Subcontinent Eastern Asia occupies a prostitian outskirts from to the southern borders of China. Western its frontiers (outside of Russia) are held by Highana, the eastern edge of Alashan, the foot of Eastern Tibet (Sikan). South East Asia extends to about 20 ° C. Sh., That is, it comes to the tropical belt. From the east, the region is washed by the incense seas that have a very big impact on the nature of the region. The Russian Far East on natural properties refers to this subcontinent, but its features are considered in the course of the physical geography of Russia.

East Asia

Within foreign East Asia, four physico-geographical countries are usually distinguished. Three of them are on the mainland. This is Northeast China and Korea, Central China and South China. In addition, the Japanese Islands traditionally include the subcontinent, the nature of which is similar to the mainland region in many signs.

East Asia has been formed on a multi-age-made basis (from the Precambrian structures of the Chinese platform to a modern Pacific moving belt). Only in the last stages of the history of the development of the region, the processes of its formation were more or less united. The subcontinent is stretched from north to south from temperate to tropical latitudes, and therefore is located in three climatic belts. General features of nature within East Asia are explained by the immediate proximity to the Pacific Ocean and its seas, as well as to some extent a quarter-to-child development history. The interaction of the huge ocean with a massive mainland creates special conditions for the circulation of the atmosphere.

For all East Asia, the features of the monsoon climate are characteristic. Almost the complete absence of sub-luminous mountain barriers contributes to the free penetration of the airflow of the winter monsoon far to the south, and the summer - north. The same circumstance helps the exchange of the form of the organic world between the northern and southern parts of the region. The neotectonic stage of the formation of the surface of the subcontinent was distinguished by very active movements of the earth's crust, accompanied by faults and the outpouring of Love. This is related, apparently, so that the region is closely adjacent to the moving Pacific subduction zone.

As a result, there are features of nature common to the entire subcontinant.

The domination of the monsoon climate with dry and relatively cold in winter with the predominance of the anticyclonal weather regimen and rainy warm summer. The summer maximum precipitation is characteristic of the entire region, but the share of summer sediments in the total amount of their number decreases from the northern regions to the southern. Cyclonal activities have a great influence on climate formation.

It is manifested in different ways in different seasons, but is common to the entire subcontinent. A significant place in climatic conditions occupy tropical cyclones (typhoons), extending along the coast of the mainland far to the north outside the tropics.

Full-growing rivers have a monsoon flow mode with a summer maximum. The increase in summer flow contributes to the melting of snow in the mountains, where the main rivers of the region takes. In the middle and lower current, most rivers flow on flat plains, where they deposit a lot of solid material. The river flow is distinguished by impermanence: consumption is often changing, and sometimes the position of the bed.

Characteristic antiquity of the organic world, which was formed, starting with Paleogen, and maybe from the end of the mesozoic in more or less homogeneous climatic conditions. During the periods of Pleistocene glaciation, Eurasia with a cold climate of the plant and animals were "retired" to the south, and also freely returned to more northern regions. This contributed to the formation of biocenoses with an exclusively rich species composition, preserving in the flora and fauna of relict species and interpretation of species characteristic of different climatic belts.

There are some common features in the structure of the region's surface, especially its mainland. Here the protrusions of ancient structures prevail in combination with tectonic depips filled with alluvial, sometimes lake sediments. There are traces of ancient volcanism as a result of the tectonic instability of the region, which is located between large moving belts near the zone of interaction of large lithospheric plates. Basalt covers are widespread.

The territory of the subcontinent has long been and tightly populated by people. The climatic conditions and the presence of extensive plains with fertile soils contributed to the fact that agricultural production has developed in the region for many millennia. As a result, natural vegetation cover was very poorly preserved, and the soil is aligned. In many areas it is impossible to understand what conditions were here before the appearance of a person. Even the slopes of low mountains have been changed unrecognizable, transformed into the anthropogenic terraces systems.

Northeast China and Korean Peninsula

The region is located in the north of foreign East Asia within a moderate climatic belt with a pronounced monsoon circulation. Its boundaries are carried out in the north of the state borders of Russia, in the West - by Hinghan and Eastern Paints of the Plateau of the Ordos, in the south - at the foot of the Cigning Range and the Water Separation of the Swanhae and Yangtzi pools. In the east, the region is a wide front to the Pacific Ocean and its seas - yellow and Japanese.

The northern border is not natural, but political, southern - climatic, and therefore fuzzy: On the Great Chinese Plain, the landscapes of the region are gradually replaced by landscapes of Central China. The territory is occupied by the northeastern provinces of China, North and South Korea. Interestingly, in the natural border between the region and the Central Asian regions, the Great Wall of China is built - a structure that defended the agricultural population from the raids of the nomads of Central Asia.

The foundation of the region is the Chinese-Korean Precambrian and Mongol-Dongbai Epipaleozoic Platforms, which were tested by the Differentiated vertical movements of faults. The protrusions of the foundation form in most cases the medium and low blocks or folded-chill mountains, and in the depressions there are powerful strata of river and lake allyuvia.

Mountain arrays, composed mainly crystalline rocks, are distinguished by a small height, the presence of alignment surfaces at different heights. Thes of them are usually strongly dissected by tectonic faults and erosion.

Plains were formed in syncizes.

In the north, South Manchu and Central Manchuric accumulative lowlands, formed within the Sunlyo Synclide, are connected to the Middle Amur and Poankay lowlands. In the east, the Great Chinese Plain is located in a young (neogenic) deflection between the protrusions of an ancient foundation, which is filled with a powerful (hundreds of meters) to the thickness of alluvia p. Huanghe, vesting with woods. Among the plain and on its outskirts, low mountain ranges on the protrusion of the foundation (Taishan, Tajanshan, etc.) rise.

A special place occupies a loess plateau. The thickness of crystalline and sedimentary rocks here is overlapped with a landscape role. Ancient erosion relief decreased with powerful (up to 100-250 meters) with lessium sediments. The plateau has in the west of the height of 2000-2200 meters and an uneven surface, and the east is descended to 1,200 meters and is a flat plain, dissected by a thick network of ravines and promoters formed as a result of erosion of alloy stumps. Lors are common in other areas of Northeast China. They overlap the bottom of the valleys, and in some places and mountain slopes.

The characteristic feature of the structure of the surface region-numerous faults, the intrusion of the Saundozoic age and the Cenozoic volcanism. Young lava plateaus, dissected by erosion (Changbayan in Korea covers an area of \u200b\u200b500x250 km) is widespread. The region is subject to earthquakes.

The monsoon variant of the moderate climate is distinguished by large temperature amplitudes and uneven distribution of precipitation during the year.

Here is a dry cold winter (average January temperatures - up to -20 ° C and even up to -28 ° C) and a wet warm summer (middleweight temperatures - 15-26 ° C). During the summer season, up to 80% of precipitation falls, mainly in the form of storm rains when the cyclones of the Pacific Polar Front, which begged in the warm sector of sea tropical. The softer climate is characteristic only for the southern part of Korea, where winter temperatures are mostly positive. As in the areas of a sharp continental climate, there is usually dry cool spring, and part of the snow evaporates, not having time to melt. Autumn, as a rule, warm and dry. Annual rainfall inside the region differs greatly: from 1200 mm in the east to 300 mm in the north-west.

The region is often subjected to typhoon invasions at the end of summer and at the beginning of autumn. Sometimes in the summer, the effects of continental air masses from Central Asia increase, in such years there are strong droughts.

Pools belonging to Amur, Laiohe and Juanhe, have a clearly pronounced monsoon mode with summer floods. Water rise in the spring-summer season is intensified by melting of snow in the mountains. In the north, the flow is somewhat regulated by swamps and lakes, the largest of which is Khanka. Rivers freeze. They put in the sea a huge amount of solid material, the main share of which is the lessisa.

Especially a lot of Muti carries Huanghe - yellow river. On the Great Chinese Plain, it MEANERAGES, forms numerous old men, often its course is raised above the rifle spaces. The river often changes the location of his bed and mouth. Modern Delta Juanhe, who arose a hundred years ago, put forward at sea for 20 km, despite the fact that a tectonic immersion occurs here.

The originality of the vegetation of the region is explained both by modern environmental conditions (wet warm summer and severe low-cost winter) and the formation history. During periods of cooling and warming of the time of the Pleistocene glaciation, the change of xerothermal and plvous eras took place migration of plants and there was an adaptive speciation. From here a wide variety and presence of relic groups. In many signs, most of the region used to be engaged in forestry. The forests are still preserved in the north and on the mountain slopes.

For the North-Western regions, taiga is characterized with the predominance of the Dauria larch, the south of the admixture of hardwood (oak, birch, poplar, etc., often represented by endemic species increases). Sustained undergrowth is rich. But especially differed with wealth and originality of the species composition of mixed and broad-sighted forests of the south and east of the region. They grow in them Korean cedar, black fir, Mongolian oak, manchu walnut, linden and ash, Amur velvet (Far Eastern cork tree), numerous wild fruit.

For these forests, a thick shrub tier is characterized. Many powerful Lian - Aktinidia, Lemongrass, Vinographer, Wild Amur Grapes, etc. This gives the forests a kind of "tropical" appearance. In herbal cover there is a relict plant, which has unique healing properties, is ginseng. Forest vegetation is preserved poorly, very modified, in particular, in it, the share of coniferous rocks is artificially reduced as a result of selective logging. On the lowlands of the central part of the region, within the domestic plateau and in some areas of dry mountain slopes of the root type of vegetation - steppe, but the steppe flora has almost preserved.

Under the forests, brown and gray forest soils were formed, in varying degrees of appearance, on low-lying plains under steppe vegetation - chernozem and chestnuts, and in some places - deserted buzzies. Flat lowlands are often marshed. Saltry processes are quite wide, there are salt marshes, solonges and sulfas. Brown soils prevail on the lessisa plateaus.

The fauna of the region was formed in the same way as Flora, the animals migrated and adapt to changing conditions.

Forests live bears - brown and black (Himalayan), Ussuri Tiger, Leopard (Bars), Forest cat, raccoon dog, Sable, Kharza-Harza, Rubble, Spotted deer, Cabagra, Numerous rodents, bats, etc. Many different birds , peculiar to the fauna of reptiles and fish. Insects are often brightly painted and achieved large sizes.

Animal world of steppes close to Mongolian.

The region has large natural resources - land (plain territory with fertile soils), agro-climatic (climate with wet warm summer), forest (except trees with valuable wood, there are healing plants - ginseng, lemongrass, etc., forests are rich in fur beast), mineral . Stone coal, iron ores and gold are of the latter. There are large deposits of aluminum, magnesium and tungsten ores.

Great Chinese Plain, Log Plateau, Korean Peninsula - Areas of long-standing and intensive land development. Rural population places high density. All are suitable for processing on the plains and gentle mountain slopes of decay. Natural landscapes are changed here to such an extent that it is often impossible to determine their initial state. This is especially true to the districts of the North of the Great Chinese Plain.

Many cultural plants occurred from the region. Rice, Galyan, Soy, corn, cotton, fruit trees are grown.

The population has to deal with land degradation, especially with intense erosion, with floods caused by summer floods and the passage of typhoons.

Central China

This region takes within East Asia the territory of the subtropical belt. It is located in the pool r. Yangtzi, Pa North includes Mount Cinlin, in the West borders with Tibetan Highguor at the foot of the Sino-Tibetan Mountains. In the east, Central China goes to the seas of the Pacific Ocean, in the south, the border passes through the Water-Building of the Basin River of the Yangtze and Sizzyan. Here the subtropical climate is replaced by a hotter tropical.

Features of the nature of the region are determined by the well-pronounced features of the monsoon climate and the position within the South China ancient platform and the zone of Paleozoic folding, which manifested in the north and east. A big role, as elsewhere in East Asia, was played by the history of the nature of the region in the last stages.

Most Central China is the average and low mountains of different origin.

In the north is a rather high (up to 4000 m) Ridge Cigning, formed in the Gerced Orogenous Epoch as a continuation of the Central Asian system. Mountains, as a rule, have flat peaks and dissected deep gorges. The low ridge Dabashhan stretches south, and the depression between these mountains occupies a wide valley of r. Hanshui. Further, the system of low mountains, which formed by the Mesozoic movements, which swept the sedimentary platform case begins. Yangtses cut through the ridges, and the Kotlovin chain was formed along its flow, the largest of which is Sichuan (red pool), filled with a powerful thick loose precipitation of red.

All the basins were used to be busy with lakes, and in the lower current and today they have survived, playing a big role in regulating the runoff of the river. South of Yangtze, the surface is a system of hazard mountains usually up to 2000 meters (boxed anticlications) and wide synclinal valleys (Highlands Wishan and Nanine). The ridges are suitable for the coast, forming a riass shore. In the West on the raised structures of the platform foundation, the Yunnan Highlands is located and east of it - Guizhou-high up to 1000 meters folded with limestone.

Climatic conditions are distinguished by a significant degree of continentality, despite the seaside regions in general.

The annual amplitudes of average monthly temperatures reaches almost 30 ° C due to the abnormally cold winter for these latitudes (the effect of a strong and stable winter monsoon). There are cooling to negative temperatures. The amount of precipitation compared to the more northern region is significantly increased due to the development of cyclonal activity on the polar front arising between monsoon and trade-in streams and local air masses. Cyclonal activity is enhanced in the summer, but does not stop completely and in winter, which reduces the seasonal difference in the amount of precipitation. The Yangtze Valley is practically no dry period. The region is subject to the action of typhoons, during which several hundred millimeters of rain can fall at once.

The rivers of the Jetzze basin river flow in wide valleys, but the mountain ranges are breaking through, forming thresholds. Their mode is typically monsoon. In the summer there are floods, especially strong during typhoons, when abundant rains are combined with short winds. Stoke Yangtze in the lower flow is regulated by lakes, in which water accumulates when lifting the river level. A network of reservoirs is also created.

For the organic world, the mixture of southern and northern groups of plants and animals is very characteristic, as well as an abundance of relict species.

Subtropical forests from evergreen magnolia, laurels, camphor, tung trees, ginkgo, coniferous - cypresses, gypsum, southern pines have an admixture of leaf falls - oak, beech, horn, birch, and others. Lower tiers form bamboo, camellia, fan palm trees, ferns, and segirls , numerous lianas. In these forests there may be such combinations as orchids on birch or raspberry in the undercommium of evergreen forest. Qingmin forms a rather sharp watershed between the vegetation of moderate and subtropical belts. Among the animals are common tropical leopards, Panda, Himalayan Bear, Macaki, Gibments, Lemur, Virlurch, etc.

Central China has richest natural resources. Its subsoil contains huge reserves of ore minerals: iron (including magnetite), tungsten, tin, molybdenum, copper, lead, zinc, manganese ores. Exceptionally rich in the antimony field. There is gold and silver. Agroclimatic conditions allow growing rice, cotton, tea bush, citrus, tung and tutovoy trees, tobacco and other cultures. It is placed areas, valleys and basins, the lower slopes of the mountains are treated and occupied by agricultural crops. In the Red Basin, the growing season reaches 300 days and year. You can get two crops of different crops.

The region is extremely densely. Natural conditions are strongly changed by anthropogenic effects. The forests are preserved only in the mountains and around the temples. A number of reserves and reserves have been created, in which few residues of subtropical forests and their inhabitants are protected. The struggle against floods is very relevant for residents of the region. Here, the culture of irrigation is high.

South China

This small region occupies the southern outskirts of the subcontinent. In the south, it borders with indochite (approximately on the Tectonic Valley of the Red River and the foot of Yunnan-Guizhowsky Highlands), in the West is limited by the Sino-Tibetan Mountains. His main difference from other parts of East Asia is a hot climate (mid-January 13 ° C). This determines the originality of the nature of the region.

The climate under circulation conditions usually relates to a subequatorial belt. Indeed, in the summer, the Equatorial and tropical sea air comes here, and many precipitation falls.

However, winter is not dry here (10-12% of the annual amount of precipitation) and cold (on the tropic, the mid-gauge temperature is 13 ° C and there are freezing), which is uncharacteristic for the subequatorial climate with its usually level high temperature code. Cold winters are connected with the penetration of the continental monsoon from the north, and the fallout fallout in winter (as in the subtropical central China) - with the action of the cyclones of the polar front. The total rainfall in the region is large - 1500-2000 mm. Most of all the features of the subequatorial climate are expressed on about. Hainan, where in winter only 7% of the annual norm falls, but the amplitude of temperatures still reaches 11 ° C.

The surface of the region is low and medieval mountains and hilly hills. The greatest height (above 3000 meters) is achieved on about. Taiwan.

The main river of South China - Sizyan has a more uniform stock than other Rivers of East Asia.

The tropical evergreen and deciduous forests of South Asian type are well preserved, despite the intensive use of land. The subtropical evergreen is growing above them in the mountains, and above 1800 m. - Coniferous forests.

In high temperatures and good moisturizing in the region, agriculture has been developed. Tropical cultures are grown in the valleys, and subtropical on terraced mountain slopes. At low-lying sites everywhere there are rice fields. Sizyan - Fish River. At the mouth, the inhabitants have long been engaged in the prey of pearls.

EAST ASIA

The region form 6 countries that borders from South, Southeast, North and Central Asia, have access to the seas of the Pacific Ocean: Japanese, Yellow, East Chinese and South China.

Until July 1, 1997, the region entered the region Hong Kong (the former colony of Great Britain), which moved under the jurisdiction of the PRC and became its special administrative district of Shangan. From December 20, 1999, the same act was carried out regarding Macau (formerly Colony of Portugal), which also became a special administrative district of the PRC - Aomyn.

Position Taiwan - Special. He is actually not recognized by the world community, in 1971 excluded from the UN, since the power of China is recognized by the only legal representative of power on the island, and Taiwan is an integral part of it. Taiwan, on the contrary, he considers himself a legitimate representative of the entire mainland China, and the PRC is the "country temporarily occupied by the Communists".

A bright and large-scale history of the development of the greatest state of the region is China, which is the birthplace of one of the powerful civilizations of the planet, where approximately 5 thousand years ago, one of the oldest and large cultures of mankind arose. The dwelling and writing monuments indicate that the people achieved a significant heyday of philosophical, technical thought, literature, art. For a thousand years before our era, the Chinese already knew, for example, a magnetic compass. Chinese iron production is ancient in the world. Long before Europeans, the Chinese began to produce paper and gunpowder. The idea of \u200b\u200btypography also originated in China. Chinese porcelain, silk and metal products have long been well-deserved worldwide glory.

The peculiarities of the economic and geographical position of the region include:

• local through the territory of China and Mongolia of the shortest terrestrial paths from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to Europe;
• an extremely advantageous seaside position (the length of the coastal strip is 18,676 km);
• the presence of three practically non-freeze seas is yellow, East Chinese and South Chinese, which has exceptional importance for the farm. They give way to the Pacific Ocean, which accounts for 1/4 of all sea transportation of the globe.
• A large industrial function of the seas, an important role in international transport. The ocean coast acquires an increasingly recreational value.
• All countries of the region are members of the UN (China - one of its co-founders), most countries (except Mongolia and the DPRK) are part of Ates, Japan is a member of the "big seven", and the DPRK is the non-alignment movement.

Natural conditions

The region of East Asia occupies almost 8% of land sushi. Natural conditions for its diverse.

The relief is very complex . In the West there is one of the largest and highest ones on the globe Nagrai - Tibet with an area of \u200b\u200bnearly 2 million km2. Surrounded by powerful ridges - Kun-Lenne at the Severia, Karakorum in the West, Himalayas in the South and Saint-Tibetan mountains in the East, Highlands has numerous internal ridges that reach 6000-7000 m of heights, and intergrained plains with a height of 4000-5000 m. On these The plains are cool even in summer, daytime temperatures do not exceed +10 ... + 15 ° C, freezes are freezes. Winter here is long, with strong frosts (-30 ...- 400 s), the winds blow almost constantly, the air is very dry, and precipitation falls to 100 mm per year, almost as much as in the desert. Therefore, Tibet under the conditions of plant landscapes refer to the type of cold whisopher desert. The snow line is located at the heights of 5000-6000 m (the highest position on the globe). Tibet is made up mainly by sandstones, limestones, slates, ridges - mostly with granites and gneis.

The region is characterized by high seismic and volcanic activity. Earthquakes are in the belt of young mountains and especially often on the Japanese islands where there are 150 volcanoes, including 60 active. On average, one noticeable earthquake occurs every three days. One of the most seismic effect is the area of \u200b\u200bthe Tokyo Bay.

With seismic phenomena in deep-water depressions, located a few dozen kilometers east of the region, are associated with fruitry and caused by the huge waves of the tsunami, from which the eastern coasts of Japan, Taiwan, etc., are most affected.

In the East, low mountains alternate with acumulative plains, where the greatest Chinese plain is the greatest, the occurrence of which is due to the most part of the deposits of Huanghe. Its surface is flat, height - up to 100 m, composed of a powerful thick of aluminum. There are also low plains on the Korean Peninsula, where they occupy 1/4 of the territory.

Climate. The region is located in three climatic belts (moderate, subtropical and subequatorial). A tropical zone due to monsoon circulation is missing here. Large spaces of Mongolia and Western China (Tibet) are stretched in areas of the viscality climate (arid). The monsoon air flows in the warm period of the year are blowing out of the ocean on Sukhodol, in the cold - on the contrary. The flight monsions bring precipitation, the number of which decreases from the south to the north. In the southeastern part of the region there are 1000-2000 mm precipitation, Eastern - 400-900 mm, northeast - 250-700 mm. In the monsoon zone, spring and autumn are mostly arid, so artificial irrigation is widely used in agriculture.
Large Rivers Asia - Ind, Brahmaputra, Salouin, Mekong, Yangtze, Huanghe lead from Tibetan Highlands. Eastern mainland and island parts have a relatively thick river system, there are very few rivers in the west, and their huge deserts and semi-deserts are completely deprived. Many rivers shipping. All speech without exception is used for irrigation.

Natural resources.

Mineral resources are very rich. Their main part is concentrated in China - one of the "geological barns of the world." The region has significant reserves of stone coal (in all countries, but the maximum - in China, which in its prey takes 1st place in the world - 1290 million tons per year), brown coal (North Mongolia and Northeast of the DPRK), oil (Northeast and West of China, shelves of the seas), combustible shale (northeast and south of China). In Japan and South Korea, very few fields are of industrial importance.

Through the eastern territories of the mainland region stretches Pacific metal belt With which the Marganese, Volfram, Molybdenum, Tin, Surima, Mercy and other metals are connected with the Molibden. The greatest stocks - in China, North Korea, Mongolia; Iron ore - in the northeast of China, copper-molybdenum fields - in the north of Mongolia (the deposit of the Erend). Japan is poor in the field of industrial metals.
Nermetal minerals are formed by phosphorite reserves (many in Central and South China, in the north of Mongolia), graphite (South Korea), fluorite (very large stocks in the northeast of Mongolia), sulfur (in Japan fields are associated with volcanic origin of the islands, where I sulfur rich in the northern regions about. Honshu).

Source fresh water Numerous lakes of Japan, China, South Korea. Agroclimatic resources are favorable (especially in the East). The monsonic climate makes it possible to carry out agriculture in two modes: in a dry and wet seasons. In the south collect 2-3 crops per year.

A sharp is a shortage of services suitable and affordable land in Japan, which dismands new territories by the sea. Therefore, almost 1/3 of its shores - bulk or washed, the artificial "garbage islands" is common.
Forest resources region is not high. The forestry of the territory is on average less than 40%. Coniferous forests dominate Northeast China, in the north of Mongolia, Japan, mixed - in Japan, the northern and central parts of China. Wet tropical (rain) forests in natural form are not preserved, small arrays are growing in the south-east of China, in Taiwan. In general, forests are significantly depleted by the economic activity of man.

Due to the pollution by the production and household waste of the Earth, reservoirs, the atmosphere has significantly deteriorated the ecological state of the countries of the region. In conservation of natural ecosystems, environmental territories are of great importance.

Population

Population size . The region belongs to the most populated in the world. In 2000, 1439.7 million people lived here, which will automatize almost 24% of the population of the entire Earth. China is the most numerous country in the world (1222 million people).
Demographic features. The overpopulation of the region, the tradition of large-scale caused an acute demographic problem, especially in China. This required urgent action by the government whose demographic policy is aimed at reducing the birth rate and the natural growth of the population. Due to its implementation, the growth rate of the population at the beginning of the 60s of the XX century. We accounted for approximately 2% per year, in the late 90s - almost 1.3%.

Demographic policy in China is based on such bections:

For urban residents, a one-piece family is obligatory (slogan: "One family is one child"), but in the areas of national minorities, the number of children is not limited;

Support at the national level of families who have only one child: cash premiums, subsidies associated with medical care, high pensions, priority in providing housing in the city and personal garden on the village;

Families who have two children do not receive food coupons and pay 10% salaries tax;

Rural families with one child enlarged the size of household plots;

In 1984, at the CCP congress was adopted by the slogan "Award - for one child, progressive punishment - for the third and next";

Promotion of late marriages. Officially, the age of marriage was raised for 2 years for both articles and is 22 years for man and 20 years for women. Additional restrictions are introduced, for example, a categorical ban to create families to students whose violation can cause an exception to the highest educational institution. Nevertheless, the revival of the traditions of "early marriages" is now observed;

Free exercise abortion.

Birth rate in 2000 managed to reduce up to 18-20% per year, mortality - up to 6-8%. Thus, the natural increase was 12-14%. The PRC moved gradually to the group of the countries of the first type of population reproduction.
Mongolia, on the contrary, has a huge area, and the population is more than 2.4 million, which is a consequence of the centuries-old tradition of Lamaism (observance of the celibate vole in male monasteries, where it was up to 1/3 of the male population until 1921).

The ratio of men and women in the region is proportional: women - 49.9%, a mantery - 50.1%. The population of up to 14 years is 24%, 15-64 years - 68%, older age - 8%.

Racial composition . Most of the population of the region (Chinese, Mongols, Koreans) - Mongoloids. The southern Chinese and the Japanese belong to the mixed racial type (the features of the Mongoloids and Australoids). Japan lives Aina - Aborigines, who belong to a separate racial group of Australoids.

Ethnic and religious composition

The ethnic composition is very inhomogeneous. These languages \u200b\u200bare presented here:

Sino-Tibetan family:

Chinese group. It belongs to the Chinese (Han), Dunganins (Hui) - Chinese Muslims;

Tibeto-Burmese group. Covers the peoples of Izzu, Tibetans (live in the south-west of China) et al.;

Altai family:

Mongolian group. It is formed by Halha-Mongols (inhabitants of Mongolia), Mongols of China (live in an autonomous area of \u200b\u200bInner Mongolia);

Tungus-Manchur group. This is a manchuri (live in the northeast of China), which are very assimilated by Hansers;

Turkic group. In its composition Uigur, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz (live in the northwest of China);

The Japanese is a separate family;

Koreans are a separate family;

Aina is a separate family represented by the Aboriginal Japan, which remained mainly on about. Hokkaido;

Thai family. Belong to Zhuhans - China's largest people from national minorities (up to 12 million people), who lives in the south of the country, the peoples of Taii, etc.;

Austro Asian family. Fort the peoples of Miao, Yao, coffee, which live in the south of China on the border with Indochina countries;

Austronesian family - Gajahan (indigenous people of Taiwan Island).

Religious composition. In the region, a variety of religions and their directions are common. This is primarily the powerful cell of the Confucian culture, which originated in China in VI-V Art. BC. Over time, Buddhism is penetrated from India to East Asia, local religions have retained their importance - Taoism (China) and Sintoism (Japan). The peoples of the North-West of China (Dunganins, Uygura, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz) are Muslims-Sunni.

Confucianism is the basis of a specific East Asian civilization. Its moral and ethical system provides for the comprehensive regulation of society, group standards of behavior, high discipline and developed moral installations.

Many countries of East Asia are polycondessens, where several religions coexist.

Placing the population.

Features of natural conditions led to uneven settlement of people in the region. Japan and Korea (300-400 people / km2) are more densely. China is pretty uneven: on the average density of 127 people / km2 90% of the population lives in its east on 1/3 of the country area. In Tibet, the population density is less than 1 person / km2.

There are generally unnecessary areas. Urbanization processes in the region are very versatile. For example, Japan, South Korea are more urbanized countries of the world (78-81% of urban residents).

In China, residents of cities over 250 million people. He is unusual for the spread of the urban lifestyle on rural settlements. In small villages (100-200 families) 900 million people live.

The five most numerous agglomerations of Asia are located in the eastern region: Tokyo (30.3 million people), Osaka (16.9 million), Seoul (15.8 million), Chongqing (15 million), Shanghai (13.5 million) . China, being predominantly a rural country, has more than anywhere else, large cities: over 100 millionaire cities and even 50 cities population exceeds 500 thousand people. Three largest agglomerations of Japan - Cayikhin (Tokyo, Iokohama, Kawasaki, etc.), Hansin (Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and up to 100 others), Tyukio (Nagoya and the other 80 settlements) - merge into the world's largest urbanized system - Megalopolis Tokkaido, which is stretched by 600 km between Tokyo and Osaka, uniting over 60 million people.

Labor resources . The region owns tremendous labor resources both in cities and villages. Persons of working age - up to 810 million most employed in the manufacturing industry, their number in the financial sphere rapidly increases. The share of employees occupied in agriculture is only in China (50%), and in Japan - only 7%, in industrial production - 26% (in China - 15% is the lowest indicator in the region).

The main social problems in the region are "aging" the population and the unevenness of its placement.

General characteristics of the economy

East Asian countries are the most heterogeneous in the socio-economic aspect.

• Japan, South Korea and Taiwan belong to capitalist countries with a developed multi-way economy;
• China is a special way of economic development, combining the principles of planned and market management.
• Mongolia stepped on the path of economic and political reforms after the domination of the totalitarian regime.
• North Korea is a unique state where the Communism is still trying to build communism on the basis of a command and administrative system in the economy and totalitarian regime in politics.

In the countries of the region (except Japan), the state belongs leading positions in economic life.

• In China and the DPRK dominates the socialist economic device. In the public sector of these countries, the most important means of production are concentrated: enterprises of industry, transport and communications, financial institutions, state agricultural enterprises.
• In Taiwan, the state controls most of the financial companies and corporations, the entire telecommunications system, metallurgy, railways, shipbuilding, chemical industry, the production of building materials, owns 70% of land, controls the banking system.
• In South Korea, the state regulates macroeconomic parameters, credit and tax spheres, controls financial activities, manages the activities of public sector enterprises, which unites a significant part of the extractive areas, infrastructure, services sector, railways.
• In Japan, the public sector is insignificant and acts mainly in the fields of infrastructure. At the local level, the state belongs to utility structures, transport, schools, hospitals, several thousand companies that are engaged in the construction and operation of municipal housing, paid roads, port facilities, shopping complexes and markets, etc. Many large monopolistic associations have a close economic connection. With the public sector, state loans and loans actively use.

At the beginning of the XXI Art. The countries of the region have better prospects for economic growth than a decade ago. Becoming economically open, they got the opportunity to import the latest technology, knowledge and business methods. Enterprises have become more flexible in their activities, which they were encouraged by competition and the need to adapt to new economic conditions.

In the MGPP, the countries of the region differ significantly in areas of specialization. Japan is highlighted in high-tech areas (electronic industry, robot construction, automotive industry, household appliances), belongs to the top three leaders in the development of the chemical industry (especially pharmaceuticals, orgsintite chemistry) and biotechnology.

NIS countries have strong positions in high-tech areas of mechanical engineering (electronics, computers, communication, electronic toys, etc.). South Korea is one of the world leaders in the development of shipbuilding. In all countries, the NIS is highly developed light industry (fabrication, linen, shoes).
China in the MGPP is an important producer of agricultural products (vegetables, fruits, pork, soybean, tea, raw silk, leather), as well as textiles, metal, individual products of mechanical engineering (bicycles, household appliances), food and light industry products (clothing, footwear). Mongolia exports wool, skin, fur and handicrafts from them.

Japan.

This is the country of "big seven", the economic leader in the world in many indicators, which occupies 3rd place after the United States and PRC in the level of GNP (3.15 trillion dollars) and 2nd place after the United States in terms of industrial production. Its rapid development began in the 50s and 60th of the XX century. And over time it was called "Japanese miracle." Economic growth is associated with the presence of cheap, but qualified labor in the country, as well as with such features of Japanese, as collectivism and respect for the elder. Growth was achieved without foreign loans, at the expense of own capital, targeted policies of the state, government planning and protectionism.

Japan accounts for up to 12% of world industrial production. It takes 1st place in the world for the production of ships, machines, electronics and electronic components, robots; It produces over 60% of the world volume of televisions, 12% of artificial fibers, is an undisputed leader in the catch of fish (over 12 million tons per year). Among its important achievements is one of the largest gold and foreign exchange reserves in the world (over $ 221 billion), huge overseas assets (up to 1 trillion dollars). In the mid-80s, Japan became the highest lender in the world, is the second after the United States in terms of the shareholder of the International Monetary Fund (over $ 10 billion).

Due to the exacerbation of economic contradictions with basic trading partners and increase competition from new industrial countries in the late 80s of the XX century. Japan began a structural restructuring of its economy in order to expand domestic demand, increasing the role of services and computer science, the further development of its own scientific and technical potential. Priority steel of "High Potential Growth", high-tech projects and high-tech areas: telecommunications, microelectronics, optical fiber materials, aviation and cosmonautics, medicine, biotechnology, environmental protection, etc.

Special attention in Japan is given to science and education, which turned into the main structural factor in economic growth. Accordingly, the state program for the development of the national system of research and development work (R & D) was carried out by the transition from importing technical advances to the development of its own, Japanese R & D system. Cardinal measures have been implemented to improve training and the further development of international scientific cooperation. Created major scientific centers that are developed by developments in the field of solid physics, nuclear energy, plasma physics, newest construction materials, cosmic robots, etc.

An important role in the Japanese economy is played by a variety of associations, federations, unions, enterprise cooperatives of all forms of ownership and other bodies in industry and functional features.
Such Japanese companies include such Japanese companies: "Toyota Motors", "Matsushita Electric", "Sony Corporationishin", "Honda Motors", "Hitachi", "Tagged Camichel Industries", "Kenon Inc.", "Fujitsa", "Fuji photo Philm, "Bridgestone Corporateishin", "Nippon Electric Company", "Mitsubishi Khevi Industries", "Toshiba", etc.

Small and middle business effectively functions in all areas. They are the most active and mobile elements of the market in the development of competition, increasing the competitiveness of goods. Almost 99% of Japanese companies belong to the field of small and medium businesses. Especially most of their role in automotive, electronic and electrical areas.
In Japan, rather low unemployment rates. Throughout the 70s of the 80s of the XX century. Its level fluctuated in the range of 2-2.8% and only in 90s a little exceeded 3%. Japanese management is effective. In the country, there is a "lifelong hiring system" in the country. Given the mentality of the population, the motivation systems are functioning.

At the end of the XX century In Japan, radically reserves rapidly increased. The government introduced a system of measures to liberalize the export of Japanese capital abroad. Now it is the largest banking center and an international lender. Its share in international loans has grown from 5% in 1980 to 20.6% in 1990. Capital exports is the main form of foreign economic activity. Most Japanese capital works in the United States (42.2%), Asian countries (24.2%), Western Europe (15.3%), Latin America (9.3%).
Japan's banking system forces public and private banks. Leading positions in the world are occupied by the financial groups "Banca of Tokyo Mitsubishi", "Sumito Bank", "Sanwa Bank", "Dai-IT-Kang Bank", "Fuji Bank", "Industrial Bank of Japen", "Tokai Bank" .

Taiwan, South Korea, Sianggan. DPRK. Mongolia.

Taiwan, South Korea, Sianggan. Belong to the NIS "First Wave" with high indicators of economic development. South Korea takes 11th place in the world in terms of GNP ($ 764 billion). Very high growth rates of its economy (an average of 8-12% in the 80s-90s). Taiwan is an important exporter of capital in the world, especially in Southeast Asia (in the last five years of the XX century. Investments in this region reached $ 36 billion). Sianggan became the business capital of Asia, one of the largest international financial and currency centers (the third financial capital of the world). His currency exchange takes 5th place in the world, and in more than 560 banks are concentrated on the territory, among which 365 represent 50 countries.

The decisive factors of the raging development of new industrial countries of the region are cheap, qualified and disciplined labor, foreign technologies and capital, guaranteed sales markets in developed countries, targeted state policy. With the rise in price of the workforce, these countries focus on the development of scientific research and an increase in the scientific capacity of production. Local research technoparks are called "silicone greenhouses."
DPRK. This is a socialist state with a planned command and administrative economy. It is experiencing an economic crisis, which is strengthened by political, ideological and military confrontations with South Korea. Actively develops a nuclear program that causes concern about the world community.
Mongolia. In the mid-90s, he chose the so-called "Centrism" path, the concept of which was largely formulated under the influence of Buddhist philosophy. Mongolia was proclaimed a country that moved to socialism directly from feudalism, bypassing the capitalist stage. But this experiment was unsuccessful. Now it is the arena of the active economic interests of powerful neighbors - China, South Korea and Japan.

China.

The economy combines command-administrative (planned) and market injections. Since the beginning of the reforms (since 1982), China has become one of the most powerful states of the world, the volume of the GNP of which was 4.5 trillion dollars. In 2000, achieved stability in economics and politics, increased real incomes of citizens by 2-3 times.
The socio-economic achievements of the PRC are among the most memorable in the global economic history of the last decades of the XX century. They are reflected in the growth of industrial production, keeping the leading position in the world in the production of many types of products. China is the world leader in the production of coal, cement, grain, meat, cotton, keeps leading positions for oil production and electricity production.

Leading world corporations are considering China as the most promising country of the world market. According to experts, the capacity of the Chinese market - over $ 300 billion. China is actively attracting foreign capital and takes 2nd place after the United States in terms of the number of enterprises with foreign investment. In the mid-90s of the XX century. They accounted for 7.5% of all industrial enterprises and almost 19% manufactured products. In 1999, 19 million people worked at such enterprises, which provided 14.5% of China's GDP. In the late 90s of the XX century. The export of Chinese capital has expanded significantly and amounted to $ 18 billion. According to this indicator, it takes 8th place in the world.

China will still remain one of the countries with the most attractive conditions for foreign investment. The population of the country is over 1.2 billion persons, and, according to the World Bank, the average salary is only $ 780 per year. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the Chinese economy at the beginning of the XXI Art. It worked up to $ 39 billion foreign investment, whereas in all other large countries of East Asia together - $ 44 billion.

Having achieved essential results at the rate of economic growth, the dynamics and volumes of industrial and agricultural production, China, however, continues to lag behind the leading industrial countries and countries with a medium-breeding economy in terms of production, productivity, per capita income and life level. His economy remains isolated from global economic processes - only 1/5 of it depends on foreign trade, which is significantly less than in all other developed Asian countries. The huge domestic market of China is limitless for any manufacturer. And since the layer of the poor population of the population is quite significant, the increase in living standards in the country has not yet to mean a fairly proportional increase in demand for consumer goods.
Noticeable interest is the features of Chinese reforms. Contrary to the fact that the Chinese government constantly makes emphasis on the "socialist path" of the country's development, the monopolization of the power of the Communist Party remains, the country's economy consistently beats the path to market funds. A large-scale privatization of state ownership is carried out in the country, the financial market is developing dynamically, the tax system is effective, it was possible to prevent rampage of corruption. Economic reforms in China are far from the "shock therapy", gradual and rational. Therefore, the country managed not only to avoid the transformation downturn, but also to ensure the high dynamism of economic development, a stable improvement in the level of living standards of the population.

The Chinese economic model is based on such factors:

Multivariance of ownership of ownership - from nationwide to private;

Coexistence of planned control levers with market. The state regulates the economy at the macro level, and the micro level is formed and guided by the market. From the second half of the 80s of the XX century. The postulate is distributed in the country: "The state sends the market, the market regulates enterprises";

Distribution for work, complemented by the principle of capital distribution, i.e. on share contributions, profits from securities, etc.;

Clear scheme of sectoral priority: Agriculture - Light industry - Heavy industry;

Sequential implementation of openness policies to the outside world.

In the implementation of open foreign economic policy, China has taken a course on the creation of free economic zones (FEZ) of different orientation. In the late 90s of the XX century. Over 120 such formations have functioned, which were supported by government policies. In total, the country has, according to various estimates, from 1.7 thousand to 9 thousand economic zones with a variety of preferential modes. Among them - Syamin (Amy), Shantou (Swatow), Zhuhai, Shenzhen, oh. Hainan and others.
China is quite quickly integrated into the global trade and financial system, the rapid event of this process was the adoption of it to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Foreign economic relations

Most countries in the region (except the DPRK) adhere to the principle of "open door", which provides for attracting foreign capital, scientific and technical cooperation, and the like. Regarding this, Japan is most active, which accounts for almost 6% of imports and up to 9% of exports, 15% of direct overseas investments in the world. The most important trend of the country's foreign economic activity is the transition from predominantly foreign trade to intensive investment activities.

In exports (1003.8 billion dollars) prevail:

In Xiangane - clothes, jewelry, toys, electrical and optical goods, textiles, shoes;

In China - agricultural raw materials and products, folk crafts, agricultural machinery, metal-cutting machines, light industry goods, sporting goods, toys;

In the DPRK - Vognetrivi, magnesite clinker, cement, sewing products, fish;

South Korea - Maritime Courts, Cars, Steel, Electrical and Electronic Products, Light Industry Products, Clothing, Shoes, Fish;

In Mongolia - Products of animal husbandry (wool, leather, sheepskin), mining and light industry;

In Taiwan - electrical equipment, metals, textiles, plastics;

In Japan - machinery and equipment, vessel, electronic devices, metals and metal products, chemical products, light industry goods.

In imports ($ 853.9 billion) prevails industrial raw materials and semi-finished products, fuel, food, in Taiwan - weapons.

Recreation and tourism

Although the region has favorable recreational resources, nevertheless massive tourism is not enough here. For the year, the region is visited by 35 million tourists who give profit of $ 22.8 billion.

Prerequisites for the development of the tourist area is one of the largest natural and cultural potential in the world: Tibet, Karakorum, Tien Shan, "Stone Forest" Kunmina, Valley G. Lee, "Three Gorges" Yangtze, Waterfall Hukou on Juanhe, Volcanic Activity Zone on about. Hokkaido, National Park "Inner Japanese Sea", "Three Views" of Japan (Matsusima, Amanohasidate, Yusukushima), Cagasim Bay - among the most famous natural objects. In the region, 27 Mountains are sacred for dasists, 14 - for Buddhists. Natural landscapes are complemented by cultural structures (large Chinese Moore, Pagoda, Pavilions, Arches, Temples, Taoist, Buddhist, including Lamaist monasteries, Imperial Palaces, Villas, Mausoleums, Memories of Garden Arts, etc.), they are complemented by original Theater art, characteristic sports (Sumo, Karate, Kendo, Aikido, Cyouda), festivals, Geish Institute and Tea Ceremony, etc.
Basic tourism centers: Beijing, Shenyang, Xian, Suc Zhue, Lhasa, Seoul, Tokyo, Kyoto, Nara, Kamakura, victims of atomic bombing - Hiroshima and Nagasaki city.

Alexey Voskresensky. Grand East Asia.

Big East Asia

A new regional complex is formed.

The topic of my research has recently - issues of energy and international relations. In my opinion, there are several very interesting new moments in energy issues. This is due, first of all, with oil. The oil factor becomes a significant part of world politics. All previous increase in oil prices in 1973 and in 1980, although they were quite large, led only to the formation of a certain quasi-market. And after 2000, it is in principle to talk about the formation of the global energy market.

First of all, after 2000, the influence of the group of OPEC countries has decreased. Today they control about 40 with a small percent of world exports. It is significantly less than in the last thirdXX century.

There was a group of new oil consumers. States such as China, India, Brazil, in general developing countries, today occupy about 23 percent in world consumption. And this indicator will only grow. China went to second place in the world in the consumption of hydrocarbon raw materials, and India for oil consumption approached Germany. This is a completely new situation that was not before. That is, we can say that the consumption of oil, energy resources in fast-growing countries is growing. Exporting countries have ceased to depend on old oil consumers. Accordingly, the market diversification occurred. And today we started talking about oil diplomacy and the energy factor in international relations.

Competition aggravated on the global investment field in the field of oil and gas. The diversification of sources and energy markets began. In fact, we can talk about the appearance of two new fundamental factors that affected the price of oil. The first is the growth of consumption in fast-growing countries. The second is the exhaustion of light oil and easily produced oil. There are some new, very interesting factors, especially Chinese. Back in 1990, China was an exporter of oil, and by 2010 it will become the main importer. By 2020, it will import 60 percent of oil, 30 percent of gas. And this amount of oil will become critical in order to ensure the modernization of China's development. Accordingly, the import of energy resources will become a significant factor in foreign policy and in the security concept of a whole group of countries: China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, as well as other countries in the region.

China will become an active participant in energy geopolitics. Apparently, his attention will increase to the Middle East, to Russia, to Central Asia. In 1997, the Chinese company "Chain Neshnell Petrolium Company" decided on investment of 8 billiondollars in the oil production of Kazakhstan, Venezuela, Iraq, Sudan, Kuwait, Indonesia, Turkmenistan. Now the interests of China in Peru, Mongolia and Canada added to this. When analysts in the same 1997 spoke about the transformation of China into a global factor, their analysis caused a grin. But now one list says that: a) the influence of the Chinese factor in energy diplomacy increases, b) China's interest becomes global.

In 1998, the first official visit of the Chinese leader of Jiang Citysin to Saudi Arabia took place. He then called Saudi Arabia by China's strategic oil partner. And in recent years, China has formulated what is called, strategic approaches to energy diplomacy, in contrast to the market approach. What does it mean? These are supplies through state-owned companies, self-sufficiency, investment, first of all, states in their own production, as well as in transportation and oil production in other countries. These are administrative measures for increasing energy efficiency, modernization of transport lines, fuel diversification, strengthening bonds with oil exporting countries. This is finally investments and economic assistance to exporting countries in creating long-term strategic reserves of raw materials. Today we can say that such a policy is really alternative that this is a certain strategy. And you should not discount the impact of this alternative concept to other countries.

We can talk about new issues of links in international relations in the field of energy. We can talk about new trends in international relations, especially in the part that concerns regional issues. In fact, this is the fact that the regional level today begins to play a new role in terms of the methodology and structure of its impact on the global policy.

This level today affects global redistribution of global power. And therefore, close attention to the Asia-Pacific region arises, which by many analysts is regarded as the future engine of world economic growth. In my opinion, a new regional complex is formed today - Greater East Asia.

You can take or not make a similar idea, however, the formation of such a complex is a fact that has far-reaching strategic consequences. And this is, apparently, the global trend, and it affects not only Eastern Asia, but also other regions. For example, already became the fact of global reality of the Great Middle East and the Pan-American Regional Complex.

The energy factor turns into a global policy factor. Russian resources and in general energy resources, apparently, are becoming the key to the transformation of some regional states into world powers. ANDthe very formation of a new security structure in large East Asia is inevitably connected with the energy factor. Perhaps this factor can turn it into a region where the interests of states will be harmonized, and where they will not become even more acute contradictions that already exist.

There are in this process and positive and negative sides. The number of conflicts that previously proceeded outside the region increases. In addition, there are also their acute conflicts that have not been going anywhere. For example, territorial disputes. Let's say in Japan with Russia, with China, and with Korea. There is the problem of Parasiel Islands, the border relations of China and India. And that is the most amazing, the leading powers of the region does not have a single vision of the future.

In the late 1990s, some of our analysts considered Japanese investments in Russia with natural phenomenon. And they were surprised that they were almost no. One of the arguments that was expressed by the Japanese side was such. In Russia, too large territories. And the major cities of Siberia and the Far East are at a very long distance from each other and they are not so much. Therefore, it is ineffectively investigating. The product created by such investments will be too roads due to the extensive costs for transportation and sale.

The Japanese are afraid of Russian military-technical cooperation with China. In recent years, our military-industrial complex has earned about 10 billion dollars. This is a significant amount of any parameters. Then, maybe Japan will buy some Russian military product so that Russia has less supplied it to other countries?

There is a real life where there are some dubious in terms of ethics. Let's say my personal opinion is that the trade of weapons is generally immoral cause, because it contributes to the destruction of people. But on the other hand, what I learned in surprise, there is a concept of continuation of the "Cold War" in Asia, the concept that the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs shares. And if such a concept exists, then conversations about the unethiffness of the sale of weapons are meaningless.

All major world powers that are involved in the affairs of Greater East Asia are their own problems. For example, the United States problem is that their policy is disputed in the region. In addition, there are no inner conviction in the United States that they are an Asian powder. China's problems flow out of his explicit attempt to play world role or accumulate the potential that will allow him to play this role. And another problem with regional leadership, Taiwan problem and internal problems.

Regarding the growth of weapons in China. It should be understood that China turns into a global power, we want it or not want it. Today it is hardly possible from the outside to slow down this process. The Chinese economy will try to ensure their interests by any means, including the strengthening of military power. Not necessarily using weaponsbut it will try to possess the armed forces that will protect the interests of the new state.

About Taiwanese issues. It seems to me that no matter how we treat it, there are three things that unite or must combine sober-minded people, regardless of how the Taiwanese problem is to be resolved.

First. The problem should be solved only by a peaceful way.

Second. This is the case of the Chinese themselves.

And third. Democracy is better than authoritarianism and totalitarianism.

If you proceed from these three principles, life will tell you how to act in relation to the Taiwanese problem.

India's involvement in a large region, on the one hand, increases the role of the Power, on the other hand, causes difficulties in the conceptualization of this new role.

The problems of Russia are not only the difficulties of mastering the resources of the Far East, but also the problem of defining the role of our country in Northeast Asia. This is a problem of military-technical cooperation with some states in the region. In general, the role of Russia in the emerging superregion is more significant than in narrowly understood East Asia. But the problems of Japan: territorial disputes, practically with all the leading powers, with the exception of the United States, the narrow framework of independence of foreign policy. The transformation of Japan in the "Normal Country" will inevitably strengthen the concerns that exist in the region.

Resurrection Alexey Dmitrievich,

head of the Department of Oriental Studies MGIMO Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation

East Asia (Kit. 东亚, Cor. 동아시아, Yap. 東 アジア, Mong. Dornia As.) - Eastern part of Asia.

Adhes to the Pacific Ocean in moderate, subtropical and tropical belts. The relief is characterized by a complex combination of mountains and plains. A significant part of East Asia is located in the zone of the West-Pacific geosynclinal belt. Inherent vulcanism (kamchatka and mountain-island arcs), significant seismic activity.

The climate is monsoon, seasonally wet, tightness, flooding, flood.

Natural vegetation is represented mainly by forests, in the northern part of the forest predominantly mixed and taezhni, in the south - broad-sided subtropical and tropical. In areas with low moisture content of forest-steppe and steppe.

Plains are cultivated and densely populated.

The Far East of Russia, China, Taiwan, Japan, DPRK, the Republic of Korea and Mongolia include the region of East Asia.

East Asia

Geographical position. Geological structure. Climatic conditions. Population and environmental problems.

see also nature Photos of East Asia: China (Beijing) (from the section Natural Landscapes of the World).

Geographical position.East Asia is the outskirts of Eurasia facing the Pacific Ocean. It extends from the Russian Far East to South China. East Asia also includes Sakhalin Islands, Kuril, Japanese, Taiwan, Hainan (see the map of the physico-geographical zoning of Eurasia with reference to the photographs of the nature of this region). In the absence of structural-geomorphological unity, the natural integrity of East Asia determine the peculiarities of its climate and the organic world.

Geologicalstructure.The mainland of the region is an ancient land, within which the medium-weary fold-lump mountains are combined with accumulative plains. The islands and the washes of their seas belong to the Pacific belt, experiencing the immersion of the Pacific Plate under the edge of the Eurasian Continental Plate and the island arcs located in front of it. This belt is marked by the strong development of seismic and volcanism.

Climaticconditions.The main pattern of forming the climate of East Asia is monsoon circulation, creating a sharply pronounced difference between wet warm and dry cold seasons. East Asia is located in moderate and subtropical belts, and in the south enters the tropical belt, and the temperature conditions within its limits in the direction from the north to south are changed, but the main features of the monsoon climate are maintained throughout the region. The monsime nature of the climate, which can be considered a distinctive feature of East Asia, imposed an imprint on almost all directions of its nature, as well as on life and economic activities of the population. Another feature is intense cyclonic activity along the tropical and polar fronts, which causes hurricanes of catastrophic force (typhoon).

The climate of East Asia did not undergo significant and sharp changes during the Cenozoa, so the conditions for the formation of the organic world did not change. In this regard, the Flora and the fauna of East Asia are characterized by a large antiquity and species wealth, mixing of moderate and subtropical and even tropical elements throughout its entire.

Populationand environmental problems.East Asia belongs to the long and densely populated region of Eurasia; It is characterized by a long-standing and deep change in nature by man and the widespread spread of anthropogenic landscapes.

Painted seas

The most important element of the nature of East Asia is the Pacific Seas, located between the mainland and chains of the East Asian Islands. The deep-water basins of these seas along with the island arcs and the gutters of the Pacific Ocean experienced significant lowering on the border of the neogen and the Quaternary period.

The outskirts of the sea are partially located within the mainland shame, which reaches the greatest width between 40 and 20 ° C.Sh. By providing the situation between the largest on Earth, the continent and the ocean, the Sea of \u200b\u200bEast Asia are subject to monsoon circulation, from which their regime depends largely. On the other hand, the deeply dismembling the coast of the mainland, the sea has a great influence on its nature and play a huge role in the life of the population.

Japanese Sea Almost entirely corresponds to the tectonic hollow. Material scams within its limits of narrow, prevailing depths - more than 2000 m, and the maximum - 3720 m. At the same time, the straits connecting the Japanese sea with the ocean and other seas, shallow sea. Therefore, the bulk of the water of the Japanese Sea has a constant temperature (about 0 ° C), and the temperature fluid temperature under the influence of the currents is rather volatile from the place to the place and the seasons. The main flow of water to the Japanese Sea comes from the south, through the Korean Strait. The warm Tsushimo flow, which is a branch of the warm current of Kurosio, heats the part of the sea adjacent to the Japanese islands, and causes the high temperature of the water on the surface: in winter 13 ° C, and in summer to 25 ° C. In the north-west, a rise to the surface of cold deep waters and the formation of a cold compensatory seaside flow occurs, which causes a strong decrease in temperature in Western coasts (in summer to 13 ° C). In winter, in the northern part of the sea, the water temperature on the surface falls below 0 ° C, about a quarter of the water area is covered with ice annually. The salinity of water in the Japanese Sea due to the small river flow everywhere is the same and close to 34% about. Strong winds, especially in winter, cause significant excitement. With typhoons, the wave height reaches 12 m. Due to the large seismic activity of the region in the Japanese Sea, waves of tsunami are often noted.

The presence of warm and cold waters creates favorable conditions for the development of rich fauna and flora. More than 600 species of fish are known in the Japanese Sea, they catch a large number of herring, cambals, anchovs, sardines, salmon. The seal, crabs, some mollusks are underway. As part of the rich flora of the Japanese Sea, many algae, which are of practical importance. Active environmental measures have allowed the ecological situation in the coastal waters of Japan over the past decades, whose state in the 60-70s is significantly improved. XX century caused greater concern.

Yellow Sea By origin, the features of the relief of the bottom and the water regime differs from Japanese. It is very much going into the mainland and most of its part is located within the mainland shallow. The depth of its bays rarely exceeds 30 m, and the maximum depth of the sea is only 106 m. The yellow sea is under the strong effect of the continent and is characterized by large temperature fluctuations for the seasons. In summer, surface waters in the southern part are heated to 26 ... 28 ° C, in the north - up to 24 ... 25 ° C. In winter on coastal shallow water in the northern part of the sea, the formation of drifting ice is possible, and in the south the water temperature does not exceed 6 ... 8 ° C. Salt everywhere is somewhat lower than the oceanic, and in the bays where large rivers (Huanhe, Laochye, etc.) are falling, decreases to 25% about. The direction and nature of the flows is approximately the same as in the Japanese Sea: along the shores of the Korea Peninsula goes a flow of relatively warm water from the East-China Sea; In the west, the coast of the mainland relatively desalinated and cold water move south. There are high tides in the sea. In the Gulf of Kolasman (attenu) on the west coast of Korea, their height reaches 9-10 m. Abundant rivers, especially Huanghe, dusty and sandy material gives a yellowish color of water. Hence the name of the sea. Its water is rich in various types of fishing fish (herring, marine bream, sardine, mackerel, etc.), here in large quantities mined mussels and oysters.

East China Sea Less isolated from the ocean than Japanese and yellow. In the east, it limits the chain of small islands to Ryuku; In the south, on the border with the South China Sea, is Taiwan Island. The western part of the East-China Sea is timed to the mainland shallow, where the depth ranges from 30 to 160 m. The eastern part of the pool is occupied by a hollow with a maximum depth of 2719 m. In the East, there is a constant warm flow that starts the flow of Kurosio. In the western part, seasonal flows associated with monsoon circulation are dominated. Several times a year over the waters of the East-Chinese Sea, Typhins pass, moving at a speed of 120 to 450 km / day.

Surface water temperature in summer reaches 26 ... 29 ° C. In winter, the water temperature increases from the northwest southeast of 7 to 20 ° C. Saltness in the surface layer of water is 32-34% about. In the southern and eastern parts of the sea coral buildings are common. The fauna of the East-China Sea is very rich. There are large mammals: whales, dolphins. Many different fish: Sardines, Kambala, Mackerel, Tuna, Kefal; There are sounding fish from the Gorbilev family. Fishery also have lobsters, crabs and trepanga (hello). In recent years, due to the increase in the pollution of coastal areas and the wide distribution of oil films, the environmental situation in the East-Chinese Sea deteriorates that negatively reflects in the state of its biological resources.

Internal differences Within East Asia, it is determined by the provision in different climatic belts, contrasts between the mainland and island parts and a variety of structure and relief.

EAST ASIA

The region form 6 countries that borders from South, Southeast, North and Central Asia, have access to the seas of the Pacific Ocean: Japanese, Yellow, East Chinese and South China. Until July 1, 1997, the region included Hong Kong (the former Colony of Great Britain), which passed under the jurisdiction of the PRC and became its special administrative district of Shangan. From December 20, 1999, the same act was carried out regarding Macau (formerly Colony of Portugal), which also became a special administrative district of the PRC - Aomyn. The position of Taiwan is special. He is actually not recognized by the world community, in 1971 excluded from the UN, since the power of China is recognized by the only legal representative of power on the island, and Taiwan is an integral part of it. Taiwan, on the contrary, he considers himself a legitimate representative of the entire mainland China, and the PRC is the "country temporarily occupied by the Communists". A bright and large-scale history of the development of the greatest state of the region is China, which is the birthplace of one of the powerful civilizations of the planet, where approximately 5 thousand years ago, one of the oldest and large cultures of mankind arose. The dwelling and writing monuments indicate that the people achieved a significant heyday of philosophical, technical thought, literature, art. For a thousand years before our era, the Chinese already knew, for example, a magnetic compass. Chinese iron production is ancient in the world. Long before Europeans, the Chinese began to produce paper and gunpowder. The idea of \u200b\u200btypography also originated in China. Chinese porcelain, silk and metal products have long been well-deserved worldwide glory. The peculiarities of the economic and geographical location of the region include: a breaking through the territory of China and Mongolia of the shortest terrestrial paths from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to Europe; an extremely advantageous seaside position (the length of the coastal strip is 18,676 km); The presence of three practically non-freeze seas is yellow, East Chinese and South Chinese, which has exceptional importance for the farm. They give way to the Pacific Ocean, which accounts for 1/4 of all sea transportation of the globe. A large industrial function of the seas, an important role in international transport. The ocean coast acquires an increasingly recreational value. All countries of the region are members of the UN (China - one of its co-founders), most countries (except Mongolia and the DPRK) are part of Ates, Japan is a member of the "big seven", and the DPRK is the non-alignment movement.

Natural conditions

Tags: Asia

Eastern region Asia It takes almost 8% of land sushi. Natural conditions for its diverse. The relief is very complex. In the West there is one of the largest and highest ones on the globe Nagrai - Tibet with an area of \u200b\u200bnearly 2 million km2. Surrounded by powerful ridges - Kun-Lenne at the Severia, Karakorum in the West, Himalayas in the South and Saint-Tibetan mountains in the East, Highlands has numerous internal ridges that reach 6000-7000 m of heights, and intergrained plains with a height of 4000-5000 m. On these The plains are cool even in summer, daytime temperatures do not exceed +10 ... + 15 ° C, freezes are freezes. Winter here is long, with strong frosts (-30 ...- 400 s), the winds blow almost constantly, the air is very dry, and precipitation falls to 100 mm per year, almost as much as in the desert. Therefore, Tibet under the conditions of plant landscapes refer to the type of cold whisopher desert. The snow line is located at the heights of 5000-6000 m (the highest position on the globe). Tibet is made up mainly by sandstones, limestones, slates, ridges - mostly with granites and gneis. The region is characterized by high seismic and volcanic activity. Earthquakes are in the belt of young mountains and especially often on the Japanese islands where there are 150 volcanoes, including 60 active. On average, one noticeable earthquake occurs every three days. One of the most seismic effect is the area of \u200b\u200bthe Tokyo Bay. With seismic phenomena in deep-water depadies, located a few dozen kilometers east of the region, are connected by the fristeing and caused by them huge waves of the tsunami, from which the eastern coasts of Japan, Taiwan suffer most of all. In the east, low mountains alternate with acumulative plains, Where the greatest is a large Chinese plain, the occurrence of which is due to the most part of the deposits of Huanghe. Its surface is flat, height - up to 100 m, composed of a powerful thick of aluminum. There are also low plains on the Korean Peninsula, where they occupy 1/4 of the territory. The region is located in three climatic belts (moderate, subtropical and subequatorial). A tropical zone due to monsoon circulation is missing here. Large spaces of Mongolia and Western China (Tibet) are stretched in areas of the viscality climate (arid). The monsoon air flows in the warm period of the year are blowing out of the ocean on Sukhodol, in the cold - on the contrary. The flight monsions bring precipitation, the number of which decreases from the south to the north. In the southeastern part of the region there are 1000-2000 mm precipitation, Eastern - 400-900 mm, northeast - 250-700 mm. In the monsoon zone, spring and autumn are mostly arid, so artificial irrigation is widely used in agriculture. Large rivers began with Tibetan highlands Asia - Ind, Brahmaputra, Salouin, Mekong, Yangtze, Juanhe. Eastern mainland and island parts have a relatively thick river system, there are very few rivers in the west, and their huge deserts and semi-deserts are completely deprived. Many rivers shipping. All speech without exception is used for irrigation.

Natural resources.

Tags: economy

Mineral resources are very rich. Their main part is concentrated in China - one of the "geological barns of the world." The region has significant reserves of stone coal (in all countries, but the maximum - in China, which in its prey takes 1st place in the world - 1290 million tons per year), brown coal (North Mongolia and Northeast of the DPRK), oil (Northeast and West of China, shelves of the seas), combustible shale (northeast and south of China). In Japan and South Korea, very few fields are of industrial importance. Through the eastern territories of the mainland region, the Pacific Metal Belt is held, with which the Marganese deposits, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony, mercury and other metals are connected. The greatest stocks - in China, North Korea, Mongolia; Iron ore - in the northeast of China, copper-molybdenum fields - in the north of Mongolia (the deposit of the Erend). Japan is poor in the field of industrial metals. Nermetal minerals are formed by phosphorite reserves (many in Central and South China, in the north of Mongolia), graphite (South Korea), fluorite (very large stocks in the northeast of Mongolia), sulfur (in Japan fields are associated with volcanic origin of the islands, where I sulfur rich in the northern regions about. Honshu). The source of freshwater is numerous lakes of Japan, China, South Korea. Agroclimatic resources are favorable (especially in the East). The monsonic climate makes it possible to lead agriculture In two modes: in a dry and wet seasons. In the south collect 2-3 crops per year. A sharp is a shortage of services suitable and affordable land in Japan, which dismands new territories by the sea. Therefore, almost 1/3 of its shores - bulk or washed, the artificial "garbage islands" is common. Forest resources region is not high. The forestry of the territory is on average less than 40%. Coniferous forests dominate Northeast China, in the north of Mongolia, Japan, mixed - in Japan, the northern and central parts of China. Wet tropical (rain) forests in natural form are not preserved, small arrays are growing in the south-east of China, in Taiwan. In general, forests are significantly depleted by the economic activity of man. Due to the pollution by the production and household waste of the Earth, reservoirs, the atmosphere has significantly deteriorated the ecological state of the countries of the region. In conservation of natural ecosystems, environmental territories are of great importance.

Population

Tags: Population

Population size. The region belongs to the most populated in the world. In 2000, 1439.7 million people lived here, which will automatize almost 24% of the population of the entire Earth. China is the most numerous country in the world (1222 million people). Demographic features. The overpopulation of the region, the tradition of large-scale caused an acute demographic problem, especially in China. This required urgent action by the government whose demographic policy is aimed at reducing the birth rate and the natural growth of the population. Due to its implementation, the growth rate of the population at the beginning of the 60s of the XX century. We accounted for approximately 2% per year, in the late 90s - almost 1.3%. The demographic policy in China is based on such bections: - For urban residents, a one-piece family is obligatory (the slogan: "One family is one child"), but in areas of national minorities, the number of children is not limited; - Support at the national level of families who have only one child: cash premiums, subsidies associated with medical care, high pensions, priority in providing housing in the city and personal garden on the village; - families who have two children do not receive food coupons and pay 10% salary tax; - rural families with one child enlarged the size of household plots; - In 1984, at the CCP congress was adopted by the slogan "Award - for one child, progressive punishment - for the third and next"; - Promotion of late marriages. Officially, the age of marriage was raised for 2 years for both articles and is 22 years for man and 20 years for women. Additional restrictions are introduced, for example, a categorical ban to create families to students whose violation can cause an exception to the highest educational institution. Nevertheless, the revival of the traditions of "early marriages" is now observed; - Free exercise abortion. Birth rate in 2000 managed to reduce up to 18-20% per year, mortality - up to 6-8%. Thus, the natural increase was 12-14%. The PRC moved gradually to the group of the countries of the first type of population reproduction. Mongolia, on the contrary, has a huge area, and the population is more than 2.4 million, which is a consequence of the centuries-old tradition of Lamaism (observance of the celibate vole in male monasteries, where it was up to 1/3 of the male population until 1921). The ratio of men and women in the region is proportional: women - 49.9%, a mantery - 50.1%. Population Aged up to 14 years is 24%, 15-64 years - 68%, older age - 8%. Racial composition. Most of the population of the region (Chinese, Mongols, Koreans) - Mongoloids. The southern Chinese and the Japanese belong to the mixed racial type (the features of the Mongoloids and Australoids). Japan lives Aina - Aborigines, who belong to a separate racial group of Australoids.

Ethnic and religious composition

Tags: asia

The ethnic composition is very inhomogeneous. Such language families are presented here: Sino-Tibetan Family: - Chinese group. It belongs to the Chinese (Han), Dunganins (Hui) - Chinese Muslims; - Tibeto-Burmese group. Covers the peoples of Izzu, Tibetans (live in the south-west of China) et al.; Altai family: - Mongolian group. It is formed by Halha-Mongols (inhabitants of Mongolia), Mongols of China (live in an autonomous area of \u200b\u200bInner Mongolia); - Tunguso-Manchur group. This is a manchuri (live in the northeast of China), which are very assimilated by Hansers; - Turkic group. In its composition Uigur, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz (live in the northwest of China); The Japanese is a separate family; Koreans are a separate family; Aina is a separate family represented by the Aboriginal Japan, which remained mainly on about. Hokkaido; Thai family. Belong to Zhuhans - China's largest people from national minorities (up to 12 million people), who lives in the south of the country, the peoples of Taii, etc.; Austro Asian family. Fort the peoples of Miao, Yao, coffee, which live in the south of China on the border with Indochina countries; Austronesian family - Gajahan (indigenous people of Taiwan Island). Religious composition. In the region, a variety of religions and their directions are common. This is primarily the powerful cell of the Confucian culture, which originated in China in VI-V Art. BC. Over time, Buddhism is penetrated from India to East Asia, local religions have retained their importance - Taoism (China) and Sintoism (Japan). The peoples of the North-West of China (Dunganins, Uygura, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz) are Muslims-Sunni. Confucianism is the basis of a specific East Asian civilization. Its moral and ethical system provides for the comprehensive regulation of society, group standards of behavior, high discipline and developed moral installations. Many Eastern countries Asia are polycondessens, where several religions coexist.

Placing the population.

Tags: asia

Features of natural conditions led to uneven settlement of people in the region. Japan and Korea (300-400 people / km2) are more densely. China is pretty uneven: on the average density of 127 people / km2 90% of the population lives in its east on 1/3 of the country area. In Tibet, the population density is less than 1 person / km2. There are generally unnecessary areas. Urbanization processes in the region are very versatile. For example, Japan, South Korea are more urbanized countries of the world (78-81% of urban residents). In China, residents of cities over 250 million people. He is unusual for the spread of the urban lifestyle on rural settlements. In small villages (100-200 families) 900 million people live. Five of the most numerous agglomerations Asia They are located in the eastern region: Tokyo (30.3 million people), Osaka (16.9 million), Seoul (15.8 million), Chongqing (15 million), Shanghai (13.5 million). China, being predominantly a rural country, has more than anywhere else, large cities: over 100 millionaire cities and even 50 cities population exceeds 500 thousand people. Three largest agglomerations of Japan - Cayikhin (Tokyo, Iokohama, Kawasaki, etc.), Hansin (Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and up to 100 others), Tyukio (Nagoya and the other 80 settlements) - merge into the world's largest urbanized system - Megalopolis Tokkaido, which is stretched by 600 km between Tokyo and Osaka, uniting over 60 million people. Labor resources. The region owns tremendous labor resources both in cities and villages. Persons of working age - up to 810 million most employed in the manufacturing industry, their number in the financial sphere rapidly increases. The share of employees occupied in agriculture is only in China (50%), and in Japan - only 7%, in industrial production - 26% (in China - 15% is the lowest indicator in the region). The main social problems in the region are "aging" the population and the unevenness of its placement.

General characteristics of the economy

Tags: asia, economy

Construction companies and building brigades

Eastern countries Asia The most inhomogeneous in the socio-economic aspect. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan belong to capitalist countries with a developed multi-way economy; China is a special way of economic development, combining the principles of planned and market management. Mongolia stepped on the path of economic and political reforms after the domination of the totalitarian regime. North Korea is a unique state where the Communism is still trying to build communism on the basis of a command and administrative system in the economy and totalitarian regime in politics. In the countries of the region (except Japan), the state belongs leading positions in economic life. In China and the DPRK dominates the socialist economic device. In the public sector of these countries, the most important means of production are concentrated: enterprises of industry, transport and communications, financial institutions, state agricultural enterprises. In Taiwan, the state controls most financial companies and corporations, the entire telecommunications system, metallurgy, railways, shipbuilding, chemical industryThe production of building materials, has 70% of land, controls the banking system. In South Korea, the state regulates macroeconomic parameters, credit and tax spheres, controls financial activities, manages the activities of public sector enterprises, which unites a significant part of the extractive areas, infrastructure, services sector, railways. In Japan, the public sector is insignificant and acts mainly in the fields of infrastructure. At the local level, the state owned communal structures, transport, schools, hospitals, several thousand companies that are engaged in the construction and operation of municipal housing, paid roads, port facilities, shopping complexes and markets, etc. Many large monopolistic associations have a close economic connection with the public sector, state loans and loans. At the beginning of the XXI Art. The countries of the region have better prospects for economic growth than a decade ago. Becoming economically open, they got the opportunity to import the latest technology, knowledge and business methods. Enterprises have become more flexible in their activities, which they were encouraged by competition and the need to adapt to new economic conditions. In the MGPP, the countries of the region differ significantly in areas of specialization. Japan is highlighted in high-tech areas (electronic industry, Robot construction, automotive, household appliances), belongs to the top three world leaders in the development of the chemical industry (especially pharmaceuticals, orgsintite chemistry) and biotechnology. NIS countries have strong positions in high-tech areas of mechanical engineering (electronics, computers, communication, electronic toys, etc.). South Korea is one of the world leaders in the development of shipbuilding. In all countries, NIS is highly developed easy industry (Fabrics, linen, shoes). China in the MGPP is an important producer of agricultural products (vegetables, fruits, pork, soybean, tea, raw silk, leather), as well as textiles, metal, individual products of mechanical engineering (bicycles, household appliances), food and light industry products (clothing, footwear). Mongolia exports wool, skin, fur and handicrafts from them.

Japan.

Tags: asia

This is the country of "big seven", the economic leader in the world in many indicators, which occupies 3rd place after the United States and PRC in the level of GNP (3.15 trillion dollars) and 2nd place after the United States in terms of industrial production. Its rapid development began in the 50s and 60th of the XX century. And over time it was called "Japanese miracle." Economic growth is associated with the presence of cheap, but qualified labor in the country, as well as with such features of Japanese, as collectivism and respect for the elder. Growth was achieved without foreign loans, at the expense of own capital, targeted policies of the state, government planning and protectionism. Japan accounts for up to 12% of world industrial production. It takes 1st place in the world for the production of ships, machines, electronics and electronic components, robots; It produces over 60% of the world volume of televisions, 12% of artificial fibers, is an undisputed leader in the catch of fish (over 12 million tons per year). Among its important achievements is one of the largest gold and foreign exchange reserves in the world (over $ 221 billion), huge overseas assets (up to 1 trillion dollars). In the mid-80s, Japan became the highest lender in the world, is the second after the United States in terms of the shareholder of the International Monetary Fund (over $ 10 billion). Due to the exacerbation of economic contradictions with basic trading partners and increase competition from new industrial countries in the late 80s of the XX century. Japan began a structural restructuring of its economy in order to expand domestic demand, increasing the role of services and computer science, the further development of its own scientific and technical potential. Priority steel areas of "high potential growth", high-tech projects and high-tech areas: telecommunications, microelectronics, optical fiber materials, aviation and cosmonautics, medicine, biotechnology, environmental protection, etc. Special attention in Japan is given to science and education, which turned into a main structural factor of economic growth. Accordingly, the state program for the development of the national system of research and development work (R & D) was carried out by the transition from importing technical advances to the development of its own, Japanese R & D system. Cardinal measures have been implemented to improve training and the further development of international scientific cooperation. Created major scientific centers that are developed by developments in the field of solid physics, nuclear energy, plasma physics, newest construction materials, cosmic robots, etc. An important role in the Japanese economy is played by a variety of associations, federations, unions, enterprise cooperatives of all forms of ownership and other bodies in industry and functional features. Such Japanese companies include such Japanese companies: "Toyota Motors", "Matsushita Electric", "Sony Corporationishin", "Honda Motors", "Hitachi", "Tagged Camichel Industries", "Kenon Inc.", "Fujitsa", "Fuji photo Philm "," Bridgestone Corporateishin "," Nippon Electric Company "," Mitsubishi Khevi Industries "," Toshiba "and others. Small and medium business effectively functions in all areas. They are the most active and mobile elements of the market in the development of competition, increasing the competitiveness of goods. Almost 99% of Japanese companies belong to the field of small and medium businesses. Especially most of their role in automotive, electronic and electrical areas. In Japan, rather low unemployment rates. Throughout the 70s of the 80s of the XX century. Its level fluctuated in the range of 2-2.8% and only in 90s a little exceeded 3%. Japanese management is effective. In the country, there is a "lifelong hiring system" in the country. Given the mentality of the population, the motivation systems are functioning. At the end of the XX century In Japan, radically reserves rapidly increased. The government introduced a system of measures to liberalize the export of Japanese capital abroad. Now it is the largest banking center and an international lender. Its share in international loans has grown from 5% in 1980 to 20.6% in 1990. Capital exports is the main form of foreign economic activity. Most Japanese capital works in the United States (42.2%), countries Asia (24.2%), Western Europe (15.3%), Latin America (9.3%). Japan's banking system forces public and private banks. Leading positions in the world are occupied by the financial groups "Banca of Tokyo Mitsubishi", "Sumito Bank", "Sanwa Bank", "Dai-IT-Kang Bank", "Fuji Bank", "Industrial Bank of Japen", "Tokai Bank" .

Taiwan, South Korea, Sianggan. DPRK. Mongolia.

Tags: asia

Taiwan, South Korea, Sianggan. Belong to the NIS "First Wave" with high indicators of economic development. South Korea takes 11th place in the world in terms of GNP ($ 764 billion). Very high growth rates of its economy (an average of 8-12% in the 80s-90s). Taiwan is an important exporter of capital in the world, especially in Southeast Asia (in the last five years of the XX century. Investments in this region reached $ 36 billion). Sianggan became a business capital Asia, one of the largest international financial currency centers (the third financial capital of the world). His currency exchange takes 5th place in the world, and in more than 560 banks are concentrated on the territory, among which 365 represent 50 countries. The decisive factors of the raging development of new industrial countries of the region are cheap, qualified and disciplined labor, foreign technologies and capital, guaranteed sales markets in developed countries, targeted state policy. With the rise in price of the workforce, these countries focus on the development of scientific research and an increase in the scientific capacity of production. Local research technoparks are called "silicone greenhouses." DPRK. This is a socialist state with a planned command and administrative economy. It is experiencing an economic crisis, which is strengthened by political, ideological and military confrontations with South Korea. Actively develops a nuclear program that causes concern about the world community. Mongolia. In the mid-90s, he chose the so-called "Centrism" path, the concept of which was largely formulated under the influence of Buddhist philosophy. Mongolia was proclaimed a country that moved to socialism directly from feudalism, bypassing the capitalist stage. But this experiment was unsuccessful. Now it is the arena of the active economic interests of powerful neighbors - China, South Korea and Japan.

China.

Tags: asia, population, economy

The economy combines command-administrative (planned) and market injections. Since the beginning of the reforms (since 1982), China has become one of the most powerful states of the world, the volume of the GNP of which was 4.5 trillion dollars. In 2000, achieved stability in economics and politics, increased real incomes of citizens by 2-3 times. The socio-economic achievements of the PRC are among the most memorable in the global economic history of the last decades of the XX century. They are reflected in the growth of industrial production, keeping the leading position in the world in the production of many types of products. China is the world leader in the production of coal, cement, grain, meat, cotton, keeps leading positions for oil production and electricity production. Leading world corporations are considering China as the most promising country of the world market. According to experts, the capacity of the Chinese market - over $ 300 billion. China is actively attracting foreign capital and takes 2nd place after the United States in terms of the number of enterprises with foreign investment. In the mid-90s of the XX century. They accounted for 7.5% of all industrial enterprises and almost 19% manufactured products. In 1999, 19 million people worked at such enterprises, which provided 14.5% of China's GDP. In the late 90s of the XX century. The export of Chinese capital has expanded significantly and amounted to $ 18 billion. According to this indicator, it takes 8th place in the world. China will still remain one of the countries with the most attractive conditions for foreign investment. Population Countries - over 1.2 billion persons, and, according to the World Bank, the average salary is only $ 780 per year. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the Chinese economy at the beginning of the XXI Art. It worked up to $ 39 billion foreign investment, whereas in all other large countries of Eastern Asia Together - 44 billion dollars. Having reached significant results at the rate of economic growth, the dynamics and volumes of industrial and agricultural production, China, however, continues to lag behind the leading industrial countries and countries with a medium-breeding economy in terms of production, productivity, per capita and level. Life. His economy remains isolated from global economic processes - only 1/5 of it depends on foreign trade, which is significantly less than in all other developed countries Asia. The huge domestic market of China is limitless for any manufacturer. And since the layer of the poor population of the population is quite significant, the increase in living standards in the country has not yet to mean a fairly proportional increase in demand for consumer goods. Noticeable interest is the features of Chinese reforms. Contrary to the fact that the Chinese government constantly makes emphasis on the "socialist path" of the country's development, the monopolization of the power of the Communist Party remains, the country's economy consistently beats the path to market funds. A large-scale privatization of state ownership is carried out in the country, the financial market is developing dynamically, the tax system is effective, it was possible to prevent rampage of corruption. Economic reforms in China are far from the "shock therapy", gradual and rational. Therefore, the country managed not only to avoid the transformation downturn, but also to ensure the high dynamism of economic development, a stable improvement in the level of living standards of the population. The Chinese economic model is based on such factors: - multivariates of ownership - from nationwide to private; - coexistence of planned control levers with market. The state regulates the economy at the macro level, and the micro level is formed and guided by the market. From the second half of the 80s of the XX century. The postulate is distributed in the country: "The state sends the market, the market regulates enterprises"; - Distribution for work, supplemented by the principle of distribution of capital, i.e. on share contributions, profits from securities, etc.; - clear scheme of sectoral priority: agriculture - Easy industry - hard industry; - consistent implementation of the policies of openness to the outside world. In the implementation of open foreign economic policy, China has taken a course on the creation of free economic zones (FEZ) of different orientation. In the late 90s of the XX century. Over 120 such formations have functioned, which were supported by government policies. In total, the country has, according to various estimates, from 1.7 thousand to 9 thousand economic zones with a variety of preferential modes. Among them - Syamin (Amy), Shantou (Swatow), Zhuhai, Shenzhen, oh. Hainan and others. China is quite quickly integrated into the global trade and financial system, the rapid event of this process was the adoption of it to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Industry

Tags: Asia, Economy

In the late 50s - early 60s of the XX century. The production potential of the region whose foundation was light industryhas been reoriented to a heavy industry. In recent years, a course has been taken to develop high-tech industries. Fuel and energy complex. The basis of the energy is coal production - raw materials for TPPs placed in coal basins and large cities. The countries of the region (China and South Korea) have rich hydropower resources, but there are few of them. Powerful hydropower plants are built on the rivers Juanhe, Sungari, Yangtze, as well as in the mountains of Central Honsu. The total electricity production is 1254.2 billion kW / h. Atomic stations are common. Japan is one of the leaders in the world for the development of NPP (40 atomic reactors with a capacity of 195.5 million kW), built in French and American licenses. South Korea atomic energy (11 atomic blocks with a capacity of 45 million kW), China (2 atomic stations with a capacity of 1200 MW) and Taiwan (6 blocks) are actively developing. Uranium raw materials supplied mainly from Africa. Nuclear development is carried out in the DPRK. Intensively search for new electricity resources. On about. Honshu employs small geothermal stations, research heliotermic. China is already functioning, and small tidal stations are being built in Japan. China uses still non-commercial fuels (waste agriculture and logging, reed, etc.). Ferrous metallurgy. One of the most developed regions of the region. In many countries, metallurgical compounds of the full cycle are functioning, which produce cast iron, steel, hire. Modernized Metallurgy of Japan is one of the most powerful in the world. The leader of the Japanese metallurgy The powerful and influential corporation - "Nippon Steetez" - combines over 500 companies, organizations and scientific institutions with an annual circulation of capital in several billion dollars. Japan annually pays 101.7 million tons of steel - most in the world. The main areas of the development of ferrous metallurgy of China (95.4 million tons are annually) - Northeast and North. Non-ferrous metallurgy. Less developed than black. Increasing demand for non-ferrous metals stimulates a constant increase in their production. China (tin, copper, antimony, lead) and Japan (aluminum, copper, lead) are largest producers. Boxites and ore raw materials will be taken from the countries of Southeast Asia, Latin America, Africa. The PRC is one of the world leaders in the production of rare-earth metals. Mechanical engineering and metalworking. This is one of the most developed areas in the region whose products are over 53 thousand types of products - from mining equipment and tractors to different types of instruments and computers. Significant development acquired the production of machines, especially machine tools in Japan, and metalworking in China. Japan belongs to 1st place in the world in terms of production of industrial robots. Automotive develops intensively industry. Japan, since 1981, held firmly held 1st place in the world in the number of cars issued, giving way in 1998. Annually leading concerns of Japan "Toyota", "Nissan", "Honda" and others - produce over 10.5 million cars. The competitiveness of Japanese cars is achieved by their comparable cheap, efficiency and reliability. Until recently, South Korea held a strong position on the global automotive market (2.5 million pieces), but after the financial collapse at the main car concern of the country, DEU, this area suffered considerable damage. An important areas of industry in recent years have become electronics and electrical engineering. Japanese electronic industrysubmitted by Sony's concerns, "Hitachi", "Mattsushita", "Toshiba", produces 60% of TVs in the world, is a powerful manufacturer of industrial robots, numerical control machines, individual types of microprocessors, video recorders. South Korea - one of the leading manufacturers of electronic and electrical products of domestic purposes: 11 of its corporations belong to the list of the 500 largest in the world, and 4 - to the 100 largest Xonggan (Hong Kong) is known in the world market the production of playing machines, hours, televisions, tape recorders, microcomputers , electronic toys, integrated circuits, radio components, etc. Space equipment, as well as a variety of household electronic technology. Taiwan specializes in the production of computer and displays for them. The leaders in the global shipbuilding are South Korea and Japan, whose companies produce river and sea vessels, multicast special vessels: dry cargo, tankers, container shipments, forestry products, refrigerators, etc. .. shipyard of the region annually descend half of the new vessels of the world. For many years, Japan takes 1st place in the world in terms of their production (8.5 million BR. Register, T), and South Korea - 2nd place (6.2 million BR. Registry, T). Taiwan is one of the world leaders in the production of sports yachts. The production of equipment for textile, sewing and knitted areas has also been developed, and China is one of the first in the world for the manufacture of household sewing machines. He is leading bicycle production (annually produces 41 million pieces.). Chemical industry. The areas of major chemistry prevail, primarily the production of mineral fertilizers (China takes 2nd place in the world in terms of their production after the United States - 23.2 million tons). In Japan, the potential of the regions of organic chemistry (production of synthetic fiber and plastics), biochemistry (production of effective therapeutic drugs, agricultural plant protection products), vitamin production facilities. Petrochemical production in the region is represented by large combines placed in ports that import oil. A chemical and pharmaceutical area is successfully developing (China is one of the largest drug producers, the main center of the release of medicines - Shanghai). Easy industry. Traditional area for all countries in the region. The greatest development was obtained in China, which produces 1/4 cotton fabrics in the world (18.3 billion m2) and 1/10 of chemical fiber tissues. China - Motherland of Slovesm. For many centuries, he maintained a monopoly on the production of silk fabrics and now is the leading manufacturer and exporter of natural silk tissues. Silk, especially natural, Chinese fabrics are valued all over the world for their high quality. According to the total release of all types of fabrics, China came out on the 1st place in the world. The largest textile center in the region is Shanghai. Taiwan is one of the world leaders for the release of shoes (especially sports), sportswear and inventory (tennis rackets, balls, etc.). Mongolia traditionally develops the production of wool (sheep and camel), which is used for the manufacture of fabrics, carpets, cats, felt shoes, leather production is also established. Sianggan is known for its jewelry, it is widely developed by the production of toys, it is one of the world leaders in the production of fur products. In Japan, ceramic production has always occupied an important place, and in an upgraded form it plays a significant role and now. Traditionally in China made porcelain-faience, ceramic products, carpets and mats, embroidery. The bone carving, wood, stone is widespread. These and other decorative and artistic products are successfully exported. Food industry. It covers over 50 industries, leading among which - processing of grain, oil and sugar crops, brewing, tea and fish regions. Dynamically progress the meat-soundroom, dairy industry. The room in China is occupied by a tobacco area that produces not very strong cigarettes. The industry of leading countries in the region is intensively mastering high-tech high-tech production.

East Asia is one of the strategic regions of the world. Here are the second and third in terms of the country of the country of the world - China and Japan. Very complex transformation processes at the level of conceptual civilization shifts occur. Through this region, humanity seems to test future ways to their development.

China

General. The official name is the People's Republic of China. Capital - Beijing (more than 11 million people). Area - 9600000 km 2 (3rd place in the world). The population is more than 130,000,000 people (1st place). State language is Chinese. Monetary unit - yuan.

Geographical position. The country is located in the eastern and partially in Central Asia. In the East, it has access to the Pacific Ocean (Yellow, East-Chinese and South China Sea). In the north and northeast, China borders with Russia, in the north - with Mongolia. Northwestern borders separate China from Kazakhstan, Western - from Tajikistan, Afghanistan and India. In the south, the borders were lagging with Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. In the north-east of the PRC borders with the DPRK. The geographical position of various parts of China is estimated ambiguous: Eastern, especially seaside, areas are very beneficial for economic development, the central and especially western part of the country is largely isolated from active economic life. Countries surrounding China are unstable and economically developed. Favorable for China is like a neighborhood with Russia, which it uses as a natural resource donor and territory for the "discharge" of a population excess population.

The history of emergence and development. In the Valley of the Huanghe River, archaeologists discovered some of the most ancient settlements. About 1500 BC. E. e. In China, the Shan dynasty emerged, whose domination replaced the Zhou dynasty, which was over the decline of the imperial power and the division of the state into individual kingdoms (principalities). UIII Art. BC e. Emperor Shihuan united China and began to build a great Chinese wall. At the beginning of our era, at the Han dynasty, the traditional Chinese culture survived his flourishing. China carried out control over the silk path, spread from India Buddhism. In the XIII-XIV centuries. China was conquered by Mongols. The grandson of Genghis Khan founded the Yuan dynasty in Beijing. During the XIV-XVII centuries. The Ming Dynasty reigned, which came to power after the overthrow of the Mongolian conquerors. In the XVII century China won Manyzhura, setting the Qing dynasty, the domination of which continued until 1912. and was overthrown by the uprising. In 1912. The Republic of China was proclaimed. Sun Jatsen headed the revolution and created the People's Party (Homindan). In the 1930s of the XX century Japan occupied a significant part of China. After her surrender, the war began between the Communists of Mao Zedong and Homintanov. After the victory in 1949. Communists Millions of Homesindanesev were evacuated to Taiwan Island, where they founded the state. On the mainland of China, the state of China emerged. In it, the communist regime of Mao Zedong began to carry out large-scale communist experiments, which eventually ended with full collapse. To resist in power, the Communists began to build capitalism (market economy). This contributed to the rapid economic growth and improved welfare of the population.

State device and form of government. China - Unitary State, Socialist (Communist) People's Republic. According to the Constitution, the highest authority of state power is the All-China Assembly of People's Representatives

(2,979 deputies). They elect the chairman of the PRC and his deputy. The Chairman of the PRC offers the candidacy of the Prime Minister of the State Council (Government) for the approval of the All-China Assembly of People's Representatives. China is divided into 22 provinces, except Taiwan, Autonomous districts and regions with special status (Hong Kong / Sianggan, Aomyn / Macau).

Natural conditions and resources. China relief is extremely complex and diverse. Most of the country are mountains, plateaus and highlands. Among them are highlighted in the world in the world and tibetan highlands height (the average height of more than 4000 m). The West and the North are busy with planes and plains with altitudes up to 1200 m. In the East and Northeast, lowlands are common.

A huge territory determines and climatic diversity. Summer and winter monsoons dominate in the east. With the removal from the coast of the Pacific Ocean, the climate becomes continental. The amount of precipitation decreases to 250 mm per year. In the highlands, the climate is severe and dry.

In the eastern part of China, where more precipitation falls out, there are both the largest and largest rivers. The largest of them Yangtze, Juanhe and the influx of Amur - Sungari. In the south-east, a full-breeding Sizyan proceeds. Summer monsoon, which blows from the ocean, brings a lot of precipitation. This becomes the cause of catastrophic floods. Most of the lakes in Tibet and the Yangtze Valley.

In the valleys of China's largest rivers predominate fertile alluvial soils. In the northeast dominate brown forests. In the West, gray-brown desert soils are common. The south of the country occupy yellow-bees and reds.

Very rich and diverse vegetable and animal world of China. In the northeast, a unique Far Eastern Taiga has been preserved with a bizarre combination of the northern and southern species of plants and animals (Daurry larch, Korean cedar, manchu walnut, ginseng, lemongrass, etc.). In these forests, the world's largest Amur Tiger, Kabarga, Izürter, Sobol, and others, Evergreen subtropical forests grow to the south of Yangtze. They are found monkeys, lemurs, rhinos, tapiirs. Wild camels and horses happen in desert areas.

China is very well provided with mineral resources. One of the first places in the world belongs to him by the reserves of coal, manganese and iron ore, zinc and bauxite, tungsten (60% of world stocks), molybdenum, antimony, tin, titanium, stone salt, and the like. There is gold, uranium, rare earth metals. Limited oil and natural gas reserves.

Population. China is the most populated state of the world (over 20% of the world's population). Such a large number of inhabitants of the country creates a lot of problems. Especially acute is housing and food problems, as well as the provision of Chinese work. In this regard, the Chinese government conducts a tough fertility limit policy. Therefore, the natural increase in the country is three times lower than in India.

With an average population density in 140 people per 1 km 2, the population is placed extremely unevenly. In eastern plain areas, it reaches 400 people, and in the mountains - only 10 people are 1 km 2.

Part of the urban population is only 32%. At the same time in the country more than 40 millionaire cities. The largest of them, except the capital, Shanghai (up to 16 million people), Tianjin (more than 10 million), Shenyang (more than 5 million).

According to the national composition of the population, the Chinese prevail (Han) - 92%. Another 55 peoples live on their ethnic territories, mainly on the outskirts of China (Hui, Mongols, Uigur, Tibetans, Koreans, etc.).

Economy. China is an industrial-agrarian state, after market transformations, develops the most rapid rates among major countries in the world, and according to the total volume of the GNP ranks second after the United States.

And then, when now almost 60% of the employed population works in rural and forestry, and in industry - only about 20%, that is, it can be argued that China's economy has a huge growth potential.

In the structure of the industry dominated the industries of the heavy industry. The extractive industry is represented by coal, oil and gas industries. The rates of mining of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals are growing, and the electricity production, black and non-ferrous metallurgy is developing accordingly (the main centers of ferrous metallurgy are located in the cities of Anshan, Wuhan, Benxi, Baotou).

China's engineering is very branched as sectoral and geographically. It is represented by the entire global nomenclature of goods. Industry enterprises are focused in the largest cities and in free economic areas on the east coast.

The chemical industry mainly focused on the production of mineral fertilizers, structural materials and products of household chemicals. The powerful oil refining industry is functioning.

Lightweight importance has a light industry. It mainly specializes in the production of fabrics. The main center of the light industry is Shanghai.

Agriculture together with the food industry provides the needs of 130,000,000 people. China belongs to the first place in the world in terms of wheat cultivation, peanuts, cotton, rice, tobacco; The third is citrus. In general, grain production exceeds 500 million tons. In the food diet, the rice traditionally plays a major role. The value of animal husbandry is increasing: the pigstock of pigs (420 million) China ranks first in the world.

The overall length of railway tracks is over 60 thousand km. In 1992 The Chinese have created another transcontinental railway, spending and to borders with Kazakhstan. The automotive network is now in China exceeds 1100,000 km. Approximately the same length of aviation routes. No values \u200b\u200bof internal water transport (110 thousand km). In the country, almost 120 seaports that are associated with China with 100 countries of the world.

Culture and social development. In the PRC, about 70% of the population are competent. Mandatory is a 9-year education. There are more than 1,000 higher educational institutions in the country. The largest of them are in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. The most famous information agency is Xinhua. China's cultural heritage is one of the world's largest. The world famous Chinese Wall, Imperial Palaces, Parks, Mausoleums. There are many museums and libraries. China is hardly the largest number of unemployed. Especially a lot of them in small cities.

China recognized Ukraine on December 27, 1991 diplomatic relations between the two countries established on January 4, 1992 by signing the communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations. From March 1992, the PRC Embassy works. Ukraine exports to China of goods worth more than 1 billion US dollars, importing products from this country almost 10 times less.