1. Olympiad tasks school stage All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014
   for literature grade 8
   Tasks.

   
   1.1 I walk on my hind legs.
   
   
   
   

   
   
   
   It walks smoothly like a swan;
   Looks sweet like a darling;
   The nightingale sings the word;
   Her rosy cheeks are burning,
   Like the dawn in the heavens of God.

   
   

   2.5. Her eyes are like two mists
   Half smile, half cry,
   Her eyes are like two deceptions
   Shrouded in the mist of failure.

   A combination of two riddles,
   Half-delight, half-frightened,
   A fit of mad tenderness
   Anticipation of mortal torment.

   7, 5 points (0.5 points each for correct name works, 0.5 for the correct name of the author of the work, 0.5 points for the correct name of the character)

   3.What are the places of life and creative way poets and writers? Find matches.

   1.V. A. Zhukovsky. 1. Tarkhans.
   2.A. S. Pushkin. 2. Spasskoye Lutovinovo.
   3.H. A. Nekrasov. 3. Yasnaya Polyana.
   4.A. A. Blok. 4. Taganrog.
   5.N. V. Gogol. 5. Konstantinovo.
   6.M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. 6. Belev.
   7.M. Yu. Lermontov. 7. Mikhailovskoe.
   8.I. S. Turgenev. 8. Sinful.
   9.L. N. Tolstoy. 9. Chess.
   10.A. P. Chekhov. 10. Vasilievka.
   11 S. A. Yesenin. 11. Spas Corner.

   5.5 points (0.5 points for each correct answer)

   4.1. Oh, memory of the heart! You are stronger
   The mind of a sad memory
   And often with its sweetness
   You captivate me in a distant country.
   4.2. And the crows? ..
   Come on to God!
   I'm in mine, not in someone else's forest.
   Let them shout, raise the alarm
   I won't die of croaking.
   4.3 I hear the songs of a lark
   I hear the trills of a nightingale
   This is the Russian side
   This is my homeland!
   4.4. Hello, Russia is my homeland!
   How joyfully I am under your foliage!
   And there is no singing

2. 
   
   ALLEGORY
   

   3. ANALOGY
   

   4. ANOMASY
   Replacement of a person's name with an object.

   5. ANTITHESIS
   

   6. APPLIFICATION
   

   7. HYPERBALL
   Exaggeration.

   8. LITOTA
   

   9. METAPHOR
   

   10. METONYMY
   

   11. OVERLAY
   

   12. OXIMORON
   Contrast matching

   13. DENIAL OF DENIAL
   The proof is the opposite.

   14. REFREN
   

   15. SYNEGODOCHA
   

   16. CHIASM
   

   17. ELIPSIS
   

   18. EPHEMISM
   Replacing the coarse with the graceful.

   ALL artistic techniques work the same in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author's style, taste and the specific way of developing each particular thing. Olympiad tasks for the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014
   for literature grade 8
   Tasks.

   1. Many fables contain expressions that have become proverbs and sayings. Indicate the name of IA Krylov's fables according to the lines given.
   1.1 I walk on my hind legs.
   1.2 The Cuckoo praises the Rooster for praising the Cuckoo.
   1.3 When there is no agreement in the comrades, their business will not go well.
   1.4 Deliver, God, and us from such judges.
   1.5 A great man is only loud in business.

   5 points (1 point for each correct answer)

   2. Identify the works and their authors according to the given portrait characteristics... Indicate whose portrait it is.
   2.1. In Holy Russia, our mother,
   Not to find, not to find such a beauty:
   It walks smoothly like a swan;
   Looks sweet like a darling;
   The nightingale sings the word;
   Her rosy cheeks are burning,
   Like the dawn in the heavens of God.

   2.2. an official cannot be said to be very remarkable, short in stature, somewhat pockmarked, somewhat reddish, somewhat even blind in appearance, with a small bald spot on the forehead, with wrinkles on both sides of the cheeks and complexion, which is called hemorrhoidal

   2.3. (He) was a man of the most cheerful, the most meek disposition, incessantly sang in an undertone, glanced carelessly in all directions, spoke a little in his nose, smiling, screwing up his light blue eyes and often grabbed his hand for his thin, wedge-shaped beard.

   2.4. All of him, from head to toe, was overgrown with hair, like the ancient Esau, and his nails became like iron. He stopped blowing his nose long ago,
   he walked more and more on all fours and was even surprised that he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and most comfortable.

   2.5. Her eyes are like two mists
   Half smile, half cry,
   Her eyes are like two deceptions
   Shrouded in the mist of failure.

   A combination of two riddles,
   Half-delight, half-frightened,
   A fit of mad tenderness
   Anticipation of mortal torment.

3. Literary RECEPTION - includes all the means and methods that the poet uses in the "dispensation" (composition) of his work.
   To unfold the material and create an image, mankind has developed over the centuries certain generalized methods, techniques based on psychological laws. They were discovered by ancient Greek rhetoricians and since then have been successfully used in all arts. These techniques are called TRAILS (from the Greek. Tropos - turn, direction).
   Trails are not recipes, but helpers, developed and tested over the centuries. Here they are:
   ALLEGORY
   An allegory, the expression of an abstract, abstract concept through concrete.

   3. ANALOGY
   Matching by similarity, establishing correspondences.

   4. ANOMASY
   Replacement of a person's name with an object.

   5. ANTITHESIS
   Contrast juxtaposition of opposites.

   6. APPLIFICATION
   Listing and piling up (homogeneous parts, definitions, etc.).

   7. HYPERBALL
   Exaggeration.

   8. LITOTA
   Understatement (inverse of hyperbole)

   9. METAPHOR
   Disclosure of one phenomenon through another.

   10. METONYMY
   Establishing connections by contiguity, i.e., association by similar characteristics.

   11. OVERLAY
   Direct and figurative meanings in one phenomenon.

   12. OXIMORON
   Contrast matching

   13. DENIAL OF DENIAL
   The proof is the opposite.

   14. REFREN
   A repetition that enhances the expressiveness or strength of the impact.

   15. SYNEGODOCHA
   More instead of less and less instead of more.

   16. CHIASM
   Normal order in one and shape-shifting in the other (gag).

   17. ELIPSIS
   An artistically expressive pass (of some part or phase of an event, movement, etc.).

   18. EPHEMISM
   Replacing the coarse with the graceful.

   ALL artistic techniques work the same in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author's style, taste and the specific way of developing each particular thing.

4. impersonation
5. Literary prima are phenomena of a very different scale: they relate to a different volume of literature - from a line in a poem to the whole literary direction.
   Literary prims listed on Wikipedia:
   Allegory # 8206; Metaphors # 8206; Rhetorical figures # 8206; Quote # 8206; Euphemisms # 8206; Autoepigraph Alliteration Allusion Anagram Anachronism Antiphrasis Verse graphics Disposition
   Sound writing Gaping Allegory Contamination Lyrical digression Literary mask Logogryph Macaronism Minus-prim Paronymy Stream of consciousness Reminiscence
   Curly poems Black humor Aesop's language Epigraph.

Artistic techniques in literature and poetry are called tropes. They are present in any work of a poet or prose writer. Without them, the text could not be called artistic. In the art of words - an indispensable element.

Artistic techniques in literature, what are the paths for?

Fiction is a reflection of reality, passed through inner world the author. A poet or prose writer does not just describe what he sees around him, in himself, in people. He conveys his individual perception. One and the same phenomenon, for example, a thunderstorm or flowering trees in spring, love or grief - each writer will describe in his own way. Artistic techniques help him in this.

By tropes, it is customary to understand words or phrases that are used in figurative meaning... With their help, the author creates a special atmosphere in his work, bright images, achieves expressiveness. They emphasize important details of the text, helping the reader to draw attention to them. Without this, it is impossible to convey ideological meaning works.

Paths are seemingly ordinary words consisting of letters used in a scientific article or simply colloquial speech... However, in a work of art they become magical. For example, the word "wooden" becomes not an adjective that characterizes the material, but an epithet that reveals the image of a character. Otherwise - impenetrable, indifferent, indifferent.

Such a change becomes possible thanks to the author's ability to select capacious associations, to find exact words to convey his thoughts, emotions, sensations. It takes a special talent to cope with such a task and create a work of art. Just stuffing the text with paths is not enough. You must be able to use them so that each carries a special meaning, plays a unique and inimitable role in the test.

Artistic techniques in a poem

The use of artistic techniques in poems is especially relevant. Indeed, the poet, unlike the prose writer, has no opportunity to devote, say, whole pages to the description of the hero's image.

Its "scope" is often limited to a few stanzas. In this case, you need to convey the immense. In the poem, literally every word is worth its weight in gold. It should not be superfluous. The most common poetic techniques:

1. Epithets - they can be such parts of speech as an adjective, participle and sometimes phrases consisting of nouns used in a figurative sense. Examples of such artistic techniques - " Golden autumn"," Extinguished feelings "," king without retinue ", etc. Epithets do not express objective, namely author's description something: an object, a character, an action or a phenomenon. Some of them become stable over time. They are most often found in folklore works... For example, "clear sun", "spring is red", "good fellow".

2. A metaphor is a word or phrase whose figurative meaning allows you to compare two objects with each other based on a common feature. Reception is considered a difficult path. Examples include constructions: "head of hair" (a hidden comparison of a hairstyle with a head of hay), "lake of the soul" (comparison of a person's soul with a lake according to a common feature - depth).

3. Impersonation is an artistic technique that allows you to "revive" inanimate objects. In poetry, this is mainly used in relation to nature. For example, "the wind speaks with a cloud", "the sun gives its warmth", "winter looked at me sternly with its white eyes."

4. The comparison has much in common with metaphor, but it is not stable and hidden. The phrase usually contains the words "like", "like", "like". For example - "And like the Lord God, I love all people in the world", "Her hair is like a cloud."

5. Hyperbole is an artistic exaggeration. It allows you to draw attention to certain features that the author wants to highlight, considers them characteristic of something. And therefore deliberately exaggerates. For example, "a man of giant stature," "she cried out an ocean of tears."

6. Litota is the opposite of hyperbole. Its purpose is to belittle, to soften something. For example, "an elephant the size of a dog", "our life is just a moment."

7. Metonymy is a trope that is used to create an image based on one of its characteristics or elements. For example, “hundreds of feet were running along the pavement, but hooves were hurrying alongside”, “the city was smoking under the autumn sky”. Metonymy is considered one of the varieties of metaphor, and, in turn, has its own subspecies - synecdoche.

As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important component of its artistic means. Correct use vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In context, a word is a special world, a mirror of the author's perception and attitude to reality. It has its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its own special truths, called artistic revelations, the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

The individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is primarily the self-expression of an individual. Literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotional image of a work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring that creates a kind of world that we discover when reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without hesitation, various techniques of artistic expression in order to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, imagery. Let's see what artistic techniques are in the Russian language.

The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

Artistic techniques in literature cannot be imagined without mentioning the most important of them - a way of creating a linguistic picture of the world on the basis of meanings already existing in the language itself.

The types of metaphors are as follows:

1. Fossilized, worn out, dry or historic (boat bow, eye of a needle).
2. Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphoricity, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
3. Single metaphor (e.g. homeless heart).
4. Unfolded (heart - "porcelain bell in yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilyov).
5. Traditionally poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
6. Individually-author's (hump of the sidewalk).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrase, meiosis, litota and other tropes.

The word "metaphor" itself means "transfer" in translation from Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of the name from one subject to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some kind of similarity, they must be related in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used figuratively due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects in some way.

As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the brightest means of expressing artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.

The metaphor can be either simple or detailed. In the twentieth century, the use of the expanded in poetry is revived, and the nature of the simple changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is one of the varieties of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means "renaming", that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word with another on the basis of the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is an imposition on the direct meaning of the figurative. For example: "I ate two plates." Mixing of meanings, their transfer are possible because objects are contiguous, and the contiguity can be in time, in space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means "correlation". Such a transfer of meaning takes place when instead of a larger one is called a smaller one, or vice versa; instead of a part, a whole, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow reports."

Epithet

Artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, cannot be imagined without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective

Translated from Greek, this term means "attached, attachment", that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

Epithet from simple definition differs in its artistic expressiveness.

Permanent epithets are used in folklore as a means of typing, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those of them belong to the paths, the function of which has words in a figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in a direct meaning (red berry, beautiful flowers). Figuratives are created by using words in a figurative sense. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymic transfer of the name can also underlie this trail.

Oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, which form combinations with defined nouns of words opposite to them in meaning (hating love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Comparison is a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of various objects in terms of similarity, which is both obvious and unexpected, distant. It is usually expressed using certain words: "exactly", "like", "like", "like". Also, comparisons can take the form of the instrumental case.

Impersonation

Describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a kind of metaphor, which is the assignment of properties of living things to objects of inanimate nature. It is often created by referring to such natural phenomena as conscious living beings. Impersonation is also the transfer of human properties to animals.

Hyperbola and litota

Let us note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litota.

Hyperbole (translated as "exaggeration") is one of the expressive means of speech, representing a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being discussed.

Litota (translated as "simplicity") is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy with a finger, a little man with a fingernail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be supplemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

• Sarcasm means "tear meat" in Greek. This is an evil irony, a stinging mockery, a caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time there is a clearly ideological and emotional assessment.
• Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery". It arises when one thing is said in words, but something completely different is meant, the opposite.
• Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, which in translation means "mood", "disposition". In a comic, allegorical vein, sometimes whole works can be written in which a mockingly good-natured attitude towards something is felt. For example, the story "Chameleon" by A. P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I. A. Krylov.

The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic technique is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the works of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ("The Golovlevs", "The History of a City", fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic devices in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The works of J. Swift are grotesque (for example, "Gulliver's Travel").

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel "The Lord Golovlevs"? Grotesque, of course. Irony and sarcasm are present in V. Mayakovsky's poems. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, the examples of which we have just cited, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech that is an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that occurs when two or more meanings of a word are used in the context or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.

In puns, puns are based on homonymy and ambiguity. Jokes arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as " appearance, outline, image. "This word has many meanings. What does it mean this term applied to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expressiveness related to figures: questions, appeals.

What is a "trope"?

"What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a word in a figurative sense?" - you ask. The term "trope" combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litota, hyperbole, personification and others. In translation, the word "trope" means "turnover". Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns that decorate speech, making it more expressive. V different styles different means of expression are used. The most important thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a text, a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic paintings and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, while others, on the contrary, excite, alert, cause anxiety, soothe or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. With the help of their combination, you can emotionally affect a person. Reading works of art literature and Russian folk art, we are especially sensitive to their sound.

Basic techniques for creating sonic expressiveness

• Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
• Assonance is the intentional harmonious repetition of vowels.

Alliteration and assonance are often used in works at the same time. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.

Acceptance of sound writing in fiction

Sound writing is an artistic technique, which is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate sounds the real world... Reception this in fiction used in both poetry and prose.

Varieties of sound writing:

1. Assonance - translated from French means "consonance". Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It contributes to the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm, rhyme of poems.
2. Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in a literary text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
3. Onomatopoeia - transmission special words, reminiscent of the sounds of the phenomena of the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.

What are art techniques for? First of all, in order for the work to correspond to a certain style, implying a certain imagery, expressiveness and beauty. Moreover, the writer is a master of associations, an artist of words, and a great contemplator. Artistic techniques in poem and prose make the text deeper. Consequently, both the prose writer and the poet are not satisfied with just the linguistic layer; they are not limited to using only the superficial, basic meaning of the word. In order to be able to penetrate into the depths of thought, into the essence of the image, it is required to use various artistic means.

In addition, the reader needs to be enticed and attracted. For this, various techniques are used, giving special interest to the narrative and some mystery that needs to be solved. Artistic means are called in another way paths. These are not only essential elements the overall picture world, but also the author's assessment, the background and the general tone of the work, as well as many other things that we, reading the next creation, sometimes do not even think about.

The main artistic techniques are metaphor, epithet and comparison. Although the epithet is often viewed as a kind of metaphor, but we will not go into the jungle of the science of "literary criticism" and traditionally single it out as a separate means.

Epithet

Epithet is the king of description. Not a single landscape, portrait, interior is complete without it. Sometimes a single correctly chosen epithet is much more important than a whole paragraph, created specifically for clarification. Most often, speaking about it, we mean participles or adjectives that endow this or that artistic image with additional properties and characteristics. An epithet should not be confused with a simple definition.

So, for example, to describe the eyes, you can suggest following words: lively, brown, bottomless, large, painted, crafty. Let's try to divide these adjectives into two groups, namely: objective (natural) properties and subjective (additional) characteristics. We will see that words such as "big", "brown" and "painted" convey by their meaning only what anyone can see, since it lies on the surface. In order for us to imagine the appearance of this or that hero, such definitions are very important. However, it is the "bottomless", "living", "crafty" eyes that will best tell us about his inner essence, character. We begin to guess what is in front of us unusual person, prone to various inventions, having a lively, mobile soul. This is precisely the main property of epithets: to indicate those features that are hidden from us during the initial examination.

Metaphor

Let's move on to another equally important path - metaphor. comparison expressed by a noun. The author's task here is to compare phenomena and objects, but very carefully and tactfully so that the reader cannot guess that we are imposing this object on him. This is exactly how, insinuatingly and naturally, you need to use any artistic techniques. "tears of dew", "fire of dawn", etc. Here dew is compared to tears, and dawn is compared to fire.

Comparison

The last most important artistic technique is a comparison, given directly through the use of such unions as "as if", "how", "as if", "exactly", "as if". Examples include the following: eyes are like life; dew like tears; tree like an old man. However, it should be noted that the use of an epithet, metaphor or comparison should be done not only for the sake of a "catchphrase". There should be no chaos in the text, it should gravitate towards grace and harmony, therefore, before using this or that trope, you need to clearly understand for what purpose it is used, what we want to say by this.

Other, more complex and less common artistic techniques are hyperbole (exaggeration), antithesis (opposition), and inversion (reverse word order).

Antithesis

Such a trope as an antithesis has two varieties: it can be narrow (within one paragraph or sentence) and expanded (placed over several chapters or pages). This technique is often used in the works of Russian classics in the case when it is required to compare two heroes. For example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his story " Captain's daughter"compares Pugachev and Grinev, and a little later Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol will create portraits famous brothers, Andria and Ostap, also based on the antithesis. The artistic devices in Oblomov's novel also include this trope.

Hyperbola

Hyperbole is a favorite technique of such literary genres as epic, fairy tale and ballad. But it is found not only in them. For example, the hyperbole "he could eat a boar" can be used in any novel, story or other work of the realistic tradition.

Inversion

Let's continue to describe artistic techniques in the works. Inversion, as you might guess, serves to add additional emotionality to the work. It can be most often observed in poetry, but prose is often used as well. You can say, "This girl was prettier than the others." And you can shout out: "This girl was more beautiful than others!" Immediately arises and enthusiasm, and expression, and much more, which can be seen when comparing two statements.

Irony

The next trope, irony, in another way - the hidden author's mockery, is also used quite often in fiction. Of course, a serious work should be serious, but the subtext hidden in the irony sometimes not only demonstrates the writer's wit, but also makes the reader take a breath and prepare for the next, more intense scene. V humorous work irony is irreplaceable. The great masters of this are Zoshchenko and Chekhov, who use this trope in their stories.

Sarcasm

Another technique is closely related to this technique - it is no longer just kind laugh, he reveals flaws and vices, sometimes exaggerates the colors, while irony usually creates a light atmosphere. In order to have a more complete idea of ​​this path, you can read several tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Impersonation

The next trick is impersonation. It allows you to demonstrate the life of the world around us. Images such as grumbling winter, dancing snow, singing water appear. In other words, personification is the transfer of animate properties to inanimate objects. So, we all know that only humans and animals can yawn. But in the literature there are often such artistic images like a yawning sky or a yawning door. The first of them can help create a certain mood in the reader, prepare his perception. The second is to emphasize the sleepy atmosphere in this house, possibly loneliness and boredom.

Oxymoron

Oxymoron is another interesting trick, which is a combination of incongruous. This is both a righteous lie and an Orthodox devil. Such words, chosen quite unexpectedly, can be used by both science fiction writers and lovers of philosophical treatises. Sometimes just one oxymoron is enough to build a whole work that has a dualism of being, an insoluble conflict, and a subtle ironic overtones.

Other artistic techniques

Interestingly, the "and, and, and" used in the previous sentence is also one of the artistic means called multi-union. What is it for? First of all, in order to expand the narrative range and show, for example, that a person has beauty, intelligence, courage, and charm ... And the hero also knows how to fish, and swim, and write books, and build houses ...

Most often, this trope is used together with another, called This is the case when it is difficult to imagine one without the other.

However, these are not all artistic techniques and means. Let us also note the rhetorical questions. They do not require an answer, but at the same time they make readers think. Perhaps everyone knows the most famous of them: "Who is to blame?" and "What to do?"

These are just basic artistic techniques. In addition to them, one can distinguish parceling (division of the proposal), synecdoche (when singular used instead of plural), anaphora (similar beginning of sentences), epiphora (repetition of their endings), litota (understatement) and hyperbole (on the contrary, exaggeration), paraphrase (when a word is replaced by it brief description... All these tools can be used both in poetry and in prose. Artistic techniques in a poem and, for example, a story, are not fundamentally different.

Poetic techniques are an important part of a beautiful rich poem. Poetic techniques significantly help to make the poem interesting and varied. It is very useful to know what poetic techniques used by the author.

Poetic techniques

Epithet

An epithet in poetry is usually used to emphasize one of the properties of the described object, process or action.

This term has Greek origin and literally means "attached". At its core, an epithet is a definition of an object, action, process, event, etc., expressed in artistic form... Grammatically, an epithet is most often an adjective, but other parts of speech, such as numbers, nouns, and even verbs, can also be used. Depending on the location, epithets are divided into prepositional, postpositional and dislocation.

Comparisons

Comparison is one of the expressive techniques, when used, certain properties most characteristic of an object or process are revealed through similar qualities of another object or process.

Trails

Literally, the word "trope" means "turnover" in translation from Greek... However, the translation, although it reflects the essence of this term, cannot reveal its meaning even approximately. Trope is an expression or a word used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Through the use of tropes, the author gives the described object or process bright characteristic, which evokes certain associations in the reader and, as a result, a sharper emotional reaction.

Trails are usually divided into several types, depending on what kind of semantic shade the word or expression was used in figuratively: metaphor, allegory, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, irony.

Metaphor

Metaphor - expressive means, one of the most common tropes, when, based on the similarity of one or another feature of two different objects, a property inherent in one object is assigned to another. Most often, when using a metaphor, to highlight a particular property of an inanimate object, authors use words whose direct meaning is used to describe the features of animate objects, and vice versa, revealing the properties of an animate object, they use words whose use is characteristic of describing inanimate objects.

Impersonation

Impersonation is an expressive technique, when using which the author consistently transfers to inanimate object several signs of animate objects. These signs are selected according to the same principle as when using a metaphor. Ultimately, the reader has a special perception of the described object, in which the inanimate object has the image of a living being or is endowed with the qualities inherent in living beings.

Metonymy

When using metonymy, the author replaces one concept with another based on the similarities between them. Close in meaning in this case are the cause and effect, the material and the thing made from it, the action and the tool. Often, the name of the author is used to designate a work, or the name of the owner for property.

Synecdoche

Genus trope, the use of which is associated with a change in quantitative relationships between objects or objects. So, it is often used plural instead of a single one, or vice versa, a part instead of a whole. In addition, when using synecdoche, the genus can be designated by the name of the species. This means of expression in poetry is less common than, for example, metaphor.

Antonomasia

Antonomasia is an expressive means, when using which the author uses a proper name instead of a common noun, for example, based on the presence of a special strong line character of the given character.

Irony

Irony is a powerful means of expression that has a tinge of mockery, sometimes light mockery. When using irony, the author uses words with the opposite meaning in meaning so that the reader himself guesses about the true properties of the described object, object or action.

Gain or gradation

When using this expressive means, the author arranges theses, arguments, thoughts, etc. as their importance or persuasiveness increases. Such a consistent presentation allows you to multiply the significance of the thought expounded by the poet.

Opposition or antithesis

Opposition is an expressive means that makes it possible to make a particularly strong impression on the reader, to convey to him the strong excitement of the author due to the rapid change of the opposite in meaning concepts used in the text of the poem. Opposite emotions, feelings and experiences of the author or his hero can also be used as an object of opposition.

Default

By default, the author deliberately or involuntarily omits some concepts, and sometimes entire phrases and sentences. In this case, the presentation of thoughts in the text turns out to be somewhat confused, less consistent, which only emphasizes the special emotionality of the text.

Exclamation

An exclamation can appear anywhere in a poem, but, as a rule, authors use it, intonationally highlighting especially emotional moments in a verse. At the same time, the author focuses the reader's attention on the moment that particularly excited him, communicating his experiences and feelings to him.

Inversion

To give the language literary work more expressiveness are used special means poetic syntax, called figures of poetic speech. In addition to repetition, anaphora, epiphora, antithesis, rhetorical question and rhetorical appeal, in prose and especially in versification, inversion is quite often encountered (lat.inversio - permutation).

Use of this stylistic device based on the unusual order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a more expressive connotation. The traditional construction of a sentence requires the following sequence: the subject, the predicate and the definition in front of the designated word: "The wind drives gray clouds." However, this word order is characteristic, to a greater extent, for prose texts, and in poetic works there is often a need for the intonation of a word.

Classic examples of inversion can be found in Lermontov's poetry: "A lonely sail gleams / In the blue mist of the sea ...". Another great Russian poet Pushkin considered inversion to be one of the main figures of poetic speech, and often the poet used not only contact, but also remote inversion, when other words wedged in between words: "Old man obedient to Perun alone ...".

Inversion in poetic texts performs an accent or semantic function, a rhythm-forming function for building poetic text, as well as the function of creating a verbal-shaped picture. V prose works inversion serves to arrange logical stress, for expression copyright relationship to the heroes and to convey their emotional state.

Alliteration

Alliteration is understood as a special literary device consisting in the repetition of one or a number of sounds. Wherein great importance has a high frequency of these sounds in a relatively small speech section. For example, "Where is the grove neighing guns neighing". However, if whole words or word forms are repeated, as a rule, alliteration is out of the question. Alliteration is characterized by an irregular repetition of sounds, and this is precisely the main feature of this literary technique. Usually the alliteration technique is used in poetry, but in some cases alliteration can also be found in prose. So, for example, V. Nabokov very often uses the technique of alliteration in his works.

Alliteration differs from rhyme primarily in that the repetitive sounds are concentrated not at the beginning and end of the line, but absolutely derivative, albeit with a high frequency. The second difference is the fact that, as a rule, consonants are alliterated.

The main functions of the literary technique of alliteration include onomatopoeia and the subordination of the semantics of words to associations that evoke sounds in a person.

Assonance

Assonance is understood as a special literary device consisting in the repetition of vowel sounds in a particular utterance. This is the main difference between assonance and alliteration, where consonants are repeated. There are two slightly different uses of the assonance technique. First, assonance is used as an original instrument that gives artistic text, especially poetic, special flavor.

For example,
“Our ears are on the top of the head,
A little morning lit up the cannons
And the forests are blue tops -
The French are right there. " (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Second, assonance is widely used to create imprecise rhymes. For example, "the hammer city", "the princess is incomparable."

In the Middle Ages, assonance was one of the most commonly used methods of rhyming poetry. However, in modern poetry, and in the poetry of the past century, it is quite easy to find many examples of the use of the literary method of assonance. One of the textbook examples of the use of both rhyme and assonance in one quatrain is an excerpt from the poetic work of V. Mayakovsky:

“I will not turn into Tolstoy, but into a fat one -
I eat, I write, from the heat of the bald.
Who has not philosophized over the sea?
Water."

Anaphora

Anaphora is traditionally understood as such a literary device as monotony. Moreover, most often it comes about repeating words and phrases at the beginning of a sentence, line or paragraph. For example, "The winds were not blowing in vain, the thunderstorm was not in vain." In addition, with the help of anaphora, one can express the identity of certain objects, or the presence of certain objects and different or identical properties. For example, "I go to the hotel, I hear a conversation there." Thus, we see that the anaphora in the Russian language is one of the main literary devices that serve to link the text. There are the following types of anaphora: sound anaphora, morphemic anaphora, lexical anaphora, syntactic anaphora, stanza anaphora, rhyme anaphora and stropic-syntactic anaphora. Quite often, anaphora, as a literary device, forms a symbiosis with such literary reception, as a gradation, that is, an increase in the emotional nature of words in the text.

For example, "A cattle dies, a friend dies, a man dies himself."