Makar Chudra are the main characters. "Plots and heroes of early romantic prose M
The history of the creation of the work of Gorky "Makar Chudra"
The story "Makar Chudra" was published in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz" on September 12, 1892. For the first time, the author signed himself with the pseudonym Maxim Gorky. This story begins a romantic period in the writer's work. The romantic works of M. Gorky also include: the story "The Old Woman Izergil", "The Song of the Falcon" and "The Song of the Petrel", the poem "The Girl and Death" and other works of the writer.
In one of the letters to A.P. Gorky wrote to Chekhov: “Indeed, the time has come for the need for the heroic: everyone wants something exciting, bright, something, you know, so that it doesn't look like life, but is higher than it, better, more beautiful. It is imperative that the present literature begins to embellish life a little, and as soon as it begins to embellish life, that is, people will heal faster, brighter. "
The title of the story is associated with the name of the protagonist. Makar Chudra is an old gypsy, a thoughtful philosopher who knows the essence of life, whose camp wanders through the south of Russia.
Genre, genre, creative method of the analyzed work
The cycle of romantic works by M. Gorky immediately attracted the attention of critics and readers with its excellent literary language, relevance of the topic, interesting composition (including legends and fairy tales in the narration). For romantic works, the opposition between the hero and reality is characteristic. This is how the story “Makar Chudra” is constructed, the genre feature of which is “a story within a story”. Makar Chudra acts not only as the main character, but also as a storyteller. Such an artistic technique gives the narration a greater poetry and originality, helps to a greater extent reveal the ideas about the values of life, the ideals of the author and the storyteller. The story unfolds against the backdrop of a seething sea, steppe wind, and anxious night. This is an atmosphere of freedom. The narrator assigns himself the role of a wise contemplator of life. Makar Chudra is a skeptic disillusioned with people. Having lived and seen a lot, he values only freedom. This is the only criterion by which Makar measures the human personality.
The theme of the writer's romantic works is the desire for freedom. "Makar Chudra" also talks about will and freedom. The work is based on the poetic love story of Loiko and Radda, told by Makar Chudra. The heroes of a beautiful legend cannot choose between pride, liberty and love. The passion for freedom determines their thoughts and actions. As a result, both die.
Idea
The short story contains ideas of freedom, beauty and joy of life. The reasoning of Makar Chudra about life testifies to the philosophical mindset of the old gypsy: “Aren't you life yourself? Other people live without you and will live without you. Do you think that someone needs you? You are not bread, not a stick, and no one needs you ... ". Makar Chudra talks about striving for inner freedom, freedom without restrictions, since only a free person can be happy. Therefore, the wise old gypsy advises the interlocutor to go his own way, so as not to "waste it for nothing." The only value on earth is freedom, for the sake of it it is worth living and dying, as the heroes of this story believe. This is what dictated the actions of Loiko and Radda. In the story, Gorky performed a hymn to a beautiful and strong man. The striving for heroic deeds, the worship of strength, the glorification of freedom are reflected in the story "Makar Chudra".
The nature of the conflict
For an old gypsy, the most important thing in life is personal freedom, which he would never exchange for anything. His desire for freedom is also embodied in the heroes of the legend told by Makar Chudra. Young and beautiful Loiko Zobar and Radda love each other. But both have a desire for personal freedom so strong that they even look at their love as a chain that fetters their independence. Each of them, confessing their love, sets their own conditions, trying to dominate. This leads to a tense conflict that ends in the death of the heroes.
Main characters
One of the main characters in the story is the old gypsy Makar Chudra. The wisdom of the gypsy is revealed through the legend he passed on about the lovers Loiko and Rudda. He believes that pride and love are incompatible. Love makes you humble yourself and submit to your loved one. Makar talks about man and freedom: “Knows his will? Is the steppe breadth clear? Does the sea wave speak to his heart? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, and that's it! " In his opinion, a person born as a slave is incapable of performing a feat. Makar admires Loiko and Radda. He believes that this is how a real person, worthy of imitation, should perceive life, and that only in such a life position can one preserve one's own freedom. As a real philosopher, he understands: it is impossible to teach a person anything if he himself does not want to learn, because "everyone learns by himself." He answers the question to his interlocutor with a question: “Can you learn to make people happy? No you can not".
Next to Makar there is an image of the listener, on whose behalf the narration is being conducted. This hero does not take so much space in the story, but for understanding the author's position, intention and creative method, his significance is great. He is a dreamer, romantic, feeling the beauty of the world around him. His vision of the world brings into the story a romantic beginning, joy, boldness, an abundance of colors: “A damp, cold wind blew from the sea, spreading across the steppe a pensive melody of the lapping of the waves running ashore and the rustle of coastal bushes; ... the darkness of the autumn night surrounding us shuddered and, fearfully moving away, opened for a moment on the left - the boundless steppe, on the right - the endless sea ... ”.
Analysis of the work shows that the romantic beginning lies in the heroes of a beautiful legend - young gypsies, who absorbed the spirit of free life with their mother's milk. For Loiko, the highest value is freedom, frankness and kindness: “He loved only horses and nothing else, and even then not for long - he would travel, and he would sell, and whoever wants, take the money. He did not have the cherished - you need his heart, he himself would have pulled it out of his chest, and he would have given it to you, if only it made you feel good ”. Radda is so proud that her love for Loiko cannot break her: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you. " The insoluble contradiction between Radda and Loiko - love and pride, according to Makar Chudra, can only be resolved by death. And the heroes refuse love, happiness and prefer to perish in the name of will and absolute freedom.
The plot and composition of the work
The traveler meets the old gypsy Makar Chudra on the seashore. Talking about freedom, the meaning of life, Makar Chudra tells a beautiful legend about the love of a young gypsy couple. Loiko Zobar and Radda love each other. But both of them strive for personal freedom above everything else in the world. This leads to a tense conflict that ends in the death of the heroes. Loiko yields to Radda, kneels down in front of her in front of everyone, which the gypsies consider a terrible humiliation, and at the same moment kills her. And he himself perishes at the hands of her father.
The peculiarity of the composition of this story is its construction according to the principle of “story within a story”: the author puts a romantic legend in the mouth of the protagonist. It helps to better understand his inner world and value system. For Makar Loiko and Rudd - the ideals of love of freedom. He is sure that two beautiful feelings, pride and love, brought to their highest expression, cannot be reconciled.
Another feature of the composition of this story is the presence of the image of the narrator. It is almost invisible, but the author himself is easily guessed in it.
Artistic identity
In his romantic works, Gorky turns to romantic poetics. This primarily concerns the genre. Legends and fairy tales became the favorite genre of the writer during this period of creativity.
The palette of pictorial means used by the writer in the story is varied. "Makar Chudra" is full of figurative comparisons that accurately convey the feelings and mood of the characters: "... a smile is the whole sun", "Loiko is standing in the fire as if in blood", "... she said, as if she threw snow at us" , "It looked like an old oak, burned by lightning ...", "... staggered like a broken tree," etc. A feature of the story is the unusual form of dialogue between Makar Chudra and the narrator. Only one voice is heard in it - the voice of the protagonist, and only from the remarks of this one speaker, we guess about the reaction and responses of his interlocutor: "Learn and teach, you say?" This peculiar form of phrases serves the author in order to make his presence in the story less noticeable.
Gorky pays great attention to the speeches of his heroes. So, for example, Makar Chudra, according to the gypsy tradition, interrupts his story by addressing the interlocutor, calling him a falcon: “Hey! It was, a falcon ... "," There he was, a falcon! .. "," This is what she was like Rudda, a falcon! .. " an image close to the gypsy spirit, the image of a free and courageous bird. Chudra freely modifies some of the geographical names of those places in which the Gypsies roamed: “Galicia” instead of Galicia, “Slavonia” instead of Slovakia. In his story, the word “steppe” is often repeated, since the steppe was the main place of life of the gypsies: “The girl cries, seeing off the good fellow! A good fellow calls the girl to the steppe ... "," The night is bright, the month has flooded the whole steppe with silver ... "," Loiko barked all over the steppe ... ".
The author widely uses the technique of landscape sketches. The seascape is a kind of frame for the entire storyline of the story. The sea is closely connected with the state of mind of the heroes: at first it is calm, only "a damp, cold wind" carries "across the steppe a pensive melody of the splash of a wave running ashore and the rustle of coastal bushes." But then the rain began to drizzle, the wind grew stronger, and the sea rumbled dully and angrily and sang a gloomy and solemn hymn to a proud pair of handsome gypsies. In general, in nature, Gorky loves everything strong, impetuous, boundless: the boundless breadth of the sea and steppe, the bottomless blue sky, now playful, now angry waves, a whirlwind, a thunderstorm with its rolling roar, with its sparkling brilliance.
The characteristic feature of this story is its musicality. Music accompanies the entire story of the fate of lovers. “About her, this Rudda, words can’t say anything. Maybe her beauty could be played on the violin, and even then for someone who knows this violin as his soul. "
The meaning of the work
The role of M. Gorky in the literature of the XX century. it is difficult to overestimate. He was immediately noticed by L.N. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov, V.G. Korolenko, who endowed the young author with their friendly disposition. The significance of the innovative artist has been recognized by the new generation of writers, the wider readership, and critics. Gorky's works have always been at the center of controversy between supporters of different aesthetic trends. Gorky was loved by people whose names are included in the sacred list of the creators of Russian culture.
The origins of romantic works seem clear. What is absent in reality is glorified in legends. Not quite so. In them, the writer did not at all abandon his main sphere of observation - the contradictory human soul. The romantic hero is included in the environment of imperfect, if not cowardly, miserable people. This motive is reinforced on behalf of the storytellers whom the author listens to: the gypsy Makar Chudra, the Bessarabess Izergil, the old Tatar narrating the legend "Khan and his son", the Crimean shepherd who sings the "Song of the Falcon."
The romantic hero was first conceived as a savior of people from their own weakness, worthlessness, sleepy vegetation. About Zobar it is said: “With such a person you yourself become better”. That is why images-symbols of a “fiery heart”, flight, and battle appear. Majestic in themselves, they are still enlarged by the "participation of mother nature." She decorates the world with blue sparks in memory of Danko. The real sea listens to the "lion's roar" of the legendary waves, carrying the call of the Falcon.
Meeting with an unprecedented harmony of feelings and deeds calls for comprehension of existence in some new dimensions. This is the true influence of the legendary hero on the personality. We must remember this and not replace the content of Gorky's romantic works with an unambiguous call for social protest. In the images of Danko, Sokol, as well as in proud lovers, young Izergil, a spiritual impulse, a thirst for beauty is embodied.
Gorky was more worried about thinking about what a person is and what he should become than the real path that lies to the future. The future was portrayed as a complete overcoming of primordial spiritual contradictions. “I believe,” wrote Gorky I.Ye. Repin in 1899 - into the infinity of life, and I understand life as a movement towards the improvement of the spirit<...>... It is necessary that intellect and instinct merge in harmonious harmony ... ”Life phenomena were perceived from the height of universal human ideals. Therefore, apparently, Gorky said in the same letter: “... I see that I do not belong to anywhere, to any of our“ parties ”. I am glad about this, because it is freedom. "
(Based on the book by LA Smirnova "Russian literature of the late XIX - early XX century", Moscow: Education, 1993)
Point of view
It is interesting
In September 1892, the first printed work of Gorky, Makar Chudra, appeared in the Tiflis newspaper Kavkaz. This story was destined to open all the collected works of Maxim Gorky and become, in the words of I. Gruzdev, "the borderline in Russian literature." From the history of the creation of this work, it is known that it was written in the Caucasus, in the apartment of Kalyuzhny, at a time when the young Alexei Maksimovich was actively promoting among the Tiflis workers. Although Gorky considered this work as his first uncertain step on the path of a writer, he always emphasized that the creation of Makar Chudra considered the beginning of his “literary life”.
There is a solid literature on the early work of M. Gorky, but the independence and originality of Gorky's literary debut is clearly underestimated by researchers. Usually, the story "Makar Chudra" is spoken about quickly, along the way, only as the artist's first printed word. A concrete historical and literary analysis of Makar Chudra, comparing it with the works of the 1980s and 1990s, which depict the life of the people, make one think that this is not a simple test of the pen, but the voice of the future petrel of the revolution. Already in his first work, M. Gorky leads people out of the people, continuing and developing the best traditions of progressive Russian literature. In the story "Makar Chudra" he also resorts to historical parallels, to the resurrection of genuine heroic deeds forgotten by populist fiction, to the glorification of the strong and courageous in spirit.
Makar Chudra recalls his old friend the soldier Danilo, the hero of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, who "fought with Kossuth together." According to Chudra's story, an incorruptible and courageous man looms before us, throwing in the face of the all-powerful pan daring, full of hatred and contempt and at the same time of his own dignity, words in response to the landowner's offer to sell him the beautiful Radd: “It's only the gentlemen who sell everything, from their pigs to my conscience, but I fought with Kossuth and do not trade in anything. " The story is based on a legend about brave and strong people. The legend is transmitted through the lips of a seasoned witness-narrator in the form of a friendly conversation with the writers themselves. The action of the story is transferred to the south, to the seashore; and the haze of the cold autumn night that surrounded the heroes is not so bleak. She sometimes shuddered from the fire and, fearfully moving away, opened for a moment to the left - the boundless steppe, to the right - the endless sea.
Makar Chudra lived an interesting life: “Look,” he says to his interlocutor, “I saw so much at fifty-eight that if you write all this on paper, you won't put a thousand bags like yours. Well, tell me, where have I not been? And you won’t tell. You do not even know the regions where I have been. " "... Hey, how much I know!" The old gypsy exclaims. Makar's words are not empty bragging, he really knows a lot. Although Makar feels the beauty and charm of life, he himself is skeptical about work. His ideals are vague and contradictory. He only strongly advises Gorky not to stop at one place: “go, go - and that's it”; "As they run day and night, chasing each other, so you run away from thoughts about life, so as not to stop loving it." Lacking a clear consciousness, he does not know, does not see a way out for a man-slave: “... Does he know his will? Is the steppe breadth clear? Does the sea wave speak to his heart? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that's it! What can he do with himself? Only strangle himself if he grows wiser a little. " Makar sees no way out for a man-slave, but he knows one thing for sure - there should not be slavery, for slavery is the scourge of life. He does not believe in the power of a slave, but he believes in the power of freedom. He tells about the great power of a free personality in his legend about the beautiful Radda and Loiko Zobar. Loiko Zobar will not share her happiness with anyone, and the beautiful Radda will not yield to her will, her freedom. Strong, courageous, beautiful, proud, they sow joy around them and enjoy it, valuing freedom above all, above love, above life itself, for life without freedom is not life, but slavery. Makar does not spare any paints to depict his heroes. If Loiko has a mustache, then certainly up to his shoulders, “eyes, like clear stars, burn, and a smile is a whole sun, by God!” - swears old Chudra. Loiko Zobar is good, but even better is the beautiful Radda. The old gypsy does not even know the words that could describe her beauty. “Maybe her beauty could be played on the violin, and even then for the one who knows this violin as his soul,” Makar assures. Radda is a brave and proud person. Powerless and ridiculous, the omnipotent sir appeared in front of Rudda. The old tycoon throws money at the feet of the beauty, is ready for anything in one kiss, but the proud girl did not even deign to look at him. "If an eagle went to a crow's nest of its own accord, what would it become?" - replied Rudda to all the solicitations of the pan and thus brought him out of the game. Rudda was free in love and happy. But her main sorrow is not about love, and her happiness is not about love. She says to Loiko Zobar: “I saw good fellows, and you are more daring and more beautiful in your soul and face. Each of them would shave off his mustache - if I blinked an eye at him, they would all fall at my feet if I wanted to. But what's the use? They are not too daring anyway, and I would have killed them all. There are few daring gypsies left in the world, few, Loiko. I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you. " And she dies happy, brave, proud and invincible.
Analysis of the work shows that the gypsies in the story are active and active. Makar himself is a direct participant in the events. He is in admiration of his heroes, ready to follow them, like others in the camp. He is impressed by strong, courageous people who are able not to wait for happiness from someone else's hands, but to fight for it.
(Based on the article by I.K. Kuzmichev "The Birth of a Petrel"
("Makar Chudra" by M. Gorky)
Golubkov MM. Maksim Gorky. - M., 1997.
Ovcharenko A.I. Maxim Gorky and literary quest of the 20th century. - M., 1978.
About the work of Gorky. Collection of articles, ed. I.K. Kuzmichev. - Gorky: Gorky Book Publishing House, 1956.
Smirnova LA Russian literature of the late XIX - early XX century. - M .: Education, 1993.
Stechkin NYa. Maxim Gorky, his work and significance in the history of Russian literature and in the life of Russian society. - SPb., 1997.
The main characters of Gorky's story "Makar Chudra", characteristics with quotes
Maxim Gorky played a significant role in the development of Russian literature at the beginning of the 20th century. The story "Makar Chudra" was written in the early period of the writer's work. In it, the author reveals to us the romantic world of legends, fairy tales, inspired allegories.
The heroes of the stories are desperate and beautiful people. They are proud and extremely freedom-loving.
The main character of the story is Makar Chudra, a wise old gypsy. For him, the main thing in life is personal freedom, which he would never exchange for anything: “... This is how you need to live: go, go - and that's it. Don't stay in one place for a long time - what's in it? Look how day and night run, chasing each other, around the earth, so you run away from thoughts about life, so as not to stop loving it. And when you think about it, you will stop loving life, it always happens that way. "
Makar talks about human life and freedom:
"Life? Other people? … - Hey! What do you care? Are you not life yourself? Other people live without you and will live without you. Do you think that someone needs you? You are not bread, not a stick, and no one needs you. "
He believes that a person without personal freedom becomes a slave: “He was born then, perhaps, to dig the earth, and even die, without even having time to dig out his own grave? Does he know his will? Is the steppe breadth clear? Does the sea wave speak to his heart? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that's it! What can he do with himself? "
The old gypsy thinks that love and freedom are incompatible. Love weakens a person, makes him submit to his beloved. He tells the legend about the love of Loiko and Radda. Makar admires the courage, resilience and love of his heroes. He believes that their act was the only right one.
Also in the story there is an image of the listener. He has no replicas, and there is practically no description of him. Nevertheless, the author's position is easily conveyed through his image.
Nature is almost a full-fledged participant in the story. By describing her beauty, the author betrays the feelings and thoughts of the characters.
The heroes of the legend are Loiko Zobar and the beautiful Radda. Loiko is a young, daring and proud gypsy. He was brave and strong, he was not afraid of anyone or anything: “If Satan had come to him with all his retinue, if he hadn't put a knife at him, he probably would have had a strong quarrel, and what the devil would have given a kick in the snout - that's just it! "
Most of all, Loiko valued his freedom. I did not stay long anywhere. “He loved only horses and nothing else, and that would not last long - he would train, and he would sell, and whoever wants money, take it. He did not have the cherished - you need his heart, he himself would have pulled it out of his chest, and he would have given it to you, if only it made you feel good. That's what he was, a falcon! " But when he met Radda, Loiko "lost his head."
Radda is a young gypsy woman of such beauty that no one could resist her. She was so proud that even love for Loiko could not break her. “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you. "
Both Radda and Loiko look at their love as a chain that fetters them. They give up love and choose death for the sake of absolute freedom.
Composition
The long and fruitful path of M. Gorky began with the story "Makar Chudra". The main theme of M. Gorky's stories, especially his early works, is the question of a person. The world is shown by the writer as split, and a person is forced to either come to terms with the death of his personality, or is forced to look for ways to revive it. Questions of the spirit occupy many writers of the beginning of the century, not only among the intelligentsia, but also among the common people. The heroes of M. Gorky's early stories are the so-called "tramps". These people feel responsible for the general disorder and begin to look for a way out. The heroes of M. Gorky are strong personalities, and the image of their life is imbued with the spirit of freedom. A prominent place in his work belongs to the romantic principle. M. Gorky affirms the ideal of a strong, free-spirited personality, capable of feat. He is especially attracted to "obstinate, mischievous or happy sinners" - people who are cheerful and proud, who do not know the fear of life. Such people are cramped within the framework set by fate, they try to expand them. Studying the fates and characters of such people, Gorky traveled a lot across Russia, explaining this by "a desire to see where I live, what kind of people around me." In the form of legends and fairy tales, Gorky develops his understanding of freedom, true and imaginary, and the ways to achieve it. The author's search for a perfect spiritual experience began with an appeal to the memory of generations, which preserved the wonderful pages of the past, in the legends and tales of different peoples. It is possible to understand the meaning of these Gorky legends only in their correlation with realistic stories. The romantic hero finds himself included in the environment of limited or cruel, evil tribesmen. But the more bleak and dim his existence, the stronger the need for the bright, the unknown in him. The romantic images embody, in an infinitely intensified version, the writer's bitter observations of the contradictions of the human soul and the dream of beauty. Popular wisdom is addressed to a phenomenon that deeply moved the writer. Makar Chudra says: “They are ridiculous, those your people. They huddled together and crush each other, and there are so many places on earth ... ". M. Gorky confronts freedom not only with unfreedom, but also with other higher values in order to affirm freedom as the highest among these values. In the story "Makar Chudra" the writer confronts freedom and love. The romantic hero is conceived as the destroyer of the sleepy vegetation of the majority.
About the gypsy Loiko Zobar it is said: "With such a person you yourself become better ...". In the bloody drama that unfolded between him and Rudda, there is also a rejection of ordinary human fate.
The plot of the story is based on a poetic love story. But the passion is not love, but a passion for freedom - that is what determines the thoughts and actions of the characters. The whole story is imbued with the spirit of freedom. The main question posed by the writer is how the conflict between the desire to love and be loved and the desire for complete freedom and independence will be resolved? It is not surprising that the ending of the story is tragic.
“Makar Chudra” is built on the principle of “story within a story”. Before the reader is a cold autumn night, a strong wet wind from the sea, a fire flame, a song of a young gypsy woman and the story of an old gypsy about passions and feelings no less bright than fire, no less strong than the wind. The author uses the so-called frame composition to tune the reader accordingly, because the story of Zobar and Radda can be interpreted in different ways. The action takes place at night, in thick darkness, under the plaintive howl of the wind: the narrator (an eyewitness and indirect participant in the described events), lying in a "strong, beautiful pose", grazes horses symbolizing swiftness and freedom. Chudra's story sounds on a starless autumn night, and autumn, with its cold winds and withering nature, is a mysterious period that defies logical explanation, as well as the ending of the love story of Rudda and Zobar, which is unexpected for the reader, tuned into idyll.
The lay reader is inclined to condemn the excessive pride of the girl and the cruelty of the guy. He calculates in his mind many options for the completion of this story: Zobar refuses Radda in her request, and they disagree; Zobar agrees, and the affair ends with a wedding. But Gorky's finale is much brighter and more tragic. The main characters are young gypsies who absorbed the spirit of free life with their mother's milk. The author characterizes them with separate poetic phrases: the beauty of Radda “could be played on the violin”, Zobar “would have ripped out his heart from his chest and given it ... if only (she) would feel good about it”.
This kind of characterization is not only a tribute to the genre of the legend. It allows the reader to grasp the essence of the images drawn by the writer. Having barely read these words, we already see the heroes in front of us as real people. And we understand that the freedom-loving, proud Rudda simply cannot leave with the rich pan, being seduced by the ringing of gold, and the Zobar cannot steal the horse he likes, even though it is guarded by a regiment of soldiers.
For these heroes, the impossibility of doing what the soul requires, the need to step over oneself by doing something against the will, are tantamount to a long and painful death, because freedom is their essence, their spirit. When these two people meet, "the scythe finds it on the stone." Here Gorky confronts two elements - love and freedom. Love is a union of equals, the essence of love is freedom. But life often proves the opposite - in love, one person obeys another. After kissing Radda's hand, Loiko kills her. And the author, realizing that Zobar simply had no other choice (Radda did not leave him to him, and she, in turn, did not leave her love for freedom), at the same time does not justify this murder, punishing Loiko with the hand of Radda's father. It is not in vain that Radda dies with the words: "I knew that you would do that!" She, too, could not live with the Zobar, humiliated before her, lost himself. Radda dies happy - her lover did not disappoint her.
In all M. Gorky's early stories, boring everyday life is opposed by a rare energy, emotional impulses. Makar Chudra concludes his story in the following way: “... go your own way, without turning to the side. Straight and go. Maybe you won't get it for nothing. " Both Zobar and Radda went their own way, not betraying themselves, and their names will forever remain in the memory of people.
In the story "Makar Chudra" the main character Loiko Zobar is unusual, he corresponds to the romantic ideals of early Gorky. Our goal in this article is to consider what the characteristics of Loiko Zobar are, analyze his behavior and note what the author wanted to say to the readers by creating such an amazing character. In other articles, you will find directly the analysis of this work itself. Now let's move on to the characteristics of the main character.
Characteristics and actions of Loiko Zobar
We hear about Loiko Zobar from the mouth of the narrator, Makar Chudra, who opposes the life of a proud, beautiful gypsy to the dull existence of most people. Loiko is a daring gypsy, he always gets his way. Makar says that if Zobar likes a horse, then no walls will help to hide him, no watchmen will protect him - Loiko will take possession of the horse. Loiko had nothing cherished, only horses passionately loved gypsies.
Loiko is wise, "like an old man", knows Russian and Moravian letters. He is talented: he played in such a way that this music “ignited blood in my veins”, I wanted to live “as kings over the whole earth”. He was respected and appreciated by the gypsies throughout the district. What else can be said about the characteristics of Loiko Zobar?
Loiko is kind, he is ready to "give his heart" if a friend needs it. He loves will, enjoys the beauty of the world and is ready to give this beauty himself: it is no coincidence that his song captivates the gypsies so much, causing joy, longing, tears of tenderness and happiness.
Makar notes that next to a person like Zobar, everyone gets better. Loiko is a romantic hero who delights in his talent, wisdom, generosity, spiritual breadth and love of freedom.
The meaning of freedom for the protagonist
Loiko valued the freedom of the gypsy above all else. But, having come to the camp, the hero saw the beautiful Radda and fell in love with her. A story about the beauty of feeling is embedded in the mouth of the narrator. Zobar tried to "cloud" the eyes of his beloved, sang wonderful songs for her. But Rudda not only turned away from the gypsy, she also made fun of him. The whole camp understood that something was wrong, but no one dared to interfere. We only heard how Zobar left at night far from the camp and his violin "cried". Let's continue the description of the characteristic of Loiko Zobar.
Radda admits that she loves Loiko, but appreciates the will most of all. She cannot live without him, but she still loves will more. As a result, wishing to test her lover, the beauty sets a condition for him: she will marry him if he bows to her in front of the whole camp and kisses his right hand.
The hero is faced with a choice: to sacrifice freedom and fulfill Rudda's task, or to keep pride and dignity. Loiko chooses the path of freedom. It hurts and it is difficult for him to make a decision. But she cannot sacrifice the ideal of freedom, dignity and strength of the gypsies. He kills Radda, realizing that he has no other choice. According to Makar Chudra, love and pride are incompatible. The hero passed the test proposed by his beloved, he turned out to be a decisive and proud person worthy of Radda, so the gypsy dies with a smile on her lips. This is what constitutes the image of the protagonist and is the characteristic of Loiko Zobar.
In the finale, the narrator imagines how the figures of Loiko Zobar and Radda merge in a single dance, corresponding to the beautiful rhythm of the sea. A free element, strong-willed, strong people - the ideal of a storyteller.
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A romantic night by the sea, a fire is burning, the old gypsy Makar Chudra tells the writer a story about free gypsies. Makar advises to beware of love, for having fallen in love, a person loses his will. This is confirmed by the story told by Chudra.
There was Loiko Zobar, a young gypsy. Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovenia knew him. Dexterous was a horse thief, many wanted to kill him. He only loved horses, did not value money, he could give it to everyone who needed it.
There was a gypsy camp in Bukovina. Danila, the soldier, had a daughter, Radd, - a beauty, not to say in words. Rudd broke a lot of hearts. One tycoon threw any money at her feet, asked to marry him, but Radda replied that an eagle had no place in a crow's nest.
Once Zobar came to the camp. He was handsome: “The mustache fell on his shoulders and mixed with the curls, his eyes shine like clear stars, and the smile is the whole sun. As if it was forged from one piece of iron with a horse. " He began to play the violin, and many began to cry. Radda praised Zobar's violin, he plays well. And he replied that his violin was made from the chest of a young girl, and the strings from her heart were entwined. Rudda turned away, saying that people lie when they talk about Zobar's mind. He marveled at the girl's sharp tongue.
Zobar visited Danila, went to bed, and the next morning he went out with a rag tied on his head, said that the horse had hurt him. But everyone understood that it was Rudda, they thought that wasn’t worth Loiko Rudda? "Well, I do not! The girl, no matter how good she is, but her soul is narrow and shallow, and even though you hang a pound of gold around her neck, it’s still better than what she is, not to be her! ”
The camp lived well at that time. And Loiko is with them. He was wise as an old man, and played the violin so that his heart sank. If Loiko wanted, then people would give their lives for him, they loved him so much, only Radda did not love. And he loved her dearly. The people around him only looked, they knew, "if two stones roll at each other, you cannot stand between them - they will mutilate."
Once Zobar sang a song, everyone liked it, only Radda laughed. Danilo wanted to teach her a lesson with a whip. But Loiko did not allow, asked to give her to him as a wife. Danilo agreed: "Yes, take it if you can!" Loiko approached Rudda and said that she filled his heart, that he took her as his wife, but she should not contradict his will. "I am a free person and I will live the way I want." Everyone thought that Rudda had resigned herself. She wrapped a whip around Loiko's legs, pulled, and Zobar fell as if knocked down. And she walked away and lay down on the grass, smiling.
Zobar fled to the steppe, and Makar watched him, as if the guy did not do something over himself in the heat of the moment. But Loiko only sat motionless for three hours, and then Rudda came to him. Loiko wanted to stab her, but she put a gun to his forehead and said that she had come to make up, loves him. And she also told Rudda that she loves freedom more than Zobara. She promised Loiko hot caresses if he agreed in front of the whole camp to bow at her feet and kiss her right hand, like the eldest. Zobar shouted at the whole steppe, but agreed to Rudda's terms.
He returned to the Loiko camp and told the old people that he looked into his heart and did not see the former free life there. "One Radda lives there." And he decided to do her will, bow to her feet, kiss her right hand. And he also said that he would check if Radda had such a strong heart as she boasts.
Everyone did not have time to guess, but he stuck a knife into her heart right up to the handle. Rudda pulled out the knife, plugged the wound with her hair and said that she expected such a death. Danilo raised the knife, thrown by Radda aside, examined it and stuck it in Loiko's back, right against the heart. Rudda lies, clutching the wound with his hand, and the dying Loiko is spread at her feet.
The writer couldn't sleep. He looked at the sea, and it seemed that he saw the regal Radda, and Loiko Zobar was sailing at her heels. "They both swirled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda."