Russian names of Jewish origin. "Real Russian" names

Patronymic is characteristic feature, distinguishing Russian anthroponymics system from most modern European: in Europe, it is represented only from other Eastern Slavs (Belarusians and Ukrainians), as well as the Bulgarians and Icelanders (the latter has practically no surnames). Adaptation by Russian names of other peoples is usually accompanied by those or other phonetic changes, and often the appearance of patronymic.

Names, patronymic and nicknames were known from ancient times. At the same time, ancient sources do not always help clearly delimit the pre-Christian names (given since birth) and nicknames (purchased in more late age). The surnames appeared in Russia fairly late and, as a rule, they were formed from names and nicknames. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. acquired the names of the princess and boyars. However, in the XVI century. The inheritance of nexian boyars surnames was very unstable. Then they began to acquire the names of the merchants and clergy. In the middle of the XIX century. Especially after the cancellation of serfdom in the city, the names of the peasants are formed. The process of acquiring surnames, mainly ended to the 30th of the 20th century.

Name formula

Structure

There are the following traditionally used components of the Russian anthroponym, from which various human naming models may be:

• Name - Personal name given at birth, usually one, but several names could be given in antiquity. Reductive (hypocorous) The name is the unofficial form of the name, formed from the personal with the help of certain suffixes or truncations (Maria - Masha - Mashka - Manya - Musya, etc., Alexander - Sasha - Sashura - Shura - Sanya - Schurik - Iskander; Nikolai - Kolya - Porusik - Nick, etc.). In a new time, such formations, bordering nicknames, are made of surnames (sour, panov - pan), which is a process, historically reverse education.
• middle name - Patronizing, instruction in the name of the Father. Has the end - (c) IC, - (B) on; in antiquity also -One, -in similarly modern names (In Bulgarian, it has been preserved).
• Surname - It is inherited from generation to generation on the male line. Usually, the original Russian surname ends on -Os / -Ev (from the basics of the second decline: Petrov, Konev) or -in (from the basics of the first decline: Fomin, Koshkin); less often / -th (christmas, garden); (Petrov); less characteristic of Russians (unlike other eastern Slavs) names with zero ending (beaver, sparrow, etc.).
• Nickname - Individual name that is not given at birth and is associated with those or others. characteristic features or events. For ancient times, it is characterized by a very sustainable and almost official use of many nicknames (for example, Ivan Kalita, Vasily Esifovich Nose - Novgorod Postener), but now the nicknames are informally widely used, especially in the youth social groups, where they can act as actually the main means of the human nomination.

Models

In the most full form russian namelike I. full names Other peoples are more often used in official documents and much less - in other situations. In Russia for its citizens (not only ethnic Russians) these three elements of anthroponym in obligatory indicated in official documents.

The two-component model of the naming was obtained the greatest distribution. It may be:

• name + patronymic - It is more often used in relation to adults and older people or with an emphasicated human appeal ( Vladimir Vladimirovich, Alla Borisovna).
• name + Surname - stereotypical form when mentioning a person in the third person ( Vasily Kudryavtsev or Vasya Kudryavtsev, Tatyana Smirnova or Tanya Smirnova).
• name + nickname - more often informal naming of man ( Olga Redhead, Zhora Hamster).

With informal communication and the family is often used simply a personal name, without any additions, or a decreasing name (hypocorism). The appeal is only by patronymic. Mikhalych, Sanych etc.). Handling only by name is distributed in schools, educational institutions (Applying students to students) and paramilitary organizations and is often not pleasant to the owner of the surname. Also used as a distribution method.

Personal name

The name, which is assigned to a person at birth and under which he is known in society. IN ancient Russia Distinguished canonical and non-canonical names.

In the pre-Christian era, that is, almost until the end of the X century. In the environment of eastern Slavs (the ancestors of modern Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians), only personal names were used, which were given to children at birth.

middle name

Patronymic in the composition of the nominal formula performed a triple function: complemented the name, distinguishing its owner (in addition to the name) from T-azki, clarified the relationship in the family of the family (father - son) and expressed respect (form of courtesy).

The patronymic name arose as a sign of respect, honoring, first, in relation to the princes (the chronicles of the XI century.) - Boyarin Prince Yuri Alekseevich Dolgorukov, then to famous boyars, nobles, and in Petra I and distinguished merchants; In the XIX century Representatives of the highest layers of society acquired a form on -vich. Patronymic at "EV", "OV", "Ying" - received merchants, at the "Et" - the youngest in the family. Along with this there are records: Pushkar Timoshka Kuzmin Son Rodkin, a suit of Ivashka Grigoriev, who's walking Timoshka Ivanov. Molds of type Grigoriev, Ivanov - not yet surnames. They are sometimes called "semi-whales", because it is not Grigorievich and not Ivanovich. Poor, as a rule, did not have the patientity.

The patronymic formed from both Russians and non-Russian names was met in the oldest Russian written monuments - Wed. Burchevich, Berendeich (from the Turkic British name and from the breeding name of Berendia). With numerous censions of the population, it was necessary to record all "by name from the fathers and nicknames."

Historically, the middle name was divided as if several discharges. Hopes did not have it at all. Just noble people received half-day: Peter Osipov Vasilyev. As for the patronymic of the middle name, it became a sign that his man wearing belongs to a class, aristocratic top. Thus, it was released from patronyfactory, ceased to be a suffix fully and began to be used independently, turning into a special term of the privilege, birdlikeness of persons or classes. -Is began to be perceived as title, as indicating the name of the word "de" (in French), "Background" (in German), "Van" (in Dutch). In accordance with such a position, it was possible to reward that the Russian kings did.

However, the forms of middle name for --s / -Ev in the XIX century. We used only in the stationery speech, in official documents. In the unofficial situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other and on the names and patches in such a form, which is familiar to us now: the Music of Naschich, -Evich, -One, -Evna, -Is, was not limited to. Sometimes it was used even instead of a name (as sometimes now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize the special respect for the person, showing the shade of the location, love.

Surname

Russian surnames are inherited official names, indicating the person's belonging to a certain family.

The surname undoubtedly was the main component of the nominal formula, since it served, in particular, a clearer awareness of the generic affiliation, its expression. As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed only on the male line (although there were exceptions).

The surnames were usually formed with the help of suffixes from their own and nominal names, and the majority - from the most attractive adjectives with suffixes (-Ev), -in (Ivan - Ivanov, Sergey - Sergeev, Kuzma - Kuzmin, etc.).

In Russia, the names were formed on behalf of ancestor and patronymic (Ivanov, Petrov); from the place or from the epithet at the place of residence ancestor (draft, zarechny); from the name of the city or the location, from which the person took place (Moskvitin, Tveritin, Permitine); From the profession, positions of ancestor (shoemakers, Laptev, Clausers, Bondar); from the order of birth of ancestor (Tretyak, Sheack); from ethnic origin Ancestor (Khokhlov, Litvinov, Polyakov, Tatarinov, Moskalev). More often the names in its foundation had a nickname or the patronymic of any member of the family, something distinguished, who had moved to another locality, who became the owner of the estate or the head of a particularly large family.

In various public seams, the names appeared at different times. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. acquired the names of the princess and boyars. Usually they were given by the names of their patients of possessions: Tverskaya, Zvenigorodsky, Vyazemsky. Among them are a lot of the names of foreign, especially Eastern origin, since many nobles arrived at the service to the king from foreign land. Methods for the formation of noble surnames (the names of ancient noble childbirth and childbirth, who served the nobility by the ranks after the introduction of a table of ranks) were diverse. The small group was the names of the ancient princely clans originating from the names of their princes. Before end XIX. in. From among these clans who lead their origin from Rurik, five were preserved: Mosalsky, Yeletsky, Zvenigorodsky, Rostov (the latter usually had double surnames) And Vyazemsky. From the name of Votchin, the names of Baryatinsky, Belosel, Volkonsky, Obolen, Proorovskiy, Ukhtomskiy and some others occurred.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Surnames began to appear in serve and trading people. They often reflected geographical concepts on birth. The clergy began to acquire the names only with mid XVIII c., usually formed from the names of parishes (Preobrazhensky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky, etc.).

In the middle of the XIX century, especially after the abolition of serfs in 1861, the surnames of the peasants are formed (from the names of landowners, the names of settlements, nicknames, patientities), and some have appeared only in the 30s of the XX century.

Nickname

Nicknames, unlike names, always reflect not desirable, but real properties and qualities, territorial or ethnic origin, place of residence of their carriers and denote, therefore, a special meaning that these properties and quality for others have. Nicknames were given to people in different periods Their lives and were usually known a rather limited circle of people.

Nicknames and pagan ancient Russian names should not be confused. But not always between them passes a clear difference. This is due, in particular, with the usual to give children the names formed from ethnonyms, names of animals, plants, fabrics and other items, "protective" names. Apparently, it was about such papers at the beginning of the XVII century. English traveler Richard James in its diary:

Nevertheless, and at the moment, people can get a semi-official nickname, or come up with him themselves.

Sometimes it is estimated and today is officially used, for example, Alexander Pankratov-White and Alexander Pankratov-black.

Literature

• Yu. A. Rylov Romanesque and Russian anthroponymik
• N. I. Sheiko Russian names and surnames
• V.P. Berekov 2005. Russian names, patronymic and surname. Rules of use.
• N. I. Forman sociocultural space of the Russian personal name and modern means Mass media
• N. M. Tupikov is a dictionary of ancient Russian own names. St. Petersburg, 1903.
• A. V. Superan dictionary of Russian names
• M. Moroshkin Slavic namesloval or a collection of Slavic personal names in the Alphabetic Porde. St. Petersburg., 1867.
• B. O. UNBEGUN Russian surnames / lane. from English / Society. ed. B. A. Uspensky. M., 1989; 2nd ed. 1995; Same: Unbegaun B.O. Russian Surnames. Oxford, 1972.

Footnotes

Links

• Tupikov N.M. Dictionary of ancient Russian personal own names. - M.: Russian Way, 2004.
• Women's names, male names. Full Orthodox calendar.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

IN modern society Slavs is considered to be Russian familiar and widespread names, such as Alexander, Nikolay, Sergey, Natalia, Olga, Anna, and the like. Only few know that the names of Russian origin are different, and the above - borrowed from other nations. In the names of each nation, its culture and traditions of many generations are displayed. The loss of generic names and own names turns around the loss of independence of the ethnos and the people's consciousness. A society that does not store its ethnic and nominal symbolism has no roots.

Vintage Russian names

The name of the person is the key to the inner "I", it affects the fate of a person. In Russia, each had two names: the first is false for strangers, and the second is secret, only for a person and his close environment. The names were homemade, communal, spiritual, secret, fraudulent, charms. Slavs tried to defend themselves from the influence of unkind perfumes, which were captured by embittered people, so they chose the names stored from the "gaze and nature, from things or parables."

In order to scare from ourselves, everything is unclean, the initial fraudulent name-Obereg could have an unattractive importance, for example, Nekras, Nonor, Curve, Scoundrel, Dick, Fool, Rabb, Spit, Slora, Sold, Evil and Other Interpretations negative qualities or exterior flaws. With age, they changed, it was believed that the man "grows" from them from both short pants.

In adolescence, when the main features of the person were formed, re-name was carried out. It completely corresponded to the nature of the owner, therefore it was very easy, knowing the name of a person, to determine his essence and purpose in life. For this reason, it was customary not to apply to the secret name in order not to disclose their individuality before unauthorized.

Secret name man not only served him defense in him loving father And the mother invested wishes for a prosperous future. It could reflect the dreams of parents about who they want to see their child in life. The name is pronounced every day, so it has such a big impact on the fate of a person - this is a kind of life program laid in the image. The diverse value of Russian names depends on the classification of them by groups:

• buses: Men's (Mirolyuba, Bogolyub, Boxhar, Velibor, Velzeslav, Gremslav, Dragomir, Yaroslav, etc.); Women's (Lubomira, Knislavlav, Zlatotzet, Sold, Milan, Radmir, Radosvet, etc.);
• in the order of birth (senior, Menshk, Firstha, the second, the third, fourth, fifth, the sixth, sway, the ax, and nine);
• on moral qualities (styard, brave, delets, kind, proud, mountain, cry, etc.);
• according to the peculiarities of behavior (jumpers, balagen, etc.);
• in external distinctive traits (Svetlana, Chernava, Chernysh, Kudryash, Mal, Bel, Dry, Verned and everything in such a kind);
• gods and goddesses (Yarilo, Lada);
• in relation to the birth of a child of parents and relatives (wants, love, waiting, Drugan, unexpected and others);
• by occupation (Blacksmith, Melnik, Kozhemyak, Selinin, Mazay and other craft options);
• from the animal of the world (Pike, Ersh, Hare, Wolf, Eagle, Raven, Lark, Swan, Bull, etc.).

Children in Russia could call the month or time of the year, and even depending on the weather at the moment of birth. From here, in the old chronicles, you can meet such as May or weighing, frost (cold-blooded), winter (stern, merciless), etc. There were "semi-annuity" of a decreasing-derivative formed by adding suffixes to the personal names. An example of such abbreviations serve Svyatoslav (saint), Yaropolk (Yarlka), Dobromir (Dobrynya), Vadimir (Vadim), Miloslav (Milong), Ratibor (Ratish) and others.

Names carry an important part of the culture, heritage and traditions of the people. With the arrival of Christianity, the Slavic names began to replace Greek, Roman or Jewish. The ministers of the Old Testament cult were even lists of prohibited Russian names. The intention of priests was to strike out of the memory of their gods and glorious ancestors. Slavic magic and heroes did everything possible to preserve Russian culture and their efforts brought their fruits. Modern parents, obeying the hidden call of the heart, are increasingly calling their children with their relatives with relative names.

Christian

With baptism of both children and adults, churchmen give new names. They are selected at the request of the parents of a baptized baby or the person himself if the rite occurs in adulthood. The priest can recommend to choose a name according to the day of the saint from the month or translating secular in the church form. So, Angela can become Angelina, and Oksana renamed Ksenia, there are many options.

Greek origin

Many names that Slavs are accustomed to the Russians came simultaneously with Christianity. The predominant most of them is Greek origin. Christianity originated in Palestine at the turn new era (I century) during the time of prosperity of the Roman Empire. Functions official languages, in view of the geographic differentiation, the ancient Greek and Latin, who had an ancient written tradition, were performed. Hence some religious features, for example, the predominance among the Russian Christianized population of Greek names.

Roman origin

From the moment of coming to Kievan Rus in 988, the Mediterranean Old Testament Cult was widespread by the people received Greek and Roman names. Trying to eradicate the Slavic culture and put a new religious representation, Old Testament Priests, perfectly aware of the importance of invalid Russian names, began to rename the local population when baptism.

To date, it is possible to observe large-scale fruits of this activity - many people consider Greek, Roman or jewish names Genuinely yours.

Jewish origin

The basis of modern Christianity is a Jewish religion dedicated to the Lord Yahweh. Since the time of the Roman Empire, the Jews followed the cult described in Old Testament- the book that is the Jewish Tana (includes Torah). Religion is closely intertwined with the lifestyle of the people, so the mixing of the events of the past was reflected in the worldview of Russ. Alien names the current Slavs were accustomed to the Russians, began to forget the teachings and beliefs of the ancestors, and it was time to return to their native sources.

Each era imposes its mark on the worldview of the people, but there are so rapid periods that they are called turnstanding moments in history. So it was with the arrival of Soviet power after the October Revolution in 1917, whose leader was V. I. Lenin. The symbolism of the USSR was present in all, even children were called in honor of the main events and leaders of that time. Here short list Russian names of Soviet origin:

• Aviation (revolutionary name);
• Vilen (abbreviated from V.I. Lenin);
• Owned (Vladimir Lenin);
• Kim (main);
• Lenar (Lenin Army);
• Octobrine (October Revolution);
• Rem (revolution world);
• Stalin (Stalinist).

Modern Russian names with Slavic roots

An expression is known: "As you call the yacht, it will break down." This statement is fully applicable to the name of the person. Names with Slavic roots carry a deep meaning intuitive and close to each Russian. Distinguish slavic name From somehow, you can, if you find out if it is part of the parts in native words. Most of the most truly Russian names in one of the roots are "Slav" (famous), "Loubting" (loving), "peace" (peaceful), which eloquently characterizes high morality and peaceful spirit slavic people.

Popular

The spirit of the Slavic people is powerful. Despite the alien influence, Russian culture is constantly reborn. No matter how you widen the attention of the young generation to Western values, with age, each Slavs starts to get into touch with its true roots. This explains the desire to call children with native names invented by our glorious ancestors. Although there should be time that now popular Russian names of foreign origin, such as Artem, Alice, Alexander, Varvara, Veronica, Ivan, Mark, Eve, Gleb and others ceased to be used among Slavs.

Video

The history of the formation of Russian traditions of name assignment

Ancient Russian anthroponymy consisted initially only from a personal name in a narrow sense; Most of the names initially "repeated" nominal words (wolf, waiting, Dobrynya).

Among the ancient Russian names there were many borrowing from Finno-Ugric, Turkic and other languages. The first written monuments indicate the social difference of anthroponymy: the names of the ruling top, among which the names of Scandinavian origin (Oleg, Olga, Igor) were distinguished (Oleg, Olga, Igor), but were especially characteristic of the two bases; The chronicle directly calls them prince; As their second component, the most frequent-Slavs, -mir (Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Vladimir.; in the Republican Novgorod Planting Tverdislav, Ostromir). The origin of this model remains controversial. The names of suffixual, for example, with-about (Tomilo, told, Putilo), - High (Guest, Putitat. Women's Names came very little; the woman was often called the name of the Father (the most famous heroine The ancient Russian epic - Yaroslavna) or named her husband (Novgorod envy, whom - wives envy, canno), from the reached female names - Krasava.

Christianity borrowed by the Russians from Byzantium brought names, canonized by the Orthodox Church - these are the names of the "saints" of the first centuries of Christianity, originating from the languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the Roman Empire; Especially a lot among such names of the ancient Greek (Andrei, Alexander, Vasily, Elena, Irina), Latin (Sergey, Konstantin, Tatiana, Matrena), as well as names from the languages \u200b\u200bof anterior Asia - Aramaic, Hebrew, Syrian. (Ivan, Thomas, Maria, Anna). Since such names came to Rus through the average gerological language of Byzantium, they carried many of his signs (for example, Varvara, Lawrence, not Barbara, Lavlennia). Significant changes made an adaptation of foreign language names with Russian: the Greek and Latin Formants (Nikolaos, Poulos were transformed in Nikolai, Pavel), simplified the unusual sounds of sound combinations (Akim, Ustinya instead of Joachim, Justinia). On the other hand, the invasion of the mass of anthroponyms-borrowing has expanded the phonetic funds of the Russian language, for example, contributed to the appearance of the sound "F", earlier by him unusual, from very frequent in greek names Sounds transmitted in the Greek letters "Thate" (Fedor, Timofey, Fekla) and "FI" (Philip, Trifon, Sophia). Over the course of centuries, the daily forms of many names were sharply different from the canonical, which consumed only the church, for example (in each pair, the first shape of the casual, the second - canonical): Avdota - Evdokia, Aksinya -Xing, Arina - Irina, Akulina - Akilina, Yegor - Georgy, Osip - Joseph, Tavrilo - Gabriel, even in literary language "Won" uncannic forms: Ivan, Matrona instead of John, Matrona.

During the centuries, the church could not exstruct Russian names: the persistent struggle lasted from the X to the XVII century, although for all Russians it became mandatory baptism at which they gave a name (only from the list of Orthodox "saints"), but in life they used the names not church. So, very frequent names like waiting, unexpected, Eastom, Tomilo, female Milawa.

Official documents and in the XV-XVII century are replete with non-church names, including a villain, a fool probably data for deception " unclean power"; Even the monastery minister of Konstantin Son Devil and the priest with pagan name Languor. IN denially Indicatively, a list of landowners of the Kineshovsky County of 1612: Beetle of Sofones, Tomilo But-Crowders, Lyuboorko, Ishipov, Cheonko Frolov. In the tube book of the Tula County of 1578, more than 18% of all landowners are recorded under the names of the neckers.

Only at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries, under Peter I, the government managed to ban not church names (later slipped single).

The crushing of the Russian principalities into many small devices gave rise to the designation of the princes on the names of the territories belonging to them (Shui, Kurbanie); These designations have become generic names.

Russian anthroponymy of the XVI-XVII centuries is sharply delimited socially. Boyar called three times: " individual name (church or non-church) + full patronymic (from -vich) + generic name "; Each of the three components could be accompanied parallel, for example, the branching of boyars giving birth was reflected in the generic names: Veljamin-Zernov, Veljamin-Saburov; Any of the three components could be supplemented with dedication. For medium-sized layers (landlords and rich merchants), such a formula of the naming prevailed: "An individual name (church or non-church) + patronymic in the form of a brief adjective on-one (-Ev), is.

The creation of a large centralized state, the emergence of a large layer of serving with their land ownership caused the need for a name-naming, denoting all family members and turning into the following generations. More often, the surname arose from Dedica or from the second name of the Father, less likely there was another origin. By the end of the XVII century, the names embraced almost all the nobles. All the rest of the population was called an individual name with a mandatory derogatory formant-one (Vaska, Anka), often with the addition of a sign of any sign (classes, place of birth, a brief assistant adjective from the name of the Father). The complication of naming in order to clarify the identity of the name gained dispersed in naming. In the census of Yaroslavl, 30 different combinations of men naming are used; Another pictured picture of the naming of women.
Peter I reforms, streamlining the entire state apparatus, clarified and consolidated the estate anthroponymic norms: the general official obligation of the church name, the three times of naming for privileged, including patronymic to-infinity only for higher-ranks (in the death of the XVIII century. Such type The patronymic was distributed to all borders).

By the middle of the XIX century, the surnames embraced completely clergy, merchants, differences. In the peasants of the state (especially in the north and in Siberia), the names are known since the XVIII century (and separate and from the XVII century); the whole mass of the fortress peasants who made up the majority of the country's population, the names were not supposed; Although the "street" surnames near the fortress arose, but, not recognized officially and not recorded, they are mostly not sustainable.

Only after the fall of the serfdom of the surname were given almost to everyone, but even later many documents did not recognize the peasant surnames. The law establishes for all the obligation of the name in tsarist Russia did not have; Only administrative orders acted. Up to the very collapse of the tsarism, it was not possible to achieve full coverage of the names of the entire Russian population. They remained unnecessary, which were recorded in the documents "without remembering kinship", numerous "illegitimate".

Name as a sign of a social group

Separate groups of the population had their own closed types of names that served as a sign of belonging to this group, they are completely different - thieves, monastic, etc. The nicknames were especially widespread in young people - a gymnasium, student. Writers, artists and other representatives creative intelligentsia often elevated a pseudonym; He replaced the surname: A. M. Peshkov - the famous writer Maxim Gorky, K. S. Alekseev - an outstanding theater figure Stanislavsky.

Soviet power destroyed the obligation of church names. The population received the right to choose any names at its discretion. In the 20s, the flow of new names was injected into Russian anthroponymia.

It was mainly:

1. Education known in other nations (Eduard, Albert, Alla, Jeanne);

2. Eabelays - foreign language borrowing (avant-garde, genius, idea, poem), even subject (tractor);

3.Abbreviations (Vladlen - Vladimir Lenin, Revumor - the revolution world, even a ptyal - five-year plan in four years);

4. The identity adopted for new ones, and in fact old, but almost forgotten (Oleg, Igor);

5. An derivatives are close in shape to familiar names (October, Svetlana);

6.Mimitive names taken for full (Dima, Olya, Lena). For huge quantities The new names of them remained insignificant even in cities, and in the village did not exceed 1%. The search went blindly and led to many failures. In the mid-30s, the number of new names decreased (although individual names continue to appear now); Non-nucleus - owned, Okabrina, Svetlana, Snezhana and some others.

A very compact name of 40-50 male and 50-55 female names has been established. Most of the names in it are the former, but the name is not at all like a pre-revolutionary, nor on the name of the 30s - the most frequent names of the past either came out of use, or rare. In cities, few people bind them with "saints"; In the village, the relationship with the church calendar is noticeable. Etymological values \u200b\u200bof them only in very rare cases are known to the population. The concentration of names is huge: in almost every terrain, the 10 most frequent names cover 80% of newborns, both boys and girls. In 1960-1961, the most frequent names of the boys: in the cities - Andrei, Sergey, Yuri, Igor, Oleg, Vladimir, in rural areas - Alexander, Sergey, Vladimir, Nikolay. The most frequent names of girls: in cities - Elena, Irina, Mariph, Svetlana, Natalia, Olga, in rural areas - Tatyana, Valentina, Galina, Olga.
The composition of the full official name, historically developed among the Russians, was first fixed by law: "The Basics of the USSR legislation on marriage and the family" established the obligation of three-dead naming:

1. Individual name (in a narrow sense),

2. Patronymic,

3. Surname.

The right to choose a personal (individual) name to the newborn child belongs to parents. In case of disagreement between parents, the issue of guardianship and guardianship authorities solve. Passion is assigned by the name of the Father, and at the birth of a child out of marriage, patronymic is given at the direction of the mother. The child receives the last name of the parents; If the parents have different surnamesParents give him the surname of the Father or Mother, in disagreement between them the issue of guardianship and guardianship authorities solve.

Married can choose their common last name the surname of the Groom or Bride, can save their former separate names; Both surnames in Russia are not allowed. The three possibilities provided by the law of Russia are still very uneven; New while breaks through the way only in large centers

The change of names, patientities, is allowed only to reach 18 years and in the presence of good, valid causes.

Complete three-membered naming is used only in the most important official acts, in solemn cases, in voter lists, in legal documents. In the entire current official documentation, only the name with the initials of the name and patronymic is commonplace.
In friendly or related relations, derivatives of decreasing forms of individual names are dominant: Volodya instead of Vladimir, Lena instead of Elena, unacceptable for other, more official relations. These diminutive forms often have emotional-laxular colors (Volodynka, Lenochka) or a dismissive tint (Volodya, Lenka); A set of suffixes of such forms in Russian anthroponymy is extremely diverse, for example, from male name Ivan has more than a hundred derived forms: Vanya, Vanechka, Vanya, Vanya, Vanyatka, Vanyuha, Vanyuk, Vantec, Ivash, Ivashka, Ivantez, Ivanice, Ivana. In addition, in the family and other close groups, especially in the medium of students' students, all sorts of nicknames are intimate, friendly, ironic, contemptuous or quite neutral; They are formed differently: from the nominal, by "alteration" of the name or surname, based on a random set of sounds. Some writers or artists have pseudonyms.

Russian refers to the group of Slavic languages. However, many Russian names for their origin are not invarious Russians. They are borrowed from greek Together with the Orthodox Religion. Prior to that, the Russians had names, reflecting various characteristics and qualities of people, their physical disadvantages, names, reflecting the order of children in the family. Such names were distributed as a wolf, a cat, a sparrow, birch, first, Tretyak, Big, Little, waiting. The reflection of these names is observed in modern Russian names of Tretyakov, Nezhdas, Menshov, and the like.

With the introduction of Christianity in Russia, all old names were gradually ousted by the names of the church, who came to Russia from Byzantium. Among them, in addition to the names of Greek, there were ancient Roman, Hebrew, Syrian, Egyptian names, each of them in their native language reflected a certain meaning, but when borrowing was used only as a name, and not as a word denoting anything.

By 18-19 centuries, ancient Russian names were already completely forgotten, and the names of Christians largely changed their appearance, adapting to the peculiarities of Russian pronunciation. So, the name Diomide was transformed into the name Demid, Jeremiah - Eremey, etc.

After the October Socialist Revolution, the names associated with the new ideology were distributed: Remier (Revolution of the World), Diamar (dialectical materialism); Names reflecting the first stages of industrialization: electric, elevator, diesel, RAM, (revolution, electrification, mechanization); Names consolidated in foreign novels: Alfred, Rudolph, Arnold; Flower name names: Lily, Rosa, Astra.

From the 1930s, such names like Masha, Vladimir, Seryozha, i.e. The names of the closest Russian people are applied. But this return to the old names does not mean the return to all the names of the church calendar, the majority of which remained the uncomplicated Russian nation.

), as well as the Bulgarians, Greeks and Icelanders (in the latter there are practically no surnames). Adaptation by Russian names of other peoples is usually accompanied by those or other phonetic changes, and often the appearance of patronymic.

Names, patronymic and nicknames were known from ancient times. At the same time, ancient sources do not always help clearly delimit the pre-Christian names (given from birth) and nicknames (purchased at a later age). The surnames appeared in Russia fairly late and, as a rule, they were formed from names and nicknames. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. acquired the names of the princess and boyars. However, in the XVI century, the inheritance of certainly unstable boyars was very unstable. Then they began to acquire the names of the merchants and clergy. In the middle of the XIX century, especially after the abolition of serfdom in the city, the names of the peasants are formed. The process of acquiring surnames, mainly ended to the 30th of the 20th century.

Name formula [ | ]

Structure [ | ]

There are the following traditionally used components of the Russian anthroponym, from which various human naming models may be:

• Name - Personal name given at birth, usually one, but several names could be given in antiquity. Reductive (hypocorous) Name - an unofficial form of the name, formed from personal with the help of certain suffixes or truncations (Maria - Masha - Mashka - Manya - Musya, etc., Alexander - Sasha - Sasha - Shura - Sanya - Schurik - Sanёk; Nikolai - Kolya - Porusik - Kolyan, etc.). In a new time, such formations, bordering nicknames, are made of surnames (sour, panov - pan), which is a process, historically reverse education.
• middle name - Patronizing, instruction in the name of the Father. Has the end - (c) IC, - (B) on; In antiquity, there are also -s, -in similarly to modern names (in Bulgarian it is preserved).
• Surname - It is inherited from generation to generation on the men's line (or for female). Usually, the original Russian surname ends on -Os / -Ev / -Ev (from the basics of the second decline: Petrov, Konev, Zhuravlev) or --in / -yn (from the basics of the first decline: Fomin, Sinitsyn); -sk / -tskaya (Christmas, Vysotsky); - (Tolstoy, Summer, Lanova); Less frequently - and /x (Russian, Petrov); less characteristic of Russians (unlike other eastern Slavs) names with zero ending (beaver, sparrow, etc.).
• Nickname - Individual name, which is not given at birth and is associated with those or other characteristic features or events. For ancient times, it is characterized by a very sustainable and almost official use of many nicknames (for example, Ivan Kalita, Vasily Esifovich Nose - Novgorod Posadani), but now the nicknames are informally widely used, especially in the youth social groups, where they can act as actually the main means of the human nomination.

Models [ | ]

In the most complete form (FULL NAME), the Russian name, as well as the full names of other nations, is not used in oral speech, but used in official documents. In Russia for its citizens (not only ethnic Russians), these three elements of anthroponym are necessarily indicated in official documents. For residents, patronymic is not indicated (in the absence of such), and in the column name Specifies both personal and average name. In most cases, a two-component model is used. Different forms Show different degree of respect for communication:

Previous options relate to familiar people (with the exception of pseudonyms, for example, Dima Bilan, Natasha Korolev). The following is more often used when we are talking About third parties:

• name + nickname + surname - American version, popularized gamble-club shows and the way of writing Nick in contact ( Timur Kashtan Batrudinov, Dmitry Goblin beams)
• name + Patronymic + Surname - respectfully calls a person who was not mentioned earlier (for example, represents it in front of the audience) ( Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, Sergey Yuryevich Belyakov)
• surname + name + patronymic - Similar to the previous option, but it sounds more officially and is mainly used in official documents and alphabetical lists (for example, telephone directories or encyclopedias)

Personal name [ | ]

The name, which is assigned to a person at birth and under which he is known in society. In ancient Russia, canonical and non-canonical names were distinguished.

In the pre-Christian era, that is, almost until the end of the X century, in the environment of the eastern Slavs (the ancestors of modern Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians), only personal names were used, which were given to children at birth.

The correct naming was attached great importance. Incorrect or in a humiliating form, writing "someone or nickname" could entail the accusation of "dishonor". In 1675, the tsarist decree explained that the mistake in the spelling of names for ignorance "Nature of those peoples in which who was born is" is not a crime, and therefore "ships not to give and not to search", but the penalties did not manage to avoid: For this, they were subjected to "trade execution".

middle name [ | ]

Patronymic in the composition of the nominal formula performed a triple function: complemented the name, distinguishing its owner (in addition to the name) from T-azki, clarified the relationship in the family of the family (father - son) and expressed respect (form of courtesy).

Patronymic name arose as a sign of respect, reading decent; First, in relation to the princes (in the annals from the XI century), then to famous battles, nobles, and in Petra I - and distinguished merchants. In the XIX century, representatives of the highest layers of society acquired the form on -vich. The middle name for "Ev", "Ov", "In" - the merchants received, to the "Et" - the youngest in the family. Along with this there are records like: "Pushkar Timoshka Kuzmin Son Rodkin", "Sowder Ivashka Grigoriev", "Walking Timoshka Ivanov"; Where forms Grigoriev and Ivanov - Not yet surnames (t. n. semi-puzzling).

The patronymic formed from both Russians and non-Russian names was met in the oldest Russian written monuments - Wed. Burchevich ". With numerous censions of the population, it was required to record all" by name from the fathers and nicknies. "

Historically, the middle name was divided into several discharges. Hopes did not have it at all. Just noble people received half-day: "Peter Osipov Vasilyev". As for the patronymic of the middle name, it became a sign that a person who was wearing, belonged to a class, aristocratic top. Thus, it was released from patronyfactory, ceased to be a suffix fully and began to be used independently, turning into a special term of the privilege, birdlikeness of persons or classes. -Is began to be perceived as title, as indicating the name of the word "de" (in French), "Background" (in German), "Van" (in Dutch). In accordance with such a position, it was possible to reward that the Russian kings did.

Starting from the Board of Peter I - Count "Patronymic" becomes mandatory in all documents.

However, the forms of patronymic of NA / -EP in the XIX century were used only in the stationery speech, in official documents. In the unofficial situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other and on the names and patrons in such a form that we are familiar to us now: the Music of Nashevich, -Evich, -One, -Evna, -Ych, -Is, - inn limited. Sometimes it was used even instead of a name (as sometimes now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize the special respect for the person, showing the shade of the location, love.

The archaic feature that remains today is the patronymic founded by the direct addition of suffix -yr / --ich ( Power, Titych t. n.). The same form is present in the conversational simplified version ( Nikolaichi, Mikhalych). Similarly, in the conversation, you can simplify women's patronymic: Nikolavna, And bath (Mary Ivanna).

Surname [ | ]

Russian surnames - inherited official names, pointing to human belonging to a certain family.

The surname undoubtedly was the main component of the nominal formula, since it served, in particular, a clearer awareness of the generic affiliation, its expression. As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed only on the male line (although there were exceptions).

Surnames were usually formed with the help of suffixes from their own and nominal names, and most - from the most attractive adjectives with suffixes -s (-Ev, -Ev), -in (Ivan - Ivanov, Sergey - Sergeev, Kuzma - Kuzmin etc.).

In Russia, the names were formed on behalf of ancestor and patronymic (Ivanov, Petrov); from the place or from the epithet at the residence of the ancestor ( Zadorozhnaya, Zarechny); From the title of the city or the location, from which man took place ( Moskvitin, Tveritin, Permitin); from the kind of classes or the positions of the ancestor ( Sapozhnikov, Laptev, Customers, Bondarev); From the order of birth of ancestor ( Druzhinin , Tretyakov, Shestakov); from ethnic origin of ancestor ( Khokhlov, Litvinov, Polykov, Tatarinov, Moskalev). Most often, the surname in its foundation had a nickname or patronymic of any member of the family, something distinguished, who had moved to another locality, who became the owner of the estate or chapter of a particularly large family.

In various public seams, the names appeared at different times. The first in the XIV-XV centuries acquired the names of the princess and boyars. Usually they were given the names of their patients: Tver, Zvenigorodsky, Vyazemsky. Among them are a lot of the names of foreign, especially Eastern origin, since many nobles arrived at the service to the king from foreign land. Methods for the formation of noble surnames (the names of ancient noble childbirth and childbirth, who served the nobility by the ranks after the introduction of a table of ranks) were diverse. The small group was the names of the ancient princely clans originating from the names of their princes. Until the end of the XIX century, five of these births, which leaded their origin from Rurik, preserved five: Mosal, Yelets, Zvenigorodsky, Rostov (the latter usually had double surnames) and Vyazemsky. From the name of Votchin, the names of Baryatinsky, Belosel, Volkonsky, Obolen, Proorovskiy, Ukhtomskiy and some others occurred.

IN XVIII-XIX centuries Surnames began to appear in serve and trading people. They often reflected geographical concepts on the fact of birth. The clergy began to acquire the names only from the middle of the XVIII century, usually formed from the names of the parishes ( Preobrazhensky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky etc.).

Nevertheless, and at the moment, people can get a semi-official nickname, or come up with him themselves.

Sometimes the nickname and today is used officially, becoming the name (for example, Alexander Pankratov-White and Alexander Pankratov-black).

see also [ | ]

Literature [ | ]

• Bondaletov V.D. Russian border, its composition, statistical structure and features of change (male and women's names) / V. D. Bondaletov // Onomastics and the norm. - M.: Science, 1976. - P. 12-46.
• Yu. A. Forelov. Romanesque and Russian anthroponymik
• N. I. Sheiko. Russian names and surnames
• V.P. Berekov. 2005. Russian names, patronymic and surname. Rules of use.
• N. I. Formanovskaya. Sociocultural space of the Russian personal name and modern media.
• N. M. Tupikov. // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons. (82 t. And 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• N. M. Tupikov. Dictionary of ancient Russian own names. - St. Petersburg, 1903.
• A. V. Superanskaya. Dictionary of Russian names.
• M. Moroshkin. Slavic nameslines or a meeting of Slavic personal names in alphabetical order. - SPb., 1867.
• B. O. Unbaugun. Russian surnames / lane. from English / Society. ed. B. A. Uspensky. - M., 1989; 2nd ed. 1995; Same: Unbegaun B. O. Russian Surnames. Oxford, 1972.