tobacco and then Kaftan - such appears the King Peter on the pages of the novel. We see the emperor on shipyard, at the table of the Military Council, in the torturenka, on the Assemblies and in the adorable anch.
The third book of the novel was not over due to the death of the writer. Here, Peter is depicted somewhat different than in the first two books. The main character becomes an experienced, mature ruler. The feeling of confidence breathes his large figure, devoid of sharp, gusty movements that mixed before. But the convex eyes of the king are still "strict, scary," he still happens the outbreaks of unbridled anger, but in the whole look there are already more restraint characteristic of the state husband - a far-sighted, insightful, powerful, even cruel.
On the pages of the novel, captured by the victorious assault of Narva, Peter personifies the "Grozny Majesty" of the monarch, inspired by a high state purpose: "The case was European: a joke is a storm to take one of the impressive fortresses in the world." Fresh wind from the Baltika River Sails of Petrovsky Frigates and Brigantin, which runs the brilliant system after the victory under Yuriev. So young Russia, tightening his strength in battles with external and inner enemies, irrevocably rushed into the future.
Other historical figures are recreated with great artistic skills: Menshikov, Lefort, Romodanovsky, Tsarevna Natalia. But the center of the novel, to which all the threads of the narrative, is the image of Peter, winged Alexei Tolstoy, convex, powerfully. In his nature, the main contradictions of that time are embodied. Peter the first is a big big scale. After "Poltava" Pushkin, Roman Alexei Tolstoy is the biggest luck in creating the image of Peter in Russian literature.
The writer did not idealize Peter I. The hotness and temperament with which Peter is taken for breaking and eradicating old orders, often lead to mockery of people. The despotism of the king-autocrat manifests itself, for example, in the fact that he cuts the beard to Boyars with a mock, hesitates in their homes, arranges wild jester marchs through the streets of Moscow.
But in relation to Baby Boyars, dissatisfied with reforms and to the old way of life, the despotism of the king is quite acquitted. Tolstoy draws to the novel memorable types of naval, chvanivular boyars of born surnames, capable only to rush over the old orders who have left now from life. Such is the old boylin buulinov, slow and sluggish tugodum, which personifies the degeneration of this privileged class in the Petrovsk era. He comes to replace the energetic, active representatives of the servant nobility and merchants, which are actively involved in Peter's transformations. Heroes such as Alexander Menshikov, Andrei Golikov, Family Brovaya, made daily career, becoming close associates of the king.
Highly appreciating the importance of Petrovsky reforms for the development and prosperity of Russia, Tolstoy indicated the negative phenomena of the era of the Board of Peter. Through the entire novel, pictures of poverty, stabbiness, oppression and disabilities of the people pass. We see peasants, holsters, soldiers, runaway people, those who are unbearably suffering from shavers and oppression.
Alexei Tolstoy's novel reflected all the variety of issues of the Petrovsky era. And nevertheless, this is not a historical chronicle, but a wide social and psychological and dramatic canvas, which briefed the storms and passions of the transition period of Russia's life.
The image of Peter I in the novel "Peter First"
At the beginning of the novel, the author gives a picture of the state of the state at the end of the seventeenth century. The need for change in Russia has become apparent to all sectors of society. But the ways of solving the urgent economic and social problems were understandable to a little. Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn in a conversation with de Neville, spoke about his program of transformation: to select the land at the landowners; put on her peasants free; Former fasteners to destroy; landowners in return to give a salary; Cover all a single moderate tax; noble children send to Poland, France, Sweden to study military, to start the Academy; force to force the nobility to follow the beginnings if there is resistance. This project did not find support from the boyars and the government of Sofia. In his youth and youth, Peter had to fight for power. Peter tried to poison, slaughter.
Throughout the novel, the author shows the colossal development of Peter's personality from the fifteen-year-old young men to the thirty-year-old experienced sovereign. Peter's youth is filled with the organization of the Semenov and Preobrazhensky battalions, study: military science, mathematics, fortification, construction of ships. German and Dutch languages \u200b\u200bPeter learned independently.
Peter Leforta very much, correctly explaining the need to access Russia to the Baltic, Black and Azov seas in the interests of expanding profitable trade and economic development.
The Peter reformer becomes gradually, solving one after another priority tasks. At first he suppresses the resistance of Sophia's supporters. He has to participate in torture. He rides with Leftor in Arkhangelsk to see real vessels. Starts the construction of ships on Dvina, and it causes the joy of Russian merchants. The Englishman Sydney suggests that the ships of five hundred tons are laid on the Helling of England. In the Granovic Chamber, Peter announces the boyars that access to the seas and the development of maritime trade is necessary.
From February 1695, he begins to prepare for the first military campaign in the Crimea. "What is the fortress of Azov? And how to fight her? They didn't know about that well: there will be more visible in place. " The lack of military experience did not allow to take azov. "From trouble and shame under the azov, the cuisa cutyrine immediately matured, the failure of mad risks would climb him. Even closest was not recognized - another person: angry, stubborn, businessit. " By order of Peter, a fleet was built, the troops are replenished, large food reserves are supplied in the Bashne and Cherkaska, engineers and regime commanders are discharged from Holland. Azov was taken. Taganrog is laid. The construction of forty ships has begun. It was decided to build a Volga-Don channel. Fifty Moscow nobles sent to study abroad.
As a result of Peter's reform, the main foundations of the feudal-serf system are preserved. Peter uses serfs to implement their goals. As for the situation in Europe, Peter fully appreciated the strength conduciveness for Russia and began to actively implement Russian policies in relation to Sweden, Turkey, Poland, Germany.
Understanding specific tasks in the development of the economy and the army in Russia in a considerable extent contributed to the fact that Peter himself mastered fourteen crafts. From the main artillery engineer of the Stete-Nehra, Sternfeld, he received a scorer certificate. All winter worked for a carpenter in Saardam. In England, mastered the geometric proportion of ships, the drawing of ship plans. The two-candy five-ten-tie ship "Pre-substation" is built according to the drawings of Peter. Abroad, he gained specialists for service in Russia: commanders, navigations, boots, drugs, sailors, kokov, mathematicians, gaters and others.
After the first unsuccessful storming of Narva, Peter transformed the army, because the noble irregular cavalry was not reliable. In the dragoons began to gain "by free hunt for eleven rubles per year with feeds."
Peter encouraged initiative people in any field of activity. Boris Petrovich Sheremetev noted that Peter "... put in the guilt not so much what you did, but what could do good, but did not ..." For the victory over Schlippenbach under Derptom Peter assigned B. P. Sheremetev "... Another unprecedented rank of General Feldmarshal, presented a portrait, a mustache-panned diamonds, and soldiers were issued on silver ruble." The blacksmith Kondrai Vorobyev, he said that who "... I am satisfied everyone, but it does not want to change the best for the best, to that - everything is lost." Peter approved the plan of Menshikov to change the army in the Swedish form, which made it possible to break the detachment of Marcvart, who made a third garrison of Horn in Narva. Under Yuriev, Peter believed in his military talent. During ten days, he did what Sheremetev and Inozemen seemed impossible. As a result of successful actions, Narva, Yuriev, were taken by Russian troops. According to the drawings of Peter began to build crowns.
The construction of Peterburg is deployed. Russia went to the Baltic Sea.
For the country's transformation, educated people needed. In the house of Brovka Peter promised that he would soon be complaining for the mind of the graph. Peter prompted K. active activities Massage of people using the principle of "Reasonableness to consider". Such people include browstones, scaleev, menshikov, Buda, cockroaches and others.
A significant contingent of industrialists formed in Russia, whose representatives in the novel are represented by Ivan Brovkin, Demidov and others. The factories used the work of serfs, arrestants. Considering the development of the industry is extremely necessary, Peter allowed the Old Believers in the Zagorka Danilov Resident to live freely in their customs with the condition to develop ore mining, smelting of iron, the construction of ships.
Peter was not stupid. So, he gave a handful of worms for sick Anna Mons. But on a state scale, Peter learned to follow the expenditure of funds. He reproached Sheremetev for the unsuccessful shelling of Yuryev with two thousand "bombs".
Personal life of Peter with Eddokia Fedorovna Lopukhina and Anna Mons did not work out. In both cases, Peter resolutely broke the relationship.
In childhood, Peter did not receive secular education. For example, talking with Kurfürstinsky in Koppenburg, Peter for expressiveness tried to push the elbow Scharlotte's elbow, wrung the sailor words, wiped his hands about the tablecloth. But after a few years we see other behavior. After taking Narva, Peter behaves, "as a decent sovereign." "The case was European: the joke is whether the assault take one of the most uneven fortresses in the world,"
Roman A. N. Tolstoy gives a bright and extensive idea of \u200b\u200bPeter's personality, about Russia of the first half of his reign.