Asia political map and regions. Abstract of the formation of a political map of the countries of south asia and india, features of the region
Asia - the largest part of the world - is home to more than half of humanity and about 50 states and territories. The border between Europe and Asia runs along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the northwestern coast of the Caspian Sea, along the Kumo-Manych depression; between Asia and Africa - along the Isthmus of Suez.
Formation stages... In ancient times, powerful empires were located in Asia, which determined the course of world history, but the modern political map was formed mainly in the New and Modern times.
Colonization of Asia began at the end of the 15th century, when Vasco da Gama opened the sea route to India.
Already in 1511 the Portuguese captured Malacca, and in the second half of the 16th century. the territorial conquests of Spain (the Philippine Islands) and Great Britain (the Indian subcontinent) began. In the early years of the 17th century. to coordinate the economic development of the territories, the British East India Company and the Dutch United East India Company were formed.
By 1900, 56% of the territory of Asia was occupied by colonial possessions, most of which belonged to Great Britain. The possessions of Great Britain were: in South Asia - British India, which included the territory of the modern states of India: Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Myanmar, Bhutan, Sri Lanka; in South-West Asia - Aden, Bahrain Islands, Cyprus (occupied by Great Britain in 1878), Kuwait, Oman, Treaty Oman; in Southeast Asia - North Borneo, Brunei, Federated Principalities of Malay, Labuan, Johor; in the Indian Ocean - the Cocos Islands; in the Pacific Ocean - Christmas Islands.
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama is a Portuguese navigator, the first to sail from Europe to India around Africa by sea. This voyage ushered in a centuries-old era of European domination in the Eastern Hemisphere and an almost 450-year history of Portuguese colonialism in India.
On the way to India, Vasco da Gama explored the southern part of Africa (gave the name to the coast - Natal, which means "Christmas" in Portuguese), conducted trade negotiations with the Sultan of Mozambique, the first of the Europeans visited the ports of Mombasa, Malindi. In East Africa, Vasco da Gama hired the Arab cartographer Ibn Majid, who, knowing the peculiarities of the monsoons, chose the most favorable time to sail to India.
The opening of a new sea route expanded the possibilities of trade with Asia, which until then was carried out only along the Great Silk Road, was expensive and dangerous. The discovery was quite expensive - out of 4 ships, 2 returned, and only 54 sailors (out of 170) returned to Portugal.
In 1502-1503 for the second voyage to India, twenty warships were sent under the command of Vasco da Gama. The task was to consolidate the influence of Portugal in India. Vasco da Gama was appointed admiral of India with broad powers: he could negotiate, start war and make peace, send embassies. In 1524 Vasco da Gama again arrived in South Asia (Goa), became Viceroy of India, but soon fell ill with malaria and died.
Rice. 64. Vasco da Gama (1469-1524)
Other states also owned colonies in Asia.
Dutch possessions- Netherlands India: the islands of Java, Madura, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan), Celebes (Sulawesi), part of the island of New Guinea (West Irian).
Possessions of Portugal- Portuguese India (the cities of Goa, Diu), Macau (Macau), the island of Timor.
French possessions- French India (the cities of Karikal, Mahe, Pondichenry, Chandernagore, Yanaon), French Indochina (Annam, Cambodia, Cochin, Laos, Thin).
Possessions of Japan- Bonin Islands, Taiwan Island.
Russian possessions- Khiva and Bukhara (in vassal dependence), Kvantui with Port Arthur (rented from China).
US possessions- Philippines (since 1898).
The Turkish (Ottoman) Empire in Asia included Yemen, Mesopotamia, Palestine, Syria, Hejaz (part of modern Saudi Arabia), Lebanon.
Colonies in Asia persisted until the middle of the 20th century. Over 90% of the region's population lived in them. The main metropolitan powers were Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Japan, and the USA.
The collapse of the colonial system ended after the Second World War.
Forms of government and government... Most of the states in Asia are unitary republics. India, Iraq1, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan have a federal structure. Federations are two monarchies - Malaysia (union of hereditary sultanates) and the UAE (union of seven emirates). The monarchies are Bahrain (emirate), Bhutan (kingdom), Jordan (kingdom), Cambodia (kingdom), Qatar (emirate), Kuwait (emirate), Malaysia (kingdom), UAE (emirates), Oman (sultanate), Thailand (kingdom ), Japan (empire). Theocratic monarchies - Brunei (sultanate), Saudi Arabia (kingdom). Non-Self-Governing Territories - British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago). Independent states - members of the Commonwealth - Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Cyprus, Malaysia, Maldives, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Pakistan.
The main events of the XX - early XXI centuries.
1902 g.- the adoption by the US Congress of the law on the colonial status of the Philippines.
The annexation of a part of Southeast Siam to the French possessions in Indochina.
1904 g.- the division of Siam: the sphere of British influence is to the west of the Menam River, the sphere of French influence is to the east of the Menam River.
As a result of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. Russia recognized Korea as a sphere of Japanese influence; established a Japanese protectorate over Korea.
1905 g.- according to the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, South Sakhalin (part of the island south of the 50th parallel with the nearby islands, including the Kuril Islands), the cities of Port Arthur and Dalny with the adjacent territory on the Liaodong Peninsula (leased by Russia from China in 1889) were ceded to Japan. ).
1907 g.- the Cambodian provinces of Battambang, Siem Reap, Sisafon, which were previously part of Siam, are included in the French possessions in Indochina.
As a result of the Anglo-Russian agreements on the division of spheres of influence, Iran is divided into three zones - Russian, English and neutral; Afghanistan is recognized as an English sphere of influence; Tibet is recognized as part of China.
British possession Labuan Island (near Brunei) annexed to the Straits Settlement Colony (Malacca Peninsula).
According to the Russian-Japanese agreements on the division of spheres of influence in Mongolia, Northern Manchuria and Western Mongolia were recognized for Russia, and Southern Manchuria and Eastern Mongolia - for Japan.
1909 g.- Four Malay principalities (Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis), which were previously part of Siam, were annexed to the British possessions in Malaya.
1910 g.- Agreement on the British protectorate over Bhutan. The annexation of Korea by Japan.
1911 g.- the autonomy of Outer Mongolia is proclaimed. Reunification of West and East Bengal, which were part of
India; the capital of India was moved from Calcutta to Delhi.
1912 g.- abolished the monarchy in China.
Change of the political map as a result of the First World War.
1914 g.- the annexation of the island of Cyprus by Great Britain.
The capture by Japan of Jiaozhouwan (Qiao-Chao) with the Qingdao naval base (formerly German "leased territory").
Russia declared a protectorate over Tuva (Uryankhai Territory).
The capture of the island of Cammaran by Great Britain from Turkey and its annexation to the colony of Aden.
Formation of the independent Arab state of Hejaz.
Establishment of a British protectorate over Qatar.
1919 g.- recognition of the independence of Afghanistan by the governments of the RSFSR and Great Britain.
1920 g.- the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. According to the Sevres Peace Treaty, Turkey lost 3/4 of its territory and all possessions on the Arabian Peninsula. Great Britain received a League of Nations mandate for Palestine (with Transjordan) and Mesopotamia (with Mosul), France for Syria and Lebanon.
Turkey recognized the annexation of Cyprus by Great Britain. The proclamation of Iraq as a constitutional monarchy (actually remained under the mandate of Great Britain).
1921 g.- the formation of the emirate of Transjordan by Great Britain on the territory of Palestine.
The RSFSR and Persia recognized the borders in 1881, the RSFSR transferred Karsky Pashalyk and Ardahan to Turkey (until 1918 these territories were part of Russia).
Proclamation of the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic.
1922 g.- Japan returned Jiaozhouwan (Qiao-Chao) to China. Formal declaration of independence of Nepal.
Formation of the USSR within the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR and Transcaucasian SFSR (within Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia).
1923 g.- separation of Transjordan from Palestine. The proclamation of Turkey as a republic with its capital in Ankara. Turkey gave up its possessions in the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Tripolitania, Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia (Iraq).
1924 g.- the formation of the Mongolian People's Republic.
1925 g.- the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR became part of the USSR.
1926 g.- Lebanon has been granted a republican constitution.
Formation of the Arab state Kingdom of Hejaz, Nejd and annexed regions.
1929 g.- the Tajik SSR became part of the USSR.
1930 g.- the signing of the Anglo-Chinese Convention on the return of the Wei-Highway (Northeast China) to China.
Annexation of Assir to the Kingdom of Hejaz, Nejd and annexed regions.
1932 g.- Creation of the state of Manchukuo by Japan on the occupied territory of Manchuria in 1931.
Termination of the British Mandate for Iraq.
Kingdom of Hejaz, Najd and annexed areas renamed Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
1936 g.- the USSR included the Azerbaijan SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Armenian SSR (previously as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR), the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR (formerly autonomous republics).
1937 g.- the province of Burma was separated from British India and turned into a separate colony of Great Britain.
Aden is declared a colony of Great Britain.
1939 g.- the state of Siam has restored its former name Thailand (the country of Tai-Mueang-Tai).
France handed over to Turkey the Sanjak Alexandretta, which was part of the French Mandatory Territory of Syria; became a province of Turkey - Hatay.
Changes on the political map of Asia during the Second World War.
1940 g.- the creation by Japan in Inner Mongolia of the puppet state of Mingjiang (Chahara territory, the occupied part of Suiyuan, northern regions of Shanxi and Hebei provinces).
The occupation of northern Indochina by Japan.
1941 g.- with Japanese mediation, part of the territories of Laos and Cambodia annexed to Thailand.
The occupation by Japan of the entire territory of the Indochina Peninsula.
Japanese attack on the possessions of Great Britain and the United States in the Pacific Ocean.
The capture of the Philippines, Thailand, Hong Kong, British Malaysia, Burma, Indonesia by Japan (Fig. 65).
Rice. 65. Formation of the colonial empire of Japan
1944 g.- The Tuva People's Republic became part of the RSFSR.
1945 - an agreement was signed between the USSR and China, according to which the city of Port Arthur is used jointly by both states as a naval base; the city of Dalny (in 1905-1945 under Japanese rule) becomes a free port.
The southern part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands passed to the USSR.
Political Map of Asia after World War II: Decolonization.
1945 g.- the independence of Indonesia and Vietnam is proclaimed.
1946 g.- Proclaimed the independence of Transjordan and the Philippines. The League of Nations mandate for Lebanon and Syria was canceled, they are declared formally independent states.
1947 g.- the independence of India was proclaimed (Fig. 67) and its division according to the religious principle into two states - India (dominated by followers of Hinduism) and Pakistan (adherents of Islam). Until 1971 Pakistan consisted of two parts - western and eastern, which were divided by Indian territory. In 1971, the independent state of Bangladesh was proclaimed in East Pakistan (East Bengal).
Dispute over the ownership of the Kuril Islands
Japan demands from Russia to transfer to it two islands of the Great Kuril ridge - Iturup and Kunashir with an area of 8270 km 2, the islands of the Lesser Kuril ridge with a total area of 278.96 km 2: Shikotan, Polonsky (Taranu), Zeleny (Sibotsu), Yuri (Yuri), Tanfilyeva (Suise), Anuchina (Akiyuri), Watchman (Moise), Signal (Kaigara), Reef (Odoke), Demina Islands (Haruka-rimoseri).
In 1855, diplomatic relations were first established between Japan and Russia, and a border line was drawn, while the parties recognized that the islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Habomai and Shikotan were Japanese territory. Sakhalin was recognized as a joint territory of the Japanese and the Russians. Under the treaty of 1875, the entire Sakhalin went to Russia, and all the Kuril Islands to Japan. The southern part of Sakhalin was transferred to Japan under the Portsmouth Treaty.
In September 1945, after Japan signed the Unconditional Surrender Act, all the Kurils and South Sakhalin passed to the USSR, with which Japan does not agree, proposing to return to the borders defined by the 1855 treaty.
Under the San Francisco Treaty of 1951, Japan renounced its rights and claims to the Kuril Islands, part of Sakhalin and the adjacent islands. Under the same agreement, Japan renounced claims to the islands of Formosa, Pescadores, Paracel, Spratly. According to the Japanese side, the South Kuril Islands have always belonged to Japan, since they are not part of the Kuril ridge, but the Japanese Islands, therefore they are not subject to the San Francisco Treaty.
The current problem of the peace treaty between Japan and Russia (never concluded after the Second World War) is not resolved due to the different positions of the countries on the issue of the border and the ownership of the South Kuril Islands (Fig. 66).
Rice. 66. Territorial disputes over the Kuril Islands
The independence of Burma (now Myanmar) was proclaimed.
The proclamation of Laos and Cambodia as constitutional monarchies under the protectorate of France.
Transfer by Thailand of vast border areas to Laos and Cambodia.
Formation of the Malay Federation, which received the status of a British protectorate; Singapore is separated into a separate colony.
1948 g.- the division of Korea: a demarcation line was established at 38 ° N. sh. on the Korea Peninsula. In the north of the peninsula, the DPRK was formed, and in the southern part - the Republic of Korea.
Formation of the State of Israel.
The British colony Ceylon (since 1972 - Sri Lanka) gained independence, remaining a dominion.
1949 g.- the inclusion of South Vietnam (created on the territory occupied by French troops) into the French Union.
Recognition of Laos and Cambodia as independent states within the French Union.
Accession to Israel of the territories seized by it during the war of 1948-1949. Division of Jerusalem into two parts.
Transfer by France to India of the city of Chandernagore (part of French India).
The proclamation of the PRC.
Proclamation of the United States of Indonesia; the formation of the Dutch-Indonesian Union, headed by the Queen of the Netherlands.
1950 g.- India is proclaimed a republic.
The annexation by Transjordan of the environs of Jerusalem and the land now known as the West Bank; renaming Trans-Jordan into the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
Rice. 67. Mahatma Gandhi (right) and Jawaharlal Nehru - the first leaders of independent India
Jerusalem is declared the capital of Israel.
The proclamation of Indonesia as a unitary republic, the cancellation of the 1949 agreement on the creation of the United States of Indonesia. West Irian (western part of the island of New Guinea) remained a colony of the Netherlands (returned to Indonesia after a referendum in 1962).
Agreement between the USSR and China on the gratuitous transfer of property and rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Port Arthur to the PRC.
1953 g.- the proclamation of the sultanate in the Maldives (British protectorate) as a republic.
Declaration of the independence of Cambodia.
1954 g.- restoration of the sultanate and British protectorate in the Maldives.
Establishment of a demarcation line along the 17th parallel between North and South Vietnam.
1955 g.- The Kingdom of Cambodia seceded from the French Union.
Transfer of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, which were formerly part of the British colony of Singapore, under the control of Australia.
1956 g.- proclamation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. France handed over former French possessions to India - cities
Pondicherry, Carical, Mahe, Yanaon.
South Vietnam seceded from the French Union.
1957 - Proclamation of the independence of the Malay Federation.
1958 g.- proclamation of Iraq as a republic, overthrow of the monarchy; the formation of the Arab Federation, comprising Iraq and Jordan.
Creation of the United Arab Republic of Egypt and Syria.
The proclamation of the Iraqi Republic, the collapse of the alliance with Jordan.
Transfer of the port of Gwadar and the adjacent area to Pakistan by the Sultan of Muscat and Oman.
1959 g.- the proclamation of the state of Singapore while maintaining British control over its foreign policy and defense.
Creation of the Federation of the Arab Emirates of the South (later - the Federation of South Arabia) within several principalities of the south of Yemen and the British colony of Aden.
1960 g.- the proclamation of the independence of Cyprus.
1961 g.- the proclamation of the independence of Kuwait.
1962 g.- proclamation of the independence of the Yemen Arab Republic.
1963 g.- Malaya, Singapore and the former British possessions of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Kalimantan have merged into the Federation of Malaysia.
1965 g.- Singapore left the Federation of Malaysia, becoming an independent state within the Commonwealth.
Proclamation of the independence of the Sultanate in the Maldives (since 1968 - a republic).
1967 year- proclamation of the People's Republic of South Yemen (Prsy).
1970 year- Prsy was renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY).
1971- the proclamation of the independence of the British protectorates of Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates.
The proclamation of the independent state of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan).
1972 year- proclamation of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.
1973 g.- the proclamation of Afghanistan as a republic (formerly a monarchy).
1975 year- the proclamation of the Independent Republic of East Timor and its occupation by the troops of Indonesia.
In the northern part of Cyprus occupied by Turkish troops, the Turkish federal state of Cyprus, not recognized by the world community, was formed (since 1985 - the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus).
1976 year- the unification of North and South Vietnam, the formation of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Cambodia renamed Democratic Kampuchea.
1979 year- the overthrow of the monarchy in Iran, the proclamation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Democratic Kampuchea was renamed the State of Cambodia.
1984 year- The Sultanate of Brunei is proclaimed an independent state within the Commonwealth.
1990 year- the unification of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic, the proclamation of the Republic of Yemen with the capital Sana'a.
1993 year- change of the republican form of government in Cambodia to monarchical.
1997 year- Hong Kong (Xianggang) - the territory leased by Great Britain for 99 years - came under the jurisdiction of China.
At the end of the XX century. The territories of Hong Kong (Xianggang) and Macau (Macau), which have a different economic structure and level of socio-economic development, were returned to China. Think about the arguments “for” and “against” the unification of the Chinese government and opponents of the annexation.
1999 year- Macau (Macau) - a Portuguese colony with the rights of internal self-government transferred to the PRC.
2002 year- proclamation of the independent state of East Timor.
East Timor
For several centuries, the island of Timor was divided between the metropolises: the Netherlands (West Timor) and Portugal (East Timor). West Timor, like other parts of the Netherlands India, gained independence in 1949 and became an integral part of Indonesia. East Timor until the mid-70s. XX century remained a Portuguese colony. Since 1976, as a result of the capture of Indonesia by troops, it was annexed to it as the 27th province. The UN and the international community did not recognize the annexation.
In the late 90s. XX century Timor Leste was under the control of the UN Transitional Administration, which was preparing for a referendum on the status of Timor Leste (held in 1999). In the summer of 2001, under the supervision of the UN Special Committee, the first presidential elections were prepared and held. In May 2002, an independent state was proclaimed.
Rice. 68. Timor Leste
Arab-Israeli conflict
Rice. 71. The bombing of Lebanese territory, where military bases of the Palestinian group "Hamas" were allegedly located (2006)
2003-2011- Iraq is occupied by the troops of the United States and Great Britain, which were later joined by other states. The purpose of the occupation was to overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein, who was accused by the United States of non-compliance with international agreements on the creation and storage of weapons of mass destruction. Under the 2005 constitution, Iraq became a federal republic.
2007 year- Nepal is proclaimed a federal republic.
2010-2011- there was a wave of protests and demonstrations in the Arab countries of the Middle East, called the "Arab Spring".
Regional political organizations... Interstate organizations in Asia were created after World War II, when most countries gained independence and the opportunity to act in solidarity on the international arena. The goals of most of them are to ensure security, cooperation in the economic and political spheres, and support the national liberation movement.
Asian states numerically predominate in a number of international interregional organizations, for example, in the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the League of Arab States (LAS).
Territorial disputes and ethnic conflicts... Unlike Africa and the New World, in Asia in the XVI-XX centuries. there were formally independent states: Turkey, Persia (Iran), Afghanistan, Siam (Thailand), Nepal, China, Japan. Nevertheless, the state borders here were drawn with the participation of European powers.
The most problematic and explosive areas have developed along the borders of China and the Middle East. The western section of the border between China and the DPRK, the Pamir section of the border with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (about 30 thousand km 2 in Gorno-Badakhshan), areas on the border with India (about 130 thousand km 2) and Vietnam are considered controversial. China's claims to the territory of Russia in the maximum volume were declared in the early 60s of the GT. XX century In 2008, an agreement was signed to regulate the borders of Russia and China.
Asia Political Map
- What forms of government and government do the Asian states have? List federal republics and monarchies.
- What political events influenced the formation of the political map of Asia?
- When did the colonization of Asia begin and which European states participated in it?
- List the countries of Asia that were colonies of Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal.
- Which Asian countries did not have colonial status?
- What changes took place on the political map of Asia as a result of the First World War?
- What changes have occurred as a result of World War II?
- What are the most important changes on the political map of Asia in the last quarter of the 20th century?
- What interstate problems and areas of political instability in Asia do you know?
- Name the modern sovereign states that were formed on the territory of the former colonial possessions - French Indochina, British India, Netherlands India.
- List the countries of Asia with a monarchical form of government.
- List the federal states in Asia.
- What consequences did European colonization leave on the political map of Asia? Remember which countries are part of the Commonwealth (British), in which countries the official language is English (French).
Specify the features of the EGP of the South-East Asia region
Answer: The region includes 11 countries: Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, East Timor, Thailand, the Philippines. The region is located on the territory of the Indochina Peninsula and numerous islands of the Malay Archipelago. The region connects Eurasia with Australia and is the border between the basins of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Important air and sea routes pass through the countries of Southeast Asia.
What are the characteristic features of the economy of Southeast Europe
What are the features of agriculture in Southeast Asia
Answer: Agriculture is the main branch of the economy of the countries of Southeast Asia. It employs up to 80% of the total population. During its domination, foreign capital turned the countries of Southeast Asia into agricultural producers. raw materials. Plantation crops (rubber, tobacco, tea, sugar cane, coffee, coconut, etc.), forcibly introduced by the colonialists, displaced (mainly in Malaya, Indonesia and the Philippines) traditional crops of rice and other cereals, as well as vegetables that make up the basis of the food ration of the population.
The reduction in grain harvest has led to chronic food shortages. In 1960/61, even the pre-war level of food production per capita was not reached.
In imports of all countries of Southeast Asia, food accounts for 10-15%, and in some lean years - 25% or more.
The import of food by the countries of the region is systematically increasing: in 1955-1957 it averaged 7.1 million tons, in 1960 - 10.6 million, in 1961 - 10.9 million, in 1962 - 10.7 million tons.
Indicate the main stages of the formation of the political map of South Asia
Answer: In the late 19 - early 20 century. India became the object of the investment of British capital, the development of Indian capitalism intensified. In the end. 19th century the national liberation movement was led by the National Congress Party of India. The creation of mass social and political organizations, the campaigns of civil disobedience, carried out by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of its leader M. Gandhi, weakened the position of the colonial authorities. After World War II, the British government was forced to grant India dominion rights, dividing the country (1947) into 2 parts - the Indian Union (with a predominantly Hindu population) and Pakistan (with a predominantly Muslim population). The government of the Indian National Congress, which came to power in the Indian Union, proclaimed the independence of India on August 15, 1947. In 1950 the Indian Union became the Republic of India. The independent Indian state (until March 1977) was headed by the Indian National Congress (INC) party. The government was headed by one of the leaders of the national liberation struggle J. Nehru (until 1964) and his daughter I. Gandhi (from 1966). Agrarian reforms were carried out, a public sector in industry was created, a course was taken towards industrialization and the rise of agriculture, with some limitation of the activity of private capital. In 1980-89 and since 1991, the government of the INC (I) has been in power.
In the 19th century. the territory of Pakistan was captured by the British colonialists and included in British India. In 1947, the state of Pakistan was formed, which included the northeastern (East Bengal) and northwestern (Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, North-West Border Prov., Etc.) regions of Hindustan with a Muslim majority of the population. In 1965 and 1971 Pakistan was in a state of armed conflict with India. In 1971 on the territory of East. Pakistan formed the state of Bangladesh. In 1972-76, an agrarian reform was carried out in Pakistan, the nationalization of private banks, insurance companies, etc. The military regime established as a result of the coup in 1977 pursued a policy of Islamizing domestic life. Carried out the modernization of the army. In 1988, the transition to a civil form of government was carried out. In October 1999, power again came under the control of the military.
With the achievement of independence by India and its division into 2 states (1947), the territory of the East. Bengal became part of Pakistan (East Pakistan province). The Bengali National Movement led to the formation in 1971 of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. As a result of the coup d'état in 1982, a military regime was established, which, under pressure from the opposition, was ousted in 1990, parliamentary elections (February 1991) brought success to the National Party (founded in 1986).
In 1802 - February 1948. Sri Lanka is a separate colony (Ceylon). The colonialists turned the territory of Sri Lanka into an agrarian and raw material appendage of the metropolis (plantations of coffee, rubber, tea). In 1796, 1818, 1848, there were major uprisings against British rule. In the end. 19 - early. 20th centuries a national movement arose, led by the Sinhalese and Tamil bourgeoisie. The Communist Party was founded in 1943. The rise of the national liberation movement after World War II forced Great Britain to grant independence to the island in 1948. The governments of the independent state took progressive measures: liquidated foreign military bases (1957), expanded the state sector in the economy, carried out agrarian reform; foreign policy is based on a course of non-alignment, non-participation in military blocs. The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka was proclaimed in 1972. Since 1977, a policy has been pursued to strengthen the private sector of the economy and attract foreign capital. The 1980s were marked by acute ethnic conflicts.
Until 1968 the Maldives is a sultanate. In 1887 a British protectorate was established over the islands. In 1965 they received state independence. A republic was proclaimed in 1968.
From the 19th century. to 1947 Bhutan is an English protectorate. In 1949, the King of Bhutan signed a treaty with India on special relations between the two countries.
In 1846-1951, the Rana clan possessed power in Nepal. Since 1957, the government of the country passed directly to the royal power. Under the 1962 constitution, parliament was replaced by the National Panchayat (a legislature with limited functions, dissolved by the king in April 1990). The 1990 constitution, promulgated by the king, guarantees a multi-party system of government.
Britain's attempts to subjugate Afghanistan (the Anglo-Afghan wars of the 19th century) ended in failure, but the British succeeded in establishing their control over Afghanistan's foreign policy. In 1919, the government of Amanullah Khan proclaimed the independence of Afghanistan. The war of Great Britain against Afghanistan (May - June 1919) ended with the victory of Afghanistan. Amanullah's government carried out reforms aimed at eliminating archaic feudal institutions and developing capitalist relations. In January 1929, feudal-clerical reaction, supported by Great Britain, seized power. In October 1929, the Nadir Shah dynasty came to power (ruled until July 1973). The Soviet-Afghan treaties of 1921, 1926, 1931 contributed to the strengthening of Afghanistan's independence. In July 1973, Afghanistan was proclaimed a republic. After the coup d'etat of 1978 by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (founded in 1965; the ideological basis of the party was proclaimed scientific socialism), a civil war broke out in Afghanistan.
Can be viewed in two aspects. The first is a simple publication on paper that displays how the world works in terms of the alignment of political forces. The second aspect considers this concept from a broader perspective, as about the formation of states, their structure and split, about the rearrangement of forces in the political world, about the advantage and influence of large and powerful states on the world economy. The past gives us a picture of the future, which is why it is so important to know the stages in the formation of the political map of the world.
general information
Any state has its own life cycle. It is a hump-like curve. At the beginning of its journey, the country is being built and developed. Then comes the peak of development, when everyone is happy and everything seems to be good. But sooner or later, the state loses its strength and power and begins to gradually fall apart. It has always been, is and will be. That is why, over the centuries, we have seen the gradual rise and fall of great empires, superpowers and huge colonial monopolies. Let's consider the main stages of the formation of the political map of the world. The table is shown in the figure:
As you can see, many historians identify exactly five stages in modern history. In various sources, you can find only 4 main ones. This dilemma has arisen a long time ago, since the stages of the formation of the political map of the world can be interpreted in different ways. The table of the main sections, proposed by us, contains the most reliable information to date.
Ancient period
In the ancient world, the first great states entered the arena of major events. You all probably remember them from history. This is glorious Ancient Egypt, powerful Greece and the invincible Roman Empire. Simultaneously with them, there were also less significant, but also quite developed states in Central and East Asia. Their historical period ends in the 5th century AD. It is generally accepted that it was at this time that the slave system was becoming a thing of the past.
Medieval period
In our minds, during the period from 5 to 15 centuries, there have been many changes that cannot be covered with one sentence. If historians of that time knew what a political map of the world was, the stages of its formation would have already been divided into separate parts. After all, remember, during this time Christianity was born, Kievan Rus was born and disintegrated, and large feudal states are gaining strength in Europe. First of all, these are Spain and Portugal, which are vying with each other to make new geographical discoveries.
At the same time, the political map of the world is constantly changing. The stages of the formation of that time will change the further fate of many states. The mighty Ottoman Empire will survive for several more centuries, conquering the states of Europe, Asia and Africa.
New period
From the late 15th - early 16th centuries, a new page begins on the political arena. This was the time when the first capitalist relations began. Centuries when huge colonial empires began to emerge in the world that conquered the whole world. The political map of the world is often changed and altered. The stages of formation are constantly replacing each other.
Spain and Portugal are gradually losing their power. It is no longer possible to survive by robbing other countries, because more developed countries are moving to a completely new level of production - manufacturing. This gave impetus to the development of such powers as England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. After the American Civil War, they are joined by a new and very large player - the United States of America.
The political map of the world changed especially often at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The stages of formation during that period depended on the outcome of successful military campaigns. So, if back in 1876, European countries captured only 10% of the territory of Africa, then in just 30 years they managed to conquer 90% of the entire territory of the hot continent. The whole world has entered the new 20th century, already practically divided between the superpowers. They ruled the economy and ruled alone. Further redistribution was inevitable without war. This is how the new period ends and the newest stage in the formation of the political map of the world begins.
Newest stage
The redistribution of the world after the First World War made huge adjustments to the First of all, four powerful empires disappeared. These are Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire and Germany. Many new states were formed in their place.
At the same time, a new trend appears - socialism. And on the map of the world there is a huge state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At the same time, such powers as France, Great Britain, Belgium and Japan are strengthening. Some of the lands of the former colonies were transferred to them. But this redistribution does not suit many, and the world is again on the verge of war.
At this stage, some historians continue to write about the modern period, but now it is generally accepted that with the end of World War II, the modern stage of the formation of the political map of the world begins.
Modern stage
The Second World War outlined for us those borders, most of which we see today. First of all, this concerns the states of Europe. The war brought the greatest result by the fact that it completely disintegrated and disappeared. New independent states emerged in South America, Oceania, Africa, Asia.
But the largest country in the world, the USSR, still continues to exist. With its disintegration in 1991, another important stage appears. Many historians identify it as a subsection of the modern period. Indeed, after 1991, 17 new independent states were formed in Eurasia. Many of them decided to continue their existence within the borders of the Russian Federation. For example, Chechnya defended its interests for a long time until, as a result of hostilities, the power of a powerful country defeated.
At the same time, changes continue in the Middle East. Some Arab states are uniting there. In Europe, a unified Germany appears and the FRY Union collapses, as a result of which Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro appear.
Continuation of a story
We have presented only the main stages of the formation of the political map of the world. But the story doesn't end there. As the events of recent years show, soon it will be necessary to allocate a new period or redraw the maps. After all, judge for yourself: two years ago Crimea belonged to the territory of Ukraine, and now it is necessary to completely redo all the atlases in order to change its citizenship. And also troubled Israel, drowning in battles, Egypt on the verge of war and a redistribution of power, incessant Syria, which can be wiped off the face of the Earth by powerful superpowers. All this is our modern history.
Place of work, position: - teacher of geography, MAOU "Gymnasium No. 1"
Region: - Orenburg region
Characteristics of the lesson (occupation) Level of education: - basic general education
Target audience: - Teacher (teacher)
Class (s): - 10th grade
Subject (s): - Geography
The purpose of the lesson: -
To systematize knowledge on the main events and main stages of the formation of the political map of Asia.
Lesson type: - Combined lesson
Students in the class (audience): - 10
Used tutorials and tutorials: -
V.N. Kholina Geography Grade 10 profile level
Methodical literature used: -
1. V.N. Kholina Book for the teacher -M.: Bustard 2005.
2. Maksakovsky V.P. The geographical picture of the world - M .: Bustard 2005.
Equipment used: -
1. Physical map of Eurasia.
2. Textbook, atlases.
Used CRCs: -
disk for a specialized school
Brief description: - 2. Continue the formation of: - the ability to work independently with sources of geographic information; - the ability to navigate the map when searching for geographic objects; The lesson contributes to the formation of the ability to show geographical objects on a map, analyze the situation, find cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena; development of research skills.
Resource for a profile school: - Resource for a profile school
Methodical development of the lesson.
Lesson topic: Formation of the political map of Asia.
Purpose: To systematize knowledge on the main events and main stages of the formation of the political map of Asia.
Learn about major contemporary political issues in Asia.
1. Promote a comfortable classroom environment.
2. Continue formation:
- the ability to work independently with sources of geographic information;
- the ability to navigate the map when searching for geographic objects;
- the ability to show geographic objects on the map;
- the ability to analyze the situation, find cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena;
3. Development of research skills.
Equipment:
1. Physical map of Eurasia.
2. Textbook, atlases.
3. Projector.
5. Computer class with Internet access.
During the classes.
(steps of the lesson)
Teacher actions.
Student actions.
Organizing time.
Checks readiness for the lesson.
Prepare a workplace: pen, atlas, diary.
Organizational and motivational
Announcement of new material.
Give ahead of the ass according to the textbook Arab - Izr Conflict
Hello guys!
Today we have guests at the lesson, welcome, do not worry, we work in the same mode as always. ESTIMATE for a lesson is activity in the lesson + test tasks
You already know that the whole world in which we live is divided into parts - regions. We have already got acquainted with one of these regions. This …
And what region we will study today, you will tell me now
The coordinates are posted on the board:
1) 16 N, 101 E
2) 21 N, 95 E
3) 11 N, 107 E
Determine which objects are in the given coordinates?
Surely this is ASIA
What is a political map,
Has the political map always been like this? Do you know the stages of its formation? This means that we must find out the stages and events that influenced its formation.
LESSON TOPICFormation of the political map of Asia
Writes the topic of the lesson on the chalkboard.
And in notebooks
Before
to start studying the topic of the lesson, let's remember the basic concepts:
1) What are states?
2) State borders?
3) Types of borders?
Well done!
So, close to the European region of the world. This is Asia, you can study it in different ways, mark the most interesting or the most famous facts, the largest or most significant events and look for an exclusive. But to form a more complete picture, some other characteristics are required.
· What other indicators do you think could be used to assess the region?
Today we are unlikely to have time to thoroughly understand these issues. But this is our first lesson on this topic, and subsequent lessons will provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the region in more detail.
So what do we know about Asia?
Slide number 1,2
Today we will expand our understanding of Asia and, using its example, we will show how practically all the problems of the formation and development of the political map, which we will consider today, manifest themselves.
THERE IS THIS CONCEPT SUBREGIONS
How would you divide Asia into these regions and how would you name them?
State of Siam
Saigon, Vietnam
Write the topic down in notebooks
The political map of the world is a geographical map that reflects the countries of the world, their form of government and state structure.
1. The most important administrative territorial units by floor. Map
2. lines drawn on the map and on local, and perpendiculars, restored from these lines to the border of the earth's space with space and to the center of the earth deep into its bowels.
3. Land - delimitation, demarcation
Sea - territorial waters.
(Geographical location, population, mineral resource base, main sectors of the economy Political map)
Asia - the largest part of the world - is home to more than half of humanity and about 50 states and territories. The border between Europe and Asia runs along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the northwestern coast of the Caspian Sea, along the Kumo-Manych depression; between Asia and Africa - along the Isthmus of Suez.
Foreign Asia is divided into sub-regions, we will find out which countries are included in this or that region
Assignments in groups 4 people checking at the card
Checking slides No. 5,6,7,8
Perform tasks on the kont map
In ancient times, powerful empires were located in Asia, which determined the course of world history, but the modern political map was formed mainly in the New and Modern times.
Remember which of the Europeans was the first to reach by sea from Europe to India around Africa?
It was from this historical moment that the stage of the colonization of Asia began.
RECORD in tetr Stages of the formation of the Political Map:
1 colonization 15th century
According to the textbook p102
Write in your notebook the metropolises who ruled in Asia
Define British possessions Netherlands- Netherlands India: the islands of Java, Madura, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan), Celebes (Sulawesi), part of the island of New Guinea (West Irian).
Portugal- Portuguese India (the cities of Goa, Diu), Macau (Macau), the island of Timor.
France- French India (the cities of Karikal, Mahe, Pondichenry, Chandernagore, Yanaon), French Indochina (Annam, Cambodia, Cochin, Laos, Thin).
Possessions of Japan- Bonin Islands, Taiwan Island.
Russian possessions- Khiva and Bukhara (in vassal dependence), Kvantui with Port Arthur (rented from China).
US possessions- Philippines (since 1898).
As part of the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire
EXAMINATION!
Colonies in Asia persisted until the middle of the 20th century.
HOW MANY% of the population lived in the colonies?
Over 90% of the region's population lived in them.
The collapse of the colonial system ended after the Second World War.
We write in notebooks Stage 2 decolonization
Many states have changed their form of government
Task 2 Using the textbook page 104, find information about the forms of government.
SO what stages formed the political map and at what time?
WHAT major historical events you could name- THESE wars
MAIN historical events. XX century.
1. World War I - pp 106-107 write
What states became part of the USSR after the First World War?
2. Which countries freed themselves from colonial dependence, became independent after World War II.
Does the division of states always go smoothly? Can you give an example of territorial claims?
Asia is an unstable region, many states have territorial claims to each other, as the state borders here were drawn with the participation of European powers.
we did research. work
on the territorial claims of Japan to the South Kurils. DARIA NAUMOVA will present a small part of our work.
Making a presentation.
I offer you this situation. Imagine that Russia handed over the Southern Kuriles, WHAT PROBLEMS WILL APPLY in this regard to the residents and the governments of states?
Discussion 2-3 min
The Middle East, a territory where the interests of many major powers of the West and the East converged since the Crusades of the 12th century, is a hotbed of instability.
Consider the Arab-Israeli conflict.
FROM THE MESSAGE Make those conclusion WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE ARAB-Israeli conflict.
let's check how you assimilated the information received in the lesson. Online tutorial 90% -5
So what have we learned?
Have you reached the goal of our lesson? Name the STAGES and key events
ESTIMATES COMENTORIES
D / Z - slide
Open the tutorial topic # 2; steam No. 3 page 102
Asia is the largest part of the world, where more than half of humanity lives.
Among the modern independent states of foreign Asia, republics predominate, however, there are countries with a monarchical form of government - there are 14 of them.
Until World War II (XX century), foreign Asia (without the USSR) was a very important component of the colonial system. Over 90% of the region's population lived in colonies and dependent countries. The main metropolitan countries were: Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Japan, USA. After World War II, the disintegration of the colonial system affected, first of all, the countries of Asia. Until now, only the last "remnants" of the former colonial possessions have survived.
An attempt was made to involve young independent states in military blocs. Now they have disintegrated, but it should be remembered that in the mid-50s, the SEATO and CENTO military blocs were created. SEATO includes the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, and from Asian countries - Thailand, the Philippines and Pakistan (which was released in 1972). Soon the SEATO bloc disintegrated. Members of another military alliance, CENTO, were Great Britain, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan; in fact, the United States played a large role in it, although formally it was not a member of the bloc. Until 1959, CENTO included Iraq. In 1979, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey announced their withdrawal from this bloc, which predetermined the collapse of this bloc as well.
The NATO bloc includes Turkey - the only Asian country. The Non-Aligned Movement is widespread in Asia. The non-aligned countries proclaimed non-participation in military-political blocs and groupings as the basis of their foreign policy.
Southwest Asia
16 countries are located in South-West Asia, forming a historically formed sub-region covering most of the Near and Middle East (the conventional concept of “Near and Middle East” covers the territory located in South-West Asia and North Africa). Monarchies with strong remnants of feudal and tribal relations are still preserved in South-West Asia, but republics predominate. The rivalry between the largest imperialist powers is reflected in the modern and recent history of Southwest Asia. They were attracted by the "middle" position of the region on the shortest routes from the metropolises to their large colonial possessions in South and Southeast Asia, and later - by the richest oil fields in this region.
The struggle for strategically important territories was fought mainly between Great Britain and France.
Chronology:
1875 - the purchase by Great Britain of a stake in the Suez Canal Company (built in Egypt in 1869). Aden and Cyprus were turned into a British colony. By the end of the XIX century. Great Britain established its protectorate over a number of territories on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf. After World War I, Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan became the British "mandated" (controlled by the "mandate" of the League of Nations) territories, while Syria and Lebanon became French. The League of Nations actually legalized the division of Southwest Asia into spheres of influence.
1919 - As a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Yemen, Hejaz and Asir gained independence.
1919 - the people of Afghanistan became independent (in 1978 Afghanistan became a republic).
1921 - the Soviet-Iranian treaty of friendship was signed - the recognition of Iran (since 1979 the monarchical regime was abolished and the Islamic Republic was proclaimed).
1923 - The Republic of Turkey is proclaimed.
1932 - the state of Saudi Arabia was formed (the principalities of Nejd and Hijaz were united).
1932 - Iraq gained independence (in 1958 it became a republic).
1943 - Syria and Lebanon gained independence, and in 1946 Transjordan gained independence (since 1950 - Jordan).
1947 - By a resolution of the UN General Assembly, Britain's mandate for Palestine was canceled. On the territory of this country, it was decided to create two sovereign states: Arab and Jewish (this issue has not yet been settled).
In 1948, the formation of the State of Israel was proclaimed, the State of Palestine was not formed. Israel occupied the entire territory allotted for the Arab state (the Arab-Israeli wars of 1948-49, the 1967 "six-day war"). Contrary to the UN resolution, the Israeli authorities declared Jerusalem the capital of their state. Only in September 1993, the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration was signed, providing for the creation of temporary self-government on the West Beret r. Jordan and Gaza (autonomy). 1960 - the independence of the Republic of Cyprus is proclaimed (since 1974, about 37% of the territory is occupied by Turkey, which led to the actual split of Cyprus into two separate parts). 1961 - Kuwait gained independence (it was a British protectorate). 1962 - the Arab Republic of Yemen was formed (in 1967, another independent state, the People's Republic of South Yemen - NDRY was formed); and in 1990 both states merged into the Republic of Yemen with the capital in Sana'a.
1970 - the Sultanate of Oman (the former colony of Great Britain) is created.
1971 - independence is proclaimed in the former British protectorates of Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (formerly contractual Oman). 1978 - A coup d'etat was carried out in Afghanistan. The country was named the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (in November 1987, its former name, the Republic of Afghanistan, was returned to it, and in 1992 the country was proclaimed the Islamic State of Afghanistan).
At the end of 1979, by agreement with the country's leadership, Soviet troops were brought into Afghanistan. This illegal act led to the strengthening of the opposition movement, to an extreme aggravation of tension in the country. One way or another, the United States, Pakistan, Iran and other countries have joined the conflict. By 1986, the Soviet government made a political decision to withdraw its troops, and by 1989 the USSR had fulfilled its obligations. However, the country's civil war continues due to continuing deep divisions between Afghan warring factions.
The nature of state borders established in colonial times, religious, ethnic and other disagreements still give rise to border conflicts, armed clashes and wars:
1948-49, 1956, 1967, 1982 - Israeli aggression and wars against Arab states - neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon),
1980-88 - Iran-Iraq War, 1979-95 - War in Afghanistan, 1990-91 - Iraqi aggression against Kuwait.