What is an immacitation for children. Use of Personification in everyday life

Elimination is an extremely frequent reception, which is used by many writers, prose, poets and people, somehow associated with creativity. This article will show examples of this example in real life.

The essence of personification

Sometimes, in order to give their thoughts and described in the work of a more emotional basis, the authors use personification. Simple wordsWhen we give inanimate subject Or a complex of objects quality that is inherent exclusively an animated creation (person, dog, etc.), this is called personification. With this reception, the work or some kind of separate process becomes more diverse and interesting. Accordingly than more diverse and more interestingThe greater its weight among ordinary readers and critics.

In addition, to use personification must be possessing some experience and skills in writing works of any form. The qualitative use of this literary tool speaks of the skills of the writer himself. Many theatrical performances Based on personification. Often they are resorted to the attachment of the person's properties of the person, thereby emphasizing the cold and worn nature of man.

Examples of personification

Example 1:

"The forest was awakened." This phrase is an impersonation, as the forest is a complex of trees inanimate. At the same time, he was given an action that is typical of only a living being. The author could not use this reception and simply describe natural processeswhich occur in the morning forest. But no, instead, he said "The Forest awakened," forcing us to imagine this picture In the most colorful colors and give will to your imagination. According to critics, those works that give the reader with the opportunity to think independently and draw all the process itself, without the help of the author.

Example 2:

"Cames whispers." As you could already understand, this phrase is an personification. After reading it, we can imagine a swamp, which is full of reeds and a little breeze that twisters them. From these small twitching, a rustling is created, which can be interpreted as a whisper.

If you ever begin creative activity In the literature or other similar field, take this tool to weapons. He will surely need it.

Elimination - quite often used in literature artistic reception, the essence of which is to transfer the characteristics of the person to non-living objects. With the help of it is ensured by the image of speech. This artistic reception is a variety. With it, you can create original semantic structures that add paints into text. For example, "Camishe whispers" (only a person can do in real life).

You can also meet the name "Personification", which is synonymous. Wikipedia writes that personification is a term that is used in psychology when a person has its qualities and emotional reactions erroneously attributes to another person (This mechanism is called a projection that underlies this process). In sociology, personification is used to shift responsibility for bad events on another person.

Functions of personification in art

This artistic method is used to solve different tasks.

• Adding game moments to teach children. For example, Basni is full of dispersal of different kinds. Animals are endowed human qualitiesThrough what a child is more interesting to perceive the plot and find the morality of the work.
• Creating an emotional shade of text. Personification can be used to attach the attention of the reader to the work. It can be used not only in artistic literature, but also popular science. Often Personification is used as one of the marketing techniques.
• Stimulate the reader's imagination, give him the opportunity to more color to feel read.

And a number of other tasks set to personification. That is why the personification is applied.

Where is Personification?

One of the genres where Personification is especially actively actively manifested. myth. In the texts of the ancient peoples, human qualities were attributed to plants, animals, seas and oceans. The example was much easier to explain the essence of things, the causes of the origin of the universe and the emergence of living beings. There were many gods that were embodied in non-living subjects and animals and had the same character traits as people.

Personification is used by I. in fairy tale. It is necessary to carry out a face between myth and a fairy tale. The first is perceived as a reality. That is, the personality believes, denying, that it is just an artistic technique. In the case of a fairy tale, everything is clear - the characters are fictional. It does not aim to explain incomprehensible things like the origin of life on Earth.

Personification can be used and in scientific literature Although its number is significantly less than in artistic. Most often it is used in the form of sustainable expressions of the "rain" type, which are used everywhere. That is, personification in scientific texts is used unconsciously, without purpose to create colorfulness. The most active personification shows itself in art, not science.

How to find an impersonation?

Find an personification in prose, poem, easy. To do this, it is necessary to proceed from the definition. Personification is when not a man endowed with human qualities. Example - Sun village. So, in the famous poem A. S. Pushkin "At Lukomorya Oak Green" from the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" there are such lines:

And during the day and night, the Cat scientist everything walks around the chain around. Going to the right - the song turns, left - the fairy tale says.

Obviously, the cat cannot sing or say a fairy tale, only people are capable of it. This technique is called personification or personification.

What is the difference between the personification from the allegory?

It is often possible to confuse an impersonation and. Well, indeed, and there, and there are certain qualities are embodied in specific subjects or living beings. Nevertheless, the difference between these concepts is. Elimination is a kind of metaphor and is a simple associative artistic technique.

conclusions

Elimination is good tool, which the help add expressiveness Due to a successful comparison. It is used in huge quantities spheres starting by myths and finishing scientific texts. This is a powerful reception that needs to be used carefully and moderately.

Epithets, metaphors, personification, comparisons - all this means artistic expressivenessactively used in Russian literary language. There is a huge manifold. They are needed to make a language bright and expressive, strengthen artistic images, attract the attention of the reader to the thought that the author wants to convey.

What are the means of artistic expressiveness?

Epitts, metaphors, personification, comparisons belong to various groups of artistic expressiveness.

Linguistic scientists allocate sound or phonetic visual means. Lexical are those that are associated with a certain word, that is, a lexema. If the expressive means covers a phrase or a whole sentence, then it is syntax.

Separately, phraseological agents are also considered (they are based on phraseologisms), trails (Special speech turns used in portable meaning).

Where are the means of artistic expressiveness?

It is worth noting that the means of artistic expressiveness are applied not only in the literature, but also in different areas Communication.

The most often epithets, metaphors, personification, comparisons can be found, of course, in an artistic and journalistic speech. They are also present in conversational and even scientific styles. They play a huge role, as they help the author to implement their artistic design, your image. They are useful for the reader. With their help, he can penetrate the secret world of the creator of the work, it is better to understand and delve into the author's intent.

Epithet

Epitts in verses are one of their most common literary techniques. It is surprising that the epithet can be not only adjective, but also by nashing, nouns and even numeral (common example - second Life).

Most literary criticism consider epithet as one of the main techniques in poetic creativity, adorning a poetic speech.

If you turn to the origins of this word, it happened from an ancient Greek concept denoting in the literal translation of the "applied". That is, which is an addition to the main word, the main function of which to make the main thought is clearer and expressive. Most often, the epithet is facing the main word or expression.

Like all means of artistic expressiveness, epithets developed from one literary era to the other. So, in folklore, that is, folk creativity, the role of epithets in the text is very large. They describe the properties of objects or phenomena. Highlight their key features, while extremely rarely refer to the emotional component.

Later, the role of epithets in the literature is changing. It expands significantly. This tool of artistic expressiveness gives new properties and fill the functions that have not inherent in him. This is especially becoming noticeable at the poets of the Silver Age.

Nowadays, especially in postmodernist literary works, the structure of the epithetus complicated even stronger. Increased I. semantic filling This trail leading to surprisingly expressive techniques. For example: diapers are golden.

Epteetov function

Definitions of epithet, metaphor, personification, comparison is reduced to one - all this artistic means, giving the bulge and expressiveness of our speech. Both literary and conversational. The special feature of the epithet is also strong emotion.

These means of artistic expressiveness, and especially epithets, help readers or listeners to imagine what the author says or writes, to understand how he belongs to this subject.

Epitts serve for realistic recreation historical eradefined social Group or people. With their help, we can imagine how these people said, what words to paint their speech.

What is a metaphor?

Translated from the ancient Greek language of the metaphor - this is a "value transfer". This is how it is impossible to better characterize this concept.

The metaphor can be both a separate word and an entire expression that is used by the author in a figurative value. The basis of this means of artistic expressiveness is a comparison of the subject, which is not yet named, with some other on the basis of their overall sign.

Unlike most other literary terms, the metaphor has a specific author. it famous philosopher Ancient Greece - Aristotle. The initial birth of this term is associated with the representations of Aristotle about art as a method of imitating life.

At the same time, those metaphors used by Aristotle are practically impossible to distinguish from literary exaggeration (hyperboles), normal comparison or personification. He understood the metaphor much wider than modern literary critics.

Examples of consumption of metaphor in literary speech

Epitts, metaphors, personification, comparisons are actively used in artistic works. Moreover, for many authors, the metaphor becomes aesthetic itself, sometimes completely displacing the initial meaning of the word.

As an example, literary researchers lead in an example of the famous English poet and the playwright of William Shakespeare. For him, it is often important not for the life of the initial meaning of a particular statement, but the metaphoric value purchased to them, a new unexpected meaning.

For those readers and researchers who were brought up on the Aristotelian understanding of the principles of literature, it was unusual and even incomprehensible. So, on this basis did not recognize the poetry of Shakespeare Lion Tolstoy. His point of view in Russia XIX. Century adhered to many readers of English playwright.

At the same time, with the development of the literature, the metaphor begins not only to reflect, but also the lives surrounding us. Bright example From the classical Russian literature - the story of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol "Nose". The nose of the College Assistor Kovalev, who went to his own journey through St. Petersburg, is not only a hyperbole, personification and comparison, but also a metaphor that gives this image a new unexpected meaning.

An example is an example of futurist poets who worked in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Them the main goal It was precipitated to the metaphor as much as possible from its initial meaning. Such techniques were often used by Vladimir Mayakovsky. An example, title its poems "cloud in pants."

At the same time, after the October Revolution, it was much less likely to use the metaphor. Soviet poets and writers sought clarity and straightness, so the need to use the words and expressions in figurative sense disappeared.

Although completely without metaphor imagine an artistic work, even Soviet authors, it is impossible. Metaphors' words are found practically everyone. Arkady Gaidar in the "destiny of the drummer" can be found such a phrase - "So we diverged. Topot Small, and in the field is empty."

In the Soviet poetry of the 70s, Konstantin Kedrov enters into circulation the concept of "metametaphor" or as it is also called the "metaphor in a square". The metaphor has a new distinctive trait - It is constantly involved in the development literary language. As well as speech and culture itself as a whole.

For this, the metaphor is constantly used, telling about newest sources Knowledge and information use it to describe the modern achievements of humanity in science and technology.

Elimination

In order to figure out what personification in the literature will turn to the origin of this concept. Like most literary termsIt goes with its roots in an ancient Greek language. In the literal translation means "face" and "do". With the help of this literary reception natural powers And phenomena, inanimate objects acquire properties and signs inherent in man. As if the author is listed. For example, they can give the properties of the human psyche.

Such techniques are often used not only in modern artistic literature, but also in mythology, and religion, in magic and cults. The personification was a key tool for artistic expressiveness in testes and parables in which ancient man It was explained how the world was arranged, which is behind natural phenomena. They were molded, endowed with human qualities, were associated with gods or superhumans. So an ancient person was easier to accept and understand the surrounding reality.

Examples of personalities

Understand what personification in the literature will help us with examples of specific texts. So, in Russian folk song The author claims that "Lyko grief was preoccupied".

With the help of an impersonation, a special world appears. For him, a bad idea of \u200b\u200bnatural phenomena is characterized. When, for example, thunder grumbling like an old man, or the sun is perceived not as an inanimate space object, but as a specific God named Helios.

Comparison

In order to sort out the main modern means Artistic expressiveness, it is important to understand what comparison is in the literature. Examples in this will help us. In Zabolotsky we meet: "He used to be ringing, exactly the bird"Or Pushkin: "He ran faster than horses".

Very often comparisons are used in Russian folk art. So we clearly see that this is a trail in which one object or phenomenon is like to another on the basis of any common feature for them. The goal of comparison is to find new and new and important properties For the subject of the artistic statement.

This goal is metaphor, epithets, comparisons, personification. The table in which all these concepts are presented, helps to clearly figure out what they differ from each other.

Types of comparisons

Consider for a detailed understanding that such a comparison in the literature, examples and varieties of this trail.

It can be used in the form of a comparative turnover: the man is stupid like a pig.

There are comparisons non-union: my home is my castle.

Often comparisons are formed at the expense of the noun in the articulated case. Classic example: he walks Gogol.

D. Shushakov believes that elimination - This is a kind of metaphor. In fact, it is. Elimination is a transfer to non-residential objects of living properties. That is non-residential objects (objects, natural phenomena, physical manifestations, etc.) are identified with alive, "revived". For example, rain goes. Physically, he cannot go, but there is such a turn of speech. Other examples from our everyday life: the sun shines, the frost hit, dew poured, the wind blows, the outhouse rotates, the tree waves with leaves, the aspen trembles... yes their set!

Where did it go from? It's believed that PRATERER OF WITTLEMENT - ANIMISM. The ancient ancestors of a person, it was originating non-residential objects with "alive" properties - so they sought to explain the world around them. From faith in mystical creatures and gods and has grown so wonderful fine toollike personification.

Details, what personification is and what kind of varieties, we are not particularly interested. In this let vocational literary critters understand. Poems much more interesting, how the personification can be used in artistic work And, among other things, in verses.

If you open any poem with a description of Nature, you will find many personification in it. For example, try to find all the personification in the poem of S.Senin "Birch":

White birch

Under my window

Snapped with snow

Precisely silver.

On fluffy branches

Snezhoy Kaima

Brushes bloom

White fringe.

And worth Bereza

In sleepy silence,

And burn snowflakes

In gold fire.

And dawn, lazily

Coming around

sprinkle branches

New silver.

You see: there are no simple, philistine, primitive personification, which we used to consume everyday life. Each personification is an image. This is the meaning of the use of personification. The poet uses it not as a "thing in himself", in his poetry personification towers over the "worldly level" and proceeds to the level of imagery. With the help of Essenin's personalities creates a special picture. Nature in there is a poem alive - but not just lively, but endowed with character and emotions. Nature is the main character of his poem.

How sadness looks on this background attempts to many poems to create a beautiful poem about nature, where the wind blows "," shines the moon "," the stars shine ", etc. All these personification are beaten and embroidered, they do not generate any picture and, therefore, boring.

But it does not say that it is impossible to use them. And the embeddation can be raised to the level of the image. For example, in the poem "Snow goes" Boris Pasternak:

Snow goes, the snow goes.

To white asterisks in Buran

Stretch flowers Gerani

For window binding.

Snow goes, and all in confusion,

Everything is started in the flight, -

Black stairs stage,

Crossroads turn.

Snow is walking, the snow goes

As if not flakes fall,

And in the patching salope

It comes off the ground.

As if with the view of the eccentric,

From the top staircase,

Suffocating playing in hide and seek,

Going off the sky from the attic.

Because life is not waiting.

Do not look back - and the shints.

Only the gap brief,

Watch, there and the New Year.

Snow goes, thick-thick.

In foot with him, footsteps of those

In the same pace, with the laziness of that

Or with the same speed

Maybe time takes time?

Maybe after year

Follow how snow goes

Or as words in the poem?

Snow is walking, the snow goes

Snow goes, and all in the confusion:

Rooted pedestrian

Surprised plant

Crossroads turn.

Note how many personification here. "Coming down the sky with a attic", steps and intersections that are started in the flight! Some "surprised plants" what is worth! And the refrain (permanent repeat) "Snow goes" translates the simple personification to the level of semantic repetition - and this is already a symbol. The personification "Snow is coming" - a symbol of a running time.

Therefore, in your verses you must try use personification is not just in itself, but to play a certain role. For example, an excellent example of personification is available. The prologue describes the wind, circling over Petersburg, and the whole city is shown from the point of view of this wind. Wind - the main character Prolog. No less remarkable image of the title character of the story of Nikolai Gogol "Nose". The nose not only personifies and personifies (i.e. it is endowed with the features of the human person), but also becomes a symbol of twins of the main character. Another excellent example of personification is available in the lyrical poem Mikhail Lermontov "Tuchka golden ...".

But it should not be confused by an impersonation with an allegories or anthropomorphism. For example, endowing the animal features of a person, as in Krylov's fables, will not be an impersonation. Of course, the allegory is impossible without an impersonation, but this is a completely different visual agent.