All of us, at least once in our life, thought about whether our nationality is included in some top or rating of the most, most. We'll check it out now! :

The most drinking nation in the world

So: It is surprising, but according to the OECD, the inhabitants of Lithuania turned out to be the most drinkers, although each of us was sure that no one could surpass the Russians and Germans in this matter.

Behind them are the Austrians, Estonians and Czechs. Russia was only in fifth place.

The most non-drinkers were Indonesians, as well as Turks, Indians and Israelis.

The most beautiful nation in the world

We are already familiar with the most beautiful nation in the world in the post ... ...

The ugliest nation

The ugliest the nation is, perhaps, the Jews, it so happened historically that for the sake of procreation, they had to mix marriages with close relatives for centuries. So much for the result. The Germans and the British also appear on this list.

Strongest nation

The most powerful nation in the world is considered by many to be the inhabitants of the Caucasus, as well as Russians and South Africans. It is among these nationalities that there are a lot of athletes who win prizes.

The oldest nation on the planet these are Bushmen tribes living in Namibia and Botswana. They are followed by Jews, Chinese and Armenians.

It is very difficult to judge the youngest nation, here we can talk more about a young country, because any new country inhabited by long-established nations.

The smartest nation in the world

As for the smartest nation, the controversy here does not subside to this day. The blanket is pulled by more than five applicants, including Jews, Japanese, Armenians, British and Chinese.

Montenegrins and Dutch are rightfully considered the highest nation, followed by Danes, Norwegians and Serbs.

The smallest nation these are chum salmon living on the banks of the Yenisei. Following them in stunted stature are the inhabitants of Asia and the Philippines.

The largest in number are certainly the Chinese and the Indians.
The smallest in number of the most famous are the Japanese, as well as the inhabitants of the smallest islands, where people belong to small ethnic groups. Fiji, Malta, etc.

The happiest are the inhabitants of the tropical islands (ha, that's understandable), among whom the happiest are the inhabitants of Fiji, followed by the Nigerians, Norwegians and Swiss.
The most unfortunate are Romanians, Palestinians and Serbs.

Sexiest nation

The sexiest nation. Here the data is rather contradictory. Yet all the lists contain quite a few famous representatives the cult of sex. These are, of course, Turks, Spaniards, Italians and Germans. (The latter, by the way, are famous for their production of porn films).

The most non-sexual nation is the Japanese, who simply have no time to indulge in love due to excessive employment.

The healthiest nation

The healthiest nation in the world are the Japanese with their correct eating and living habits. Also, the residents of Singapore and the inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries can be classified as healthy nations.

The most sick, of course, are the inhabitants of America, where the mortality rate exceeds all conceivable limits.
The most violent nation here you can name, perhaps, those who often figure in warriors against other nations, who organize terror and kill their own. Here I think everyone knows about these groups.

Most Reading Nation

I present to you the five most reading nations in the world:
1. India 10.7 hours a week.
2. Thailand 9.4 hours a week.
3. China 8.0 hours a week.
4. Philippines 7.6 hours a week.
5. Egypt 7.5 hours a week.

Richest nation

Among the richest nations are the Swiss, Japanese, Danes and Dutch.
The poorest nations are those living in Haiti, Burundi and Moldova.
The cleanest nation you can, perhaps, call the Germans
Nothing is certain about the dirtiest nation. Some sources say that these are the British, some that Arabs, others altogether refer to the Russians.
The most cunning nation these are the Chinese and the Jews.
And the British are considered the most honest and decent.

The laziest nation is, of course, the French, with their daydreaming and passion for fumbling in bed. You can also add Americans and Spaniards to this list with their siesta.

The most hardworking nation you can safely count the Japanese and Koreans.

The most daring nation is, perhaps, the Russians, Chechens and the inhabitants of Central Asia.
As for the top of the cowardly nation, then hardly anyone would dare to make a rating.

The list of the most depraved nations includes the Swiss, Brazilians, Mexicans, Spaniards, Greeks, Malaysians, as well as the Dutch.

The most complete (overweight) nation these are the Mexicans, then the United States and Syria.

The slimmest nation you can safely count the Africans, Japanese and Chinese.

The kindest nation in the world they are New Zealanders. The Japanese and Canadians are also considered to be peaceful.
Well, the most red-haired nations are, of course, the Scots, Irish and British.

It is difficult to calculate how many nationalities there are in the world, since there is always a merger of peoples in the world. There are 251 countries in the world. But there are about 2000 nationalities with their own language and religion, but this figure is constantly changing, due to the fact that some peoples simply disappear from the face of the earth.

There are more than 2000 nationalities in the world, but these are the main nationalities.

But every nationality has ethnic peoples, as, for example, among the Dagestanis - Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Nogays, Rutuls, Tsakhurs, Aguls, etc.

If by nationality, then 252.

Nobody will name the exact number of nationalities living on Earth, gradually the number changes, some nationalities disappear or merge with others. For 2015, there are about two thousand nationalities.

Although the humanity of the Earth was usually divided into races, and these are four main ones: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid. But they are only 70% of the total population of the world, and 30% are already racial groups that have arisen as a result of the mixing of these main races. There are 3-4 thousand in the world different nations... The mixing of blood in our world is happening all the time. If there was a time when national borders coincided with state ones, where 90% of the population consisted of the main nationality, for example Denmark, Poland, many states Latin America, now people migrate more often.

It all depends on what is meant by the word nationality. So in the domestic understanding, nationality is ethnicity individual, that is, to which people he belongs. In the West, under the term nationality understand the citizenship, or nationality of a person. If we evaluate the number of nationalities in the domestic sense of the word, then their number, according to different estimates, will be from 4500 to 6000. In the second case, the number of nationalities converges with the number of states and becomes 192.

If you mean by the term nationality a certain belonging to a particular ethnic group of a certain individual, then in the whole world there will be about 2000 such groups that are registered in official sources, but I do not agree with this, because I believe that if a person has modern world there was a mixing of blood, then it will already be a different nationality, and not a choice between mother or father

Now there are from 4500 to 6000 nationalities on the Earth, but no one will say exactly how many nationalities exist on our Earth, but only approximately put these numbers, many ethnic groups, groups of nationalities that differ in their peculiarity and language, external signs (appearance, eyes).

There are more than 180 nationalities in Russia alone.

And here total number languages ​​on earth, there are from 2500 to 5000.

They say that the amount nations equal to the number states, but there are still more nationalities.

There are no exact data, since different countries have their own concept of nationality, besides, some of them do not have specific information due to the poor organization of the population census.

Considering that there are more than 200 nationalities in Russia alone, I think this figure will reach more than 1000.

The name of all nationalities living in our country can be viewed in WIKIPEDIA at the link:

There are many nationalities on Earth, some indicate a number from 800 to 2 thousand... The discrepancies are so great for the reason that not all countries keep records of the national composition and the population census is poorly developed.

I found information that 252 nationalities live on Earth. WITH complete list and the number of peoples can be found in the photo below.





Nobody knows the exact number of nationalities living in our time for one simple but global reason: ** INTERRACE AND INTERNATIONAL MIXING **, for example: a Ukrainian gives birth from a Negro, a Russian from a Kazakh, a Polish from a Chinese, etc. The approximate number of nationalities is about 2000 thous.

Nobody can say the exact number of nationalities on the planet, but official sources say the figure is about 2000. According to official data, there are about two hundred nationalities in our country.

The population of the earth, its composition, quantity constantly excites the minds of mankind. There are many questions. Are we getting more or less? If the number of people increases, will there be enough food and water for everyone?

Population of earth by race

On six continents the globe there are many nationalities, but the population of the earth is mainly represented by 4 races:
... Caucasian;
... Mongoloid;
... negroid;
... australoid.

Of course, the first group mainly lives in Europe, the second in Asia, the Negroids predominate in Africa, and the Australoid group inhabits Australia. However, only 70 percent of the population belongs to the main groups, the remaining 30 are groups formed as a result of racial mixing. This is how the groups of mestizos, mulattoes and sambo appeared.

Racial groups are manifested in tribes, nationalities, nations. On the globe, you can find a nationality whose population is no more than 1000, while the number of Chinese has long exceeded the one billion mark.

The population of the earth lives in different states, in which one nationality can live, but, as a rule, many nations live in one state with their own traditions, rituals, religion, which is often a source of conflicts with the clarification of interethnic relations.

If there were 100 of us

If you imagine the population of the earth, the number of which is constantly growing as a percentage, then by race, Asians will be 57%, Europeans will be 21%, South and North Americans - 14%, and Africans represent only 8%.

52% of women and 42% of men live on earth, of which only 30% are white, 11% consider themselves homosexuals.

The world's wealth is mainly owned by 6% of the wealthy Americans, and almost 60% of the world's population becomes homeless.

Only 1% of the total population has computer equipment, only 1% have acquired higher education.
Only 67% of people on earth do not even appreciate the opportunity to consume clean water, while 24% live without electricity at all.

In an age of diverse abundance among some, 50% of people constantly live half-starved, and 1% of the population dies of hunger.
In the world, 10% of alcoholics, and 1% of HIV-infected.

These statistics make you review your every day and learn to appreciate everything that we have.

What languages ​​do we mainly speak

The population of the earth is a multi-lingual group, represented by language families and language groups.

The Indo-European family is the largest, these languages ​​are spoken by more than half of the world's population, these are:
... English;
... Hindi;
... Spanish;
... Russian;
... Bengal;
... Portuguese;
... German;
... French.

A prominent representative of the Sino-Tibetan language family is Chinese, but it has so many dialects that people living in different places, sometimes do not understand each other.

Russian and Chinese languages became one of the most common languages ​​due to the size of the occupied area of ​​the globe. When meeting with language families, one cannot fail to note such as:
- Niger-Kordofan (Zulu, Bantu, Tegali, Wolof and others);
- Afrasian (Arabs, Jews, Gauls, Somali, Hausa and others);
- Altai (Tatars, Turkmens, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Turks, Yakuts and others);
- Darvidian (Tamils, Kannara, Telugu, Malayali);
- Austronesian (Maori, Hawaiians, Malays, Tahitians and others);
- Ural (Estonians, Hungarians, Georgians, Chechens, Udmurts and others).

If the population grows

According to statistics, demographic growth is constantly observed. The population of the earth is increasing every year, despite the fact that only about 25 thousand people die from hunger in Africa every day. Many are worried about how much land will be enough to avoid hunger.

UN experts have calculated that this moment food on earth will be enough for 9 billion. The problem is not the lack of food on earth, but the distribution of that food.

If 900 million people are hungry, then 1.5 billion cannot lose weight and are sick from being overweight.

The constant demand for food products will cause an increase in supply and, of course, an increase in prices.

It will be much worse with water, according to the same UN experts, by 2050 the water shortage will be 40%. As a way out of this situation will be the development of high technologies for the use and purification of water.

Another problem is the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide as the industry develops. Lack of clean air causes massive diseases.

Migration and urbanization of the population

The world's population, which has exceeded 7 billion, is slowly but surely moving to cities. At the same time, it will not be their well-being that will grow, but the number of suburban slums will increase - by 2030, half of the townspeople will live in slums.

The constant pursuit of well-being makes people migrate in search of work. More than 3% of the world's population is constantly moving to find higher-paying jobs. Cheap work force most in demand in the United States.

The Earth is a truly unique planet, where many different people with different ethnicity, appearance, nationality, religion and perception of the world. The continents divide the territory, but not the population living on them. Peoples that have existed side by side for more than one century, in most cases, peacefully divide the territory, adopting useful knowledge from each other and forming a common cultural heritage.

Each nation is unique in its own way, it is the keeper of its culture, passing it on from generation to generation national customs and tradition, brings its own in creation common culture of all mankind.

Europe

The modern states of Europe were formed on the site of the former Roman Empire, then in its possessions there were vast lands, starting from the west, where Germanic tribes ruled to the cities of North Africa. The formation of the ethnos was also influenced by the wars that occurred, when the population of Europe migrated, the borders of the countries were again modified in connection with the martial law.

The largest ethno-linguistic community in Europe is the Slavs. The Slavs include: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats and nine other peoples.

Most numerous peoples living in Europe - Russians (over 130 million), Germans (over 80 million), French (over 65 million), Italians (over 59 million), British (58 million), Spaniards (46 million), Ukrainians (over 45 million) and Poles (over 44 million). Also on the territory of Europe there are more than two million Jews belonging to several groups. Are present and nomadic peoples- Roma, with a population of over four million.

The main religious trends common among the peoples of Europe are Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Islam.

The cultural component of Europe is based on three “pillars”: personal culture, universalism and freedom of creative expression. This forms the basis of Christian norms, even in those countries where other forms of religion prevail, Christian roots can be traced. Here, the basis for the existence of society is freedom (self-expression, creativity, worldview) and tolerance for others, the acceptance of another person with certain characteristics and views on the current reality.

A characteristic feature of the European population has become mass cultures, implying both mass production and mass consumption. She received a full coverage of all spheres of activity, from art, music and cinematography to youth subcultural movements.

Asia

Asia is the most most of light, forming together with Europe the continent of Eurasia. The majority of the population of Asia is made up of the peoples of China and India (about 40% of the total population), also the list of the largest states includes: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan and the Philippines. Each of these states has over 100 million inhabitants.

If you disassemble cultural centers, then Asia can be divided into four conventional parts:

1. South East Asia... There is a Buddhist worldview here.
2. Near East. The origin of Islamic culture.
3. East Asia. The epicenter of the Confucian worldview is China, which provides a huge impact to Japan and Korea.
4. South asia... India and Hindu culture dominate here.

However, despite this fragmentation, all the peoples of Asia have similarities that can distinguish them from others.

One of these features is a respectful attitude towards traditions and culture, in most countries they spend the same holidays for years, observe the established rules of behavior and communication in society, adhere strictly to upbringing and respect the elders. The latter came from clan communities where the chief elder was held in high esteem, many Asian countries still abide by this law.

Most of the ethnic group believes in the need for a centralized state. Many countries in Asia are largely democracies with a charismatic and strong leader at their head, or even authoritarian monarchies.

From large nationalities a special place is occupied by:

Africa

If you make a picture in Europe and Asia ethnic composition and it is quite simple to single out large peoples, then with Africa things are different. Up to 8000 different peoples are read here, most of them have two to three thousand inhabitants and are located in a small area. According to some estimates, more than 3000 tribes live in Africa, speaking a thousand languages, some of which are poorly studied.

The largest ethnic groups found in Africa are: Arabs, Hausa, Yoruba, Algerian and Moroccan Arabs, Igbo, Fulbe, Aromo, Amhara.

The culture of local peoples is significantly different from that of Europe. North Africa is characterized as a more developed civilization, the South and Tropical parts have followed a different path of development, which is why they are so distinctive. Here, the vast majority of the inhabitants still live in tribes, where strict rules for family life, work and general society. For example, circumcision is a necessity dictated by strict rules, and women in most tribes are not eligible along with men.

Most of the peoples of Africa believe in the existence of magical influences, they make amulets from the evil eye, spend traditional rites, create totems for protection from various natural disasters and the wrath of the gods, there is even a sacrifice for a rich harvest, fertile soil, stable rains.

North America

In North America, the indigenous population was divided into three large groups, each of which lived on its own territory, had special traditions and customs that have survived to this day with some changes. Central part North America occupied by the Indians, the coasts and islands were inhabited by the Aleuts, and the northern regions went to the Eskimos.

If the Eskimos managed to preserve their people, the Aleuts almost completely disappeared - their number decreased three times. After colonization, the Spaniards, Portuguese, British and French came to America. Most settled on this mainland, mingling with Americans and native populations. This is how Americans of English descent, French-Canadians, and Barbados (descendants of slaves brought from Africa) appeared.

The culture of North America is characterized by enviable patriotism, and it is observed both among the indigenous people and among visitors during the colonization of the United States. Modern culture the local ethnos is a combination of the values ​​of the original population and the innovative reforms of the colonialists. Here, totem buildings are still adjacent to great skyscrapers, and in remote corners of the country you can see yurts, bizarre drawings of disappeared tribes, and dwellings of indigenous settlers.

Population of North America:

South America

The modern population of South America is diverse - there are both Americans and immigrants from Europe, and the descendants of slaves brought from Africa, and mixed groups (mestizo, mulatto, sambo). The indigenous settlers are groups of Indian peoples, most of lives in South America to this day, for example, arawak, vayu, vapishana, the smaller one has not survived to our times, for example, charrua. Some peoples have practically disappeared from America, their number today does not exceed 10 thousand people. At the ethnic level in South America, three main classes can be distinguished: Indians, representatives negroid race and representatives of the Caucasian race.

The culture of South America is very colorful and distinctive. South American countries have a rich musical heritage, it is here that genres such as cumbia and samba originate. South America became the birthplace of new musical directions, the world famous Argentine tango dance also appeared here.

South America is an example of successful borrowing of knowledge and skills among peoples, which generalizes various ethnic groups into a single system. The bulk of the population cannot even infect one or another custom for sure, they do not know where it originates and whose people were the primary source. Here traditions are passed down from generation to generation.

Population of South America:

Australia

Australian aborigines are considered the indigenous population of Australia, they live separately from other peoples of the world and have their own language group. Now in Australia there are more than 55 thousand people who speak Australian languages, the most common of which is the Western Desert language, which is spoken by about 7,000 people.

Australian Aborigines are prominent representatives ancient inhabitants of the earth, peoples have a similar way of life with the peoples that existed at the stage of the emergence of world culture. The indigenous people prefer to stay in the deserts, engage in hunting and farming, and live in unity with nature.

After the arrival of the settlers, ethnic groups on this mainland underwent significant changes. Now the largest group is Anglo-Australians (Australians of English descent), Afghans, Hungarians, Indians, Chinese are also present.

Although most of Australia's population is English speaking, this country stands out from the list of others. English-speaking countries... The first distinctive feature is egalitarianism, which presupposes the equality of all members of society. All peoples of Australia, without exception, have the same legal, economic and political opportunities. The value of equality for men, women and children is fundamental to Australia.

Another feature is friendliness and good relations; on the territory of this continent, the aborigines peacefully get along with the visiting colonizers. Indigenous population even got back the territories that it owned before the arrival of the Europeans.

1. National composition population of the world. Its changes and geographic differences. Largest nations the world.

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, features of placement. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

3. Determination of the main articles of export and import of one of the countries of the world (at the teacher's choice).

1. National composition of the world's population. Its changes and geographic differences. The largest nations in the world.

There are about 3-4 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, some of which have developed into a nation, while others are nationalities and tribes.

For your information: an ethnos is a historically formed, stable community of people, which has a set of features such as a common language, territory, peculiarities of life and culture, ethnic identity.

The peoples of the world are classified:

I. By number:

In total, there are more than 300 peoples in the world, with more than 1 million people each, accounting for 96% of the total population of the Earth. Including more than 5 million people have about 130 nations, over 10 million - 76 nations, over 25 million - 35 nations, over 100 million - 7 nations.

For your information: 7 most numerous peoples:

1) Chinese (Han) - 1,048 million people (in the PRC - 97% of the total number of people in the country);

2) Hindus - 223 million people (in India - 99.7%);

3) Americans of the USA - 187 million people. (in the USA - 99.4%);

4) Bengalis - 176 million. (in Bangladesh - 59%, in India - 40%);

5) Russians - 146 million people. (in Russia - 79.5%);

6) Brazilians - 137 million people. (in Brazil - 99.7%);

7) Japanese - 123 million people. (in Japan - 99%).

But there are peoples of less than 1,000 people.

II. By language proximity:

Related languages ​​are grouped into groups, which in turn form language families.

1) Indo-European language family- the most numerous, its languages ​​are spoken by 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Australia; the total number is more than 2.5 billion people.

This language family includes a number of groups:

· Romanesque (French, Italians, Spaniards, Latin Americans);

· Germanic (Germans, British, Americans);

· Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats);

· Celtic (Irish);

· Baltic (Lithuanians);

· Greek (Greeks);

· Albanian;

· Armenian;

· Iranian (Persians, Kurds).

2) The Sino-Tibetan language group: its languages ​​are spoken by over 1 billion people.

Somewhat less numerous language families:

3) Afrasian.

4) Altai.

5) Niger-Kordofan.

6) Dravidian.

7) Austronesian.

8) Ural.

9) Caucasian.

National criteria underlie the division of humanity into states.

If on their territory the main nationality is more than 90%, then these are single-national states (Denmark, Sweden, Latvia, Japan, etc.).

If two nations prevail - bi-national (Belgium, Canada, etc.).

If tens and even hundreds of peoples live in countries and make up a significant proportion of them, they are multinational states (India, Russia, USA, Spain, Great Britain, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.).

2. Mechanical engineering is a leading branch of modern industry. Composition, features of placement. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest branches of the economy. As an industry, it originated 200 years ago during the Industrial Revolution in England.

Mechanical engineering provides other sectors of the economy with equipment and machinery, and produces many household and cultural items.

In terms of the number of people employed (more than 80 million people) and in terms of the cost of production, it ranks first among all branches of the world industry.

The level of development of mechanical engineering is used to judge the level of development of the economy of any country.

There are the following main industries (there are more than 70 of them) of mechanical engineering:

1) machine tool construction;

2) instrumentation;

3) electrical and electronic industry;

4) computer technology;

5) railway engineering;

6) automotive industry;

7) shipbuilding;

8) aviation and missile industry;

9) tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.

The location of engineering enterprises is influenced by many factors.

The main ones should be noted: transport; availability of qualified labor resources; consumer; and for some (metal-intensive) industries - and raw materials.

V recent times there is a decrease in the dependence of mechanical engineering on metal sources, but its focus on labor resources is increasing, scientific centers etc.

There are four engineering regions in the world:

1) North America: where almost all types of engineering products are produced, from the highest to medium and low complexity.

Major corporations:

· Automobile (USA): "General Motors", "Ford Motor", "Chrysler";

· Computer technology (USA): "International Business Machines";

· Electronics (USA): General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, etc.

2) Foreign Europe (in relation to the CIS): produces mainly mass machine-building products, but retains its positions in some of the newest industries.

Major corporations:

· Automobile (Germany): "Daimler - Benz"; Volkswagenwerk;

· Electronics: Germany - Siemens, the Netherlands - Philips, etc.

3) East and Southeast Asia: Japan leads here.

The region combines products of mass mechanical engineering with products of the highest technology - centers of science.

Large corporations:

· Cars (Japan): Toyota Motor, Nissan Motor;

· Electronics (Japan): "Hitachi", "Matsushita electric industrial", "Samsung", etc.

4) Commonwealth of Independent States: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus are leading in it.

Recently, the pace of development of mechanical engineering has slowed down in the region, although it produces a wide range of engineering products.

Developing countries produce less than 1/10 of the world's mechanical engineering products. In most of these states, there is no mechanical engineering, but it is more correct to call it metalworking, in addition to this there are many assembly plants that receive machine parts from the United States, Western Europe and Japan.

But recently, in some of them - Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico - mechanical engineering has already reached a fairly high level.

3. Determination of the main articles of export and import of one of the countries of the world (at the teacher's choice).

Any state in the world can be characterized by the following plan of response.

Take, for example, Japan is one of the 7 economically developed countries in the world.

For the answer were used: statistical materials; maps of the branches of the world economy; atlas maps of Japan (economy).

Imports to Japan (importation of products):

1) raw materials: fuel - 49%, ore, for the textile industry (textile fiber), etc.;

2) products of the chemical industry (acids, alkalis, fertilizers, petroleum products);

3) food products (grain, etc.).

Export to Japan: products, products of the following industries:

1) mechanical engineering (cars, ships, electronics, machine tools, watches);

2) ferrous metallurgy (steel, rolled metal);

3) non-ferrous metallurgy;

4) chemical industry (synthetic fibers, rubber);

5) light industry (fabrics, clothing).

From the above, we can conclude: in Japan, as in one of the developed countries, the following trend is observed: the import of mainly raw materials and food products (preferably from developing countries) due to the lack of their own natural resources; and export of finished expensive products, both to the developing countries of Asia and to the developed countries - Europe and America.

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