Who are the Indo-Europeans? Historical roots, settlement.
Traditionally ancient history start learning from civilizations Ancient Egypt, Sumerians, Babylon. There is no dispute, these civilizations have made a considerable contribution to the development of humanity. But in parallel with the emergence and development of these civilizations in the north, in the territory modern Russia Events occurred at least, and probably even more important for world history. These events were associated with the ancient Indo-Europeans, which we will tell about in this post.
Why Indo-Europeans? Even in the 18th century, Europeans who visited India, noticed the obvious similarity of Sanskrit with European languages. Sanskrit was an ancient language whose position in India resembled Latin's position in Europe, some texts on Sanskrit for more than 3 thousand years. The similarity was found not only in the language, but also in traditions, beliefs, so it became clear - the ancient Indians and the ancient Europeans had common ancestors.
There were more than a hundred years of disputes and searches spent to reliably establish where the ancient Indo-Europeans lived, where their pranodine was. There was a lot of speculation on this topic. The German Nazis, for example, in their time announced that the ancient Indo-Europeans, or ancient arias, lived in the territory of modern Germany and were a special higher race. However, studies have shown a completely different picture.
In ancient times, Indo-Europeans did one people. They lived relatively compact in the Don and Volga basin, in modern Russia. The most ancient archaeological culture for which its Indo-European origin is proved - Samara. It refers to 5 millennia BC. er, and the area of \u200b\u200bits distribution affects the territory of modern Samara, Saratov and Orenburg regions. In the subsequent millennium, Indo-European cultures expand their range, in the east, capturing the Urals and the Kazakh steppes, and in the west reaching the Dnieper. Up to 3-4 millennia BC. e. Indo-Europeans were a single community.
Who were the ancient Indo-Europeans? They were the militant people, but at the same time they had developed mythology and appreciated knowledge. According to the ideas of contemporary scientists, the Society of Ancient Indo-Europeans shared for three main groups - priests, warriors and those who were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. They worshiped different gods, the main of which was the god of thunder and lightning (the one that is Ancient Russia was known as Perun and in Ancient Greece like Zeus). Ancient Indo-Europeans believed in afterlife and the existence of hell and paradise. They also had the cult of heroes, whose expressions were told.
About 5-6 thousand years ago, Indo-Europeans made one of the most important discoveries In the history of mankind - invented the wheel and learned to bargain horses in the wagon. This event turned the story of Eurasia. Soon, militant Indo-Europeans, who by that time already knew how to pay copper and bronze, moved in all directions from their praodine.
The resettlement of Indo-European (in red shows the spread to the middle of the iii thousand to n. E. And orange - to the I thousand BC. Er)
Indo-Europeans were divided. The part of the Indo-European moved to Europe, the entire local population living there was conquered and assimilated (it is believed that the only fragment of the Dointo-European Culture is a small people of Baskov in Spain). Indo-European peoples in Europe created outstanding antique civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome, while living north of "barbarians" - Slavic, German and Celtic tribes were also Indo-Europeans. Part came in Small Asia (territory of modern Turkey). The Indo-European people of Hettov created a powerful kingdom and the first in history mastered the smelting of iron. Part of Indo-European tribes, staying at a while Southern Urals, moved to the south, coming first in Central Asia, and then to India and Iran. It was these peoples that called themselves the arias and the very first to record their myths in Sanskrit. The most ancient "Vedas", as it is believed to be recorded in the 16th century. BC e. Finally, some of the Indo-European tribes moved to the east, reaching the Yenisei and settled in North-West China. For a relatively short term, Indo-Europeans occupied most of Eurasia.
Indo-Europeans, Indo-Europeans, units. Indo-European, Indo-European, husband. Nathodics, nations speaking in Indo-European languages. Explanatory dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov
Indo-Europeans, ev, units. Sudes, Eyza, husband. Common name Tribes of ancestors modern peoplestongue indo-European family. | arr. Indo-European, Aya, OE. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Swedov. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
indo-Europeans - Indo-Europeans, Ev, MN (U. Indo-European, Eyza, M). The general name of the tribes of the ancestors of the peoples speaking in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family of languages; People belonging to this group of tribes. Indo-Europeans spoke in the ancient languages \u200b\u200bof Asia and Europe to which ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns
MN. Peoples of Europe, Front Asia, Industan, speaking related languages. Explanatory dictionary Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern dictionary Russian language Efremova
indo-Europeans - Indoo-Eunts, ev, units. h. Icy, Eatz, creature. P. Eyz ... Russian spelling dictionary
Indo-Europeans - (eng. Indo europeans), language family, the origin of which, apparently, is associated with the steppes. Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bwidely spread during the resettlement of the peoples of the 2nd Millennium BC. In Europe, as well as in Iran, India, temporarily ... Archaeological Dictionary
Indo-Europeans Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bAnatolian · Albanian Armenian · Balti · Venetian German · Ilonian Aryan: Nuristan, Iranian, Indoary ... Wikipedia
Indo-Europeans Indo-European Languages \u200b\u200bAlbanian · Armenian Baltic · Celtic German · Greek Indoiransky · Romanesque Italian · Slavic Dead: Anatolian · Paleobalkansk ... Wikipedia
Indo-Europeans Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bAnatolian · Albanian Armenian · Balti · Venetian German · Ilonian Aryan: Nuristan, Iranian, Indoary ... Wikipedia
Books
- Indo-Europeans, O. Schrader. The readers are offered to the book of the famous German lingula and historian Otto Schradera, the purpose of which the author saw in to collect together all scientific information in the field ...
- Indo-Europeans, Schrader about .. To the attention of readers is offered a book of the famous German linguist and historian Otto Schradera (1855-1919), the purpose of which the author saw in to collect together all scientific information in the field ...
Civilization arose 81 V. Back.
Civilization stopped 30 V. Back.
All nations whose languages \u200b\u200bcome from a single language of Ariev are called Indo-European civilization. Indo-European community begins to form in the era of the new Stone Age, Neolithic (VI - IV thousand BC). It was the community of tribes with related roots and close languages. Indo-European peoples were formed in the area covering the South Caucasus, the upper intercourse and Eastern Anatoly.
After completing migration movements to the south, and the West, due to the displacement of favorable climatic zones For the management of the economy, the civilization Indo-European community ripped into local components, which continued their civilization path already on the basis of symbiosis with preserved local socio effects, waiting for the next burst of migration dynamics.
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Problam Praodina Indo-Europeans are not solved and today. The most convincing is the hypothesis that Indo-European peoples have formed in the area covering the Southern Caucasus, the upper intercourse and East Anatoly. In IV thousand BC. Some of these peoples (including Hetti) advanced to small Asia, while others moved across the Caucasus in the steppe from the Volga region to the Northern Black Sea region.
ABOUTttuda these tribes moved to the Iranian Highlands and (Arena itself) further to India. The small group could separate in the western direction and, apparently, to give the kingdom of Mitarian ruling dynasty and the technique of combat chariots. Modern scientists consider the migration of Indo-Europeans not as a total expansion (other than the conquest of India), but as the movement of languages, which had an impact on the local population.
L.ingvists believe that Indo-European language and cultural community has been formed in the region of Front Asia and the Mediterranean, no later than the IV Millennium BC.
ABOUTthe role in the formation of reconstructed Linguistic Linguists is discharged by Anatolian tribes who lived in the territory of Malaya Asia in the era of the Hitttsky kingdom (i.e. before the fall of the Troy). At the same time, they do not deny that the Indo-Europeans could live in other regions.
INowing linguist and ideologist Eurasianism KN. N. Trubetskaya, critically believed to the theory of a single primary, used the concept of "Indo-Europeans" (it was born in the offices of scientists of the XIX century) exclusively in the linguistic sense. Under him, he understood not a certain abstract or historical community of tribes, but people of various times and peoples speaking various languages \u200b\u200bof the so-called "Indo-European family".
IN.BUT. Safronov believes that it is hardly possible to talk about the only source of origin of the White race. Indo-European civilization, in his opinion, developed at the same time, at least in three regions: in Asia Minor, in the Balkans and Central Europe. Relying on archaeological discoveries recent decades, Safronov traces the most ancient migration of Indoariyev, Indoirans, protochtites and protobes, starting with VII thousand BC.
Pthe injuries of Indo-European in Eastern Europe occurred in con. IV - beginning III thousand BC, the allocation of the Slavs itself is unlikely to have previously II thousand BC.: Nothing is known about any contacts of Slavs with Ahase nations. The first reliable information about the Slavs reached us from Tacitis in I B. AD (Attempts to detect the Slavs among the Scythian tribes called the Herodot).
TO Indo-Europeans include many ancient and modern peoples: Armenians, Balts, Germans, Greeks, Illyrians, Indians, Iranians, Italiki, Celts, Slavs, Torharians, Thracians, Frigians, Hitty.
Preal to the Balts include modern Latvians and Lithuanians, as well as the disappeared Prussians and some other ethnic groups, modern German peoples are Austrians, the British, Danes, Dutch, Icelanders, Germans, Norwegians, Friezes, Swedes, Farories, extinct Goths and other disappeared ancient Germanic Tribes.
ANDrange origin has Persians, Mazendrans, Gilants, Kurds, Beluhi, Ossetians, Tajiks, Pamir Tajiks (Yazgullyamsy, Rushans, Bartangtsev, Shugnanta, Saryaglas, Yazgullyamsy, Wahans, Ishkash, Mudjans and Jidgi), Talysh.
TO Italikov belonged to Latinians (part of which were the Romans, from the language of which occur romanesque languages, involving Italian, French, Provencal, Retoromansky, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Romanian, Moldavian languages), Oski and Umbra.
Pthe celts are the plaid, Irish, Bretonians, Welsh, and others.
TO Slavs include modern Belarusians, Bulgarians, Luzhic, Macedonians, Poles, Russians, Serbs, Slovenians, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Croats, Czechs, and currently numb and half-off Poland and Pomeranian Slavs.
Phombmets of Illyrians or Thracians may be modern Albanians.
Pon the theory, which, in particular, was supported by S. Starostin, Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bbelong to the macros of the Nostratic Languages.
M.delined the origin of the Indo-Europeans can be divided into European and Asian. From the European most common among linguists and archaeologists Kurgan hypothesis It suggests that the Pranodina Indo-Europeans was the territory of the Northern Black Sea region in the interfold of the Dnieper and Volga, and they themselves were the semi-surround population of the steppe areas of the modern East of Ukraine and the south of Russia, who lived in these places in the V-IV thousand to N. e. With the ancestors of Indo-Europeans, the population relating to the Middle Education, Samara and Yaman cultures is usually identified. In the future, due to the transition of these tribes to bronze age And the tornness of the horse began intensive migrations of Indo-European tribes in various directions. At the same time there was a language assimilation by Indo-Europeans of the local principal population (see Old Europe), which led to the fact that modern carriers of Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bdiffer significantly in the racial anthropological type.
IN The Great Epoch geographic discoveries and the mass European colonization that followed by them was distributed in America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, other districts, and, at the expense of Russian colonization, significantly expanded their range in Asia (in which to this era were presented quite widely).
D.ruga hypothesis are:
Anatolian (Russell Gray and Quentin Atkinson),
Armenian (Anatolian version: Vyach. Sun. Ivanov, and T. V. Gamkrelidze),
Balkan (V. A. Safronov),
Indian (supporters of Indian nationalism).
H.owy is currently in the Indo-Europeans are classified as a linguistic sign, 5 thousand years ago, it was a group of genetically related peoples. A marker of Indo-European origin may be a r1a game in the Y-chromosome in men (however there are big doubts about it, since, according to the velocity of mutations, Y-chromosomes, the R1A mutation arose more than 10 thousand years ago, which is much earlier than the resettlement of the proto- Indo-European).
N.the Aibol variability of the R1A marker is found in Eastern Ukraine and in Southern Russia, which may indicate the greatest antiquity of its distribution in this region.
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language family. In Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bnow says most of mankind: slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Bulgarians, Czechs, Slovaks, etc.), Baltic peoples (Lithuanians, Latvians), Romano-German (British, Germans, French, Italians). Iranians, Indians, Armenians, too, more than four hundred years, scientists are looking for Pranodina I. Why are their languages \u200b\u200bso close, why does the culture of these peoples have a lot in common? Apparently, they originated from some one ancient people, considered scientists. Where did this people live? Some thought that Motherland I. - India, other scientists found it in the Himalayas, the third - in Mesopotamia. However, the majority considered Pranodina I. Europe, more precisely - the Balkans, although there were no material evidence for these hypotheses. After all, if I. from somewhere moved, the material traces of such resettlement should remain, the remains of cultures. However, archaeologists have no guns for all these peoples, housing, etc. not found.
The only thing that united all I was united in antiquity is microliths and later, in Neolithic, - agriculture. Only they appeared in the Stone Age everywhere, where I. They still live in Iran, and in India, and in Central Asia, in the forest-steppe and steppes of V. Europe, and in England, and in France.
More precisely, they are everywhere where they live indo-European peoplesBut there are no them where there are no these peoples. Apparently, the whole of Europe along with microliths accepted agriculture from the mountains of Zagros and Yu. Caspiani. The distribution map of geometric crops and the map of the spread of agriculture coincide completely. The transition to agriculture is the largest revolution in the history of mankind. Such breaking in the life of hunters and collectors could not pass the invisible. After all, everything changed - and lifestyle, classes, and ideology. And of course, it could not pass without a trace for the language. The study of the life of primitive tribes shows that they are greatly reluctant to perceive something in the farm from other peoples. For example, Australian aborigines still do not want to adopt their cattle breeding. They continue to hunt on the herd of sheep, considering their draws, than bring the anger of the authorities. If something is perceived, it is perceived with all the rites associated with new customs, with a new economy. Apparently, perceiving agriculture, European hunters admirated with immigrants from the Middle and Middle East and rites, and spells. Moreover, naturally, these spells (agricultural spells) were pronounced in the language of discoverers, i.e. In the language of peoples, which brought this economy to Europe. So together S. agriculture spread new Language And new rites on the wide range. So formed nations with a similar language and culture - Indo-European peoples.
This is a hypothesis that I expressed more than 20 years ago. Then she did not accept linguists. They still were looking for Pranodina I. in the Balkans. However, in 1984, two large linguists of T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov published a huge book about I. They tried to restore the ancient language I. and find his Praodin on the remnants of the ancient words and speech turns in all modern languages I. and came to the conclusion that "the lexical links and the structural-typological similarities of the Indo-European, Semitic and Cartewill Pravocykov families exclude the Balkans, the territory located to s. Or to c.
from them, from "candidates" to the competition of possible ancestors ... Indo-European Pranodina was in front Asia, "in the area between about. Van and about. Urmia.
Indo-Europeans, Indo-Europeans, units. Indo-European, Indo-European, husband. Nathodics, nations speaking in Indo-European languages. Explanatory dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov
Indo-Europeans - Indo-Europeans, ev, units. Sudes, Eyza, husband. The general name of the tribes of the ancestors of modern peoples speaking the languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family. | arr. Indo-European, Aya, OE. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Swedov. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
indo-Europeans - Indo-Europeans, Ev, MN (U. Indo-European, Eyza, M). The general name of the tribes of the ancestors of the peoples speaking in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family of languages; People belonging to this group of tribes. Indo-Europeans spoke in the ancient languages \u200b\u200bof Asia and Europe to which ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns
Indo-Europeans - MN. Peoples of Europe, Front Asia, Industan, speaking related languages. Explanatory dictionary Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
indo-Europeans - Indoo-Eunts, ev, units. h. Icy, Eatz, creature. P. Eyz ... Russian spelling dictionary
Indo-Europeans - (English Indo europeans), language family, the origin of which, apparently, is associated with the steppes. Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bwidely spread during the resettlement of the peoples of the 2nd Millennium BC. In Europe, as well as in Iran, India, temporarily ... Archaeological Dictionary
Pyranceo-European language
The theory of outcome from India - Indo-Europeans Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bAnatolian · Albanian Armenian · Balt · Venetian German · Ilonian Aryan: Nuristan, Iranian, Indoary ... Wikipedia
Pie - Indo-Europeans Indo-European Languages \u200b\u200bAlbanian · Armenian Baltic · Celtic German · Greek Indoiransky · Romanesque Italie · Slavic Dead: Anatolian · Paleobalkansk ... Wikipedia
Theory of Paleolithic Continuity - Indo-Europeans Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bAnatolian · Albanian Armenian · Balt · Venetian German · Ilonian Aryan: Nuristan, Iranian, Indoary ... Wikipedia
Books
- Indo-Europeans, O. Schrader. The readers are offered to the book of the famous German linguist and the historian Otto Schradera, the purpose of which the author saw in to collect all the scientific information in the field of ... - buy for 474 UAH (Ukraine only)
- Indo-Europeans, Schrader about .. To the attention of readers is offered a book of the famous German linguist and historian Otto Schradera (1855-1919), the purpose of which the author saw in to collect together all scientific information in the field ...