The theory of Rodion Raskolnikov and its debunking in the novel by F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment
The meaning of Raskolnikov's theory
The origins of Raskolnikov's theory
Dostoevsky wrote that Raskolnikov's theory is based on ideas "floating in the air."
First, it is the idea of rejection of evil and violence. Raskolnikov passionately wants to change the world and is looking for ways to save the "humiliated and insulted."
Secondly, in Russia in the 60s of the XIX century, the ideas of "Bonapartism" spread, that is, the idea of the special purpose of a strong personality and the lack of jurisdiction of its general laws.
Raskolnikov's theory is born under the influence of many reasons. This is also social - the society in which the hero lives is really based on evil and violence. This is also personal - own need, unwillingness to accept the sacrifice of mother and sister.
Dreaming of remaking the world, Raskolnikov seeks to bring good to people, but this is good, in his opinion. Only an "extraordinary person" can do it, and only an "extraordinary person" can remake the world. Therefore, another reason that pushes him to a crime is the desire to check who he is, a strong personality or "trembling creature."
The main provisions of the theory of Raskolnikov
1. Raskolnikov divides all people into two categories: "ordinary" who live in obedience, and "extraordinary" who are able to "say a new word in the environment."
2. These "extraordinary" people, if their idea requires it, allow themselves "to step over even the corpse and the blood."
Kepler and Newton, for example, were there an obstacle in their path, they would have the right and even had to eliminate 10 or 100 people in order to bring their discoveries to the world.
The collapse of Raskolnikov's theory
Arguments exposing Raskolnikov's theory
Dostoevsky cannot accept Raskolnikov's "social arithmetic", which is based on the destruction of at least one life. Therefore, from the very beginning, he proves the inconsistency of the theory, believing that there are no criteria by which it would be possible to divide people into "ordinary" and "extraordinary".
Wanting to save people and bring good to the "humiliated and insulted", Raskolnikov instead, while committing a crime, kills Lizaveta, one of those whom he wanted to save.
Wanting to bring good to people, Raskolnikov becomes the culprit of many tragedies (the death of his mother, the imprisonment of Mikolka, etc.).
The hero himself feels the vulnerability of his theory. “This man is a louse,” Sonia tells him. “Why, I know that you’re not a louse,” Raskolnikov replies.
According to Raskolnikov's theory, Sonya, Katerina Ivanovna, Dunya, his mother are people of the lowest rank, and they should be despised. However, he loves his mother and sister, adores Sonya, that is, he conflicts with his theory.
Wanting to be among the "extraordinary", he becomes like Luzhin, Svidrigailov, but it is these people that he deeply hates, that is, he hates those people who live according to his theory.
For Raskolnikov, Luzhin, Svidrigailov, the old woman-pawnbroker, are inferior people, however, on the other hand, for the same Luzhin, Raskolnikov himself is a man of an inferior grade, over whom one can step over.
Having committed a crime, Raskolnikov suffers, suffers, and yet an "extraordinary" person would have done it "without any thoughtfulness." And these pangs of conscience are evidence that a person did not die in Raskolnikov.
The dream that Raskolnikov had in hard labor is proof that his theory leads to chaos, to the death of humanity.
In hard labor, Raskolnikov's spiritual healing takes place, when he admits the inconsistency of his theory and accepts the truth of Sonya, the truth of Christian humility and forgiveness.
The theory of the "superman" In the novel by FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The works of the outstanding Russian writer FM Dostoevsky are characterized by philosophical and psychological considerations, attention to the most complex and controversial issues of his era. In the novel \ "Crime and Punishment \" the moral question of a person's responsibility for a crime is sharply raised - and not only before the law, but, first of all, before himself, before his conscience. The central character of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is Rodion Raskolnikov, the bearer of the theory of the "superman", which is capable of anything, to which everything is allowed.
Raskolnikov divides all people into two types: \ "material \" and \ "unusual \" people who are able to say a new word in history. He notes that there are very few "unusual" people, and they have the right to rule over others. Unusual people, according to Rodion, can even break the law, such as Napoleon, Mohammed, Lycurgus. Such people will not stop at a small crime, or at the shedding of blood to fulfill their intentions. The hero is convinced that the "supermen" have the right to crime, to deny any laws.
Raskolnikov's theory of \ "higher \" and \ "lower \" is generated by social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual wanderings. The suffering of his family, poverty, the plight of his sister and mother push the hero to a crime. But he does not consider himself a criminal. Rodion heard a conversation in which similar thoughts were expressed, therefore, they can be safely put into practice.
Dostoevsky's hero is so confident in the validity of his theory that he decides to check what type of people he himself belongs to. To do this, he decides to kill the old woman-pawnbroker, from whom, in his opinion, people see evil. And her money can help his family. It seems that Rodion Raskolnikov is guided by noble motives, but the investigator Porfiry Petrovich, who is leading Rodion's case in court, immediately notes: \ "... this suppressed, proud enthusiasm in young people is dangerous! \ ".
Why is Raskolnikov's theory dangerous? Rodion is a kind, honest, sensitive nature, able to perceive other people's pain and is ready to help. But the pernicious theory brings him closer to such thieves as Luzhin and Svidrigailov, in whose hearts there is not a drop of humanity. Of course, they are not close in character, not in a way of life, but in thoughts, theories, ideas.
Luzhin is a middle-class entrepreneur, suddenly a "little man" has become rich, who really wants to become a "big" man, to turn from a slave into a master of life. His theories justify the exploitation of people for their own benefit.
Svidrigailov is devoid of conscience and honor, the depths of moral decline are revealed in him, he took the path of crime through mental emptiness. The worst thing is that Svidrigailov is a vivid embodiment of what awaits Rodion Raskolnikov himself after the crime. Raskolnikov Svidrigailov both frightens and attracts at the same time - after all, he was able to transcend the law and live on, enjoy this life. Rodion is interested in how a repeat offender can continue to live in peace. Or maybe this is confirmation of his theory. Raskolnikov, alas, did not understand the main thing: Svidrigailov was an empty man, devoid of moral values and compassion for others. The spiritual world of Raskolnikov is completely different.
Luzhin's reasoning and his means of achieving the goal are evidence of his baseness. And Svidrigailov scares Rodion away by the fact that he has no prohibitions. Just like Luzhin, Dostoevsky's hero considers himself a "superman"; just like Svidrigailov, he is ready to commit a crime.
Dostoevsky shows that any crime leads to the next crime. This happened with Rodion Raskolnikov: he was forced to kill Lizaveta, an accidental witness to the first crime. This accidental murder only underlines the essence of the deed.
If the hero were quite similar to his counterparts - Luzhin and Svidrigailov - he would not be tormented by conscience. This did not happen, Raskolnikov is on the verge of a nervous breakdown. He is no longer what he was before the crime. Together with the old one, he killed his own soul. \ "I did not kill the old woman, I killed myself, \" he says to Sonya Marmeladova, realizing that there is no escape from these torments. Opinions about the perfect murder will haunt him all his life, rearing his mental wound.
The tragic experiment of the hero did not lead to the consequences that he expected. Rodion feels that he himself has cut himself off with scissors from other people, from his loved ones. According to his theory, both Sonya, and his mother, and Dunya, and Katerina Ivanovna belong to the category of \ "ordinary \" people. So, there may be the same Raskolnikov, whose hand will rise to them.
For a long time I dwelled on the question of the relativity in life of the concepts of good and evil. Among mankind, Raskolnikov separated a small group of people who stood, as it were, over questions of good and evil, over ethical assessments of actions and deeds, people for whom, due to their genius, their high usefulness for humanity, nothing can serve as an obstacle to which everything is allowed. The rest, not leaving the circle of mediocrity, the mass, the crowd, must obey the existing general norms and laws and serve as a means of high goals of the chosen people. The rules of morality do not exist for the latter, they can transgress them, because their ends justify their means.
Raskolnikov's theory
“In my opinion,” says Raskolnikov, “if Kepler's and Newtonian discoveries, as a result of any combinations, could in no way become known to people otherwise than with the donation of the life of one, ten, one hundred, and so on, people who would interfere with this discovery, or would stand in the way as an obstacle, then Newton would have the right and. I would even be obliged to eliminate these ten or even a hundred people in order to make his discoveries known to all mankind. All the legislators and regulators of mankind, starting with the most ancient, continuing with the Lycurgues, Solons, Mohammed, Napoleons and so on, every one of them were criminals, already the one that, giving a new law, thereby violated the ancient, sacredly revered by society and passed from the fathers , and, of course, did not stop at blood, if only blood (sometimes completely innocent and valiantly shed for the ancient law) could help them. It is even remarkable that most of these benefactors and institutes of mankind were especially terrible bloodsheds. "
This is how Raskolnikov justifies the right of an exclusive personality to crimes in the name of not animals and selfish, but general and lofty goals. Raskolnikov understands that a special mental structure of a person's personality, ready to "transgress" morality, must correspond to this course of action. For this, he must be the owner of a strong will, iron endurance, and in him only the consciousness of the set intellectual goals must dominate over the feelings of fear, despair, timidity. Having fallen into despair and melancholy, Raskolnikov needs to prove to himself that he is not a "trembling creature", that he dares, maybe that he is destined to go through all his plans. “Power is given only to those who dare to bend over and take it. There is only one thing: you just have to dare. "
Thus, the planned murder entails Raskolnikov not with the possibility of enrichment, but as a victory over himself, as a confirmation of his strength, as proof that he is not a “material” for construction, but a builder himself. It is characteristic for Raskolnikov that, when he conceived a murder, he completely goes into a theoretician, into philosophical reflections, and he is much more interested in logical conclusions than in the results of an act. He remains a theorist, a thinker even when he does everything he has planned. And, despite the fact that, as it seemed, he foresaw and foresaw everything in advance in thought, he could not foresee the most important thing precisely because he was a man of thought, not action.
Refutation of Raskolnikov's theory
Raskolnikov did not foresee precisely the fact that there is often an abyss between theoretical solution and practical implementation, that what seems so easy in theory and even filling with self-righteousness and pride in reality reveals an unexpected, formidable and ominous meaning. He foresaw a lot in the planned plan and imagined almost all of its external consequences, but he could not foresee the internal well-being both at the moment of blood shedding, hitting the old woman's skull with an ax, and in the following days and nights. Raskolnikov, as a theorist and as an individualist, reckoned only with himself, with his intellectual goals, while he was preparing to go and commit violence, to take the life of another.
Basically, the fallacy of Raskolnikov's theory boils down to the fact that he ascribed a purely external meaning to moral laws in general, and in particular to the commandment “Thou shalt not kill,” which must be an external way for some, and from the recognition of which some can be exempted. That is why he, preparing for the murder, constantly thinks over mentally only his logical propositions, but does not deliberately stop at the essence of the very moment of the murder. And only vaguely something in him protests against the decision, and he feels melancholy and disgust at the thought of the need to commit murder.
And after committing a crime, when he is vainly trying to sort out his feelings, he believes that the whole point is simply that he did not have the strength to “break” the norm, dare. “I just killed a louse, Sonya,” he says to Sonya Marmeladova, “useless, disgusting, pernicious” ... “Is this a louse?” - exclaims Sonya, and this emphasizes her special, deeply religious attitude to human life. For Sonya Marmeladova, moral laws, the commandments of life are deeply embedded in the basis of the human soul, and no one, no matter how high a person reaches, can transgress these commandments and laws without disfiguring his life, not committing terrible violence against his own soul. That is why she exclaims, sobbing: “What are you, what are you? above oneself made! There is no one more miserable than anyone in the whole world now. "
As for Raskolnikov himself, he remains until the end of the novel, until the final lines of the epilogue, who does not understand this religious attitude of Sonya to life. But the author shows how in the immediate life of Raskolnikov, his violation of the basic laws of human life is revealed. Raskolnikov's theory, which allows murder for a few, the author opposes the spontaneous logic of life, not rational, as in Raskolnikov, but irrational, completely subjugating the young theoretician and smashing into smithereens all his provisions that seemed to him so firmly established and inviolable.
The state of complete mental disorder into which Raskolnikov fell after the murder, the complete loss of all his life statements, a painful and terrible state showed how powerless is personal human logic when it goes against the general foundations of life.
Today we will talk about the theory with which F. Dostoevsky introduces us in the novel "Crime and Punishment". What ideas did the author want to convey and what is the fallacy of Raskolnikov's theory?
About the book
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky created a wonderful book about human madness called "Crime and Punishment". It was written back in 1866, but it remains relevant to this day. The writer lifts the veil over the life of ordinary people in Russia in the 19th century. At this time, the struggle between various revolutionary trends intensifies, and social contradictions become more and more acute. In his book, Dostoevsky did not pursue the goal of creating a negative hero: he brings to the fore the problems of society, which creates the reasons forcing a person to commit a crime. To show this, he describes in detail the thoughts, doubts, torments and reasons of Rodion.
The main character
The main character is Rodion Raskolnikov - a modest man, a former student who works part-time wherever he has to and lives in amazing poverty. He will not see any lumen in life, he understands this very well. Raskolnikov's theory in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is revealed to readers gradually in order to convey all the depth and doom. It should be understood that Rodion is not the last villain and stupid, he is quite smart, which is clearly seen in the process of reading the book. The guy is not devoid of even such qualities as responsiveness and kindness. Isn't this the paradox of crime? After all, units from all over the world, which can be counted on one hand, have a truly animalistic inexplicable rigidity, which is not dictated by anything but a thirst for blood. Such people are incredibly few, and crimes are committed everywhere. How so? Every criminal also has something good in him, no matter how difficult it may be to admit it at times. It is easy to argue about this, in practice the situation is not so simple, but still the essence does not change from this. We understand that Rodion has a number of positive qualities, but the poverty that surrounds him greatly hurts feelings. In addition, he sees the complete lack of rights and doom of the same as himself. All this brings the hero to complete spiritual exhaustion, in the conditions of which his inhuman theory is born.
The essence of Raskolnikov's theory
What thoughts did Rodion try to calm himself with? Did he succeed? Raskolnikov's theory in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is that it divides people into two types: completely powerless people and those who can break the law for their own purposes. This is the main idea that the protagonist develops in the course of the book. Over time, it changes a little, some new features of two categories of people appear. The funny thing is that at first to Raskolnikov himself, his theory seemed like a joke, he did not take it seriously, but considered it just entertainment in order not to think about pressing matters. The more Rodion "entertains" in this way, the more truthful, rational and true his own theory seems to him. He begins to bring everyone and everything under it and think about people only on the basis of this position.
Finding yourself
What is Raskolnikov's theory, we already know, but what place is allotted to him in it? Throughout the book, he himself tries to answer this question for himself. Raskolnikov's theory in Crime and Punishment claims that for the happiness and well-being of the majority, the destruction of the minority is necessary. Through difficult reflections and analysis of his mind, Rodion decides that he belongs to the category of people who have the right to perform any actions in order to achieve a goal. In order to test his luck and make sure that he belongs to the "elite", Rodion decides to kill the old pawnbroker. The essence of Raskolnikov's theory is deceptive, because he, trying to make the world a better place, commits a terrible crime - murder.
Effects
Wanting to improve the world around him, Raskolnikov realizes after a while that the crime committed does not benefit anyone. He realizes the meaninglessness of his action. At this point, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky begins to refute the already known theory. In the book, this takes place against the backdrop of Rodion's intense torment, which he experiences after the murder. Raskolnikov's theory in the novel "Crime and Punishment" fails, and the main character himself feels like a driven animal, because, on the one hand, he is tormented by his conscience, and on the other, he is afraid to make a mistake and betray himself.
Comprehending
The protagonist conducts a very unsuccessful experiment on himself, which leads to apathy and depression, because the problems remain unresolved, and besides, his conscience torments every night. What is Raskolnik's theory after the crime? For him, she remained the same, but he had to accept the fact that he, apparently, was a powerless trembling creature. Until the last, he tries to stick to his views. The death of the old woman cuts him off from the world around him, he completely immerses himself in his inner life. Raskolnikov's theory, the quotes of which amaze even adults with cruelty, was supposed to help the young man find peace, but led him into the terrible jungle of his own conscience.
He is trying to find some kind of salvation, for he feels that the oppression of thoughts will soon destroy him. Raskolnikov wants to find a person to whom he can tell his terrible secret. He decides to trust Sonya Marmeladova - a girl who violated the laws of morality. Raskolnikov lightens the soul. The young man continues to communicate with the girl and, under her influence, repents of the crime before the law. Raskolnikov's theory (briefly described in the article) is failing.
Collapse
Refusal of views is given to Rodion very hard. He is greatly influenced by the belief in people in God and the immeasurable kindness of Sonya Marmeladova. Raskolnikov's theory (briefly outlined above) fails completely only after he sees a dream where everyone is killing each other, and as a result, the earth becomes devastated. Complete absurdity. Finally, Rodion understands the fallacy of his theory, because its essence is that there will be no people left. After sleeping, the main character gradually begins to regain his faith in people and goodness. It is not easy given, he stubbornly refuses past views. Rodion begins to understand that happiness should be available to everyone. He will also come to a deep understanding of Christian values. Happiness and prosperity cannot be built on crime. It is unacceptable to kill even one person, because people are absolutely equal by nature. Below are some quotes from the book:
... “Power is given only to those who dare to bend over and pick it up. There is only one thing, one thing: you just have to dare! "
... “The more cunning a person is, the less he suspects that he will be knocked down on a simple one. The most cunning person should be taken on the simplest one ”.
... "... And you will reach the point that you will not step over it - you will be unhappy, and if you step over, you may become even more unhappy ..."
So, today we learned what Raskolnikov's theory is.
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Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment is a theoretically complex novel. A significant part of the work is occupied by "Raskolnikov's theory", which is by no means the fruit of literary fiction. The author tries to reflect in the novel the tendencies that prevailed in the field of philosophy, ideology and social theories of that time.
The connection between Raskolnikov's theory and Nietzscheanism
The ideas of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche were embodied not only in philosophy. These ideas formed the basis for literary movements, where the direction of Nietzscheanism is also known.
So, Nietzscheanism opposed, firstly, naturalism, and secondly, the doctrine of the "superman" played the main role here. However, literature is characterized by a rethinking of this philosophical idea. Superman appears as:
- a person who embodies knowledge and spirit;
- higher essence;
- a person with the right to lead others (lower people, "rabble") to civilization.
Another idea that can be traced in "Crime and Punishment" associated with Nietzsche, relates to the understanding of the role of Christianity. The old, traditional idea of Christianity breaks down, collapses in the concept of Nietzsche, because the philosopher considers this religion a resentment. Instead, the idea of “will to power” is proposed, which is also interpreted as “will to power”.
Nietzsche and Dostoevsky
The problem, which is here titled "Nietzsche and Dostoevsky", is at the center of the study of the work of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the West.
In philosophy, there is an opinion that the novel of the Russian writer acted as "the forerunner of Nietzsche." Well, the fact that the German thinker was familiar with the work of Dostoevsky and respected the writer, as well as the ideas expressed by the themes in the works, also became a commonplace in such studies.
At the time of writing the novel, according to literary critics, Russian youth was fond of Nietzsche's ideas. The philosophy of the German thinker said that a person today lives in a humiliating position, but if a person is a rope that was stretched over an abyss, it is lightning that struck from a cloud, then a way out of this situation should be found.
Raskolnikov's theory and problems of society
In Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Dostoevsky turns inside out the lining of the state of society in contemporary Russia for the writer. Social vices are revealed on the pages of the novel: a propensity for adultery and prostitution, alcoholism, immoderation in meeting needs and other social wounds. All this, the author writes, is the result of social inequality.
Fyodor Dostoevsky notes that the fascination with the ideas of individualism, the "superman" (in other words) is an escape, escapism, allowing one to forget about problems.
The origins of Raskolnikov's theory
As the reader remembers: the central character of the novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Rodion Raskolnikov, lives in terrible conditions of poverty and extreme poverty. The apartment that the hero rents resembles a closet rather than housing. Raskolnikov is forced to quit his studies: the reason is the same - a lack of money.
The miserable living conditions push Raskolnikov into a fascination with the ideas of individualism. Educated and erudite, Rodion is left alone with his thoughts in the closet where he lives. Here, in the young man's head, an insidious plan is ripening: a crime designed to free the world from incarnate evil - an old woman with whom the hero lived at a boarding house.
Earlier, Rodion wrote an article in the newspaper, symbolically entitled - "On the Crime." This and the conversation, which the young man manages to accidentally hear, become impetus to the implementation of the idea that was ripening in the thoughts of the protagonist.
Superman and crime
Raskolnikov's theory contains the idea that a strong personality, in Nietzsche's concept - a superman, has the right to crime. In other words, the superman lives according to other laws, and what for the rest will be a crime, for a strong personality is the law.
Rodion believed that, at birth, people were already divided into two "camps": in the first group there are unusual, unique personalities who are destined for a specific fate, and in the second - people are led. The first group of people is endowed with the gift, the talent to change the existing state of affairs, to bring a new stream into the development of society.
Great commanders, writers, artists, scientists - people who change the course of history, contribute to social progress, belong to those who lead others. The end justifies the means - these individuals live under this motto. The reader who is versed in philosophy will notice that Raskolnikov's theory contradicts the educational ideas of Immanuel Kant.
Kant is also a German philosopher. In Kant's concept, the end cannot justify the means: everything is dominated by the categorical imperative and the highest moral law. If Raskolnikov is sure that in any war there are human sacrifices, and a person sometimes acts as a means, then Kant said: a person should always be perceived only as a goal, but never as a means.
Raskolnikov and the theory of the hero of "Crime and Punishment" rejects the existence of a moral, moral law for a superman, for a strong, superior personality. This category is called in the novel "those who have the right", while another group of people is called "trembling creatures."
The embodiment of Raskolnikov's theory
The writer characterizes Raskolnikov as a proud, vain person. Of course, Rodion could not attribute himself to the group of followers: the main character considered himself to be unambiguously leading.
The time for paying the rent is approaching and Raskolnikov falls into despair, because the student has no money in his pockets. It seems that there is no more opportune moment to realize ideas and test your own theory - in your own life. Then Raskolnikov commits a terrible crime: Rodion kills the old woman-pawnbroker.
In the student's theory, this murder is intended to bring good to humanity, because the old woman was thought by Raskolnikov as a miserable and low creature, poisoning life. For a superman, it is common practice to wash his hands in blood if it serves a higher purpose.
Punishment
In the theory built by Raskolnikov, legal punishment, the court is not perceived as a punishment for a misdemeanor. Of course, Rodion does not want to be arrested and tried. But having escaped punishment by the letter of the Law, the hero could not escape punishment by conscience.
Conscience is a judge and executioner in one person, conscience is worse than hard labor, because you cannot hide from it, you cannot run away.
Rodion feels himself in a vacuum, in isolation. The hero does not communicate with his family: being alone, Raskolnikov realizes that his current destiny is a spiritual split corresponding to his surname. Rodion committed a crime against Christian values, against humanity in general. Murder equates the hero with other criminals (Svidrigailov or Luzhin). Repenting and realizing the depth of the spiritual split, Rodion says that he killed not the old woman, but himself.
The murder seems to nullify the positive qualities of Raskolnikov. Rodion from a nihilist becomes a repentant criminal who turns to God. This is the main proof of the wrong beliefs of the protagonist, the wrong theory of Raskolnikov.
Lessons learned after reading Crime and Punishment
Causes and consequences of misconduct
Readers' opinion is divided when it comes to the reasons that pushed Raskolnikov to commit a crime: the first version says that the source of the offense is poverty, the second is the theory of the protagonist.
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Raskolnikov has his own classification of people: the hero divides the representatives of the human race into "lower people" and "people proper." The hero, of course, refers to himself as "proper people", that is, those who lead and set the tone, "has the right."
However, Raskolnikov does not answer all questions regarding his theory. For example, Porfiry Petrovich, an investigator, asks the protagonist if there are criteria to distinguish "proper people" from "lower people", but Rodion does not give an answer to this question.
Sonya Marmeladova
The role of Sonechka Marmeladova is great: the heroine must lead Raskolnikov to spiritual integrity. Sonya stays with Rodion even in the most difficult moments: the girl goes with him into exile, to hard labor, helps to return to the fold of Christianity, accepting repentance for her misdemeanor.
Sophia teaches the hero that the soul can be relieved by admitting guilt. It is noteworthy that it is Sonia Raskolnikov who opens his heart and talks about the murder he had committed. Sonya becomes a kind of salvation for the hero.